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The Skeletal System
Skeletal System: Made of Connective Tissue
O Bone: hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts
O Compact: forms shaft and ends, contains space
O Spongy: trabeculaeO Cells: osteoblast, osteocytes, osteoclastsO Types: long, flat, irregularO Harversian system: cellular arrangementO Periosteum: Connective Tissue covering
O https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXgZap0AvL0
Cartilage and Ligaments
O Cartilage:O Function: supportO Types: fibrocartilage, hyaline, and
elasticO Ligaments: attach bone to bone
Bone DevelopmentO Prenatal: cartilage modelO Fetus: some conversion to boneO Childhood: primary and secondary
ossificationO Adolescence: cartilage growth and
plate elongation
Bone Remodeling and Repair
O Changes in shape, size, strength:O Dependent on diet, exercise, age
O Cells are regulated by hormones:O Parathyroid hormone (PTH): removes
calcium from boneO Calcitonin: adds calcium to bone
O Repair: hematoma and callus formation
Functions of the Skeletal System
O Protection: encases most internal organs
O Support: allows body positionsO Movement: muscle attachments O Reservoir: calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium
Skeleton: Vertebral Column
O Vertebral column:O Regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
sacral, coccygealO Intervertebral disks: cushion vertebrae;
allows movement, flexibilityO Ribs:
O Twelve pairsO Bottom two pair floating
O Sternum: breastbone:O Three bones fused
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
O Pectoral girdle: shoulder:O Clavicle, scapulas
O Pelvic girdles: hip;O Coxal bones, sacrum, pubic symphysis
O LimbsO Arms: humerus, radius, ulna, wrist and
handO Legs: femur, tibia, fibula, ankle and foot
ArticulationsO Classified by degree of
movement:O Fibrous joint: immovable (e.g.,
fontanels)O Cartilagenous joint: slightly
movableO Synovial joint: freely movable
Synovial JointsO Synovial capsule: synovial
membrane + hyaline cartilageO Synovial membrane secrete synovial
fluid for lubricantO Hyaline cartilage cushions
Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System
O Strains: stretched or torn ligamentsO Bursitis and tendinitis:
inflammationsO Arthritis: inflammation of joints
