N AT I O N S T H AT U N I F I E D

NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM

• Nationalism: A desire for national independence and national advancement

• Often times nationalism is associated with extreme patriotism or a desire for your own nation to succeed, if necessary, at the expense of another country

UNIFICATION IN ITALY

• Risorgimento: Meant resurgence and was a nationalist movement that aimed for liberation and unification in Italy• Had been divided and weakened after the Reformation

• Carbonari: secret nationalist group• Led by Guiseppe Mazzini but ultimately fails to create a

republic in 1848

ITALY GETS BACK ON TRACK

• After being defeated by Austria Camillo Cavour works to get Sardinia (small state in Italy) and the rest of Italy combined

• Deal with France (Napoleon III) to defeat Austrian control

• Doesn’t go as planned when France backs out but some progress had been made.

THE SOUTH’S TURN

• After seeing Italy get close to unification the South comes together under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Garibaldi leads his “1000” man army and conquers Rome from the southern end of Itlay

• Cavour, fearing that Garibaldi would take over, stops him

PROBLEMS AFTER UNIFICATION

• Eventually they hold a series of elections and are able to unify Italy and drive out foreign influence

• Industrial north has issues with agricultural south. . . Sound familiar?

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

• In the early 1800’s Germany was a collection of states loosely unified with Prussia as the most dominate state

• Under Napoleon (short leader in France) the German states had been conquered and ruled for 7 years

• Once Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo. . . (Because of kidney stones???) the German states came together again in a weak confederation

PROBLEMS FACING GERMANY

• One major problem to real unification was money• High tarrifs were placed on goods• Junkers (farmers) decided to come together to complain • The Zollverein was created to eliminate tarrifs and

equalize prices across the states

• Independent governments• Groups voted on a hereditary monarch• Also a popular vote legislature

• How is this similar to the American situation?

BISMARCK COMES TO POWER

• William became King of Prussia and its neighboring states and appoints Otto Von Bismarck to power as his right side

• Bismarck did not like democracy, he felt the state not the people should control the country

• Used a powerful military to get what he wanted• Takes taxes without approval, dismisses constitution,

feels that success will calm the people so goes to war

BISMARCK AND WAR

• First Bismarck wins two territories from Denmark• And the peasants rejoice

• 7 Weeks War between Prussia and Austria• Prussia takes an ally in the newly unified Italy to defeat

Austria. . . . (how did Bismarck know they would help?)• And the peasants rejoice

• Franco-Prussian War• Bismarck intercepts a telegram from William (real king of

Prussia) to Napoleon III and modifies it to insult the French

• Defeats France decisively and . . . the peasants rejoice

BIRTH OF A KAISER

• After defeating the French, Prussia convinces the other German states to officially form “Germany” • One emperor known as a Kaiser• Kaiser had power to control military,

foreign affairs, national interests• Legislature formed with

representatives from all states that could help establish local laws• Upper house Bundesrat (appointed by

Prussia), and lower house Reichstag

• Bismarck didn’t like the constitution but reluctantly went with it

SUCCESS AND FAILURE

• Kulturkampf: Bismarck tried to eliminate Catholic influence but it fails

• Natural Resources: Helps Germany further industrialize

• Socialists: Socialism began to rise in the Reichstag so Bismarck dissolves it and calls for new election • Fearful of growing socialist popularity Bismarck grants a

number of socialists reforms• Paid benefits by employers• Holidays• Pensions and disability

RESIGNATION OF BISMARCK

• In 1888 William I dies and is ultimately replaced by William II (29 year old)

• William did not like how much power Bismarck had so took power away

• When Bismarck threatened to quit he was let go

• William expanded Germany and expanded their interests on a world level but this would bring them into conflict with Britain . . . (WWI)

RUSSIA AND REVOLUTION

• Russia was the largest geographically and population wise in Europe but lacked industrial power

• Lots of different ethnic groups dominated Russia from the Belorussians to Poles to Ukrainians.

• Led by a Czar (an absolute monarch)

CZAR NICHOLAS I

• Ordered for a “Russification”• Force minority groups to be like “real Russians”• Accept Eastern Orthodoxy (church)• Accept and learn their language• Replace minority customs with Russian ones

• Is this fair? Does this happen in the US today? Should it?

STEPS TOWARD A MODERN NATION

• After failures of Nicholas I Alexander II took over as Czar of Russia in 1855

• Emancipation of Serfs: “it is better to abolish serfdom from above then wait for it to liberate itself from below”

• Freed these serfs because it benefitted the industrialization of Russia not because it was morally right

ZEMSTVOS

• In continuing to appeal to the regular people Zemstvos were created

• The Zemstvos were dominated by the wealthy but still people became worried that Alexander was giving too much power to non-Russians

• Nihilists began using terrorist acts to eliminate government officials and supported a new Russia

END OF ALEXANDER II

• Nihilists formed the People’s Will which ultimately killed Alexander and many liberal political leaders

• Pogroms instituted by Alexander III tried to stamp out all traces of liberal reform

• Socialists in Russia who wanted the reforms struck back at the government on “Bloody Sunday”• Jan 22, 1905 the Czar killed protesters and started a

revolution

CZAR ON TOP

• As socialists all over began to revolt in response to Bloody Sunday the Czar (Nicholas II) created a government body elected by the people known as the Duma

• Duma was dissolved when Nicholas regained power

• Socialists lost because of three reasons• France helped the Czar• Problems among revolutionaries• Military loyal to the Czar

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

• Austria controlled a territory known as Hungary populated by the Magyars (Russian warrior group)• Nationalists like Lajos Kossuth tried to fight back but lost

• Francis Joseph I became leader of the Dual Monarchy to unite the two nations• Hungary supplied the natural resources • Austria was responsible for industry

• Possible conflict arising? . . . Sound Familiar

PROBLEMS REMAIN

• Many minority groups existed within Austria-Hungary that were not taken care of • Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Romanians, Poles,

Slovenes, Ukrainians etc.

• When Austria was defeated in the 7 Weeks War by Prussia many of these small groups felt that Austria was weakening and it was their chance to break off themselves