THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF …...urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe and east coast of Zanzibar. As for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded

i

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF ZANZIBAR

MINISTRY OF LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES

MARINE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

MANAGEMENT PROJECT (MACEMP)

ZANZIBAR COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM

MANAGEMENT PLAN

FINAL REPORT

NOVEMBER 2012

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES iii

LIST OF FIGURES iv

LIST OF PLATES v

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS vi

AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General Background....................................................................................................1

1.2 Tourism development worldwide ................................................................................1

1.3 Tourism development in Africa ...................................................................................2

1.4 Tourism development in Zanzibar ...............................................................................3

1.5 Rationale for Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan......................................5

1.6 Terms of Reference of the assignment .........................................................................5

1.7 Overall mission, vision and goal of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP)..................6

1.7.1 Overall Vision 6

1.7.2 Mission 6

1.7.3 Goal........................................................................................................................6

1.8 Approach and methodology.........................................................................................6

1.8.1 Literature review.....................................................................................................6

1.8.2 Sectoral survey on tourism sector ............................................................................7

1.8.3 Stakeholders Workshops .........................................................................................7

1.9 Legal and Institutional Frameworks.............................................................................7

1.9.1 The Central government..........................................................................................7

1.9.2 Local governments ..................................................................................................9

1.10 Organisation of the document..................................................................................9

CHAPTER TWO 10

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 10

2.1 Introduction 10

2.2 Socio-economic and Physical features .......................................................................10

2.2.1 Agriculture............................................................................................................10

2.2.2 Fishing..................................................................................................................10

2.2.3 Salt extraction .......................................................................................................10

2.2.4 Climate .................................................................................................................11

2.2.5 Soils ......................................................................................................................11

2.2.6 Vegetation cover ...................................................................................................11

2.2.7 Hydrology .............................................................................................................11

2.3 Tourism stakeholders.................................................................................................12

2.4 Tourism Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) ..................13

CHAPTER THREE 16

TOURISM RESOURCES 16

3.1 Tourism resources and development..........................................................................16

3.2 Coastal tourism resource base....................................................................................17

3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources......................................................................................18

3.2.1.1 Mangroves and coastal thickets 18

3.2.1.2 Sandy beaches 18

3.2.1.3 Coastal vegetation 20

ii

3.2.1.4 Cultural sites and sacred natural features 21

3.2.2 Marine resources...................................................................................................21

3.2.2.1 Coral Reefs and sea grasses 21

3.2.2.2 Marine mammals and turtles 22

3.3 Threats to coastal and marine resources .....................................................................23

3.4 Recommendations for better uses of resources...........................................................23

CHAPTER FOUR 24

COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SCHEMES 24

4.1 Introduction 24

4.2 Unguja ......................................................................................................................25

4.2.1 Tourism Development Zones in Unguja ................................................................25

4.2.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja .....................................................................................27

4.3 Pemba .......................................................................................................................33

4.3.1 Tourism Development Zones in Pemba.................................................................33

4.3.2 Tourist Areas in Pemba.........................................................................................35

CHAPTER FIVE 38

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES 38

5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................38

5.2 Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)......................................38

5.2.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................38

5.2.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles .....................................................39

5.2.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities...........................................................40

5.3 Administration and Operations Program (AOP).........................................................42

5.3.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................42

5.3.2 Tourism Administration and Operations Principles ...............................................42

5.3.3 Program objectives, targets and activities ..............................................................43

5.4 Local Tourism and Education Program (LTEP) .........................................................44

5.4.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................44

5.4.2 Local People Relation Principles...........................................................................44


5.5.1 Program Purpose...................................................................................................46

5.5.2 Resources Management Principles ........................................................................46


CHAPTER SIX 49

OPERATIONAL PLAN 49

6.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................49

6.2 Three Years Operational Plan of the Management Programs .....................................49

CHAPTER SEVEN 66

MONITORING AND EVALUATION 66

7.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................66

7.2 Monitoring ................................................................................................................66

7.2.2 Monitoring Report Schedule .................................................................................67

7.3 Evaluation .................................................................................................................68

7.4 Plan Review 69

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 70

APPENDICES 75

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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.1 Tourism Management Institutions in Zanzibar 8

Table 2.1 List of key tourism stakeholders and their respective roles 12

Table 2.2 Tourism SWOC analysis 13

Table 3.1 Tourism resources 17

Table 5.1 VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 40

Table 5.2 AOP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 43

Table 5.3 LTEP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 45

Table 5.4 RMP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022 47

Table 6.1 Operational Plan 49

Table 7.1 Format for Summarizing Progress on the Plan Implementation 67

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 4.1 Tourism Zones in Unguja 26

Figure 4.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja 32

Figure 4.3 Tourism Zones in Pemba 34

Figure 4.4 Tourism Areas in Pemba 37

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LIST OF PLATES

Page

Plate 1 Fishermen at Malindi Port, Unguja. Fishing is one of the main lifeline

economic activities in Zanzibar

19

Plate 2 The famous Misali Island in Pemba. The Island has beutiful sand beaches

and Marine resources

20

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AOP Administration and Operations Program

AOPB Annual Operation Plans and Budgets

AOPB Annual Operation Plan Budget

CBOs Community Based Organisations

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

KMKM Kikosi Maalum cha Kuzuia Magendo

LTEP Local Tourism and Education Program

MICTS Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism and Sports

MLF Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries

PECCA Pemba Channel Conservation Areas

RMP Resources Management Program

SWOC Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Challenges

TTCL Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited

TMP Tourism Management Plan

VUDRP Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program

WTO World Tourism Organisation

ZATI Zanzibar Association Tourism Investors

ZATO Zanzibar Association of Tourism Organisation

ZCT Zanzibar Commission for Tourism

ZIPA Zanzibar Investment Promotion Agency

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AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This document was prepared by Prof. Abiud Kaswamila, Mr. Augustino Mwakipesile, Mr. Frank

Mawi and Mr. Kajale Kasika of the University of Dodoma. The authors are grateful to Dr. Kassim G.

Juma, the Principal Secretary – Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries; Mr. Yusuf Kombo, the Marine

and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) Manager; and Mr. Ali Khalil Mirza, the

Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), Director General for their guidance and logistical support

during the whole period of data collection and report writing.

This report would not have been presented without assistance from many people. The team wishes to

thank Mr. Said of the ZCT for accompanying us during the data collection exercise; Ms. Ramla Talia

of MACEMP for giving us support during literature search and Mr. Suleiman A. Suleiman (ZCT in –

Charge, Pemba) for his logistical support while in Pemba. We are also grateful to the ZCT staff in

both Unguja and Pemba; Regional and District Commissioners; District Municipal Directors; the

Shehia leaders; and local communities whom we contacted during field work for their willingness to

provide us the necessary information related to this assignment. We say, thank you so much and God

bless you all.

viii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction

Zanzibar is richly endowed with both natural (coastal and marine-based attractions) and man-made tourism attractions which are the basis of successful tourism in recent years and has led to the contribution of the country’s economic growth. Zanzibar’s tourism has been growing at an average rate of 10% per annum and employs more than 45,000 in both direct and indirect employment. The sector is likely to surpass agriculture as Zanzibar’s leading revenue earner by the year 2015. Recent statistics indicate that by 2012 the number of tourists is approximately 2,179,011, an increase of about 15.5% since 2008 as cumulative figures.

Despite these achievements, the sector faces a number of threats which threatens its sustainability. The major ones being increased environmental degradation, enclave tourism, erosion of cultural values, increased pressure on coastal and marine resources, institutional conflicts, uncontrolled hotel /lodges development, land use conflicts, and low involvement of primary tourism stakeholders in decision making. To address these challenges, it was thought important to have a Tourism Management Plan (TMP) in place. The purpose of TMP is to act as a working resource that: profiles tourism as a valued contributor towards the country’s economic development; contributes to the direction of the country’s tourism in its aspirations for growth, entrepreneurship and employment; establishes appropriate and cost effective tourism management and marketing mechanisms; enhances the visitor experience with the area; and lends due attention to the “Rules of best the practice”.

This document is organized in six Chapters. The second Chapter is about situational analysis. Chapter three gives a detailed description of tourism resources in both Unguja and Pemba Islands. The Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme is presented in Chapter four. Chapter five identifies the management programs and strategies to achieve program objectives. The last Chapter describes the operational plan with timescale.

Situational analysis

In reviewing and developing this Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan, different stakeholders were consulted. These stakeholders include the public sector, the private sector, local communities and NGOs. Their views and comments facilitated the analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) facing tourism development in Zanzibar. The major strengths aired out include the country’s political stability, presence of Coastal and Marine tourism attractions, Stone Town is a unique cultural experience, security to lives and property, and Malindi Port is gateway to both visitors and goods. It was also observed that Zanzibar has several opportunities to grasp. These include: coordinated and increased events calendar, ecotourism potentiality particularly in Pemba, use of Information Technology, traditional and cultural festival is gaining global popularity, and infrastructure improvement.

Despite the strengths and opportunities available in the sector, the tourism industry has several weaknesses and challenges. As for weaknesses, the major ones include institutional conflict of interest, enclave tourism, frequent transfer of hotel ownership, financial constraints and environmental degradation. Regarding challenges, stakeholders had the opinion that climate change, population growth, erosion of cultural values, crime and visitor safety, competitor destination areas and pressure on Marine and Coastal resources threaten the sustainability of tourism industry.

Tourism resources

In Zanzibar tourism resources can be grouped into natural, cultural, human, or capital resources. Emphasis in this report is on coastal and marine resources that either are used or can be used to attract or conserve resources.

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• Coastal resources Coastal resources includes land-based as well as marine environment, i.e. coral rags, mangroves, coastal thickets, sandy beaches, palm trees, water sources, coastal vegetation, cultural sites and sacred natural features etc. Coastal environment, sandy beaches, coral reefs, sea grass beds, water sources and cultural sites, the mangrove forests can be argued to be critical habitats for Zanzibar.

• Marine resources Marine resources in Zanzibar include coral reefs, sea grasses, marine mammals and turtles. The distribution of coral reefs in Zanzibar is clearly documented. It is estimated that Zanzibar has a total of 90 km

2 of living coral. The preliminary species list given for Islands indicates that there are 168

coral species. However, there are certain areas that have been affected due to the presence of sea urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe and east coast of Zanzibar. As for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded along the coast of Tanzania.

Several species of marine mammals (8 dolphins, 3 whales and 1 dugong species) are found in Zanzibar. Dolphins are still hunted in some areas where they are used primarily as bait, but also for local consumption. Small resident populations of Indo-Pacific bottlenose and humpback dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar has increased during the past few years and the areas are becoming known for some of the best boat-based dolphin watching sites in Zanzibar. Five species of turtle exist in Zanzibar waters and not less than 28 species of sharks are present.

• Recommendations for better use of resources i. Interventions to control environmental degradation

ii. Promotion of ecotourism

iii. Conserving the current resource base for future generations

iv. Manage and monitor threats on environment and coastal and marine resources

v. Maintaining the productivity of the resource base

vi. Maintaining biodiversity and avoiding irreversible environmental changes

vii. Ensuring equity within and between generations

viii. Maintaining and protecting the heritage (cultural and history) of the area, region, or nation

Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme

In the reflection of the Zanzibar National Land Use Plan (1995) and Tourism Zone 1Plan, the tourism

management zone are based primarily but not limited to the following criteria: land use sustainability;

introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts; elimination of

uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue burden to tourism management;

sustainability of the tourism and protection of outstanding resource values; enhancing Zanzibar

tourism significance; and constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants. Others are:

provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences; land/environmental capability and

suitability to support proposed or existing use and physical developments; cultural sustainability and

protection of scared and historical sites; use of already impacted areas and resources; and increased

contribution to national and local economies and enhance people relations.

1 Designated area for certain purpose within which there are areas

x

Using the above criterion, six (6) tourism development zones were developed, four (4) in Unguja and

two (2) in Pemba with a total of nineteen (19) and seven (7) tourist areas in Unguja and Pemba

respectively as illustrated in figure 1, 2, 3, and 4. Details of each tourist areas is provided in the

Zanzibar Tourism Zoning Plan , which need to be read in line with this Tourism Management Plan

for smooth implementation of the proposed tourism management strategies.

Management programs and strategies

Specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be undertaken for effective

implementation of the Tourism Management Plan are presented. The activities proposed reinforce

the tourism zone scheme by defining specific and practical actions that would help to minimise

identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help to achieve the tourism

purpose in Unguja and Pemba. Actions included in this Tourism Management Plan are those which

are feasible within the National and local set-up, policy and legal frameworks. Other activities were

described in terms of what needs to be done, and not how and when these activities will be

implemented. The five management programs presented in this document include: visitor use,

development and revenue; administration and operational; local tourism and education; and

resources management. These are associated with program objectives, targets and activities.

Operational plan

In this Tourism Management Plan, a 3-years Action Plans have been established for each of the

Management Programs to provide a guide for those who manage and coordinate tourism in Zanzibar

on a daily basis. For practical purposes it is not realistic to prepare an action plan for the period of

ten years in the understanding of changing situations and conditions in real time. Another set of three

years action plan will be developed in future as part of the implementation of this plan. For each

program, targets, activities, responsible institution(s), time frame and performance indicators have

been identified.

Monitoring and Evaluation

• Monitoring

Monitoring of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be the overall responsibility of the

Zanzibar Commission of Tourism. Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force within the ZCT,

shall periodically audit the implementation of the plan by collecting information related to the

monitoring of inputs/activities on quarterly basis and prepare reports reflecting the performance of

sector related to tourism. The team/ task force shall prepare and issue monitoring and reporting

guidelines to all officials who will be involved in the implementation and audit exercise. Specific

data collection instrument will need to be prepared while quarterly and year performance summary

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will follow the format provided in the report. Monitoring will commence immediately after starting

the implementation of the Tourism Plan.

• Evaluation

Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be subjected to two internal and external

evaluations. Internal evaluation will be done every two and a half years by the team from the

Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, and the external evaluation will be done by mid-term of the plan

implementation (after five years) and end of plan implementation (after ten years) by commissioned

independent team of experts. Selection of the appropriate evaluators will consider relevant technical

skills, evaluation skills and experience in similar organizations/assignments.

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background

Zanzibar is part of the United Republic of Tanzania but it has its own autonomous government.

Zanzibar consists of two major Islands, Unguja and Pemba, with a group of about 50 small islets

surrounding them. According to the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), the country consists

of multi-racial and multi-cultural community and it is a society of many faiths and different origins.

Almost the entire population is of mixed races primarily Arabs and African decent and blended with

local culture (www.zanzibartourism.net).The Islands lie in the North-south direction between

latitude 04° 50" and 06° 30" South, and East-west direction between longitude 39° 10" and 39° 50"

East. The Islands are some 30 kilometres on average East off the mainland coastline. Unguja Island

covers an area of 1666 km2 and Pemba Island covers an area of 988 km2 giving a total land area of

2,654 km2. According to the 2002 census, Zanzibar has a population of nearly 984,625 people most

of whom live in villages and towns located along the coast. The annual population growth rate is 3.5

percent.

The coastal environment of Zanzibar constitutes to a complex interconnection of variety of

ecosystems, both on land and at sea. These ecosystems, in their totality form and furnish the basic

foundation of the local culture, economy and their social well-being of coastal Zanzibaris (RGV and

MACEMP 2009). However, Zanzibar’s coastal environment and its resources are coming under

increasing pressure both from overuse and from new developments. The situation is exacerbated by

rapid population growth and to some extent by migration to the coast.

1.2 Tourism development worldwide

Tourism is arguably the world’s largest and fastest growing industry. According to World Tourism

Organisation (WTO), tourism has expanded dramatically over the last five decades and has become

a global industry. It forecasts that long-distance travel worldwide will grow faster (5.4% each year)

in the next decades than travel within regions (3.8%). WTO statistics for 2002 estimated

international tourist receipts of US$ 463 billion, a total of 693 million tourist arrivals across the

globe and forecast over one billion arrivals by 2010. WTO’s tourism 2020 vision forecasts that

international arrivals are expected to reach over 1.56 billion around the year 2020. Of these

worldwide arrivals, 1.2 billion will be intraregional and 0.4 will be long-haul travellers. The total

tourist arrivals by region show that around 2020 the top three receiving regions will be Europe (717

million tourists), East Asia and Pacific (397 million) and the Americas (282 million)

2

(www.biodiversity.ru). For poor countries, regions, towns and cities, tourism is seen as the fast track

to development (Glasson et al, 1995).

Currently, the UNWTO Barometer show that between January and April 2012, international tourist

arrivals (overnight visitors) worldwide totalled 285 million, 15 million more than in the same period

of 2011 (+5%). Asia and the Pacific and Africa (both +8%), show the best results. Both regions saw

a clear rebound in some of the destinations experiencing declines in 2011. In Asia and the Pacific,

Japan’s inbound and outbound travel is clearly on the mend, with arrivals to the country up by 40%

in the first five months of 2012. In Africa, North Africa (+11%) returned to positive growth (+48%

between January and May). The Middle East also shows signs of recovery with arrivals up by 1%

between January and April 2012, and particularly promising results for Egypt (+29% between

January and May). The Americas (+6%) recorded growth slightly above the world average, with

solid results across almost all destinations. Europe (+4%) consolidated its record growth of 2011,

despite continuing economic volatility in the Eurozone. UNWTO forecasts international tourism to

increase by 3% to 4% for the full year 2012. While the pace of growth is slowing down somewhat,

international overnight visitors remain firmly on track to hit the milestone of one billion arrivals

expected this year (http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2012-07-09/415-million-tourists-

expected-worldwide-may-august-peak-season).

Tourism is therefore viewed by governments as a catalyst for national and regional development,

bringing employment, exchange earnings, balance of payments advantages, and important

infrastructural developments benefiting locals and visitors alike.

1.3 Tourism development in Africa

The last decade, tourism in Africa has taken flight, with increasing numbers of tourists

(international, regional and national) enjoying hitherto relatively unknown attractions and unspoilt

natural resources. In recent years Africa was the world’s regional leader in tourism growth at 8.1%,

while Sub-Saharan Africa experienced growth of over 9.4%, primarily in South Africa, Kenya,

Mozambique, Swaziland and the Seychelles. UNWTO Forecasts, suggest demand for new tourist

attractions will continue to increase in the coming years, creating real opportunities for tourism to be

a major contributor to poverty reduction in Africa (Tourism Policy Draft Report 2009).

There have been improvements in economic conditions and political stability, resulting in a more

positive environment for tourism. A wide range of infrastructure investment has been undertaken,

particularly in accommodation, roads and airport improvements. Efforts continue on improvements

to immigration procedures, which are often slow and cumbersome (ibid).

3

Shortages in air transport linking Sub Saharan Africa to major international and national markets

have also seriously affected international and regional travel. Additional constraints include limited

infrastructure and investment capital, skilled human resources, services and amenities for tourists,

and a sometimes unfavourable image. While governments and the private sector are becoming

increasingly aware of Africa’s tourism potential and seek to respond to demand by boosting tourism

arrivals, diversifying and marketing tourism products and services, in many countries these

responses are characterized by un-checked and haphazard investment efforts (ibid).

The strength of African tourism lies in its cultural and environmental resources, and the diversity and

authenticity of its products. Ancient cultures, unique natural parks and unspoiled beaches, together

with a fascination of the African continent by international tourists, provide the competitive

advantage of Sub-Saharan African tourism.

1.4 Tourism development in Zanzibar

Zanzibar is richly endowed with both natural (coastal and marine-based attractions) and man-made

tourism attractions which are the basis of successful tourism in recent years and has led to the

contribution of the country’s economic growth. The Zanzibar Government embarked on tourism

development since 1984, as a measure towards economy diversification after years of dependency on

cloves as a mainstay of the national economy. The Government intention in this respect was to

generate foreign currency, while initiating an environment which local people could create

employment.

Zanzibar’s tourism has for the last ten-year period, been growing at an average rate of 10% per

annum. The Zanzibar Tourism Development Plan prepared by UNDP in 1983 shows that by that

time there were only 10 unclassified accommodation units, providing 215 rooms and 467 beds. By

1990, there were 45 hotels and several establishments providing a total of 548 rooms and 1,063 beds,

an increase of 3% and 44% respectively. In 2004 there were 173 tourist accommodation

establishments in Zanzibar, with a total of 3,089 rooms and 6,139 beds (ZTP, 2004), majority being

located in Unguja, with only 14 establishments (with a total of 110 rooms and 214 beds) in Pemba.

However, by 2012, the rooms and beds were 6491 and 11,986 respectively an increase of about

110% and 45% respectively (ZCT, 2012). In Pemba the increase for accommodation establishments

was 64% whereas for rooms and beds the increase was 90% and 76% respectively (ibid.). The

number of tourists increased from 42,141 tourists in 1990 to 140,237 in the year 2008. Recent

statistics indicate that by 2012 the number of tourists is approximately 2,179,011 cumulatively

(ZCT, 2012) an increase of about 15.5% in four years period. Despite these developments,

sustainable tourism sector development would require the RGZ put in place mechanisms to sustain,

4

strengthen and/or enhance infrastructures, ensure good governance and promote local investors.

Currently the sector employs about 45,000 people in both direct and indirect employment and is

likely to surpass agriculture as Zanzibar’s leading revenue earner by the year 2015.

According to Zanzibar Human Development Report 2009, tourism sector contributes to economic

growth and human development in Zanzibar. There are several reasons for focusing on tourism.

First, tourism is now the largest earner of the foreign exchange in Zanzibar. Going by the 2005

estimates, earning from tourism accounted for over 20 percent of the GDP in Zanzibar2

In order to accelerate tourism development, the Zanzibar Tourism Development Policy of 2004 (now

under revision) and Zanzibar Vision 2020 have encouraging statements. The tourism policy is

committed to develop, plan, manage and promote tourism industry that emphasises sustainability,

quality and diversification, and which is culturally responsible, socially desirable, ecologically

friendly, environmentally sustainable and economically viable. It further emphasises that the

expected growth rate should be between 5-6% by 2005, rising to between 7-8% by 2010, and attain

the level of between 9-10% by 2020. Vision 2020 on the other hand, stresses that the richly endowed

wealth hasn’t been fully harnessed making the number of tourists visiting Zanzibar small compared

to tiny Islands (Mauritius and Seychelles).

The 2020 Vision’s objectives on sustainable tourism include to:

• Utilize more effectively the tourism potential to generate more income, employment,

human resources development, foreign exchange earnings while protecting the

environment, Zanzibar’s culture and traditions;

• Diversifying the tourist attractions to achieve balanced growth of the tourism industry

and maximum benefit;

• Develop Zanzibar as a single holiday destination by building up other product elements,

in particular beach resorts, cultural attractions and aggressive marketing programs;

• Maintain all tourism resource bases, as part of public resources, and improve the

necessary tourism infrastructure existing and develop new infrastructures;

2 This is based on the following information. The estimated from the Survey of tourists expenditure in Zanzibar conducted by the Bank of Tanzania, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism and the Zanzibar

Commission of Tourism indicated that Zanzibar earned a total of USD 11,358, 688.35 from tourism. The

Zanzibar Economic Survey Report of 2008 issued by the Office of Chief Government Statistician indicated

that Zanzibar GDP at current market price was Tshs 394.9 billion, which, at the prevalent exchange rate of

1128 is equal to USD 350,088,652. Based on these figures, gross earnings from tourism is equal to 31

percent of Zanzibar’s GDP. To get the contribution to the GDP one must use value added approach, which

means we remove any double counting. In this way the share of tourism to GDP is expected to be less than

31 percent but certainly more than 20 percent. Using value added approach Lange (forthcoming)

calculated the share of tourism to the GDP in 2007 to be 25 percent.

5

• Stimulate development of infrastructure, linkages and support institutions related to

tourism;

• Strengthen the cultural industries including Museums, theatres, cultural values and

community participation as a product diversification to harness tourism;

• Stimulate local investors to go into partnership with foreigners to ensure the growth of

cultural acceptable tourism and to venture into new tourism grounds and make Zanzibar

centre for attracting international conferences, sports, cultures, and Islamic studies

1.5 Rationale for Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Plan

The purpose of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP) is to act as a working resource that: profiles

tourism as a valued contributor towards the country’s economic development; contributes to the

direction of the country’s tourism in its aspirations for growth, entrepreneurship and employment;

establishes appropriate and cost effective tourism management and marketing mechanisms; enhances

the visitor experience with the area; and lends due attention to the “Rules of best the practice”.

To emphasise the need for TMP, Mbaiwa (2001) argues that “because tourism has cultural,

economic and environmental impacts, it contains the seeds of its own destruction. Tourism can kill

tourism, destroying the very environmental attractions which visitors come to a location to

experience”. If mismanaged or allowed to expand within short-term goals and objectives, it has the

capability of destroying the very resources upon which it is built. To ensure that tourism does not

negatively impact on natural resources it relies on to improve livelihoods, tourism development

should adhere to the principles of sustainable development. In other words, it must be economically

viable, ecologically sensitive and culturally appropriate (Wall, 1997). A sustainable tourism industry

should be sensitive to the needs and aspirations of the host population and provide them the

opportunity to participate in the decision making process.

1.6 Terms of Reference of the assignment

• Identify and analyse the current situation of the tourism resources and issues of the area

• Recommend better uses for those resources

• Identify major users

• Recommend an effective plan for tourism development within the Coastal and Marine

areas

• The document should have strategies and action plan

6

1.7 Overall mission, vision and goal of the Tourism Management Plan (TMP)

1.7.1 Overall Vision

To become one of the top tourism destinations of the Indian Ocean, offering an up market, high

quality product across the board within the coming ten (10) years.

1.7.2 Mission

To be the most exotic, diverse island destination in the Indian Ocean Region, Exotic as it is wrapped

in a mysterious Arab/African ambience and flavored with palm fringed, tropical beaches. Diverse in

terms of products, activities and attractions, there by combining various types of tourism including

beach, nature/Eco, culture & tradition, history & archaeology, water sports, honeymoon, performing arts,

conference, incentive, culinary (spices) and medical (herbs).

1.7.3 Goal

Promotion of sustainable tourism that is culturally and socially responsible, environmentally

sustainable, ecologically friendly and economically viable; making Zanzibar the destination for

tourists in terms of historic cultures and beach holidays.

1.8 Approach and methodology

A combination of approaches was employed in this assignment. However, to a large extent (except

literature review) the methodology adopted was participatory and consultative in nature. The

methods included a review of relevant literature (both published and unpublished) from Internet,

libraries and other areas; sectoral surveys on tourism sector; focus group discussions; and interviews

with tourism stakeholders (e.g. Ministries, institutions, and local communities). Two stakeholders’

workshops were held in Unguja and Pemba (See list of participants in Appendix 6a and b).

1.8.1 Literature review

Publications relevant to the assignment but not limited to, were accessed. The review of these

documents was crucial in getting and/or understanding the baseline information upon which the

assignment is based on. Some of the important documents accessed were Zanzibar Tourism Master

plan of 2003, Tourism Act of 1996, Tourism Policy of 1992, Environmental policy, Environmental

Management for Sustainable Development Act, Fisheries Act No. 8 of 1988, Tourism regulations of

2000 and EIA regulations of 2006. Others include Fisheries Policy of 2000, National Forest Policy

of 1995, Forest Act of 1996, National Land Use Policy 1982, Invest Policy of 2005, Investment Act

No. 11 of 2004, Deep Sea Fishing Authority Act, Civil Society Act of 1996, and Company Decree

Cap 153.

7

1.8.2 Sectoral survey on tourism sector

Surveys were planned to visit different tourism related sectors in 10 districts of Pemba and Unguja.

The essence of the visits were to get their views on issues and problems related to Coastal and

Marine tourism; ways which could make tourism contribute in Zanzibar’s economic growth,

alleviate poverty amongst local communities and conserve the Marine and Coastal resources for the

benefit of present and future generations. These included public and private sectors; Government

Ministries – Livestock and Fisheries, Infrastructure and Communication, Lands, Housing and

Energy, Information, Culture, Tourism and Sport, Labour, Economic Empowerment and

Cooperative, Trade, Industry and Marketing; Government agencies/institutions (e.g. Tourism

Division, Department of Fisheries Development, Infrastructure development, Department of

Antiquity, Department of Environment, Zanzibar Commission of Tourism etc.), and District

administrations (see Appendix 1).

1.8.3 Stakeholders Workshops

Two stakeholder’s workshops drawing participants from various public and private sectors were held

in both Unguja and Pemba to discuss the draft report. A total of 50 participants, 27 from Unguja and

23 from Pemba participated. A number of issues aimed at improving the report were suggested.

Most of the issues raised have been taken on board.

1.9 Legal and Institutional Frameworks

All institutions in the country are in one way or the other involved in the affairs of tourism coastal

and marine resources management and development since they deal with either resources or the

people in the coastal areas. Amongst these institutions, however, there are those which play a bigger

role compared to others. In Zanzibar, these institutions can be categorized into two administrative

groups: the central government and the local government.

1.9.1 The Central government

In the central government, there are several sectoral institutions with interest in coastal areas

development with different roles (See Table 1.1). Some of the key institutions include: Ministry of

Information, Culture and Tourism and Sports (MICTS), Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries (MLF),

Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Department of Environment, Zanzibar Investment

Promotion Agency (ZIPA), Zanzibar Commission for Tourism (ZCT), Commission for Tourism,

Department of Antiquity, and the Department of cash crops, fruits and fisheries.

8

Table 1.1: Tourism Management Institutions in Zanzibar

Institution Responsibilities

The Ministry responsible

for Tourism

Administer all matters related to promotion of Zanzibar as a tourist

destination

Zanzibar Commission For

Tourism

Be the focal point for promotion and facilitation of investments in

Zanzibar.

Is responsible for administration, control and management of

Freeport and Free Economic Zones.

Have powers to make rules as may be required for the purpose of

ensuring the promotion and protection of investments in Zanzibar.

To develop, plan, investment guidance and input, policy

promulgation, product inventory and enhancement regulation and

control, marketing and promotion, information service, research

and statistics, human resources and public awareness.

Ministry responsible for

marine resources

To protect, conserve, reserve and monitor marine resources

Department of

Environment

It has the responsibility to oversee and comment on environmental

issues required as part of the process.


Agriculture

It enhances local production to cater for tourism industry, market

and minimizes tourism exporting products.

It enhances the local people tourism products to be utilized

directly on the tourism sector, particularly in accommodation and

restaurant establishments.


Finance

It is responsible for revenue collection from the tourism industry,

and earmarked disbursement of a portion of these funds to support

public reinvestment in continued growth of the tourism sector.

The Ministry will publicize the report on tourism revenue

earnings to allow government to track the state and health of

tourism.

Zanzibar Investment

Promotion Authority

(ZIPA)

The Authority shall be the focal point for promotion and facilitation of investments in Zanzibar. The Authority shall maintain liaisons between investor, Government and other authorities concerned with investment. The Authority shall be responsible for administration, control and

9

management of Freeport and Free Economic Zones.


Land and Registration

It provides input to investment allocation decisions, setting sites,

preparing and implementing officially recognized tourism land use

and Zoning Plans.

1.9.2 Local governments

At local levels, the government administration includes Region and District administration and

Shehia. Shehia is an administrative village. It may consist of one or more local ‘villages’ under one

leader (Sheha). The Ministry of State, Regional Administration and the Government paramilitary

bodies oversee issues in the local government and in the central government. In Zanzibar, two

districts form one region. Within a district are a number of Shehias. The regional/district

commissioner’s office is the government institution responsible for all matters related to local

government. The regional and district level administration are equipped with staff from the relevant

sectors of the central government to attend matters of interest in that office through development

committees.

The functions of the development committee (regional or district level) include: advisory; policy

planning and implementation for the local government; public participation in sustainable resources

utilization; and co-ordination between government agencies, local governments and NGOs to

enhance sustainable development. At Shehia level, the office is responsible for: law enforcement,

conflict resolution, record keeping for local happenings and control of migrations. The office is

made up of Sheha and a committee of 10 members. In regard to environmental conservation,

villages have separate sub-committee (under Sheha) which are established for the purpose. At

community level, there are three types of organizations. These are: NGOs and CBOs, co-operatives

and local groups.

1.10 Organisation of the document

This document is organized in six Chapters. The second Chapter is about situational analysis.

Chapter three gives a detailed description of tourism resources in both Unguja and Pemba Islands.

The Coastal and Marine Tourism Management Scheme is presented in Chapter four. Chapter five

identifies the management programs and strategies to achieve program objectives. The last Chapter

describes the operational plan with timescale.

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CHAPTER TWO

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Introduction

The situational analysis Chapter comprises three main aspects. The first aspect gives a detailed

description of the socio-economic and physical features of the country. The second section identifies

the main tourism stakeholders and the last section highlights the tourism sector Strengths,

Weaknesses, Threats and Challenges (SWOC).

2.2 Socio-economic and Physical features

2.2.1 Agriculture

Rice production on mangrove soils of Zanzibar hasn’t been developed as compared to other

countries like Tanzania mainland where rice production is intensively practiced in Rufiji River

(MACEMP, 2009) and other swampy areas in Morogoro, Mbeya, Mwanza, Manyara and Shinyanga

Regions. This is due to absence of large rivers, which assist the deposition of much silt, which

improve the soil for rice cultivation. The rice cultivation in Zanzibar is normally carried out behind

mangrove swamps at Micheweni, Makombeni and Muwambe, in small-scale production. Spice

farming is also contributing significantly not only in Zanzibar forex, but also in the livelihoods of

people through spice farm tours. These spice include cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and black pepper.

Other crops grown in Zanzibar include coconut, cassava, banana, honey, and horticultural crops

(fruits and vegetables).

2.2.2 Fishing

Fishing on artisanal scale is carried out in most creeks of mangroves ecosystem, overexploitation

having been reached almost everywhere, except in areas where committed environmental

conservation exist such Misali, Pemba Channel, Mnemba etc. In these areas Marine and Coastal

Environmental Management Project (MACEMP) has done a commendable job in raising

conservation awareness education on marine and coastal resources conservation.

2.2.3 Salt extraction

Nearly many creeks in Pemba produce mangrove salts including Kangagani, Micheweni and some

area of Pemba Channel Conservation Areas (PECCA). The feasibility depends largely on climatic

condition of the area.

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2.2.4 Climate

The climate of Zanzibar is tropical and maritime, and follows the monsoon winds and is dominated

by bimodal rainfall pattern (MACEMP, 2009). The main rain season (masika) occurs between

March and June. The short rains (vuli), usually starts in October and ends in December. However,

some inter-monsoonal precipitation takes place. According to NCDP (1987), one fifth of total rains

fall between the seasons. The average rainfall for the Island is about 1,500 mm per annum. Between

February and March is the driest period of the year with about 20 mm of rainfall. The highest

temperatures occur during the short dry season with a maximum mean of 33° C in Unguja and 29° C

in Pemba. The minimum temperatures for Unguja and Pemba are 23.3° C and 21.1° C, respectively.

2.2.5 Soils

The soils are mainly categorised into two classes; the acidic and infertile rocky rag soils in the east

and deep, fertile soils in the west. Larger proportion of the western side of the Islands has been

overlain with alluvial sands, silts and clays with freely drained reddish soils formed from these

sediments. Darker soils, derived from limestone parent materials are found towards east (MACEMP,

2009).

2.2.6 Vegetation cover

The vegetation cover and land use in Zanzibar (coral rag forests, mangrove forests, forest

plantations, mixed wood vegetation, agro-forestry systems, agriculture land, and settlement areas),

by and large reflect the soil types. The coral rag soil in the east is associated with coral rag thickets

and deep fertile soil in the west harbours the plantation forests, mixed wood vegetation and agro-

forestry systems. Natural forests of Zanzibar consist of a mosaic of vegetation ranging from short

coral bushes and thickets to higher closed forests.

2.2.7 Hydrology

In general, the Zanzibar is comparatively small flat coral Islands and hence has no large silt-carrying

river (MACEMP, 2009).Most of coastal village’s water for domestic purposes are usually brackish.

However, villages like Ukongoroni and Charawe in Unguja and Wambaa, Wesha, Msuka and

Mtambwe in Pemba draw fresh water some distance inland from the coast by using improved water

system. This situation makes villagers use deep wells in their respective village occasionally for

specified activities such as washing and utensil cleaning. In some areas despite of being in area with

high salinity rate, still can use water from springs that is clean and with low salinity. Adequate water

is critical for tourism development and local communities. The RGZ therefore, has to ensure it plans

for sustainable water supply in Zanzibar.

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2.3 Tourism stakeholders

Tourism management planning is especially challenging because the involvement of many different

stakeholders in the planning process is crucial if the plan is to be successfully adopted and

implemented. Table 2.1 gives an indicative broad list of tourism key stakeholders. These

stakeholders are analysed using the degree and type of their stake. Stakeholder consultations

involved indigenous people, local communities, public institutions and private institutions including

tourism investors (hoteliers, tour operators, tour guides).

Table 2.1: List of key tourism stakeholders and their respective roles

Stakeholder Role

NGOs/CBOs (Environmental

groups, conservation groups,

other interest groups –

hunters, fishers and sports,

adventure associations etc.

Partnership with environmental, cultural, heritage and

non-governmental/non-profit groups on tourism

Water sports investors User groups encompassing activities such as diving,

snorkelling, sailing, power boating, kayaking, kite

surfing and windsurfing, divers and snorkelers are a

particularly important stakeholder group as they depend

highly on the well being of the marine resource

Marinas and boat services User group catering for charter boats, and privately

own vessels

Fishermen artisanal fishing

user group

High value placed on the tradition of fishing

Private sector (hoteliers, tour

operators and travel agents;

accommodation, restaurants

and attractions; transportation,

communication and other

service providers; guides,

interpreters and outfitters;

suppliers to industry; tourism

and trade organisations; and

business development

organisations; retailers;

educational institutions

(schools, Universities);

research institutions; media

etc.

User group including industries in addition to tourism

on tourist areas which directly or indirectly affect the

area, such as energy production, oil and gas storage,

construction, water supply etc

To ensure tourism sector is operated under the

governing Laws of RGZ and URT

Law enforcement The law enforcement agencies, including the

community guards, customs, police, KMKM and

prosecutors office, advise on legal matters, the

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formation of legislation, and maintaining/enforcing the

legal attributes of the marine conservation area

Government institutions

(Municipal authorities,

Regional authorities,

Ministries, Departments and

agencies)

Permitting and maintaining the law. Communication

towards user groups.

Community (indigenous and

local communities, local

community groups, native and

cultural groups, traditional

leaders)

The local community depends on the wellbeing of the

sector indirectly for income and employment.

Educational establishments use the marine conservation

area as an education tool and for cultural and social

activities

Tourists To increase foreign exchange, to promote Zanzibar

tourism attractions potentials through annual events

like Sauti za Busara and Zanzibar International Film

festival, to respect Zanzibar culture e.g. norms and

values, be good ambassadors of Zanzibar

2.4 Tourism Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC)

In reviewing and developing this coastal and marine tourism management plan, different

stakeholders were consulted. These stakeholders include the public sector, the private sector, local

communities and NGOs. Their views and comments facilitated the analysis of Strengths,

Weaknesses, Opportunities and Challenges (SWOC) facing tourism development in Zanzibar (Table

2.2).

Table 2.2: Tourism SWOC analysis

STRENGTHS (to sustain) WEAKNESSES (to reduce)

i Political stability i Institutional conflicts’ of interest

ii Tourism related policies and legislations in place

ii Land ownership by foreigners to most of the hotels

iii Financial services (local and international) are in place

iii Inadequate quality services in handling tourists

iv Security to lives and properties iv Frequent transfer of hotels ownership

v Infrastructure and communication (roads, airports, seaports, TTCL, ZANTEL, VODAFONE, AIRTEL, TIGO, etc) available

v Tourism marketing within Tanzania and abroad

14

vi Tourism regulatory agencies e.g. ZIPA and ZCT are operational.

vi few and less informative visitor information centres

vii Presence of Coastal and Marine tourism attractions

vii Lack of awareness of tourism business and resistance in tapping tourism potentials in some areas e.g. Pemba.

viii Diverse culture of the people viii Financial services concentration in few areas only both in Unguja and Pemba (local and international)

ix Presence of Marine reserves and conserved marine areas in Unguja and Pemba

ix Public and stakeholders’ involvement in tourism decision making is low

x Presence of Tourism investments

x Utilities shortage, such as clean water

xi Zanzibar is a known name xi Inadequate or no field work/visit made by Zanzibar Commission for Tourism as a result of lack of vehicles and other equipments

xii Stone Town is a unique cultural experience

xii Enclave tourism3

xiii Extensive white sandy beaches xiii Litter and aesthetics in urban/peri urban areas

xiv Availability of fresh food stuff both marine and terrestrial throughout the year in Zanzibar

xiv IT use still low

OPPORTUNITIES (to grasp) CHALLENGES (to negate)

i Coordinated and increased events calendar

i Climate change and global warming

ii New tourism markets i.e. Russia, China and Turkey

ii Enclave tourism

iii Good image of Zanzibar abroad as distinctive tourist destination

iii Pressure on Coastal and Marine resources following tourism growth and population growth leading to environmental degradation

iv Zanzibar island cultural potential for ecotourism, conference tourism, medical and intellectual tourism.

iv Erosion of cultural values (e.g. Prostitution, alcohol and drug abuse, indecent clothes etc.).

v Use of advanced technology to improve services and production standards

v Over taxation threaten viability

15

Source: Field work

vi Zanzibar’s coastal and marine resources endowment.

vi Population growth

vii Infrastructure improvement - air and sea

vii Illegal tour guides (Papasi)

viii Traditional and cultural festival is gaining global popularity.

viii Crime and visitor safety

ix Malaria perception

x Competitor destination areas e.g. Indian Ocean Islands

xi Erosion and/ or unmanaged ruins, caves and tombs/graves

ix Upgrade of Unguja and Pemba airports

xii Budget travellers (Vishuka)

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CHAPTER THREE

TOURISM RESOURCES

3.1 Tourism resources and development

In Zanzibar tourism resources can be grouped into natural, cultural, human, or capital resources (see

Table 3.1) that either are used or can be used to attract or serve resources. The tourism inventory

should include two types of tourism resources – tourism attractions and infrastructure or support

services. Tourism attractions may be physical geographic features, such as rivers and forests. They

might be sites of historic significance. Attractions may include special events such as seasonal

festivals and craft fairs, or sporting events. Attractions can also be linked to recreational facilities

such as hiking trails, biking or fishing. The inventory should also include hotel/motel

accommodations, restaurants, transportation and other tourism support services. The items listed in

this inventory usually do not draw tourists to the area, but are very important to the overall tourism

mix. These types of resources include accommodations, restaurants and other food service

establishments (see appendix 5), transportation infrastructure, the labour force and professional

services. According to ZATI, Zanzibar leading tourist attractions falls under four groups: top ten

things to do and/or see; music and celebrations; and excursions and ruins (see appendixes 2, 3, 4).

Tourism development and marketing require continuous and consistent efforts over time. All

stakeholders, especially the government, the private sector and the community, must work together

in an integrated manner for tourism to succeed. When considered as an industry, tourism must also

have the necessary infrastructure: accessibility, airports, seaports, roads, electricity, water supply,

hotel and restaurant facilities and service personnel. A coast guard, the necessary safety measures,

boating and other equipment should be in place if tourists are to be attracted to beaches and coasts.

When increasing numbers of tourists come to a destination, then decision-makers, planners and

operators must ensure that carrying capacity is not exceeded.

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Table 3.1: tourism resources

Natural Cultural Human resources Capital

Climate-seasons Historic buildings,

sites

Hospitality skills Availability of

capital, financing

Water resources –

lakes, streams,

waterfalls

Monuments, shrines Management skills Infrastructure –

transportation, roads,

airports, railroads,

harbours and

marinas, trails and

walkways

Flora – forests,

flowers, shrubs,

wild edibles

Cuisine Seasonal labour

force

Infrastructure:

utilities water,

power, waste

treatment,

communications

Fauna – fish and

wildlife

Ethnic cultures Performing artists –

music, drama, art,

storytellers, etc

Geological

resources –

topography, soils,

sand dunes,

beaches, caves,

rocks and minerals,

fossils

Industry,

government,

religion, etc

Craftsman and

artisans

Scenery –

combination of all

the above

Anthropological

resources

Other labour skills

from chefs to

lawyers to

researchers

Local celebrities Local populations

Source: Literature review and fieldwork

3.2 Coastal tourism resource base

Coastal resources includes land-based as well as marine environment, i.e. coral reefs, mangroves,

coastal thickets, sandy beaches, palm trees, water sources, etc. Most of the economic activities take

place in these areas, e.g. fishing, mangrove cutting, rope making, coral reef, farming, tourism

development etc. According to UNEP (2000), Coastal environment, sandy beaches, coral reefs, sea

18

grass beds, water sources and cultural sites, the mangrove forests were described as critical habitats

for Zanzibar.

3.2.1 Coastal tourism resources

3.2.1.1 Mangroves and coastal thickets

Mangrove ecosystems cover a total of 18,000 ha in Zanzibar (Unguja Island 6,000 ha; and Pemba

12,000 ha) (Oliveira et al. 2003) and they are best developed in estuaries. In Zanzibar, mangroves

generally occur in protected bays such as in the Makoba and Chwaka bays. They are however more

luxuriant in Pemba where they are found along the coast of the entire Island. There are a total of 10

species of mangroves in Zanzibar.

Mangroves support diverse communities of both flora and fauna, breeding areas for many species,

bush camouflage for some (few) animals, building poles, bee keeping etc. Major mangrove stands

occur at Chwaka, Uzi-Pete, Kisakasaka-Kibondeni and Mkokoteni-Makoba. Other minor stands are

located at Tumbatu, Maruhubi, Chukwani, and Nyamanzi. The total mangrove area in Unguja (10

species) is estimated to reach 6000 ha, approximately 30% of Zanzibar mangroves of 20,000 ha

(Leskinnen et al., 1997).

3.2.1.2 Sandy beaches

Sandy beaches in Unguja (31) cover a distance of 113.5 km (Mohamed & Betlem, 1996). The

longest beaches are Bwejuu (17 km), Pwani Mchangani (11.5 km), Nungwi (9 km), Bububu (4.5

km) and Mazizini (4.5 km) (Mohamed, 1996). Reported uses of beaches (See Plate 1 and 2) include

landing site for fisherman, boat anchoring, boat building or repairs, rope making processes, seaweed

drying and recreational activities. Some beaches are used to dispose domestic and human waste, as it

is believed that the sea is so huge that it can assimilate all wastes. Tourism related activities include

beach diving (e.g. Nungwi and Bwejuu) and sun bathing and beach combing.

19

Plate 1: Fishermen at Malindi Port, Unguja. Fishing is one of the main lifeline economic activities in Zanzibar. Photo by consultants, 2012

20

Plate 2: The famous Misali Island in Pemba. The Island has beutiful sand beaches and Marine resources. Photo by consultants, 2012.

In general terms in the early 2000s there was no serious beach erosion. However, beach sand mining

and driving along the beaches may be potential in interfering the natural beach processes through

producing irreversible sediment transfer. Violation of the setback distance (30 m away from the

beach) has the potential of further damaging the beach. In places like Nungwi, Jambiani and Paje,

“on the beach” huts houses and walls are quite common thing.

In line with the loss of beaches, and properties there is also a danger posed to nesting turtles as a

consequence of coastal developments. Beaches at Matemwe and Mnemba, are important nesting

sites for green turtles and Hawksbill turtles (Clark & Khatib, 1993; Khatib, 1998). These areas are

also within island’s tourism development zones.

3.2.1.3 Coastal vegetation

Coastal vegetation is found in different forms depending on the nature of the environment and

human activities in the nearby areas. Coastal vegetation is categorized into coral rag based

vegetation (palm fringes, bush vegetation, and coastal forest) and deep soil based vegetation (crops

of various kinds).

21

3.2.1.4 Cultural sites and sacred natural features

Many studies have shown that there is a wealth of sites of historical and cultural importance in both

Pemba and Unguja (See appendices 2, 3 and 4), with a high concentration in PECCA. The cultural

heritage that is found on Pemba, both tangible and intangible, represents virtually the entire

evolution of the Swahili civilization and reflects a long-evolved traditional culture of sea-use. In

Pemba island examples can be found of sites dating from all periods since 8th century when the

Swahili history started with no gaps (even though there are exceptions of earlier sites in Unguja

island such as Unguja Ukuu). In no other place can the same range of historical assets be seen over

such a relatively short distance.

Bandari Kuu is one of the three earlier sites on Pemba Island, dating from the 8th century. The others

are old Tumbe in the north and Bandari ya Faraji on the east coast. The ruins of the 14th century

mosque, at the height of Swahili civilization, are evidence of the largest Muslim community of that

era, which enabled the spread of the ideology. The concentration of pillar tombs (resembling the

‘pyramids of Egypt’ of the east African coast), indicates a large concentration of eminent or religious

people that were buried in Ras Mkumbuu and a strong veneration of those people. There is no

archaeological evidence of mosques dating from 10th C or earlier with the exceptions of Ras

Mkumbuu, the Shanga Mosque from the 8th C and the Chibuene remains of Muslim burials from the

10th C on the coast of Mozambique. Ras Mkumbuu, Shanga and Chibuene provide the earliest

evidences of Islamic civilization in East Africa South of the Sahara. The entire span of building

constriction representing the Swahili history and culture can be found on Pemba Island.

On the other hand sacred natural features on Unguja and Pemba Islands are associated with old

traditions and beliefs. For example, some natural features on Pemba Island have a special meaning

for the local population and are considered sacred. Examples are Misali island (the island itself is

considered sacred and three caves on the island are used as shrines), Ngezi Forest and Ras Mkumbuu

(the forest was considered a sacred site associated with a number of taboos and traditions), and

caves, stones, tree trunks and sits in the sea that are used as shrines.

3.2.2 Marine resources

3.2.2.1 Coral Reefs and sea grasses

The distribution of coral reefs in Zanzibar is clearly documented. It is estimated that Zanzibar has a

total of 90 km2 of living coral. The preliminary species list given for Islands indicates that there are

168 coral species. The status of coral reefs in Zanzibar is comparatively good (Priority Action

Programme, 2000). However, there are certain areas that have been affected due to the presence of

22

sea urchins and crown-of-thorn infestation especially at Matemwe in the east coast of Zanzibar. As

for sea grasses, at least 12 species have been recorded along the coast of Tanzania (Mtolera, 2008).

Sea grasses provide breeding, nursery and feeding grounds for many marine organisms and are an

important food source for herbivorous invertebrate, fish, dugong and green and hawksbill turtles. Sea

grasses also have been destroyed due to seaweed farming in many areas when farmers prepare their

farms to cultivate algae. Tourism has been on the increase in the Islands and tourism activities have

been taking place in many areas around the coast. Coral reefs are among the primary area of

attraction for many tourists who visit Zanzibar. Snorkelling and diving may have significant impact

on corals especially in cases where the number of tourists gets beyond the carrying capacity of reefs.

According to the Rapid Assessment Report (2005), Pemba Island’s steep reef with their high

diversity and coral growth and sloping down in excess of 64 m have been considered to be of

ecoregional importance and unique as the only oceanic reefs in the East African Marine Ecoregion

(EAME)

3.2.2.2 Marine mammals and turtles

Several species of marine mammals (8 dolphins, 3 whales and 1 dugong species) are found in

Zanzibar. Dolphins are still hunted in some areas where they are used primarily as bait, but also for

local consumption (Berggren et al., 2007). Interest in the small resident populations of Indo-Pacific

bottlenose and humpback dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar (Amir et al., 2004) has increased during

the past few years and the areas are becoming known for some of the best boat-based dolphin

watching sites in Zanzibar. Five species of turtle exist in Zanzibar waters (Khatibu and Jiddawi,

2005) and not less than 28 species of sharks are present (Jiddawi & Stanley, 1999).

Marine mammals in the Pemba Channel Conservation Area (PECCA) include dolphins and whales.

Two common species of dolphins: the Indo-Pacific bottle nose (Tursiops aduncus) and the spinner

(stenella longirosrisis) which are the species most often encountered in Zanzibar coastal waters

(Amir et al., 2005). Other cetaceans that have been sighted and recorded in the area include

humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis), Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), and common bottlenose

dolphins.

Whale spp regularly sighted in the Pemba Channel are the humpback whales (Megaptera

novaeangliae) and the sperm whales (Physeter catadon). Humpback whales migrate seasonally from

temperate waters where they eat to warm tropical waters where they breed and calve. They come to

Pemba from July to November every year where they raise their calves before they migrate back to

23

the temperate region. The Pemba-Zanzibar Channel is one of the centres of dugong population in

Tanzania.

3.3 Threats to coastal and marine resources

Threats to the marine environment include over utilisation of resources and overfishing, use of

destructive fishing gears and methods, environmental degradation, land use conflicts, uncoordinated

and unregulated tourism activities, coral bleaching, urbanization, agricultural and industrial

activities. Root causes in summary include increasing number of fishers that rely on inshore

resources, lack of compliance with laws and regulations, lack of alternative livelihoods, insufficient

public awareness, lack of common vision for tourism, poor coordination between government

institutions, poor environmental management and land use planning, climate change and poverty that

lies at the heart of the root causes and results in a growing population being increasingly dependent

on current methods of using the natural source base.

3.4 Recommendations for better uses of resources

i. Interventions to control environmental degradation

ii. Promotion of ecotourism

iii. Conserving the current resource base for future generations

iv. Manage and monitor threats on environment and coastal and marine resources

v. Maintaining the productivity of the resource base

vi. Maintaining biodiversity and avoiding irreversible environmental changes

vii. Ensuring equity within and between generations

viii. Maintaining and protecting the heritage (cultural and history) of the area, region,

or nation

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CHAPTER FOUR

COASTAL AND MARINE TOURISM MANAGEMENT SCHEMES

4.1 Introduction

The management zoning scheme that is proposed in this plan is derived from Zanzibar Tourism Zone

Plan which strategically has allocated areas for tourist activities in such a way to best resolve existing

problems facing the Zanzibar Coastal, Marine and Historical/Cultural resources, protect the

outstanding resource values and accomplish the defined management objectives by defining what can

and what cannot be done in different areas in Unguja and Pemba. Within each zone are tourist areas

which are differentiated in terms of types and levels of use; and types and levels of physical

development which distinct one tourism area from another.

In the reflection of the Zanzibar National Land Use Plan (1995) and Tourism Zone Plan, the tourism

management zone are based primarily but not limited to the following criteria:

i. Land use sustainability;

ii. Introduction of uses and developments that resolves existing management conflicts;

iii. Elimination of uses and developments that either damage resources or create undue

burden to tourism management;

iv. Sustainability of the tourism and protection of outstanding resource values;

v. Enhancing Zanzibar tourism significance;

vi. Constraints imposed by landscape and ecological determinants;

vii. Provision of diverse range of appropriate visitor experiences;

viii. Land/environmental capability and suitability to support proposed or existing use and

physical developments;

ix. Cultural sustainability and protection of scared and historical sites;

x. Use of already impacted areas and resources; and

xi. Increased contribution to national and local economies and enhance people relations.

Using the above criterion, six (6) tourism development zones were developed, four (4) in Unguja

and two (2) in Pemba with a total of nineteen (19) and seven (7) tourist areas in Unguja and Pemba

respectively as illustrated in figure 1, 2, 3, and 4. Details of each tourist areas is provided in the

Zanzibar Tourism Zoning Plan , which need to be read in line with this Tourism Management Plan

for smooth implementation of the proposed tourism management strategies.

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4.2 Unguja

4.2.1 Tourism Development Zones in Unguja

Zone 1: The North-West Corridor

North-West Corridor (See Fig. 4.1) is a 15 kilometres stretch from Fuji to Bubwini, which is

characterized by irregular coastline with small sandy bays and caves interspersed with rockier mini

headlands. Three tourist areas, TA1, TA2 and TA3 (See Fig. 4.2) which together have a length of

5,350 meters are allocated in this zone.

Zone 2: Nungwi/North Zone

Nungwi zone extends from Kendwa village to Kendwa Mchangani covering a shoreline distance of

1.9 kilometres. This zone is a stretch of continuous and extensive beautiful sand beach and only one

tourism area, TA4 is allocated in this zone.

Zone 3: The North-East and Mnemba

The North-East and Mnemba zone stretches for 23 kilometres from Muyuni to Kiwenga

Kumbaurembo including the Mnemba Island. The zone comprise of three distinct sand sections with

a total of 16 kilometres. The three distinct sand sections are separated by low rocky bluffs, and the

beach in this zone is quite small. The zone comprise of tourism areas TA5 in Muyuni, TA6 in

Matemwe, TAs 7, 8 and 9 in Mchangani; and TAs 10 and 11 in Kiwenga.

Zone 4: The South-East Corridor

The South-East Corridor zone is stretch of 12 kilometres from Pingwe to the southern edge of Paje.

The area is separated from a 4 kilometre beach near Jambiani with broken beaches. Included in this

zone is a stretch of 2 kilometres at Michamvi and a narrow coastal strip of extensive coral rag land.

Seaweed farming is common in this area and is rapidly expanding. Contained in this zone are

tourism areas TA12, TA13, TA14 and TA15.

Unzoned Stone Town

The Stone Town of Zanzibar which is a World Heritage Site is not zoned for tourism development

since is well developed for tourism and well known as a key tourism attraction in Zanzibar. In

addition, Stone Town has its own management authority i.e. Stone Town Conservation Authority.

This is similarly to other town areas in Unguja and Pemba which have been left aside in the tourism

development plan but will need careful management of the resources in these areas which include a

wealth of cultural and historical sites forming the Zanzibar heritage. These unzoned areas would

need careful management of natural and cultural resources.

26

Figure 4.1: Tourism Zones in Unguja

27

4.2.2 Tourism Areas in Unguja

Tourism Area 1 (TA1)

This area is in West District, in Chuini Village in Chuini locality and comprise of 17 Hectares in

tourism zone 1, the Northwest Corridor. The area covers 1.2 kilometres of shoreline coral rocks with

gentle elevation and can be utilized in both low and high tides. Village type hotels4 with 500 bed

capacity are planned in this area, of which currently the planned capacity has been reached in this

area and hence there is no further lallocation of land for hotel development.


The area is in West District, in Mfenesini Village, in Nyanjale locality covering 30 Hectres in

tourism zone 1, the North-West Corridor. The area consists of 1.75 kilometres of shoreline with

broaken beaches by coral rocks at the centre. Non-rocky parts of this area in the northern side which

comprise of sand beaches is subjected to farming even close to the beach. The southern part of the

area has beautiful sandy beaches but again this area is threaten by human activities, mainly

quarrying. Three high quality village type hotel and three medium sized hotels are planned in this

area, all together with a capacity of 600 beds.


The area is in Northern B District, in Mangapwani Village in Darajila locality with an area of 75

Hectres in tourism zone 1, the North-West Corridor. The area has a total length of 2 kilometres of

shoreline. The northern part of this area is of sandy soil while the southen part is mainly coral rock,

and generally the area has a gentle elevation. The beach area is fairs good and the sea can be utilized

even in low tides. One high class unit develelopement is planned in this area with 200 beds capacity.


Tourism area 4 comprise of two parts, one in Nugwi village, in Kendwa locality and another in

Nungwi Mnarani Village, in Sazani locality, both in Northen A District. This is the only tourism area

in zone 2, Nungwi/North zone.

(i) Area in Nungwi Village

This is 30 Hectares area starting from Kendwa to near Nugwi school with coralline

lands reaching very close to the beach in most of its parts covered with bushy

vegetation and with steep rising reaching 20 metres a.s.l. 15 kilometres of the shoreline

28

in this area is available for hotel development. Six large scale development of high

class are planned in this area with 900 beds capacity.

(ii) Area in Nungwi Mnarani Village

This is 20 Hectres area starting from Sazani to Diko la Jomba, which is about 2

kilometres beach frontage consisting of patches of white sands and gentle elevation.

Currently the area is mainly used for lime burning. Five small or medium hotels are

planned in this area with 500 beds capacity.


The area is in Northern A District, in Kijini Village, in Muyuni locality with an area of 15 Hectres in

tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 1.3 kilometres of

shoreline of which 600 metres at the centre part, are designated for development. The area has a

gentle elevation but with severe erosion in the southern end of the beach. The area is ajucent to

Mnemba Island which is a Marine Conservation Area. Corals are special features in this area with a

natural reef break allowing boat access. Muyuni beach is also one of few turtle nesting sites in

Zanzibar. Two village type hotel developments, Fishing and Diving lodge5s are planned in this area

with 160 beds capacity.


The area is in Northern A District, in Matemwe Village, in Mtondooni locality with an area of 5

Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 600 metres of

shoreline of which 250 metres are available for hotel construction. The area comprise of combined

coal and sandy flat terrain covered with thicket vegetation and few coconut palms. One village type

hotel of high class with 150 beds capacity is planned in this area.


The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pakwege locality with an area of

5 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 800 metres

of shoreline. Of which 200 metres are available for hotel development. The area is characterized by

natural forests with scaterd coconut trees. The area comprise of flat seashore sandy soils with

coralline terrain rising 20 metres a.s.l ; and the area is highly eroded.One village type hotel of high

class is planned in this area with 120 beds capacity.


29

The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pwani Ndogo locality, in

between Kilimajuu and Pwani Mchngani Ndogo village with an area of 24 Hectres in tourism zone

3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has a total length of 1 kilometre of unbroaken beautiful

sand beach. The area has flat, unerroded terrain with coconut trees. Farming is practed in some parts

of the area with seaweed farming practesed away from the beach. Five village type hotel

developments of medium size and high quality are planned in this area with 590 bed capacity.

Currently fives sites have been approved in this area.


The area is in Northern A District, in Pwani Mchangani Village, in Pwani South locality with an area

of 26 Hectre in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba s. The area has a total length of 1.9

kilometres of beautiful beach of which 1.3 kilometres are available for hotel development. The area

is mostly flat terrain with coconut trees. Six village type hotel developments are planned in this area

with 760 bed capacity. Large scale hotel developments are also possible in this area.


The area is in Northern B District, in Kiwengwa Village, in Cairo locality, in with an area of 5

Hectres, north of Cairo village in tourism zone 3, the North-East and Mnemba. The area has flat

terrain coverd with coconut palms. The sandy shores extends fro about 250 metres before giving

way to coral cliff. Directly out to the sea is a reef door which make the area ideal for a fishing lodge.

One high class village type hotel developments is planned in this area with 150 bed capacity.


The area is in Central District, in Kiwengwa Village, in Gulioni locality, in between Kiwengwa

CCM branch and the last well near Cairo village with an area of 20 Hectres in tourism zone 3, the

North-East and Mnemba comprising of beautiful sandy beach. The area has a total length of 1.8

kilometres of which 1 kilometre is available for hotel development. South of the area there is only

one site for hotel development which is already in place. Northward are two stratches which can be

used for hotel development, one in between Gulioni and Kiwenga villages and the other one in north

of Kiwenga. Four village type hotel development of medium size are planned in this area with 590

bed capacity.

Tourism Area 12 (T12)

The area is in Unguja South District, in Michamvi Kae Village, in Michamvi locality, with an area of

28 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area is about 12 kilometres from Bwejuu locality

with difficulty road access. The area has a total streatch of the beach is 2 kilometres and is about

30

600 metres from human settlement of Michamvi Kae. There is an access of rough earth road to the

beach from the human settlement. Three high class village type hotel development is planned in this

area with 820 bed capacity. There is also an option for a high raised hotel development at the central

part of the area.


The area is in Unguja South District, in Bwejuu Village, in Dongwe/Bwejuu locality, with an area of

42 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area has a continuous sand beach stretching for

about 4 kilometres from Galico plot to near the football ground, of which 2.1 kilometres are

available for hotel development. Genarally the area is of low terrain with dense coconut trees. Two

types of developments are proposed in this area : One resort enclave and seven village style cottage

hotels, together with 1250 beds capacity. In this area portion of the land should be reserved for

public usage.


The area is in Unguja South District, in Bwejuu Village, in Bwejuu South locality, with an area of

20 Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East in between Paje and Bwejuu. The area generally flat

and has a beach stretch of about 1.3 kilometres. Large part of this area has been sold locally and

there is a mushrooming of guest houses and small sized cottages. The area is planned for guest

houses and small zised hotels with a total of 590 bed capacity. The area also offer an oppotunity for

high raised hotel not exceeding 3 storeys.


The area is in Unguja South District, in Paje Village, in Paje South locality, with an area of 20

Hectres in tourism zone 4, the South-East. The area is about 1.4 kilometres of which 1 kilometre is

planned fro hotel development. The area is slightly undulating and sandy with slightly eroded beach.

Some hotel developments has started in this area. Four medium sized hotels are planned in this area

with 580 bed capacity.


The area is in Central District, in Uroa Village, in Dikoni locality with an area of 15 Hectre and have

received considerable complement of hotels and hence not included in tourism development zone

plan. The area is located in between Pongwe and Marumbi villages with beach streatch of 1.3

kilometres with fishing landsite aside with human settlements. The northern part of the village are

permanent human settlement while the southen part is a stratch of beach for hotel development,

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Three medium sized hotels are already developed in this area, which is the limit of acceptable use in

this area with 200 beds capacity in total.


The area is in Central District, in Chwaka Village, in Shahaji locality with an area of 5.5 Hectre and

have received considerable complement of hotels and hence not included in tourism development

zone plan. The area has a beach frontage of about 300 metres which is slightly eroded and during

low tide posses difficult to use. North of this area is an abandoned village, with sandy stratch and

coral formation which are starting to rise. One village type hotel already developed in this area,

which is the limit of acceptable use in this area with 100 beds capacity.


The area is in Unguja South District, in Makundichi Village, in Makunduchi locality with an area of

20 Hectre and has been identifies as having potential for future development of two or one hotels at

later stage after development in the designated tourism zones is completed. The area has a beach

stretch of 2.4 kilometres and is about 2 kilometres from Makunduchi settlement area of which

which 1 kilometres will be available for hotel developments at the northern end of the beach. The

area is suitable for large hotel development with bed capacity of 600 beds but 10 Ha parcel of land

should be reserved for public usage.


The area is in Unguja South District, in Kizimkazi Mkunguni Village, in Usine locality with an area

of 12 Hectre and has been identifies as having potential for future development of two or one hotels

at later stage after development in designated tourism zones is completed. The area has three

separate beautiful beach streches each like a small bay formation and can be reached even at low

tides. The land is generally flat covered with natural bushy vegetation and coconut trees. The area is

one of the few Zanzibar turtles’ nesting site and dolphins are regularly found just out to the sea from

this area. Three exclusive hotel developments are planned here with 300 beds capacity.

32

33

4.3 Pemba

4.3.1 Tourism Development Zones in Pemba

Zone 5: Wambaa/West Zone

Wambaa zone comprise of white sand beach stretching for 2.2 kilometres divided into three major

stretches interspaced with mangrove vegetation in between. The land in this zone is flat and covered

with natural forest vegetation. The area has a low slop beach and allows swimming even at low tides

in some parts of the area. The zone is 7 kilometres from Mkoani and 10 kilometres from Mzingani

areas from which it can be accessed by boat. Also the area also can be accessed through a rough road

passable only during the dry season which connect the area to Mkoani-Chake chake high way.

Generally infrastructure development in this area is poor and social services like electricity and tap

water are lacking. Though the area has high tourism potential there is no any tourism development

which has been done in this area which can mainly be attributed to poor infrastructure and social

services. Only one tourism area TAP6 is contained in this zone.

Zone 6: Vumawimbi Verani

Vumawimbi Verani zone is located in north of Ngezi forest and comprises of sand beach stretching

for 7 kilometres with vegetation changing from natural forest in the north to bush land at the

southern part of the shoreline. Deep sea is just few metres from the shoreline allowing swimming

and water sport all the time. This zone is very popular for picnics and weekenders from different

areas of Pemba. However the area does not have any necessary infrastructure for tourism

development, water pumping station is 6 kilometres away and tarmac road is 7 kilometres away from

this area, making accessibility to this area to be poor as well as the social services. Like in Wambaa

tourism zone, this area has high tourism potential but no any tourism development which has been

done in this area which can mainly be attributed to poor infrastructure and social services. Two

tourism areas TAP1 and TPA2 are contained in this zone. The RGZ should make efforts to improve

tourism infrastructures including accessible road network, hotels, lodges, water supply and security,

particularly within Ngezi Forest. Such developments can fundamentally benefit the poorest that

otherwise wouldn’t have accessed these infrastructures.

34

Figure 4.3: Tourism Zones in Pemba

35

4.3.2 Tourist Areas in Pemba

Tourism Area 1 (TAP 1)

The area is in Micheweni District, in Mkangale Village, in Verani locality (See Fig. 4.3 and 4.4.)

with an area of 20 Hectare and is located immediately north of Ngesi forest. The area is comprises of

2 kilometres of shoreline, coral fringed with sand beaches in between and covered with bush

vegetation. In this shoreline, not more than 1 kilometre of this stretch will be availed for hotel

development. Presence of corals and sand beaches create a diverse and good opportunities for

different kind of construction in this area. Four village type hotels are planned in this area with 590

beds capacity.


The area is in Micheweni District, in Mkangale Village, in Vumawimbi locality with an area of 12

Hectares. The area is flat with beautiful beaches and the tidal conditions allow swimming both in

high and low tides. The beach area comprises of 4 kilometres of sandy beach soils with mature forest

all along the beach. In this shoreline, 1 kilometre of this stretch will be availed for hotel

development. In the northern end of the beach is a fish landing site. The area also is a sea turtles

nesting site and hence of conservation significance. Three eco-hotel developments not exceeding 50

rooms are recommended in this area and 300 beds is the planned capacity.


The area is in Chakechake District, in Mivumoni Village, in Ufukweni locality with an area of 8

Hectares The area comprise of coral fringed beach with some patches of white sandy area and is

about 300 metres long and the land area is dominated by bush vegetation. Two marine tourism units

are planned in this area with 170 beds capacity.


The area is in Mkoani District, in Mtangani Village, in Mtangani locality with an area of 3 Hectares.

The area comprise of a short bay like beach of about 150 metres and the area is good for swimming

only during high tides. Coral fringed and elevated surroundings shows signs of erosion at the

northern end of the area though mangroves cover the front part of this area. The area has good access

to the deep sea even during low tides and hence opportunity for water sport. One marine tourism unit

is planned in this area with 90 beds capacity.

36


The area is in Mkoani District, in Kukuu Village, in Kwakaimu locality with an area of 10 Hectares.

The area comprise of a white sand beach of about 600 metres which is flat and coved with natural

forest and scattered coconut trees. There is a small permanent settlement in the middle of the area

and currently there are fish landing sites on both ends of the beach. Occasionally there turtles utilize

the area as nesting site. Two village type hotels are planned in this area with 250 beds capacity.


The area is in Mkoani District, in Wambaa Village, in Kitongoji Bay locality with an area of 30

Hectares and is in proximity with Misali Island which is the major attraction in the area. The area

comprise of white sand beach is 2.2 kilometres long but divided in three major stretches with

mangroves stands in between. A stretch of 1.5 kilometres of this beach is designated for tourism

development. The land is generally flat covered with natural forest with swamps at the central part.

A small human settlement with fish landing site is found at the northern part of the area. A natural

opening allows boat operation close to the beach even at low tides. Six unclassified hotel

developments with 905 beds capacity are planned in this area.


The area is in Chakechake District, in Tundaua Village, in Tundaua locality with an area of 10

Hectares. The area is under the ownership of Commission for Land and Environment. The area is in

proximity with Misali Island and just 150 metres to deep waters which are the major attractions in

the area. The beach area stretches for 400 metres and is intersected by a seasonal stream 100 metres

from the southern end. The central part of this area is flat with coconut trees, rising gently to the

northern end while the southern end is steep sloped with different types of vegetation cover and

under growth. Two high midsized village type hotel developments are planned in this area with 300

beds capacity.

37

Figure 4.4: Tourism Areas in Pemba

38

CHAPTER FIVE

MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES

5.1 Introduction

This chapter describes specific management programs, principles, objectives and actions to be

undertaken for effective implementation of the Tourism Management Plan. The activities proposed

reinforce the tourism zone scheme by defining specific and practical actions that would help to

minimise identified problems, protect outstanding resources and values, and help to achieve the

tourism purpose in Unguja and Pemba.

Outlines of major activities i.e. strategic activities with significant contribution to Zanzibar tourism

vision and goal of are provided. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall continue to

identify strategic activities as the implementation of the plan unfolds and as circumstances dictate.

Routine operations and other activities relevant to the management plan, issues and objectives shall

be identified or improved continuously through the development and implementation of Annual

Operation Plans and Budgets (AOPB).

Actions included in this Tourism Management Plan are those which are feasible within the National

and local set-up, policy and legal frameworks. Other activities were described in terms of what needs

to be done, and not how and when these activities will be implemented. Details on how and when

these activities will be conducted shall be contained in the AOPB and Annual Action Plans.

Detailed and up-to date description of the management programs assist the Tourism managers in

better understanding of what the Tourism Management Plan demands from time to time, over a

period of ten (10) years. Annual Action Plans normally helps to ease the development and

implementation of AOPB which contains detailed annual activities and financial plans or budgets.

5.2 Visitor Use, Development and Revenue Program (VUDRP)

5.2.1 Program Purpose

The overall aim of this program is to enhance visitor enjoyment and satisfaction and generate

revenue that would bring a sustainable tourism industry in Zanzibar sustainably through rational use

of the natural, historical and cultural resources of Unguja and Pemba.

39

5.2.2 Tourism Development and Revenue Principles

In the ten (10) years, the Zanzibar shall implement the VUDRP whilst adhering to the following

main principles:

(i) Principle of integrating tourism into sustainable development programs

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall strive to ensure that national policies and

strategies on sustainable development are integrated into the implementation of VUDRP.

Also efforts to reconcile conflicting resource use in Zanzibar shall be speeded up and

strengthened in order to ensure sustainable tourism development.

(ii) Principle of development and management of sustainable tourism

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall endeavour to ensure that tourism and

ecotourism products are accurately identified and tourism plans are designed, appraised,

monitored and evaluated for sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) shall be

part and parcel of the development of tourism in Unguja and Pemba. Tourism and

ecotourism developments shall take into account the land use plans at all levels. Care shall

always be taken to make sure that development of tourism in the area complies with National

laws and regulations. Use of technology shall be encouraged to ensure that efficiency and

effectiveness in managing tourism is guaranteed.

(iii) Principle of sustainable tourism program

In order to succeed in the implementation of the VUDRP involvement of key stakeholders,

information exchange and capacity to manage tourism is the key. The Revolutionary

Government of Zanzibar shall endeavour to involve key stakeholders at every stage of

development and implementation of VUDRP. Also the Revolutionary Government of

Zanzibar shall strive to build and maintain the capacity to manage VUDRP. Information

exchange on lesson learned would be encouraged in order to improve the implementation of

VUDRP.

(iv) Sustainable funding

Sustainable funding is simply the amount of money the Revolutionary Government of

Zanzibar needs to provide and sustain a particular level of services over time. It is important

to appreciate that sustainable funding does not mean enough money to publicly fund all the

tourism services which The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar need to provide. It is the

responsibility of Government and the Zanzibar community at large to establish what they

40

believe is an appropriate and affordable level of publicly funded services and then to work

out how much money is required over time to sustain that particular level.

5.2.3 Program Objectives, Targets and Activities

The following is an outlines of the VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten

(10) years 2012-2022.

Table 5.1: VUDRP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022

Objective 1: To increase the contribution of tourism in RGZ GDP from at least

20% to at least 40% by the year 2022

Activity 1.1.1 Develop a framework for tourism concessions tourism areas land lease and contracts

Activity 1.1.2 Develop mechanism for promoting ecotourism entrepreneurship

Activity 1.1.3 Facilitate and build the capacity of Zanzibar Commission of Tourism including recruit and train staff to manage the VUDRP

Activity 1.1.4 Introduce ecotourism opportunities based on the tourism zone scheme and environmental

guidelines.

Activity 1.1.5 Develop and implement aggressive marketing plan.

Activity 1.1.6 Review the investment policy, financial and tax regulations to ensure the grace period for investors tax payment is not abused through ownership change.

Activity 1.1.7 Develop and implement financial monitoring and evaluation plan

Target 1.1 Income from tourism stand at USD 204.11

6

Million per annum by 2022

Activity 1.1.8 Develop and implement financial regulations and procedure manuals which will allow effective

tax collection from tourism activities which will include hotel taxation based on actual occupancy.

Objective 2: To speed up tourism related investments application

Activity 2.1.1 Develop a mechanism for fast tracking tourism investment applications

Activity 2.1.2 Develop and implement client service charter

Activity 2.1.3 Establish investments coordination unit and integrate it with licensing unit in Zanzibar Commission of Tourism

Target 2.1 Reduce investment application process to one month by 2022

Activity 2.1.4 Establish information centre in ZIPA and develop a mechanism for providing the centre with sectoral information related to tourism investments

Activity 2.1.5 ZIPA to reduce investment application processing period to one month by 2013

41

Objective 3: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by

2015

Activity 3.1.1 Conduct baseline survey for tourism performance in Unguja and Pemba

Activity3.1.2 Develop tourism satisfaction indicators

Activity 3.1.3 Develop and implement visitor and investor satisfaction monitoring plan

Activity3.1.4 Improve public security and ensure tourist and investors’ properties are well protected

Activity 3.1.5 Develop and implement accommodation facilities auditing and grading system acceptable at international standards

Activity 3.1.6 Develop and implement tourism diversification program e.g. medical/intellectual tourism

Target 3.1 Visitors’ satisfaction level enhanced

Activity 3.1.7 Re-schedule traditional, cultural and other festivals where possible to synchronize with tourism high season

Objective 4: To ensure that ecotourism developments are designed, appraised,

monitored and evaluated for sustainability

Activity 4.1.1 Review and/or implement land use and tourism zone plans

Activity 4.1.2 Establish and operationalise joint technical committee for appraisal of proposed tourism development projects

Activity 4. 1.3 Encourage eco-lodges/hotels with rain water harvesting plan in areas with limited/or no water supply.

Activity 4.1.5 Defining clearly type and style of development in tourism areas

Activity 4.1.6 Develop tourism development impact database and monitor the impacts

Activity 4.1.7 Introduce measures for control of waste disposal from tourist facilities including advocating onsite waste treatment and environmental acceptable waste disposal.

Activity 4.1.8 Introduce and implement environmental education program to hotel and other tourist facilities operators

Activity 4.1.9 Introduce environmental and ecotourism certification program

Target 4.1 Environmental and eco-tourism management framework developed/adopted by June 2015

Activity 4.1.10 Ministry responsible for environment to develop the framework and work closely with other related ministries and the private sector

42

5.3 Administration and Operations Program (AOP)


The purpose of this program is to boost efficiency and effectiveness of the Revolutionary

Government of Zanzibar operations through provision of relevant facilities, infrastructure and

training to tourism sector staff and management. Also the programs shall implement activities that

coordinate the implementation of the Tourism Management Plan.

5.3.2 Tourism Administration and Operations Principles

In the next ten (10) years the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall implement AOP while

sticking to the following main principles:

(i) Professional guidance on the management of Tourism

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall use professional guidance in managing

tourism in Unguja and Pemba. Decisions in the key management areas shall strictly follow

government regulations and professional guidance. However, care shall be taken to ensure

that guidance provided by various professionals is appropriate to the real Zanzibar tourism

needs and in compliance with tradition and norms of Zanzibar so as to achieve results

through gradual accumulation.

(ii) Adaptive management and collaboration

During the implementation period of the tourism plan and beyond, the Revolutionary

Government of Zanzibar shall be providing

services across the board, acting decisively and responding rapidly to changing management

needs and circumstances. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall collaborate

closely with all stakeholders to ensure efficiency and effectiveness of tourism administration

and operations in Zanzibar. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar through the Ministry

responsible for tourism shall implement tourism and administration and operation program

through development and implementation of Annual Operation Plan Budget (AOPB). AOPB

shall contain clear annual costs for all operations and proposed activities; and well balanced

with the expected income. AOPB shall be reviewed on a yearly basis to cope with changing

administration and operations needs.

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(iii) Use of local and external resources for synergy

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall encourage

making effective use of both internal and external resources to achieve synergy in

administering tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba. The Revolutionary Government of

Zanzibar shall be open to ideas and innovations from within and outside Zanzibar while safe

guarding Zanzibar interests.

5.3.3 Program objectives, targets and activities

Below is an outlines of the AOP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years

2012-2022.

Table 5.2: AOP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022

Objective 1: To ensure tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba are efficient and

effective by 2022

Activity 1.1.1 Develop and implement a comprehensive Human Resource Development plan

Activity 1.1.2 Recruit and deploy appropriate staff on technical merit

Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement staff performance evaluation

Target 1.1 Human resource framework for tourism management is in place by June 2014

Activity 1.1.4 Develop and implement Human Resources Policy and Procedures

Objective 2: To improve social services and infrastructure attracting and

supporting tourism investments.

Activity 2.1.1 Construct, rehabilitate and maintain roads accessing all tourism areas to an all weather status.

Activity 2.1.2 Establish electrification program to ensure electricity is available in all tourism areas

Activity 2.1.3 Ensure pipe or deep bore hole water is available to all tourism areas and the surroundings.

Target 2.1 Accessibility and necessary social services are in place by 2022

Activity 2.1.4 Ensure telecommunication facilities and services are available in all areas planned for tourism development

Activity 2.2.1 Develop a budget for facilities required by the ZCT for efficient tourism administration and operations

Activity 2.2.2 Fund the budget for the required facilities or develop and submit a funding proposal to

secure the needed facilities

Target 2.2 Adequate administration facility acquired by June 2015

Activity 2.2.3 ZCT to retain part of tourism licence fees to its accounts as field retention fund

Objective 3: Develop funding mechanisms and ensure effective implementation

Target 3.1 Tourism funding

Activity3.1.1 Form and operationalise Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force

44

Activity 3.1.2 Develop and formalize AOPB format within government operation framework

Activity 3.1.3 Find mechanism of sustainable funding the tourism AOPB

framework developed and implemented by Dec 2015

Activity 3.1.4 Establish Zanzibar Museum and Heritage Fund and secure the funding.

Activity 4.1.1 Formation/strengthening of tourism coordination unit

Target 4.1

To harmonize inter-sectoral operations related to tourism

Activity 4.1.2 Conduct regular tourism coordination unit meetings

5.4 Local Tourism and Education Program (LTEP)


This program aims at promoting local tourism, supporting local investors and encouraging local

people active participation in tourism for community livelihoods improvement and maintaining

Zanzibar cultural and traditional integrity in face of opening a wide international tourism market.

The program will also aim to insure positive attitude of local people towards tourism which will

result to increased local people active participation in tourism and good neighbourhood is enhanced

between the local people and investors.

5.4.2 Local People Relation Principles

In the ten (10) years of this Tourism Management Plan, the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar

shall strive to implement the Tourism Management Plan through maintaining the following key

principles:

• Integrate traditional and cultural practises in Zanzibar tourism profile

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall the rich Zanzibar culture and traditions are

protectively integrated in the tourism as a mean of local people entry into tourism activities.

Clear regulations on how to work with traditional structures are necessary and shall be

promoted.

• Encourage of local investors and promote the involvement of local experts

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall acknowledge the position of local investors

in Zanzibar tourism development by creating means for fair competition in tourism

development in Zanzibar. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall also strive to

ensure that local people actively participate in tourism activities as means of income

generation and livelihood improvement.

45

• Recognising existing uses

When implementing the Tourism Management Plan local people land interests and existing

cultural, spiritual and such land uses will be protected from tourism development and

accommodated in the tourism management plan. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar

shall also ensure public use of coastal and marine resources is well acknowledged and safe

guarded in all stages of Tourism Management Planning implementation.

• Addressing causes of negative attitudes

During the implementation of the Tourism Management Plan efforts shall be made to make

sure that causes of local people negative attitude towards tourism are identified to form the

basis for tourism education program. Addressing causes of negative attitude is a key in

improving local people active participation in tourism and sustaining good relationship

between local and investors.


Below is an outlines of the LTEP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years

2012-2022.

Table 5.3: LTEP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022

Objective 1: Participation of Zanzibaris in tourism improved by 2015

Activity 1.1.1 Develop profile of local people participation in tourism

Activity 1.1.2 ZCT to establish and operationalise one District Tourism Stakeholders’ Forum annually

Activity 1.1.3 ZCT to collaborate with hotel investors, local communities and local governments to introduce cultural evening events like dances, traditional dishes as special tour packages in their hotels and also community areas

Activity 1.1.4 Establish a program for improving agricultural products standards to improve the market and access to tourism hotels and tourists satisfaction

Activity 1.1.5 Facilitate and encourage the local people to establish cultural tourism projects which will be locally managed

Activity 1.1.6 Sensitize the local people to form tourism based entrepreneurial groups

Activity 1.1.7 Train the local people entrepreneurial groups on tourism business economic opportunities, customer care and business management in general.

Target 1.1 A framework for promoting local tourism and participation in tourism developed by June 2013

Activity 1.1.8 Community political will and empowerment in managing tourism resources in their areas

46

Activity 1.1.9 To encourage and promote locally made products from Zanzibar instead of imported one

Activity 1.2.1 Develop incentive packages for local tour operators and local hotel investors

Activity 1.2.2 Encourage hotel reservation through local travel agencies and tour operators

Target 1.2 Framework for supporting local tourism investors developed by 2014

Activity 1.2.3 Integrate local tour operators and travel agencies in ZCT international tourism promotion plans

Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards tourism improved by June

2022

Activity 2.1.1 Study and develop profile on local people attitudes towards tourism

Activity 2.1.2 Monitor attitudes of local people towards tourism

Activity 2.1.3 Introduce community and schools tourism outreach program for providing education and sensitizing the local people on tourism positivity

Activity 2.1.4 Prepare and distribute effectively educational materials on Zanzibar cultural integrate and ways of avoiding negative impacts associated with tourism

Activity 2.1.4 Media to play a major role in promoting tourism

Activity 2.1.5 Religious leaders/Youth/NGO’s to play a role in changing local behaviour in positivity towards tourism development.

Activity 2.1.6 Establish and enforce social corporate responsibility component in tourism investment contracts/agreements

Target 2.1 80% of the local population is willing to support and participate in tourism by June 2016

Activity 2.1.7 Enforcement of laws and regulations that protect Zanzibar culture.

5.5 Resources Management Program (RMP)


Resources management program purpose is to protect the all tourism resource base including coastal,

marine, cultural and historical tourism attractions for sustainable income generation and local people

livelihoods’ support. The program also aims at ensuring tourism resources data are available for

rational decisions on management tourism in Zanzibar.

5.5.2 Resources Management Principles

During the period of ten (10) years of the Tourism Management Plan, the Revolutionary

Government of Zanzibar shall strive to management tourism in Unguja and Pemba based on the

following key resources management principles:

47

(i) Economic principle

Full-cost pricing of the resources is the essence of economic principle. The Revolutionary

Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that there is less price distortion by gradually allowing

the market forces to determine prices. This will make the destination to compete through

tourism related quality services. The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that

there is sustainable income from tourism activities by advocating, estimating and put into

effect resource user costs that will maintain income-generating capacity of resources.

(ii) Sustainability and Ecosystem principle

The Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall ensure that tourism activities are practised

within professionally acceptable limit of use to ensure the tourism does not go beyond the

carrying capacity to jeopardize the resources. Precautionary principle to safeguard ecological

functions in the face of uncertainty would be observed during the implementation of the

tourism management plan. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar shall encourage use of

natural resources in ways that ensure non-declining stream of benefits for all, and without

weakening ecological functions of the resources.


Below is an outlines of the RMP objectives, targets and activities for the period of ten (10) years

2012-2022.

Table 5.4: RMP objectives, targets and activities for ten (10) years 2012-2022

Objective 1: Beach erosion is controlled in all areas experiencing erosion through

ecologically acceptable beach tourism

Activity 1.1.1 Study and develop beach erosion profile

Activity 1.1.2 Monitor incidences and extent of beach erosion

Activity 1.1.3 Develop and implement beach erosion control Plan

Activity 1.1.4 Develop and operationalise guidelines for hotel and/ or beach development and by-laws on the use and management of hotel and/or beaches in Unguja and Pemba

Target 1.1 Incidences of beach erosion related to developments reduced by 2015

Activity 1.1.5 Introduce awareness and adaptation to climate change programs

Objective 2: Coastal and Marine habitats and populations dynamics maintained

through sustainable tourism

Activity 2.1.1 Take inventory of coastal tourism development and update tourism zone development profile

Activity 2.1.2 Coastal hotel development subjected to EIA

Target 2.1 Coastal habitat protected from all coastal development by June 2022

Activity 2.1.3 Access to turtles nesting sites by tourists and local people controlled

48

Activity 2.1.4 Control over harvesting of coconut palm leaves and trees for construction of tourists facilities

Activity 2.1.5 Control over collection of sea shells through development of no collection zones

Activity 2.2.1 Control the number of tourists viewing Dolphins to ecologically acceptable level

Activity 2.2.2 Control diving and coral reef viewing to avoid coral destruction

Activity 2.2.3 Set control measures on big fish catching events

Target 2.2 Marine resources protected from use pressure by June 2022

Activity 2.2.4 Ministry(ies) responsible for tourism and environment involve the private sector in resource management

Activity 2.3.1 Suspend investment permits/contracts on land in all already full allocated Tourism Zones

Activity 2.3.2 Conduct regular monitoring including environmental, social, tourism and infrastructural

Target 2.3 Stop further development in full allocated Tourism Zones

Activity 2.3.3 Ensure environmental management plans are enforced

Activity 2.4.1 Encourage and invite both local and foreign investors

Activity 2.4.2 Development ventures be in conformity with the carrying capacity both ecologically and socially

Activity 2.4.3 Any further development to take place in any tourism zone be subjected to a thoroughly scrutiny using existing organs before its commencement

Target 2.4 Ensure close management of Tourism Zones including those reserved for future use and underutilized zones

Activity 2.4.4 Conduct regular monitoring including environmental, social, tourism and infrastructural

Objective 3: To protect cultural, historical and other heritage sites

Activity 3.1.1 Carry out survey to identify and demarcate clearly the cultural and historical sites

Activity 3.1.2 Issue title deeds to identified and surveyed cultural and historical sites

Activity 3.1.3 Develop heritage master plan

Activity 3.1.4 Establish a program for routine maintenance and rehabilitation of the historical buildings

Target 3.1 Historical and cultural sites management framework developed and adopted by 2015

Activity 3.1.5 Promote education and research on preservation of culture through staff training and provision of research funds.

Activity 3.2.1 Fund the budget required for cultural and historical sites management

Activity 3.2.2 Develop and submit funding proposal to secure the support managing cultural and historical sites

Target 3.2 Ensure adequate funding is available for historical and cultural sites management by 2015 Activity 3.2.3 Establish Zanzibar Museum and Heritage Fund

and secure funding.

49

CHAPTER SIX

OPERATIO

NAL PLAN

6.1 Introduction

In this Tourism

Managem

ent Plan, a 3-years Action Plans have been established for each of the Managem

ent Programs to provide a guide for those

who m

anage and coordinate tourism

in Zanzibar on a daily basis. For practical purposes it is not realistic to prepare an action plan for the period of

ten years in the understanding of changing situations and conditions in real time. Another set of three years action plan will be developed in future as

part of the im

plementation of this plan.

6.2 Three Years Operational Plan of the Management Programs

Table 6.1: Operational Plan

VISITOR USE, DEVELOPMENT AND REVENUE PROGRAM

Time Frame

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Targets

Activities

Responsibility

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Objective 1: To increase the contribution of tourism in RGZ GDP from at least 20% to at least 40% by the year 2022

Performance

Indicators

Activity 1.1.1

Develop a framew

ork for tourism

concessions tourism

areas land lease and

contracts

ZCT, ZATI, ZRB,

ZIPA, District

Administration,

Tourism

Division

Number

of

contracts,

concessions

collected

Target 1.1

Income from

tourism

stand at

USD 204.117

Million per annum

by 2022

Activity 1.1.2

Develop m

echanism for promoting

ecotourism

entrepreneurship

ZCT, ZATO, ZATI,

Ministry of Labour,

Economic

Empowerment,

Tourism

Division

Number

of

Ecotourism

entrepreneurships

established

50

Activity 1.1.3

Facilitate and build the capacity of

Zanzibar Commission of Tourism

including

recruit and train staff to m

anage the

VUDRP

Ministry

of

Livestock

and

Fisheries-

Tourism

Division,

ZCT

Number of

staff

recruited, number

of staff trained in

different levels

Activity 1.1.4

Introduce ecotourism

opportunities based

on the tourism

zone schem

e and

environmental guidelines.

Tourism

Division,

ZCT, ZATI

Number

of

investm

ents

and

opportunities

utilized

Activity 1.1.5

Develop and implement aggressive

marketing plan.

Tourism

Division,

ZCT, ZATO,

Marketing

plan

document, tourist

turn-up

after

exhibitions

Activity 1.1.6

Review the investm

ent policy, financial and

tax regulations to ensure the grace period

for investors’ tax payment is not abused

through ownership change.

Ministry

of

Cooperative, Trade,

Industry

and

Market,

ZCT,

ZATI, ZATO,ZIPA

Number

of

documents

reviewed,

situation

improvem

ent

Activity 1.1.7

Develop and implement financial

monitoring and evaluation plan

ZRB, TRA, ZCT

Monitoring

and

evaluation

document

Activity 1.1.8

Develop and implement financial

regulations and procedure m

anuals which

will allow effective tax collection from

tourism

activities which will include hotel

taxation based on actual occupancy.

ZRB, TRA, ZCT

Manuals

developed,

Increase

in

tax

collection

from

tourism

Objective 2: To speed up tourism related investment applications

Target 2.1

Reduce investm

ent

application process

to one month by

Activity 2.1.1

Develop a m

echanism for fast tracking

tourism

investm

ent applications

ZCT, ZIPA

Facilitative

procedure

in

place, number of

successful

51

applications

Activity 2.1.2

Develop and implement client service

charter

ZCT

Client

Service

charter document

Activity 2.1.3

Establish investm

ents coordination unit

and integrate it with licensing unit in

Zanzibar Commission of Tourism

ZCT

Coordination unit

in

place

and

operating

Activity 2.1.4

Establish inform

ation centre in ZIPA and

provide the centre with sectoral inform

ation

related to tourism

investm

ents

ZCT,ZIPA

Centre existence

and its active

functionality

2022

Activity 2.1.5

ZIPA to reduce investment application

period to one month by 2013

ZIPA

Investm

ent

application

reports

Objective 3: To help tourists achieve highest possible degree of satisfaction by 2015

Activity 3.1.1

Conduct baseline survey for tourism

perform

ance in Unguja and Pem

ba

ZCT

Baseline reports

Activity3.1.2

Develop tourism

satisfaction indicators

ZCT,ZATO

Indicator

document

Activity 3.1.3

Develop and implement visitor satisfaction

monitoring plan

ZCT

Monitoring

document,

suggestion boxes

Target 3.1

Visitors’

satisfaction level

enhanced

Activity3.1.4

Improve public security and ensure tourist

and investors’ properties are well

protected

Police in

collaboration all

community

mem

bers

Incidences of

theft and property

invasion reduced

52

Activity 3.1.5

Develop and implement accommodation

facilities auditing and grading system

acceptable at international standards

ZCT, ZATI, ZATO

Audit system

and

grading

system

document

Activity 3.1.6

Develop and implement tourism

diversification program e.g.

medical/intellectual tourism

ZATI,

ZATO,

Tourism

Division,

ZCT, Regional and

District Authorities

Number of

new

tourism

packages

introduced

Activity 3.1.7

Re-schedule traditional, cultural and other

festivals where possible to synchronize

with tourism

high season

ZCT, ZATO Events

organizers,

Community

mem

bers

Number

of

events/festivals

rescheduled

into

tourism

high

season

Objective 4: To ensure that ecotourism developments are designed, appraised, monitored and evaluated for sustainability

Activity 4.1.1

Review and/or im

plement land use and

tourism

zone plans

ZCT, CLE

Reviewed

plan

document

and/or

progress reports

Activity 4.1.2

Establish and operationalise joint technical

committee for appraisal of proposed

tourism

development projects

ZCT, CLE,

Minutes

of

the

committee

meetings

Activity 4. 1.3

Encourage eco-lodges/hotels with rain

water harvesting plan in areas with

limited/or no water supply.

ZCT

Minutes

of

sensitization

meetings

Activity 4.1.5

Defining clearly type and style of

development in tourism

areas

ZCT

List

of

clear

tourism

development

definitions

Target 4.1

Environmental and

eco-tourism

managem

ent

fram

ework

developed/adopted

by June 2015

Activity 4.1.6

Develop tourism

development im

pact

database and m

onitor the im

pacts

ZCT

Database

and

impact

data

entries

53

Activity 4.1.7

Introduce m

easures for control of waste

disposal from tourist facilities including

advocating onsite waste treatment and

environmental acceptable waste disposal.

ZCT,

Ministry of

Water,

Energy,

Construction, Land

and

Environment-

Environmental

Division

Reduced

waste

disposal

directly

to

the

ocean,

number of hotels

with

waste

treatm

ent plants

Activity 4.1.8

Introduce and implement environmental

education program to hotel and other

tourist facilities operators

ZCT,

Educational

materials

produced,

trainings

conducted

Activity 4.1.9

Introduce environmental and ecotourism

certification program

ZCT,

Ministry of

Water,

Energy,

Construction, Land

and Environment

Number of hotels

issued

with

certificates

Activity 4.1.10

Ministry responsible for environment to

develop the fram

ework and work closely

with related m

inistries and the private

sector

Ministry(ies)

responsible

for

environment

and

tourism

fram

ework

development

reports

54

ADMINISTRATIO

N AND OPERATIO

NS PROGRAM

Time Frame

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Targets

Activities

Responsibility

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Objective 1: To ensure tourism operations in Unguja and Pemba are efficient and effective by 2022

Performance

Indicators

Activity 1.1.1

Develop and implement a

comprehensive Human

Resource Development plan

ZCT

Plan

document,

number of

staff

developed

to

different stages

Activity 1.1.2

Recruit and deploy appropriate staff

Ministry of Tourism

Number of staff

recruited

Activity 1.1.3

Develop and implement staff

perform

ance evaluation

ZCT

Evaluation

manual, number

of staff evaluated

Target 1.1

Human resource

fram

ework for tourism

managem

ent is in place

by June 2014

Activity 1.1.4

Develop and implement Human

Resources Policy and Procedures

ZCT

Documents

developed,

implementation

progress reports

Objective 2: To improve social services and infrastructure attracting and supporting tourism investments.

Activity 2.1.1

Construct, rehabilitate and m

aintain

roads accessing all tourism

areas to an

all weather status.

Ministry of

Infrastructure and

Communication

Number of roads

constructed,

number of roads

rehabilitated

Activity 2.1.2

Establish electrification program to

ensure electricity is available in all

tourism

areas

Ministry of Land,

Housing and Energy

Number of

new

localities supplied

with electricity

Target 2.1

Accessibility and

necessary social

services are in place by

2022

Activity 2.1.3

Ensure pipe or deep borehole water is

available to all tourism

areas and the

Ministry of Water

Number of

new

localities supplied

with water, type

55

surroundings.

of water supply

Activity 2.1.4

Ensure telecommunication facilities

and services are available in all areas

planned for tourism

development

Ministry of

Infrastructure and

Communication

Number of

new

localities

accessing

telecommunicatio

n services

Activity 2.2.1

Develop budget for facilities required

by the Tourism

Commission for

efficient tourism

administration and

operations

Ministry of Tourism

Budget document

Target 2.2

Adequate

administration facility

acquired by 2015

Activity 2.2.2

Fund the budget for the required

facilities or develop and submit a

funding proposal to secure the needed

facilities

Ministry of Finance

Percentage

of

budget

funded,

number

of

funding proposal

developed

and

submitted

Activity 2.2.3

ZCT to retain part of tourism

licence

fees to its accounts as field retention

fund

Ministry of Finance,

ZCT

Percentage

of

tourism

licence

fees

in

ZCT

accounts,

Objective 3: Develop funding mechanisms and ensure effective implementation

Activity3.1.1

Form

and operationalise Tourism

Plan

implementation team/ task force

Ministry of Tourism

, ZCT

Plan

team

in

place, plan team

working

documents

e.g.

Meeting minutes,

reports, etc.

Target 3.1

Tourism

funding

fram

ework developed

and implemented by

2015

Activity 3.1.2

Develop and form

alize AOPB form

at

within government operation

fram

ework

Ministry of Tourism

, ZCT

AOPB document

56

Activity 3.1.3

Find m

echanism of sustainable

funding the tourism

AOPB

Ministry of Tourism

, ZCT, Ministry of

Finance

Funding

strategies

developed,

percentage

of

AOPB funding

Activity 3.1.4

Establish Zanzibar M

useum and

Heritage Fund and secure funding.

Departm

ent of

Antiquity and

Museum, Ministry

of Tourism

Fund

establishment,

funding

strategies, amount

of funds secured

Target 4.1

To harmonize inter-

sectoral operations

related to tourism

Activity 4.1.1

Form

ation/strengthening of tourism

coordination unit

ZCT, ZIPA,

Ministry of livestock

and fisheries,

Ministry of lands,

housing and energy,

Ministry of

inform

ation, culture,

tourism

and sports-

ZCT, M

inistry of

agriculture and

natural resources,

Departm

ent of

environment

Coordination unit

in place

Activity 4.1.2

Conduct regular tourism

coordination

unit m

eetings

ZCT, ZIPA,

Ministry of livestock

and fisheries,

Ministry of lands,

housing and energy,

Ministry of

inform

ation, culture,

tourism

and sports-

ZCT, M

inistry of

agriculture and

Meetings

documents

57

natural resources,

Departm

ent of

environment

LOCAL TOURISM AND EDUCATIO

N PROGRAM

Time Frame

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Targets

Activities

Responsibility

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Objective 1: Participation of Zanzibaris in tourism improved by 2015

Performance

Indicators

Activity 1.1.1

Develop profile of local people

participation in tourism

ZTC

Profile document

in place

Activity 1.1.2

ZCT to establish and operationalise

District Tourism

Stakeholders’ Forum

annually

ZTC, District

Authorities

District forums in

place, records of

forum discussions

Activity 1.1.3

Collaborate with hotel investors to

introduce cultural evening events like

dances, traditional dishes as special

tour packages in their hotels

ZTC,

ZATI, local

communities,

District Authorities

Number of hotels

with

cultural

evening

events,

frequency

of

cultural events in

hotels

Target 1.1

A framew

ork for

promoting local tourism

and participation in

tourism

developed by

June 2013

Activity 1.1.4

Establish a program for im

proving

agricultural products standards to

improve the market and access to

tourism

hotels and tourists satisfaction

Departm

ent of

Livestock,

Departm

ent of

Agriculture,

Zanzibar

Cooperative Society

Extension

programs

established,

volume

of

agricultural

products

sold to

tourism

hotels

58

Activity 1.1.5

Facilitate and encourage the local

people to establish cultural tourism

projects which will be locally

managed

ZTC and Ministry

responsible

for

economic

empowerment

and

Trade

Number of

sensitization

workshops and

meetings, cultural

tourism

projects in

place

Activity 1.1.6

Sensitize the local people to form

tourism

based entrepreneurial groups

Zanzibar

Cooperative Society,

Tourism

Division

Number of

sensitization

workshops and

meetings, number

of groups in place,

Type of tourism

entrepreneurships

established

Activity 1.1.7

Train the local people entrepreneurial

groups on tourism

business economic

opportunities, customer care and

business managem

ent in general.

ZTC,

Cooperative

Society, Trade

and

Marketing Divisions

Number and type

of trainings,

number of local

people trained

Activity 1.1.8

Community political will and

empowerment in managing

tourism resources in their areas

ZCT,

Political

parties,

Local

Governments

Community

participation in

managing tourism

resources

Activity 1.1.9

To encourage and promote locally

made products from Zanzibar instead

of im

ported one

ZCT,

ZIPA,

Ministry

(ies)

responsible

for

economic

empowerment

and

Trade

Locally m

ade

Zanzibar products

available in curio

shops

Target 1.2

Framew

ork for

supporting local

Activity 1.2.1

Develop incentive packages for local

tour operators and local hotel investors

ZCT

Type and number

of incentives

developed,

59

effective response

survey reports

Activity 1.2.2

Encourage hotel reservation through

local travel agencies and tour

operators

ZCT, ZATO, ZATI

Record of form

al

and inform

al

agreem

ents,

forums discussions

tourism

investors

developed 2014

Activity 1.2.3

Integrate local tour operators and

travel agencies in Zanzibar

Commission of Tourism

international

tourism

promotion plans

ZCT, ZATO

Tourism

promotion plans,

jointly prepared

promotional

materials,

promotions

attendance

Objective 2: Attitudes of local people towards tourism improved by June 2022

Activity 2.1.1

Study and develop profile on local

people attitudes towards tourism

ZCT, District

Authorities

Profile report

Activity 2.1.2

Monitor attitudes of local people

towards tourism

ZCT

Monitoring reports

Activity 2.1.3

Introduce community and schools

tourism

outreach program for

providing education and sensitizing

the local people on tourism

positivity

ZCT,

Ministry

of

Education,

Tourism

Division

Sensitization

workshops,

educational

materials produced

and distributed

Target 2.1

80% of the local

population is willing to

support and participate

in tourism

by June 2016

Activity 2.1.4

Prepare and distribute effectively

educational m

aterials on Zanzibar

cultural integrate and ways of

avoiding negative im

pacts associated

with tourism

ZCT,

Ministry

of

Education,

Tourism

Division

Educational

materials produced

and distributed

60

Activity 2.1.5

Religious leaders/Youth/NGO’s

to play a role in changing local

community perception/behaviour

in positivity towards tourism

development.

Religious

groups,

Youth

groups,

NGO’s

Acceptance

of

tourism

by many

community

mem

bers

Activity 2.1.6

Establish and enforce social corporate

responsibility component in tourism

investm

ent contracts/agreem

ents

ZCT,ZIPA, Ministry

(ies) responsible for

land and Law

s

Socio-economic

infrastructures

in

local

community

areas,

tourism

investm

ent

agreem

ents/contra

cts

Activity 2.1.7

Enforcem

ent of laws and regulations

that protect Zanzibar culture.

ZCT,

Ministry

responsible

for

culture,

other

Ministries

responsible

for

enforcem

ent of

the

laws and regulations

in

culture,

Tour

operators, Hoteliers

Tourists

adhering

the laws, posters in

tourists

entry and

exit

points,

Brochures

in

hotels

and

transport facilities

61

RESOURCES M

ANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Time Frame

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Targets

Activities

Responsibility

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Objective 1: Beach erosion is controlled in all areas experiencing erosion through ecologically acceptable beach

tourism

Performance

Indicators

Activity 1.1.1

Study and develop beach erosion

profile

Departm

ent of

Environment,

Commission of

land and

Environment

Profile report

Activity 1.1.2

Monitor incidences and extent of

beach erosion

Departm

ent of

Environment,

Commission of

land and

Environment

Monitoring reports

Activity 1.1.3

Develop and implement beach erosion

control Plan

Departm

ent of

Environment,

Commission of

land and

Environment

Beach erosion status

report

Activity 1.1.4

Develop and operationalise guidelines

for beach development and by-law

s on

the use and m

anagem

ent of beaches in

Unguja and Pem

ba

Departm

ent of

Environment,

Commission of

land and

Environment

Guidelines and by-

laws in place

Target 1.1 Incidences

of beach erosion related

to developments

reduced by 2015

Activity 1.1.5

Introduce awareness and adaptation to

clim

ate change programs

Departm

ent of

Environment,

Forestry

Departm

ent,

Ministry

Climate change

awareness and

adaptation programs

62

responsible for

land

development

Objective 2: Coastal and M

arine habitats and populations dynamics maintained through sustainable tourism

Activity 2.1.1

Take inventory of coastal tourism

development and update tourism

zone

development profile

ZCT, Ministry of

lands and

housing

Inventory

reports

and status reports

Activity 2.1.2

Coastal hotel development subjected

to EIA

ZTC licensing

unit, Departm

ent

of Environment,

Commission of

land and

Environment

EIA

reports

Activity 2.1.3

Access to turtles nesting sites by

tourists and local people controlled

Fisheries

Division

Status report, record

of nesting sites

access

Activity 2.1.4

Control over harvesting of coconut

palm leaves and trees for construction

of tourists facilities

Departm

ent of

Agriculture,

ZATI

Status report

Target 2.1

Coastal habitat

protected from all

coastal development by

June 2022

Activity 2.1.5

Control over collection of sea shells

through development of no collection

zones

Fisheries

Division,

Status

reports,

number

of

no-

collection

zones

developed

Target 2.2 M

arine

resources protected

from use pressure by

June 2022

Activity 2.2.1

Control the number of tourists viewing

Dolphins to ecologically acceptable

level

Fisheries

Division,

Institute of

Marine Sciences

Lim

it of Acceptable

Use (LAU)

developed, records

of tourists accessing

dolphin areas

63

Activity 2.2.2

Control diving and coral reef viewing

to avoid coral destruction

Fisheries

Division

Status reports

Activity 2.2.3

Set and implement control measures

on big fish catching events

Fisheries

Division

Status reports

Activity 2.2.4

Ministry(ies) responsible for tourism

and environment involve the private

sector in resource managem

ent

Ministry(ies)

responsible for

tourism

and

environment

Minutes

Transparency

Activity 2.3.1

Suspend investm

ent permits/contracts

on land in all already full allocated

Tourism

Zones

ZIPA, ZCT,

Ministry

responsible for

Land and

Housing,

Investm

ent reports,

Status reports,

Activity 2.3.1

Conduct regular monitoring including

environmental, social, tourism

and

infrastructural

ZCT, ZIPA,

Ministry(ies)/De

partm

ent(s)

responsible for

Land, Housing,

Water, Culture,

Transport,

Environment,

Forest, Fisheries,

Status report

Target 2.3

Stop further

development in full

allocated Tourism

Zones

Activity 2.3.2

Ensure environmental managem

ent

plans are enforced

Ministry(ies)/De

partm

ent(s)

responsible for

land, housing,

environment

Monitoring reports

Target 2.4

Ensure

close

managem

ent

of

Activity 2.4.1

Encourage and invite both local and

foreign investors

ZIPA, ZCT

Investm

ent reports

64

Activity 2.4.2

Development ventures be in

conform

ity with the carrying capacity

both ecologically and socially

ZCT, ZIPA,

Ministry(ies)/De

partm

ent(s)

responsible for

Land, Housing,

Water, Culture,

Transport,

Environment,

Forest, Fisheries,

Monitoring reports

Activity 2.4.3

Any further development to take place

in any tourism

zone be subjected to a

thoroughly scrutiny using existing

organs before its commencement

ZCT, ZIPA,

Ministry(ies)/De

partm

ent(s)

responsible for

Land, Housing,

Water, Culture,

Transport,

Environment,

Forest, Fisheries,

Minutes of meetings

(one stop centre)

Tourism

Zones

including

those

reserved for future use

and underutilized zones

Activity 2.4.4

Conduct regular monitoring including

environmental, social, tourism

and

infrastructural

ZCT, ZIPA,

Ministry(ies)/De

partm

ent(s)

responsible for

Land, Housing,

Water, Culture,

Transport,

Environment,

Forest, Fisheries,

Monitoring reports

Objective 3: To protect cultural, historical and other heritage sites

Target 3.1

Historical and cultural

sites managem

ent

fram

ework developed

Activity 3.1.1

Carry out survey to identify and

dem

arcate clearly the cultural and

historical sites

Departm

ent of

Antiquity and

Museum

Survey report

65

Activity 3.1.2

Issue title deeds to identified and

surveyed cultural and historical sites

Ministry of Land

Number of title

deeds issued

Activity 3.1.3

Develop heritage master plan

Departm

ent of

Antiquity and

Museum

Master plan

document

Activity 3.1.4

Establish a program for routine

maintenance and rehabilitation of the

historical buildings

Departm

ent of

Antiquity and

Museum

Rehabilitation and

maintenance reports

and adopted by 2015

Activity 3.1.5

Promote education and research on

preservation of culture through staff

training and provision of research

funds.

Ministry of

Tourism

Number of staff

trained and the type

of training, funds

allocated for

research

Activity 3.2.1

Fund the budget required for cultural

and historical sites managem

ent

Ministry of

Finance

Funds allocated

Activity 3.2.2

Develop and submit funding proposal

to secure the support m

anaging

cultural and historical sites

Departm

ent of

Antiquity and

Museum

Number of proposal

developed and

submitted, number

of successfully

funded proposals,

funds secured

Target 3.2

Ensure adequate

funding is available for

historical and cultural

sites managem

ent by

2015

Activity 3.2.3

Establish Zanzibar M

useum and

Heritage Fund and secure funding.

ZCT,

Departm

ent of

Antiquity and

Museum, and

other

stakeholders

Fund in place,

amount of secured

funding

66

CHAPTER SEVEN

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

7.1 Introduction

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan is designed

to ensure effective and efficient implementation of the plan and the sustainability of the intended

impacts. The M&E system is set up as a review mechanism to monitor the progress and assess

outcomes compared to the objectives, targets or expectations and strategies/actions. Monitoring

will be the tracking of the progress of implementation of the plan. Evaluation, on the other hand,

will be a critical objective appraisal of the overall planning process in the form of specific

milestones of achievement.

7.2 Monitoring

Monitoring of the Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be the overall responsibility of

the Zanzibar Commission for Tourism and should involve other closely related ministries/sectors

such as IMS, Fisheries department, forestry department, department of environment, and

department of antiquity. Tourism Plan implementation team/ task force within the ZCT, shall

periodically audit the implementation of the plan by collecting information related to the

monitoring of inputs/activities on quarterly basis and prepare reports reflecting the performance

of sector related to tourism. The team/ task force shall prepare and issue monitoring and

reporting guidelines to all officials who will be involved in the implementation and audit

exercise. Specific data collection instrument will need to be prepared while quarter year

performance summary will follow the format provided in Table 7.1. Monitoring will commence

immediately after starting the implementation of the Tourism Plan.

7.2.1 Monitoring Data Collection

The plan implementation team shall use the following in collecting data for plan monitoring:

• Preparation of detailed annual operational plans which shall be linked to resources

available and shall portray the quarterly targets showing the extent to which the

accomplishments of the operational plan are being met using the format given in Table 7.1.

• Physical observations and interviews/discussions with various stakeholders to get

informed insights and clarifications. A field observation schedule will be prepared by team

before making the physical observations.

67

• Conducting enquiries with the assistance of a questionnaire administered once every

year designed to obtain the impressions of various stakeholders so as to obtain any early

warning signs that may indicate potential problems during the implementation of the Plan.

• Summarize of the major recommendations for improving the rolling of the tourism Plan,

prepare annual operating plan for the subsequent year and the implementation and

monitoring process in the subsequent year.

Table 7.1: Format for Summarizing Progress on the Plan Implementation

Progress on the Implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan for the

Period Covering ..................................to........................... Management program.............................................................................................................

Plans Achievements Objective

Planned

Targets

Planned

Activities

Targets

achieved

Performed

Activities

Reasons

for

Deviation

Remedial

Actions

7.2.2 Monitoring Report Schedule

The reporting schedule will be in line with governmental financial year starting in July and

ending June the following year. For each financial year, mid-year and end of the year progress

reports will be prepared by the plan implementation team.

Mid-year Progress Report

Mid-year progress report for the implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan

will cover the period of July to December of each year of the plan implementation. Collection

and compilation of monitoring data shall be completed by end of January, and report to be

finalized by mid-February. In the narrative report, the plan implementation team should report

what have been achieved and the constraints for the last six months. Information should be

provided on how the constrains were addressed and way forward. Mid-year stakeholders’

workshop may be convened to discuss the progress in the implementation of the report and

provide suggestions for better implementation of the second half of the year.

68

End of Year Progress Report

End of the year progress report for the implementation of Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism

Plan will cover activities implemented in the period of January to June of each year of the plan

implementation with a summary of what was reported for the first half of the year July-December

for easy follow up of the report. The plan implementation team shall prepare the end of the year

progress report by mid-June and provide plan targets and activities for implementation in the

subsequent year (i.e., work plans). The plan should be finalized by end of July and by mid-

August of each year, end of the year stakeholders’ workshop to discuss progress on plan

implementation will be held to discuss the progress on the implementation of the report.

7.3 Evaluation

Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Plan will be subjected to two internal and external

evaluations. Internal evaluation will be done every two and a half years by the team from the

Zanzibar Commission of Tourism, and the external evaluation will be done by mid-term of the

plan implementation (after five years) and end of plan implementation (after ten years) by

commissioned independent team of experts. Selection of the appropriate evaluators will consider

relevant technical skills, evaluation skills and experience in similar organizations/assignments.

Internal and external evaluation team shall be approved by the Zanzibar Commission of Tourism

or other mandated body.

Both internal and external evaluation teams will be provided with Terms of References (ToR)

which will have objectively:

• Assessing the reasons for success or failure of specific aspects of the plan,

• Assessing whether the plan is achieving its objectives and targets,

• Finding out whether the effects of the plan are contributing to a better fulfillment of the

Zanzibar tourism mission and vision,

• Assessing the adequacy of resources being mobilized to implement the plan,

• Determining whether available resources are being utilized efficiently to achieve the

targets set for each objective of the plan,

• Determining whether the planning process and implementation is facing any problems

that need immediate or long-term solutions.

Both internal and external evaluations shall cover but not limited to the following:

• Subject of the evaluation,

69

• Methodology to be adopted, data collection procedures, sampling procedures, indicators

to be used, basis for comparisons, etc.,

• Analysis of the field findings,

• Evaluation of the achievements and,

• Feedback of evaluation of findings.

Both the internal and external evaluators will have the mandate to decide on other additional

issues to be included or evaluated and agreed by Zanzibar Commission of Tourism in advance.

Additional issues will be agreed at the de-briefing meeting between the ZCT Management and

the evaluators and subject to the approval by ZCT. The evaluation reports will be discussed at

progress review workshops and the recommendations adopted will be implemented and included

in the rolled over Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Management Plan.

7.4 Plan Review

Zanzibar Marine and Coastal Tourism Management Plan shall be reviewed and rolled every two

and half years which will be in line with the block of operational plan. The review will be based

on the internal and external review recommendations from plan progress workshops held

biannually and/or annually. The aspect of rolling forward of the plan will make the plan dynamic

as it will always take on board achievements/developments made both internally as well as

externally.

70

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may-august-peak-season (accessed on 6th Sept. 2012)

75

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: List of tourism stakeholders consulted

SN Date

Venue

Office

Official met

Position

Contact

1

17/02/2012 Unguja

MACEMP

Mr. Kombo

Ram

la Talia

Manager

Ass. Manager

P.O. Box 295, Zanzibar, Tanzania

2

18/02/2012 Unguja

Gallaxy

Lucy Njeri

3

18/02/2012 Unguja

Zanzibar Unique

ltd

Yunus

Sales and Reservation

Manager

P.O. Box 1759, Zanzibar, Tanzania

Tel: +255773700089

www.zanzibarunique.com

email:reservations@

zanzibarunique.com

4

18/02/2012 Unguja

ZanTours

Ally Y. Ibaraja

Peter M

abaraga

Hr & Admin M

anager

Reservation M

anager

Migim

bani street,

P.O. Box: 2560,

Zanzibar, Tanzania

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.zantours.com

5

19/02/2012 Unguja

Kendwa Rocks (H

)

P.O Box 3939

Zanzibar, Tanzania

(+255) 774415473/4/5

6

19/02/2012 Unguja

Mnarani Beach

Cottages Ltd

Shaban Abdallah

Front office Supervisor

P.O Box: 3361 North Coast, Nungwi,

Zanzibar – Tanzania

Tel: +255(0)242240494

Fax: +255(0)242240494

Email: m

narani@

zanlink.com

www.lighhthousezanzibar.com

7

19/02/2012 Unguja

Mnarini Marine

Turtles

Conservation

Mr. M

ataka Moham

ed

Abdallah

Bwana Kasa

Assistant

8

19/02/2012 Unguja

DIA

MONDS LA

GEMMA

DELL’EST

Sabrina

Front office Supervisor

P.O. Box 2019. Nungwi road, Zanzibar,

Tanzania.

Tel:+255242240087.

Fax:+255242240089,

76

Email:info.gem

ma@

planhotel.com

www.planhotel.com

9

20/02/2012 Unguja

Commission for

Tourism

in

Zanzibar

Mr. Ali – Khalil M

irza Director General

P.O Box 1410, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

Tel-G

en:+25524233485/6

Tel-D

ir:+255242233447

Fax:+255242233448.

Mob:+255777411427

Email:marketing@zanzibartourism

.net

Website: www.zanzibartourism

.net

10 21/02/2012 Unguja

Ministry of Trade,

Industry and

Marketing

Jahir M

ussa Ahmed &

Kham

is M

. Yussuf

Senior Trade Officers

P.O. Box. 601, Malindi, Unguja,

Zanzibar

Email: kham

ismaalim@hotm

ail.com

Website:www.tradezanzibar.info

Tel:+255242233274. Fax:

+255242233274. Mob:0777450769,

0715100735

11 21/02/2012 Unguja

Tanzania Revenue

Authority

Mbaruku Hussi

Ag. Manager

Domestic Revenue

Departm

ent

12 21/02/2012 Unguja

Zanzibar Revenue

Board

Moham

ed Amour

Moham

ed

Finance M

anager &

Ag.

Commission M

anager

ZSSF Building, Kilim

ani Road. P.O

Box: 2072,

Tel: +255242230639/2233041

Fax:+255242233904,

Mob:0777474924

Email:am

oddy@hotm

ail.com

13 21/02/2012 Unguja

Ministry of

Infrastructure and

communication

Rajab Uweje

Director of Human

Resource and

Administration

14 21/02/2012 Unguja

Departm

ent of

Environment

Sihaba Hajivuai

Ass. Director & Natural

Resource Dept

15 21/02/2012 Unguja

Institute of Marine

Science

Dr. Jidaw

i Narim

an

Senior lecturer of Marine

sciences & HoD

16 21/02/2012 Unguja

Antiquities

Faki Othman

Marine Archeologist

+255776572232

77

Dr. Amina Issa

Director dept of Antiquity

and m

useum

+255777418048

17 21/02/2012 Unguja

Ministry of Land,

Housing and

Energy

18 21/02/2012 Unguja

Zanzibar

Commission for

Tourism

Mr. Said A. Othman

Mr. M

ussa Aboud

Jumbe

Senior Tourism

Officer

Director, Fisheries

0777 416 408

19 21/02/2012 Unguja

Division of

Fisheries

Menay Bay

20 22/02/2012 Unguja

Ministry of

Labour, Economic

Empowerment

Ameir A. Ameir

Labour Commissioner

P.O. Box: 3308, Zanzibar – Tanzania,

Fax:+255242231879

Mob:+255777478760

Email:am

ealiam

[email protected]

21 22/02/2012 Unguja

Zanzibar

Investm

ent

Promotion

Authority

Ms. Nana R. Mwanjisi Investm

ent promotion

Manager

P.O. Box 2286 Zanzibar – Tanzania

Tel:+255-24-233026/2237353

Fax:+255-24-2232737

Email:zipaznz@

zanzinet.com

:zipa@

zanzinet.com

Personal: nmwanjisi@hotm

ail.com

22 22/02/2012 Unguja

ZATI

Julia Bishop

Director

23 22/02/2012 Unguja

Livestock Division Mr. Ham

is Sim

ba

Senior Livestock

Research Officer

kham

is.sim

ba@

gmail.com

24 23/02/2012 Unguja

RC – Kask Unguja

office

Pem

be Juma

Ally Ally M

akam

e Regional Commissioner

Regional Admin. Officer

25 23/02/2012 Unguja

DC – Kask ‘A’

Unguja office

Mh. Riziki Juma Sim

ai

– DC Kaskazini A

78

Mr. Ali M

zee Haji -

Afisa Taw

ala Kask A

Mr. Ali Shauri Shela -

Afisa Elimu Kask A

Mr. Ame Haji Ame -

Afisa utumishi

Mr. Dude Juma Ame -

Afisa M

aji

Ms. Rizaki Hassan

Ibrahim

- Afisa Vizazi

na Vifo

Mr. Haji Jabir - Afisa

Afya

26 23/02/2012 Unguja

DC – Kask ‘B’

Unguja office

Mr. Amour Ham

is -

Ms.

Andikalo Vuai -

Afisa Taw

ala Kask B

Afisa Utumishi Kask B

27 24/02/2012 Unguja

DC – W

ilaya ya

Kati Office

Ally Kassim M

oham

ed D

istrict Commissioner

28 24/02/2012 Unguja

Jozani Community Kassim Rajab

Villager

29 24/02/2012 Unguja

Halmashauri ya

Wilaya ya kusini

Unguja

Kassim M

toro Abu

Katibu wa Halmashauri

30 24/02/2012 Unguja

Kitongani

community

Rajab. Mw. Mbwato -

villag

Vuai Haji Msheba -

Villager

Iddi Hassan Ame -

Villager

Hassan M

safiri Tungu

– Villg.

Sim

ai Haji Pandu -

79

Villager

Sim

ai Ameir Ally -

Villager

31 24/02/2012 Unguja

Shehia ya pete

Amir Sim

ai

Sheha

32 25/02/2012 Unguja

Mkokotoni –

Tondoo village

Kham

is Kikuni

M/kt kam

ati ya wavuvi &

Balozi

26/02/2012 Travel to / Arrival in Pemba

34 27/02/2012 Pem

ba

Commission for

tourism

Mr. Suleim

an, and

other employees

Mdham

in (Pem

ba)

35 27/02/2012 Pem

ba

Kidike

Mr. Kombo Ally

Ham

ad

Chair person: Kidike

environmental

conservation club

36 27/02/2012 Pem

ba

Michew

eni District

Council

Abdallah Ally Said –

(M/kt),

Kombo Khasan Ham

is

– (Ward director),

Omary Kham

is Ally –

(Law

yer),

Bi. M

iza Juma – (Proc.

Officer),

Ham

ad Kombo Faki –

(karani Masijala),

Mwalim

Masud Aman

– (Revenue Officer)

37 27/02/2012 Pem

ba

Ngezi Vumaw

imbi

Nature forest

reserve

Mwadini Makam

e Officer In-charge

38 27/02/2012 Pem

ba

Manta Resort south

Pem

ba

Sandy

Mr. M

athew

Ass. Manager

Director

39 28/02/2012 Pem

ba

Fundu Lagoon

Resort Hotel

William

Leonard Kim

a Assistant Manager

40 28/02/2012 Pem

ba

Bandari ya

Bakari Omary

80

Chokocho –

Neglected Hotel

(Mlinzi),

Ame Vuai Shein

(Katibu kam

ati ya

maendeleo),

Haji juma Ally

(Captain)

41 28/02/2012 Pem

ba

Panolama Beach

Resort

Kasim

Kham

is Juma

Manager

42 29/02/2012 Pem

ba

Misali Island

Moham

ed Said

Suleim

an

Ranger

81

Appendix 2: Zanzibar leading tourist attractions

Zanzibar top ten (10)

things to see and/or do

Music and

celebration

Zanzibar excursions Ruins

i. Stone town tour

ii. Pange sandbank

iii. Dinner at Forodhani night market

iv. Unwind on the beaches of Zanzibar

v. Diving or snorkelling at Mnemba attol

vi. Misali Island

vii. Ngezi Forest

viii. Get up close and personal with Dolphins

ix. Take a local cooking class

x. Festivals – Sauti za Busara, Zanzibar International Film Festival and Mwaka Kogwa

i. Taarab

ii. Kidumbak

iii. Ngoma

iv. Unyago

v. Beni

vi. Bi Kidude

i. Spice tours

ii. Princess Salme trip

iii. Slave routes of Zanzibar

iv. Jozani Forest

v. Dolphin tours

vi. Whale watching

vii. Diving and snorkelling

viii. Deep sea fishing

ix. Safari blue

x. Sunset or sunrise cruise

xi. Prison island trip

xii. Sand bank picnic

i. Maruhubi Palace

ii. Mtoni Palace

iii. Kidichi Persian Baths

iv. Kizimkazi Baths

v. Mwangapwani coral cave

vi. Bi Khole Ruins

vii. Mbweni Ruins

viii. Beit El Ras

ix. Dunga Ruins

Source: ZATI (2012)

82

Appendix 3: List of cultural sites in Pemba

Ruins Underwater sites

Banana mission, Bandari Kuu archaeological site, Bohara Mosque (Chake Chake), Chake Chake Fort and battery, Chake Chake Mosque, Chambani Mjini, Chwaka Great Mosque

Sultan Khalifa’s Boat

Chwaka (Mazrui site), Chwaka Haruni’s tomb, Chwaka archaeological site, Chwaka small “Pea” mosque, Dongoni Mission, Finga house, Finga mosque, Jambangome

Kokota Island Underwater Well

Kaliwa archaeological site, Kichokochwe, Kimelian (Fundo Island), Kimimba archaeological site, Kiungoni mosque, Kiwani mosque, Makongwe house archaeological site

Ras Mkumbuu Underwater House

Ole Mandani mosque, Ole mandani archaeological site, Matumbi Makubwa Lighthouse, Mduuni, Misali island caves, Mitondooni archaeological site (Panza Island), Mkia wa ng’ombe mosque and tomb, Msuka mjini mosque, Mtambwe mkuu archaeological site

Ras Mkumbuu Underwater Road

Mtangani mosque, Panza island graves archaeological site, Pujini (Mkame Ndume) archaeological site, Ras Kigomasha Lighthouse station, Ras Mkumbuu archaeological site, Shamiani mosque (Kiweni island), Shengejuu, Tumbe archaeological site, Verani (lying at the edge of Ngezi forest), Vitongoji tomb

Paraportiani

Old mosques still in use

Chake chake mosque, Kiuyu mosque, Kojani, Micheweni, Shumba, Wingwi

Source: Horton & Clark 1985; MACEMP, 2006.

83

Appendix 4: List of Cultural Sites, Monuments and under water sites in Unguja

Site/Monument Under water sites

Chwaka, Fukuchani, Jongowe/Tumbatu island, Kizimkazi, Mkokotoni, Mvuleni, Pwani deburi, Shangani, Shungi, Unguja Ukuu, Uro, Zanzibar gereza, Beit El Rais, Chuini, Chukwani, Dunga, Kidichi, Kizimbani, Mangapwani, Maruhubi, Mbweni, Mtoni, Sebleni, Zanzibar Anglican Cathedral, Zanzibar Hamani Baths, Livingstone’s house, Malindi mosque , Persian well

Glorongay (Northeast), H.M.S. Pegasus (West of Stone Town), Colleen (West of Stone Town), Glasgow pos. 1 (West of Stone Town), Glasgow pos. 2 (West of Stone Town), Penguin (West of Stone Town), Great Northern (West of Stone Town), Adale O’Swald (West of Stone Town), El Majid (West of Stone Town), Royal Navy Lighter & Barge (West of Stone Town), Fumba Kwale

Source: Horton & Clark (1985); MACEMP (2006).

84

Appendix 5: Current accommodation status in Zanzibar*

Number Number of employees

Grades Hotels Rooms Beds Foreigners Zanzibaris Mainlanders

five stars 24 1719 3325 277 1627 1184

four stars 9 573 1048 331 359 291

three stars 23 738 1305 56 816 394

two stars 19 414 774 24 422 229

one star 43 664 1270 71 756 290

AA 34 407 765 36 283 91

A 174 1876 3499 99 1527 409

Total 326 6391 11986 894 5790 2888

Source: Data taken from ZCT, 2011

*Accommodations - hotels ranked from A grade to Five stars.

85

Appendix 6a: List of workshop participants - Unguja

S/N

o

Name Institution/

Organisation

Contacts (email and phone

number)

1 Thabit. A. Abdulrahman ZATO 0773173456, email: [email protected]

2 Ilyas R. Nassor ZCT 0777423787 email: [email protected]

3 Maabad Jaffar Muhidin ZCT 0777410252 email: [email protected]

4 Dr. N.S. Jiddawi IMS 0777423183 email: [email protected]

5 Dr. Miraji U.Ussi ZCT 0777671170 email: [email protected]

6 Aviwa .I. Makame ZCT 0777423827 email: [email protected]

7 Ally H. Kombo MACEMP 0777457262 email: [email protected]

8 Tira A. Ndohele ZCT 0777417123 email: [email protected]

9 Juma Shomary MICTS 0777416035 email: [email protected]

10 Aziz Ramadhan Bonzo ZATOGA 0777497876 email: [email protected]

11 Yussy Kombo MACEMP 0713459447 email:

12 Ali Khalil Mirji Director General, ZCT email:

13 Omar, M.K VP OFFICE email:

14 Moh’d W. Fikirini ZCT 0773104087 email: [email protected]

15 Khalifa M. Makame ZATO 0777413585 email: infonzato.or.tz

16 Ali Vuai Juma Department of Museum And Antiquities

0777842896 email: [email protected]

17 Julia Bishop ZATI 0779412603 email:

18 Amour M. Ali ZCT 0777416253 email: [email protected]

19 Abbas M. Mohamed ZITOD 0777424293 email: [email protected]

20 Said Ali Said ZRB 0777412544 email:

21 Abin R. Mdowe ARDHI/DOLR 0777863209 email: [email protected]

22 Makame M. Haji Dept. of environment 0777427633 email: [email protected]

23 Amour A. Mbarak ZIPA 0773049473 email:

24 Rashid A. Juma Zanzibar Municipality 0777411892 email:

25 Rajab Salum Rajab Zanzibar Municipality 0773092031 email: [email protected]

26 Abdallah Hamed .A. TOUR GUIDE 0714664652 email:

27 Said A. Othman ZCT 0777416143 email: [email protected]

86

Appendix 6b: List of workshop participants - Pemba

S/No Names(s) in full Institution/organisation Contacts. Phone number &

emails

1 Ayoub Khamis Abdulla ZCT 0773136186 Email: [email protected]

2 Mgeni Nassor Mohammed

Dept. Of Fisheries 0777486129; Email: [email protected]

3 Time Mohammed Mussa Dept. Of Museum and Antiquity

0773228868

4 Khamis Rashid Juma Forestry 0773885777

5 Mgaa Said Mgaa Mkoa wa Kaskazini 0776814156

6 Mohamed A. Juma ZCT 0773109365; Email: [email protected]

7 Nassor R. Kombo ZCT 0773237364

8 Salama Ahmada Majaliwa

Mkoa kusini Pemba 0778862376; Email: [email protected]

9 Hassanat Muhydin Mohd Community 0772808083

10 Hamad Khamis Hamad Baraza la Mji Wete 0777413320; Email: [email protected]

11 Suleiman Amour Suleiman

ZCT 0777418364; Email: [email protected]

12 Mtumwa Mabrouk Kheir ZIPA 0777415508; Email: [email protected]

13 Salum Abdalla Said ZRB 0773180065; Email: [email protected]

14 Ali Othman Mussa DOE 0777005626; Email: [email protected]

15 Nasra A. Massoud Ministry of Labour 0779876190; Email: [email protected]

16 Abdulla M. Rashid TTCL 0777970084; Email: [email protected]

17 Moh’d H. Ali PATI 0778665071; Email: [email protected]

18 Rabia R. Omar Ministry of Social Welfare, Youth, Women and Children Development /Community

0777478761; Email: [email protected]

19 SharifMohamed Fisheries / MACEMP 0772456169; Email: [email protected]

20 Nassor .S. Zahraw Chake Chake Town Council

0777420137

21 Mmanga J. Ali District Council 0777430743; Email: [email protected]

22 Haji Khamis Haji Baraza la Mji Mkoa kusini 0778442957

23 Abdullah A. Ussi ZCT 0777423407; Email: [email protected]