Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 1/65
907,9:70,3/,3:,0%0,.3
9½f
ff °f¾¯
,f¯f f° °°�,f¯f ¯°f °¯f°
-,f¯f ¾f�°,¾f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 2/65
$#$"$%"
W D¾¾¯f�°fn½f°½f°¾f½½°n¾f°�°�¾
f¯½¾½¯½f
W D¾fn¾
f¯½¾¯¯f°¯f½
W f°�¯fn°¯f°°��¯
f
f¯½¾f¾nffn¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 3/65
$"$"$%"
&&#
W f¾°©¾ f½n¾¾�̄ f°°�
�°��¯f°°�¯f°�f¾
W f°�f¾¯f°°¾f°°�
½f°¾°¾�
W °¾nff°¯f�°f
½n�¯f�°f°¾
f#¾f°#¾¯f�°f°
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 4/65
W °n°�fnf¾¾¯fn
°¾¾°©°nf
f°¯f�°f
W ¯½°¾°¾f½f�¯#¾°°�f�°�
f
W f¯¾ff�°f°f �
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 5/65
%#$"$%"$%
##"
J¾f
f°�f�½¯°
nf$¯f½¯°
¾n½¯°
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 6/65
,3:,0/0;0452039
W Jnf°°�ff°�f�
½¯°°¾°¾¾°�
ff¾f ,�f°�f�¾
¯¾�f°�f�f¾fn¾
°�f°�f�f¾fn¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 7/65
4/041,3:,0:80
W f¾¾¾nff�f¯¯ff°½f°¾�¾n¾¯f¾
f��n°f¾�¯�°�n°
f¯¾¾f�
f¯½��f¾�f°�f�°nf�¾
¾°¾½¾�n¯½f¾°
��ff°�f�¾f½°¾¾°#¾
f°¾¯f�°f°¾¯f°�¯°
nff°¯f�°ff¾
f°f°�°�f¾�f¾f½¯f°f
¾f¯n#
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 8/65
W °f¾f°�¯fn°°°¾�°
f°�f�W ff¾½¾¾f½f½n�°�
nf°f
f¯½
9f¾¾# °n½°f¯ f°# f
f½½f��¾°¾¾°¾ �½°°�
f°n¾°��½n¾� °ff
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 9/65
W ¾f°½¯¾f¾°�½°
¾°n½¾°¾°°¾°
f°¾nf°¯f°�n¾°
f¾f�½�¯½f¾¾
f°¾°°n¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 10/65
$92::8,3/43909147,3:,0-,80/,.9;908
W fnf°¾f¾¾¯¾f°
n°�f°�f�f°°�fn¾°
nf¾¾¯
W ¯¾ nf°½¾°¾½°¾¾½nf°�f�
W ° ¾°¾nf°�f¾¾¾
°°f#f¾¾¯°��nffn¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 11/65
$4.,247,/0;0452039
W f°�¾¾°¾°n°fn�¾�°�f°½°n¾�½½
¾¾¾°¾°°�¾
W @f¾¾°�n°°�fnf°½
°¾°¾f°ff°¾¾�¯f°¾¾¾f¾f¾f¾¾¯�f¾f
W ½¾fnf°°�°
f°�f�nf¾¾¯¾¾°f�¾°f
¾¯½½n¾¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 12/65
08909./0;0452039
W @¯f¾n#°nf�¾°°�
ff°n°�f°¯¾�
f##f¾##¯f�°f°#f°©�¯°#W @f¾n½°n°f°
½f¾�°f°�°f°�
f½¯fn°�f½f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 13/65
W n¾¯f�°f°f°¯°¾f°
¾½°
W@fnnf°��n�¾f¾n½¯°°n°�°f°�f�
½�f¯¯ fn¾¾nf¾½�¯°�½f¾
f°nff°�
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 14/65
@°¾
W ¾¾ �f¾¯¾�°¾f°�ff
W -¾°��n°f¾n°f°°�f¾°
½f°�
W f¯f½f¾¾f�n°¾
W 9 °�nffn¯¾¾f°f
½f°�f�f°¾°¾f½½fn°
¾�f¾n
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 15/65
@f¾¾f
W f¾¯½�f°$f�¾°�fff°¾°fnn°�
nf°f°�f�¾½n�nf°¾
W ��°fnn°���°n
�f°�f�n¯½°n
W ��°nff¾nf¯¾
°�¯f°nffn¾n°¾
W °n°�f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 16/65
n°�f@¾
W ffn¯½°¾f°°¾°�
% @°
% @% @fn
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 17/65
@°¾
f% °¾fn�°
% f��½¯°
n% °¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 18/65
f% °¾fn�°
W @°°¯°�¾°¾
W @½¾¯f
W D¾�f¯f¯¾¾°�f°°°¯°�¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 19/65
%f��½¯°
W@½¯°�¾°¾f°nff��¾°¾
W nn°�f¾°¯©%nff¾fn¾f°f½½½ff
@nf°½f°n#¾¯f�°f°
°n¾�n¯½f¾¾°f°¯
½nf½fn�°�n¾
@f°�f�nf°�n#¾ff°¾¾�¯¾f°¾n¾
@nffn¾f°°¾nf°nf¾°�°°¾f°°��¯f°¯f°nn¯¾f°n¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 20/65
n% °¾
W ¾¾°¾ff°�°¾
W @°¾¯f��°fnn°�
f�f°°¯ff°�¯f
W f¾f°�¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 21/65
@@
% °°
W n°°¯¾°¾°�
W °½fnffn¾¾°�f°¯
% f°�f�
W ,¾fnn¾¾
W �f °�°
W °°n½f°W °�
W f°�f�n¯½
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 22/65
W @fnff¾¾°¾n
¾f½½½f°
% J¾°¾ffn¯�f°°"
% Jff¾¯½
�¯fn"% Jf°�f��¯f
f°�f�¾f°�½°n"
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 23/65
% @½¾°f°
W 9¾nf�f�
W @°��
W @¾fnn¯½f°¾f°¾
W ¾f°
ffn¾°¾°¾
�fnfn¯½°¾°
½°�f¾�°°�¾°�
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 24/65
@@fn
W °f¾nn¾¾�f°f°�f�f
½°°fn
W@fnf¾f
W @n¯¯°nf°¾°¾
W @°n�fnf½¾¾°f°
n¯¯°¾¾°¾W f¾½°¾¾°¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 25/65
ff¾fn°�
W @fn°��¾¾�f°�f�f°¯n
¾¾��f¯¯ff°nff
W,ffnf½f¾°�fn¾½¯¾f°¾¾
W ¯ff¾�¯f¾¯°¾
½¾¾°nn½f¾n¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 26/65
f�°��n¾
% 9½f°��½f°�¾f�
�°n°
% J°�f°�¾f�fn¾�n¾°f°�f�
f°n°°�
% J°��¯½¾f°�¾f�¾¾f¾f¾½°�f
�°¾°fn¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 27/65
9½f°��
W f¾°¾°
W nff°½¾°f°�f
W f½¾°f�
W f°¾n¾°f¾n¯
W °n�f�n
�fnfn¯½°¾°¯¾°�¯nffn¾%
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 28/65
% D¾°�¾f
W ¾�°�
W 9f°°�¾
W 9�f½¾
W f°½n¾
W @��¾f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 29/65
% ½°�¯
W ¾°¾½°¾¾
f¾°¯�
W @¯�¯°¾½f½½�f
¾¯f°n°W nf¾°¾#f°fn�°
°�f°nff
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 30/65
% D¾°�f°�f��
W I¾��½f°�¾f�
W f¾°�
W f¯½¯¾f�°
W nf°f¾¾°¾n°¾n½
�¾
W D¾°�¾�¯f°f¾
¾°¾n°¾n¾°�f
½f¾¾°f¯½
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 31/65
W �½n°n¾©°�f°¾fn
¾�¾f�f¯
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 32/65
% D¾°�f¯ff°½f
W °f½f°�fn
W ¾¾°fn¾°���°
©n¾
W ��°fn½°�½¾°�n
W �°°°��f°f¾¯
¯f�°f�f°fn
¾°n�°¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 33/65
J°�
°¾¯ff
¾°f¾°
°�f¯
@fn¾½¾°¾¾¾f°
f°�f°½¾¯fn¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 34/65
n�°°�¯f°½°f�f@°%
�°°�¯f°°f¯f°f¾f°¾½½°�f¾¯fn¯½f¾°¾nf¾f°��n
¾½°¯°fnffn¾½
¯ fn°°½¾°f½°n
�¯ff°½¾°°�¯f°°f��¯¾
°�fn¾fn¾f
°¾¾°¾f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 35/65
°n°
f°�f
°f°�
°�
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 36/65
f% f°�f
W ,f¾°n°f¾f½°n
W °�f°¾°f¾°¾
�¾¯¾¾¾¾f°½f¾¾°�f°�f°�°¾
W °¾½¾ff
¯°¾¯°#¾fW °¾ffff
f�°�¾¯¾¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 37/65
f°�ffn¾
9f¾°�
¯½f¾¾
°°f°
I¯9n
¯
9f¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 38/65
@½¾�f°�ffn¾
J°f°¯½f¾¾°¯
f°¯@¾¾°�¯n°½°°°�nnf°f½½nf½½f¾¾°¾f%
J°f°¯½f¾¾°¯
f°¯@¾¾°�¯n°½°°°�nnf°f½½nf½½f¾¾°¾f%
°¾¾°¾f°�°n¾
�¯°�f°�¾½nn#
°¾nf°�½fnn°�¾½f°�n¯¯�
°¾¾°¾f°�°n¾
�¯°�f°�¾½nn#
°¾nf°�½fnn°�¾½f°�n¯¯�
@¾ff
f¯fnfn°¯f°°��°¾
@¾ff
f¯fnfn°¯f°°��°¾
¾°f¾f
¾�¯°��f°f°�°°�°¾
¾°f¾f
¾�¯°��f°f°�°°�°¾
f°
f°�
f¾
f
fnf°¾
ff°�
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 39/65
°f°�
°°ffnnf¾
¾°¾½nf¾°½fn
°¾¾�¯f¾°
¯f°°�f¾ ¾½°n¾f°
°��
¾½nf¾�°¾°�°�¾n°¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 40/65
Jf¾°f°�°¾"
n�°°�¾n¾¾
9n°�n¯¾�¾¾°�
¯f°°�¾°�n°fn¾
½½°�ff°�¾f�
¾¾½¯
,f°�n°°n°¾°
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 41/65
°�
W ¾°°�¾¾¾f°°©f
f�f°°�f°�f�
W ��nf¾¾f°f°n
f°nn°fn
W ¯°�n�fnf½¾¾°
f°�¾¯f��n¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 42/65
n¾f�¾""
J°n¾°�¾¾�
fnf¾¯½¾°
f¾½°¾°n�J#¾
°
f¾°©°�
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 43/65
9f°°°����n¾°�
¾¾¾
n¾
f°n
°¾
D¾n°
°¾°�¯f°°
D¾�fnf
½¾¾°¾
¾½nf¾
ff°n
¾f�
f¯°n°
¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 44/65
!#
%%
%
%%
%
&
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 45/65
#%%%
#%#
'%$
!%
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 46/65
9@@I@
9@- @,9
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 47/65
!%
9@-@I@
½¯
@fn½¾¾½f¾ff¾½°f°f¾
¾°ff½n¾°f¾°�ff¾f½½°
f¯½Jff½½°°�¾¾f°#¾�°�#n¯¾nf¯¾
�f°�@¾nf°°f�¾n¾¾°
¾°¾n°½n°¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 48/65
!%
@,9@I@,f°¾f¯��f©°°¯
@©°¾nf°½¾°f�f¯¯fnf�f¾¯f½
f¯½@fnn�¾°¾f
¯f½�°�#¾©°¾f°��¯¾¯°��¾¾¾½½½n�f°fJ�%f°°°f°¯#¾¾°n½f�
@¾f¾¾°¾¾fnf°f°¾�¯f½¾
f�f¯¯fn½¾°f°��°¾�°nf¾f�¯��f½�fn¾°nf�°¾ff½½¾f��°°�°f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 49/65
!
f¾¾¯¾¾nf½¯¾
¯ ¯°¾¾ �°
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 50/65
#%#
W n¾nf°�n¾°¾°¾f°¾f°fn°¾f°
f°¾½¾½½¾
W f¯½¾#
�¾¾f¯fnW @fn¯f�¾¾n°f°
¾°¾�¾¾¾nffn
W f¯½���ff¯"%
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 51/65
#%#
W °fn¾,
W @¾fn¾f°¾½°
nffn¾
W 9fn¯f°nffn°n°f°
f°nffn¾¾
W J°f�f°¾½°
°°�°¾
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 52/65
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 53/65
W @f°¯¾fn¾n
�n¾°nffnW °¾¾°nf�¾½½
f©n¾¾nnffn¾n¯
½n¯¾¾°�f°½¾
W f¯½JJ-@%
-,-%
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 54/65
'%
W nf°½¾°°ff�f¾¾°¾f °�¯
W °¾nf°°nf�°½f°½¾¾½¾°f¾½°¾¾°¾f°½¾°¾¯°¾¯�°��¯¾
W f¯½f°¾ f¾¾¯°�¾
�nffn
f°�
½f¯¯f¾ °¾½f½fn¾�¯
9°n°¾,¾#¾¾¾%
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 55/65
#%&
W J°�n°°�f¾
°�f°�f�
W °¾f¾f°�f�½¾¾
¾f°°�
W f°�f�¾¾°f¾½f�n¯¯°nf°
W @fnnf°¾fn¾ff
�n¾f°°°f°�f�¾°
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 56/65
J-J@
-D
JJ
O
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 57/65
47/0-8
W J¾°f½¯f°n½�¯f½f
¾¯fn¾¾f°¾½
°¯
W f¯½�½°�¾fnn°�
¾nfnffn¾°�nff
¯
W @¾¾f¾¾¾nfnf°��n¾n°f½fnf¯¾¾f�¾
W f¯½�½f�
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 58/65
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 59/65
47/0-8
W @¾½¾f¾¾n½°
�f½fn
W @fnf¾nf°f¾n°�n¾°�
°nffn
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 60/65
40007.8808
W f��°�¾°¾°ff
#¾nn�¾
W ¯¾¾nn¾°nfn �
¾%¾¯f°n½n�¯°�
¾ff°¾%
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 61/65
J-D@,
@O@
@I@
J@-@I@@9@
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 62/65
#%!#%$
W @fnnf°°nf�¯nff
¾½f¾�°�¾n°½°�
¯½½ff¯fnffnf°
°¾
W f¯½ff¯¾¯
W ¾°¾¯ff½¾°f°¾
nf°ffnffn°¯f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 63/65
7,,.9;908
W ¾¾
W @n¾f¾¾¯°�fnffn#¾
�°�nf°�¯
�#¾�#¾�f°¯#¾
n#¾½°�
W f�¾ °
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 64/65
793,.9;908
W °¾nf°°nf�¯f°½nn°f¾f¾°¾n¯fn¾¾°f°��¾
W J¾�¯°nffnf°f¾ °¾f ff
W °f¯½¾¾f¾°¾½f½fn¾½¾
W °f¾°¾nf°°nf�ff°�$¯f�f
8/3/2019 The Teaching of Grammar
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-teaching-of-grammar 65/65
% &
