The The Unification Unification

of Italyof Italy

A desire for A desire for national national independenceindependence

No Unified ItalyNo Unified Italy–Political divisionsPolitical divisions

Austria, France, Papal StatesAustria, France, Papal States

–Cultural and economic Cultural and economic differencesdifferencesDialectsDialectsTrade barriersTrade barriersPoor transportationPoor transportation

Speaker of “Risorgimento”Speaker of “Risorgimento”Founded secret society 1831Founded secret society 1831

–Young ItalyYoung ItalyNation-state = one nationality Nation-state = one nationality = common ideals for all = common ideals for all citizenscitizens

Nationalist Republican Nationalist Republican revolution in Sicilyrevolution in Sicily

King Charles Albert of King Charles Albert of Sardinia joined war to Sardinia joined war to expel Austria expel Austria

Nationalists pressure Papal Nationalists pressure Papal States to joinStates to join

April – Austria almost oustedApril – Austria almost oustedPope Pious IX withdraws Pope Pious IX withdraws troopstroops–Opposed to war with other Opposed to war with other Catholic countryCatholic country

Naples followsNaples follows

Austria reestablishes Austria reestablishes control of Northern Italycontrol of Northern Italy

Nationalists angeredNationalists angeredForce Pope to flee RomeForce Pope to flee RomeProclaim Rome a republicProclaim Rome a republic

Mazzini brought in to Mazzini brought in to rulerule

Louis Napoleon sends Louis Napoleon sends French army and French army and restores Poperestores Pope

Nationalists turn to Nationalists turn to Sardinia to leadSardinia to lead

1849 – Victor Emmanuel II 1849 – Victor Emmanuel II becomes king of Sardiniabecomes king of Sardinia–Top Advisor – Count Camillo Top Advisor – Count Camillo di Cavourdi CavourGoals:Goals:

–Promote industrial growthPromote industrial growth–Reduce influence of Catholic Reduce influence of Catholic ChurchChurch

–Advance Sardinia’s foreign Advance Sardinia’s foreign affairsaffairs

Needed help to expel Needed help to expel AustriaAustria–Decided to help Fr. & Gr. Decided to help Fr. & Gr. Britain in Crimean WarBritain in Crimean War

–1858 met secretly with 1858 met secretly with Napoleon IIINapoleon IIIFrance promised to help expel France promised to help expel Austria Austria France would get France would get Savoy and NiceSavoy and Nice

April 1859 – Austria forced to April 1859 – Austria forced to declare war on Sardiniadeclare war on Sardinia

June 1859 Austria losing to June 1859 Austria losing to Sardinia + 120,000 French Sardinia + 120,000 French soldierssoldiers–Heavy French lossesHeavy French losses–Napoleon III fears loss of supportNapoleon III fears loss of support

Napoleon III withdraws troopsNapoleon III withdraws troops–Signs treaty with AustriaSigns treaty with Austria

Treaty between France and Treaty between France and AustriaAustria–Austria gave Lombardy to Austria gave Lombardy to SardiniaSardinia

–Retained control of VenetiaRetained control of VenetiaCavour furiousCavour furious

–Wants to keep fightingWants to keep fighting–Emmanuel refusesEmmanuel refuses

Fighting continuesFighting continues–Rulers in Tuscany, Parma, Rulers in Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagana are Modena, Romagana are overthrownoverthrown

–Demand to be part of SardiniaDemand to be part of SardiniaNapoleon III agreesNapoleon III agrees

–Gets Savoy and Nice for FranceGets Savoy and Nice for France1860 – Victor Emmanuel has 1860 – Victor Emmanuel has

new kingdom of Northern Italynew kingdom of Northern Italy

Nationalists prepare to Nationalists prepare to revolt following death revolt following death of Ferdinand II, rule of of Ferdinand II, rule of Kingdom of Two Kingdom of Two SiciliesSicilies

Leader of revolution – Leader of revolution – GIUSEPPE GARIBALDIGIUSEPPE GARIBALDI–Former member of Young ItalyFormer member of Young Italy–Learned guerrilla warfare in Learned guerrilla warfare in South AmericaSouth America

–Part of Republic of RomePart of Republic of Rome–1860 – formed an army to lead 1860 – formed an army to lead revoltrevoltRed ShirtsRed Shirts

Won easy victory on island Won easy victory on island of Sicilyof Sicily

Crossed to mainland and Crossed to mainland and advanced to Naplesadvanced to Naples

Army of Two Kingdoms of Army of Two Kingdoms of Sicily no matchSicily no match–Naples fellNaples fell

King fledKing fled

Cavour concerned with Cavour concerned with Garibaldi’s ambitionsGaribaldi’s ambitions

Sent army in Papal StatesSent army in Papal States Sept 18, 1860 Sardinia defeated Sept 18, 1860 Sardinia defeated

papal armypapal army October 1860October 1860

– Voters in southern Italy supported Voters in southern Italy supported union with Sardiniaunion with Sardinia

– Garibaldi surrenders conquests to Garibaldi surrenders conquests to Victor EmmanuelVictor Emmanuel

February 1861February 1861–The whole peninsula The whole peninsula of Italy is united of Italy is united under one under one governmentgovernmentExcept for Rome and Except for Rome and VenetiaVenetia

Following unification:Following unification:–Cultural and economic Cultural and economic divisions remaineddivisions remainedNorth – IndustrialNorth – IndustrialSouth – AgriculturalSouth – Agricultural

–Resentment over SardiniaResentment over SardiniaTried to force laws and Tried to force laws and customscustoms

Successful Successful UnificationUnification

1.1.National educational National educational systemsystem

2.2.Unified military gradually Unified military gradually grewgrew

3.3.Better transportationBetter transportation

Venetia?Venetia?–1866 1866

Italy allies with PrussiaItaly allies with PrussiaFollowing Prussia’s Following Prussia’s crushing defeat of crushing defeat of AustriaAustria–Give Venetia back to Give Venetia back to ItalyItaly

Location of Capitol?Location of Capitol?–Citizens wanted RomeCitizens wanted Rome

Ruled by PopeRuled by PopeProtected by FrenchProtected by French

–Franco-Prussian War 1870Franco-Prussian War 1870Napoleon III pulls troops from Napoleon III pulls troops from RomeRome

Italian troops enter Rome and Italian troops enter Rome and conquered pope’s territoryconquered pope’s territory