The Progressive Era

• Chiefly middle-class residents of U.S. Cities– Doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers

• Cared for the poor and the less fortunate and insisted on honesty in public life.• Believed that honest government and just laws could improve human condition.• Challenged fixed notions that stood in the way of reform

Attack …

The abuses of _______________

Rate-fixing practices of _____________

___________ labor in factories & mines

Corruption of big-city political machines

Women’s ________________

____________________ programs

Civil service

Better pay & shorter hours for workers

•Informed the public about the “dirty” realities of party politics

•Told of scandalous conditions in factories and slums

______________________

Famous MuckrakersFamous Muckrakers• Henry Demarest LloydHenry Demarest Lloyd

– Atlantic Monthly:Atlantic Monthly: Attacked practices of Standard Oil Co.

• Samuel Sidney _____________ Samuel Sidney _____________ and Lincoln _____________and Lincoln _____________

– McClure’s MagazineMcClure’s Magazine: Published shocking exposés of political and economic corruption.

• Jacob RiisJacob Riis

– How the Other Half Lives:How the Other Half Lives: Articles on tenement life.

Lincoln

Steffens • 1903 – ___________ ____ ______ ________

• Political Corruption

• Companies charging high fees – Government supported?!

• Works of the Political Machine EXPOSED!

“The visitor [to St. Louis] is told of the wealth of the residents, of the financial strength of the banks, and of the growing importance of the industries; yet he sees poorly paved, refuse-burdened streets, and dusty or mud-covered alleys; he passes a ramshackle firetrap crowded with the sick and learns that it is the City Hospital…Finally he turns a tap in the hotel to see liquid mud flow into [the] wash basin or bathtub.”

- Lincoln Steffens and Claude Wetmore, “Corruption and Reform in St. Louis,” McClure’s Magazine, October 1902

Jacob Riis• New York Evening Sun

• Crowded, unsafe, rat-infested _____________ buildings

“Long ago it was said that ‘one half of the world does not know how the other half lives.’… It did not know because it did not care.”

Upton Sinclair• The ____________

• Related the despair of immigrants working in Chicago’s stockyards

• Revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry

Handout – Reading on The Jungle

Reforms in Society

• Social ____________• Settlement House• Protecting Children and Improving

________• Helping _______________ Workers

Social Gospel• Apply Christian

principles to society

• Walter Rauschenbusch – Christianity and the Social Crisis

• Protestant followers – urged end of child labor and shorter work week

• Limit the power of corporations and trusts

Settlement House• Provided social services

• Classes for mothers on child care

• Taught English to immigrants

• Theater, art, and dance classes for adults

• Jane ____________ – Hull House in 1889

• 1911- more than 400 settlement houses in U.S.A

The Children…• Florence __________ – National Child Labor

Committee which led to the U.S. Children’s Bureau in 1912

• 1938 – Child labor ended

The Fight to End Child Laborhttp://www.history.com/topics/child-labor/videos#the-fight-to-end-child-labor

Improving Education

• Laws passed requiring children to attend school• What should they learn?

– Work skills?– Literature and music?– Girls learn different subjects than boys?

• John _____________ – criticized American schools– Memorize facts but needed to think creatively– History and Geography– Cooking and Carpentry

Helping Industrial Workers• 1900s – highest rate of

industrial accidents in the world

• Long hours, poor ventilation, hazardous fumes, unsafe machinery

• 30,000/year died on the job – another half a million injured

• Compensation laws• Limit work hours• 1905 –_______________v.

New York – such laws unconstitutional

Political Reforms in Cities and States

The Cornerstone of Progressive ideology was faith in Democracy

• Voter Participation

• Municipal Reform

• State Reform

• Australian/ ____________ BallotAustralian/ ____________ Ballot

– Required voters to mark their choices secretly within the privacy of a curtained booth

• Direct PrimariesDirect Primaries

– Robert La Follette introduced method of nominating party candidates by majority vote

• Direct Election of U.S. SenatorsDirect Election of U.S. Senators

– _____________ Amendment: Required all U.S. Senators to be elected by popular vote

Voter Participation

Voter Participation (cont.)

• Initiative, Referendum, RecallInitiative, Referendum, Recall

☺____________________: Voters could compel the legislature to consider a bill

☺____________________: Allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots

☺______________: Enabled voters to remove a corrupt politician by

majority vote

Municipal Reform

• Comprehensive Program of Municipal Reform– Mayor Samuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones

introduced it– Included free kindergartens, night schools,

and public playgrounds• Controlling Public Utilities

– Cities came to own/operate gas lines, electric power plants, urban transportation systems

• Commissions and City Managers– Voters elected heads of city departments

State Reform

• “Wisconsin Idea”- Series of Progressive measures; included direct primary law, tax reform, regulation of railroad rates.

• Hiram Johnson, governor of California – Direct primary, initiative, referendum, and recall; careful use of natural resources

• Teddy _____________– Fair system for hiring state workers; corporations pay taxes

• Woodrow _________ – Reduced railroads’ power; direct primary law

WOMEN MAKE PROGRESSSection 2

“It was a world of greed; the human being didn’t mean anything. The hours were from 7:30 in to the morning to 6:30 at night when it wasn’t busy. When the season was on we worked until 9:00. No overtime pay, not even supper money…When you were told Saturday afternoon through a sign on the elevator, ‘If you don’t come in on Sunday, you needn’t come in on Monday,’ what choice did you have? You had no choice.”

- Pauline Newman, organizer of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union AND employee at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Packet along with questions on the “History of Women’s Rights” – with the help of your textbook: pages 836-856

Reformers Champion Working Women’s Rights

• Limit number of work hours – success– 1903 Oregon law capped women’s workdays at 10 hours

– 1908 –__________________ v. Oregon: Long hours harmed working women and their families

– Women could be “properly placed in a class” by themselves – same laws not allowed for men

• Women paid less than men for same job – used same ruling

• Florence ________________ – Women hurt by unfair prices on goods

• National Consumers League (NCL)– Special labels to “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working

conditions”

• Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL)– Minimum wage; 8-hour work day

Changes in Family Life• Temperance Movement led by the Women’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU)– _______th Amendment – outlawed the production and sale

of alcohol

• Margaret _______________– Fewer children; First birth control clinic

– 1921 – American Birth Control League: Information on family planning

• Ida Wells– National Association of Colored Women (NACW): help

less fortunate; set up daycare centers to protect and educate black children

Suffrage• Carrie ____________ _________

– National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

– “Winning Plan”• 1. Lobbied Congress to pass a

constitutional amendment

• 2. Referendum process for state suffrage laws

– “Society Plan”• Recruit wealthy, well-educated women

• African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Jewish immigrants : “suffragettes”

The Campaign for Women’s Suffrage

Militant suffragists– Alice ___________ formed the National Women’s

party in 1916 - took more aggressive action• ________________ Amendment (1920)

– 1920 - granted women’s right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national level

The Progressive era was a time of increased activism and optimism for a new generation of

feminists

Sufferin’ Till Suffragehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3dPF0SGh_PQ

THE STRUGGLE AGAINST DISCRIMINATION

Section 3

African Americans in the Progressive Era

• African Americans were, for the most part, ignored by the Progressive presidents and governors

• Progressives did nothing about segregation and lynching for 2 reasons:– They shared in the general prejudice of the

times– They considered other reforms to be more

important since they benefited everyone in American society, not just one group

Mob Justice

Between 1890 and 1920, there were 3,107 reported lynchings in the United States. In 4 out of 5 lynchings, the victim was an African American.

Two Approaches: Washington and Du

Bois__________________

• Stressed economics– Thought that blacks

should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages

______________• Stressed civil rights

– Argued that political and social rights were a prerequisite for economic independence

Carrie Chapman Catt is to Booker T. Washington as ______________________ is to _____________________________

__________Migration

• Between 1910 and 1930, about one million blacks traveled north to seek jobs in the cities

• Motivating their decision to leave the South were:

– Deteriorating race relations– Destruction of their cotton

crops by the boll weevil– Job opportunities in northern

factories that opened up when white workers were drafted in World War I

Assignment: On a sheet of paper that you will turn in and with the use of your textbook, pages 228-232, write 2-3 COMPLETE sentences about each of the African American Civil Rights Organizations. Include the people behind/involved in the organizations, and the main goals of each organization.

Civil Rights Organizations

• In 1905, W.E.B. Du Bois and a group of black intellectuals started the Niagara Movement

• On Lincoln’s birthday in 1908, Du Bois and the Niagara Movement formed the ___________

• National Urban League formed in 1911 to help those migrating from the South to northern cities

Reducing Prejudice and Protecting Rights

• 1913 Anti-________________ League: Defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks, false statements

• Mutualistas: Help provide loans and legal assistance to Mexican American workers

– Supreme Court ruled against the group

• Native Americans – Carlos Montezuma: Society of American Indians (1911)

– Preserve cultures and avoid being dependent on the government

• Asian Americans – Not U.S. citizens; land in children’s names; Supreme Court ruled against the group

Great Progressive Presidents

These men sought broad reforms and These men sought broad reforms and regulations on the national level.regulations on the national level.

_______(1908-1912)

__________(1912-1920)

___________(1904-1908)

President Theodore Roosevelt’s background and

“Square Deal” handout.

Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Presidencyhttp://www.history.com/videos/theodore-roosevelts-rise-to-

presidency

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt• Youngest President in U.S. History

(42)• Took office after ______________

assassination (Sept. 1901)• Roosevelt’s Reforms:

– “___________ Deal”– Trust-busting– Railroad regulation– Consumer protection– Conservation

Roosevelt’s ReformsRoosevelt’s Reforms• “___________ Deal” Deal”

– Roosevelt favored business and labor equally– Crisis involving strike of coal miners led to a granting of

a 10% wage increase and 9 hour day to the miners•Trust-BustingTrust-Busting

• He enforced Sherman Antitrust Act

• Broke monopolies of Northern Securities Co. and Standard Oil

• “Bad Trust”- harmed public and bullied competition

• “Good Trust”- through efficiency and low prices dominated a market.

Trust-Busting Reading

http://www.history.com/videos/theodore-roosevelt-vs-corporate-america

• Railroad Regulation– Passed 2 laws to strengthen

powers of Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

– ____________Act (1903)- Gave ICC greater power to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored costumers

– __________ Act (1906)- ICC could fix “just and reasonable” rates for railroads.

• __________________________________________(1906)- Forbade manufacturer, sale, and transportation of adulterated or mislabeled foods and drugs.• ______________________(

1906)- Federal inspectors would visit meatpacking plants to ensure standards of sanitation were met.

Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection

Made use of the ________________Act (1891)

• Set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve that could not be sold to private interests.

– Passed National _______________ Act (1902)

• Provided money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects on western states.

• Built dams and created reservoirs – move water along for other states

– National ___________ ______Commission was established

• Established by Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania

• Forests and other natural resources be preserved, but for public use

Conservation

Preserve the Beauty

On March 1, 1872, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States. By 1920 there were 15 national parks—including Alaska’s Denali (formerly Mount McKinley), opened in 1899, and Hawaii Volcanoes, opened in 1916. In 1916 the National Parks Service was created to ensure that the natural beauty of the United States would be preserved for future generations to enjoy.

Map Key:  

B = Federal Bird Preserve F = National Forest

G = Federal Game Preserve M = National Monument

P = National Park R = Reclamation Project

yellow = Federal Bird Preservesgreen = National Forestsbrown = National Game Preservesred = National Monumentsorange = National Parksblue = Reclamation Projects.

National Park Interactivehttp://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?

fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=nep&wcsuffix=0407

Theodore Roosevelt’s Acts and Legacyhttp://www.history.com/videos/theodore-roosevelts-

acts-and-legacy

Similarities and Differences between Roosevelt and Taft handout

Handout on Taft’s Presidency

* * Taft’s PresidencyTaft’s Presidency * *

• Had served in Roosevelt’s cabinet as Secretary of __________

• Nominated by the Republican party in 1908 and defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan

Important Events:• More trust-busting and conservation• Split in the Republican Party

Trust-BustingTrust-Busting• Continued Roosevelt’s Progressive

policies• Ordered the prosecution of almost twice

the number of antitrust cases as his predecessor

ConservationConservation•Established the Bureau of Mines•Added large tracts in the Appalachians to the national forest reserves•Set aside federal oil lands

More Progressive MeasuresMore Progressive Measures

• ______________________________- 1909– Taft angered Progressives in his party by

signing the tariff bill and making a public statement in its defense

• ______________________________ – 1910– Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission

the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies

• ___________________th Amendment - 1913– Authorized US government to collect income

tax

• “New __________________” – Restore the government’s trust-busting power

• “Strong as a “_______________________”

• 3rd presidential term

• Republican Party Split

• Progressives backed Roosevelt – formed Progressive Party

• Jane Addams nominated Roosevelt in 1912 election

• Republicans nominated Taft

Roosevelt Forms the Bull Moose Partyhttp://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-forms-bull-moose-party

The Election of 1912

• Candidates:– Taft (Republican)– Roosevelt

(Progressive/Bull Moose)

– Wilson (Democratic)

– Debs (Socialist)

• Campaign:– Mainly a battle

between Roosevelt and Wilson

• Results:– Wilson - 435

electoral votes, 41% popular

– Roosevelt - 88 electoral, 27% popular

– Taft - 8 electoral, 23 % popular

– Debs - no electoral, 6% popular

• Looked much like Roosevelt’s New Nationalism

• Place strict government controls on corporations

“The man with only a little capital is finding it harder to get into the field, more and more impossible to compete with the big fellow. Why? Because the laws of this country do not prevent the strong from crushing the weak.”

- Woodrow Wilson, “The New Freedom,” 1913

Woodrow Wilson’s Woodrow Wilson’s Progressive ProgramProgressive Program

• Tariff reduction– _______________________Tariff

(1913) lowered tariffs for the first time in 50 years

• _________________________reform– Proposed a national banking

system with 12 district banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board

• Business regulation– _________________Antitrust Act– ___ederal ___rade ___ommission

• Other reforms– Workingman’s

Compensation Act (1916)

– Adamson Act: 8 hr. work days for railroad employees

CausesGrowth of Industry

Growth of Cities

THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT

Political

- Party primaries

- Split in Republican party, 1912

- Decline of machine politics

- Votes for women

Social

- Laws protecting workers

- Settlement houses and social work

-Birth control for women

- Beginning of civil rights movement for African Americans

Economic

- Conservation of land and water

- Regulation of business

- Lower tariffs

- Reformed banking system

- Federal income tax

Effects