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Chapter 6 & 11
Connective Tissues and
Skeletal System
Objectives To be familiar with the different connective
tissues. To explain how fat cells grow. To differentiate cartilage from bones. To compare the three kinds of cartilage. To identify the different bones of the body. To compare & contrast axial from
appendicular skeleton. To understand how the skeletal system
works.
Connective Tissue
FunctionsConnect, bind,
support, transport, fight infection and store materials
CharacteristicsCells are far apart in
arrangementComposed of large
amount of intercellular material also known as matrix
Types of Fibers Composing the Matrix of Connective Tissues
Collagenous FiberElastic FiberReticular fiber
Collagen Fiber
-Long, wavy and arrange parallel to each other
Collagenous Fiber
Locations: tendons and ligaments
Functions: strong flexible support
ELASTIC Fiber
The light pink in this tissue is smooth muscle.
Elastic tissue has numerous bundles of elastic fibers with interspersed flattened fibroblasts and collagen fibers.
Location: large arteries, bronchial tubes
Function: Elastic fibers can stretch l 1/2 times their length and then recoil. These fibers will provide elasticity to tissues.
ELASTIC Fiber
RETICULAR FIBER
Reticular tissue supplies the supporting framework for bone marrow and lymphoid hematopoitic (blood cell making) organs.
Locations: spleen, lymph nodes, liver
Function: gives support to soft organs
Classification of Connective Tissue
A. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Areolar Reticular Adipose Elastic
1. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE
Locations: beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles and nerves
Functions: binds one tissue to another (as skin connects to muscle), protection and nourishment to the organs and structures it binds, and stores "body fluid"
Cells found in the matrix of Areolar Tissue
Fibroblast or Fibrocytes – active in repair and synthesis of fibers and protein.
Macrophage – agent of defense, engulf foreign bodies present in the tissue.
Mast Cells – produce heparin and histamine.
Plasma cell capable of forming antibodies.
Mesenchymal cell- developed into LCT, aka embryonic LCT cell
2. ADIPOSE TISSUE
The cells appear empty. Cells are filled with fat globules (B).
Locations/functions:-- Anywhere there is an empty space in the body fat is stored as a source of energy and may provide insulation.--The kidneys are correctly positioned and cushioned by adipose tissue.
--The eye is cushioned in the orbit by adipose.
Adipose Tissue
is localized to certain depots within the body but may accumulate anywhere.
In men it normally represents some 15-20% of body weight and in women, 20-25% of body weight.
Subcutaneous adipose tissue helps to shape, cushion and insulate the body. It also helps to hold some organs in place.
Almost all adipose tissue in adults is the called yellow adipose tissue
3. RETICULAR TISSUE
4. ELASTIC TISSUE
B. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Dense connective tissue has many collagen fibers arranged in bundles and fewer cells. It is stronger and less flexible than loose connective tissue.
Dense irregular connective tissue, as seen in the dermis, has abundant collagen fibers in bundles with no particular orientation. This allows the tissue to handle stress from any direction.
Dense regular connective tissue, as found in tendons and ligaments, is characterized by collagen bundles being oriented in the direction of prolonged maximum stress. Both types of dense connective tissue have a shiny white sometimes translucent appearance in the natural state.
1. Dense Regular connective tissue
Location : Tendon - connects muscle
to bone Ligament – connects bone
to bone Aponeurosis - connect
muscle to muscle Fascia – covers the whole
muscle & hold them together Membrane – covers organs
and cavities
2. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Location :Dermis of the skinSheaths of nerves,
muscles and tendons
C. SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Characterized by dense, rigid and firm matrix with cells that are far apart and locked up fluid filled spaces.
1.Cartilage
Cartilage is specialized to bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion.
Consist of protein called CHONDRIN. Avascular Perichondrium – membrane that
covers the matrix of cartilage
Cartilage
As was true with the connective tissues proper, these tissues contain various amounts and types of matrix, fibers and cells. Included here are:
Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage
a.HYALINE CARTILAGE
The chondrocytes (A) are located in lacunae (C). The matrix (B) contain collagen fibers that are so fine they are not visible in tissue preparations.
Locations: "C" rings in the trachea, nose, articular ends of bones, fetal skeleton
Function: precursor to bone, support
Hyaline cartilage is found in the fetus where it forms the fetal skeleton that is later ossified and becomes bone
b. ELASTIC CARTILAGE The chondrocytes (A) are
contained in lacunae (C). The matrix (B) contains abundant elastic fibers.These fibers give great flexibility to this tissue.
Locations: ear, auditory canal, epiglottis
Functions: flexible support
Elastic cartilage contains many elastic fibers giving it a yellowish color. it can be found in the auricle of the ear, ear canal, and epiglottis.
c. FIBROCARTILAGE
Locations: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Functions: supports, withstands compression
Fibrocartilage contains a perichondrium in fibrocartilage
2. BONE
In the center of the osteon is the central canal (A) which hold the blood vessels and a nerve. These canals are surrounded by concentric rings of inorganic matrix, the lamellae (B). Between the lamellae are bone cells, the osteocytes (C) located in lacunae. Nutrients diffuse from cell to cell through the canaliculi (D).
Location: skeleton Function: framework,
protection
LOVE, LOVE, LOVE
Happy Valentines Day
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Functions ; Support Protection Helping in movement Storage of minerals Production of red blood cells Chemical energy storage
There are 206 bones in the body and these bones and cartilages help provide the support and points of attachment to many soft tissues, muscles and ligaments in the body.
Vitamins and Hormones that regulate bone formation and growth
1. Vitamin D – increase the rate of calcium absorption from the intestine.
Deficiency would cause rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
Vitamins and Hormones that regulate bone formation and growth
2. Vitamin A – important in the synthesis of collagen that makes the bone resilient.
Night Blindness is the first sign of Vit. A
deficiency
3. Vitamin C – stimulates the release of enzymes that stimulate bone resorption activity.
Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood.
Vitamins and Hormones that regulate bone formation and growth
Vitamins and Hormones that regulate bone formation and growth
4. Thyroxin- a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that increase the rate of bone replacement & important in the synthesis of other growth hormones.
Vitamins and Hormones that regulate bone formation and growth
6.Calcitonin & parahormone – that regulate the release of calcium from bone.
Bone remodeling, or renewal, recycles as much as 18% of bone matter.
This allows the body to regulate how much calcium in concentrated in our blood.
Parathyroid hormone increases calcium concentrations in the blood and calcitonin has the opposite effect.
. 5. Estrogens & Androgens – are respectively female & male hormones that promote ossification & maintenance of the bone matrix.
Estrogen can increase osteoblasts and that is why women, whose estrogen levels are diminishing in menopause, suffer bone loss.
Stress that encourages bone growth is not a bad thing, walking, strength training and jogging all encourage stronger bone growth
Bone Formation
1. Hematoma forms at break
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus will fill the space
3. Bony callus formed by osteoblasts.
4. Osteoblasts build new compact bone and osteoclasts create new medullary cavity.
Skeletal System The skeleton contains 99% of the body's
total calcium. Inorganic portions of the bone matrix
represents about 50% of bone by weight. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, citrate, potassium, and sodium are found there but the substance that gives bone its hardness is hydroxyapatite made from calcium and phosphate.
Hydoxyapatite crystals are associated with collagen in bone giving it its strength and resistance.
Classification of Bone According to Shape
Long – humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, radius & ulna
Short – clavicle, metacarpals & metatarsals
Flat – scapula, cranial, ribs & pelvic
Irregular – carpal, tarsal, vertebrae & auditory ossicles
Membrane Covering of Bones
Periosteum – outer covering of the bone
Endosteum – lines the cavities and haversian canal
Axial Skeleton:
Skull spinal column sacrum Ribs sternum ear ossicles hyoid bone
Appendicular Skeleton
composed of 126 bones.
shoulder girdle:claviclescapula
arms:humerusulnaradiuscarpalsmetacarpalsphalanges
appendicular skeleton
pelvic girdle:pelvis
legs:femurpatellatibiafibulatarsalsmetatarsalsphalanges
Homology
PECTORAL GIRDLE PECVIC GIRDLE
Clavicle PubisScapula IliumCoracoid IschiumHumerus FemurRadius -Ulna Tibia-FibulaCarpals TarsalsMetacarpals MetatarsalsPhalanges Phalanges
Difference between Male & Female Skeleton
MALE More shallow Longer and denser Squarer chin Skull has a small bulge at the
back. external occipital protuberance
male brow is more pronounced Men have one fewer rib than
women, IS NOT TRUE
Female Lower & Wider Shorter Chin rounded or
oval Rounded
Exam next meeting…