The Past Participle and the Present Perfect Indicative

(El participio pasado y el presente perfecto de indicativo)

He limpiado el virus de su computadora y

he instalado un programa antivirus.

ido

For -ar verbs:Start with the infinitive . . .

cerrar

remove the verb ending . . .and add ado.

adoFor -er and -ir verbs:

Start with the infinitive . . . remove the verb ending . . .and add ido.

venderido

recibir

How the past participle is formed

How the past participle is formedThe past participle is used in Spanish and English as an adjective or as part of the perfect tenses. In English, it is usually the -ed or -en form of the verb.

tomartomado (taken)

comercomido (eaten)

vivirvivido (lived)

creer believedcreído

An accent mark is used when a past participle has the combination of vowels ai, ei, or oi.

leer readleído

oír heardoído

traer broughttraído

How the past participle is formedThe following verbs have irregular past participles.

abrir openedabierto

cubrir coveredcubierto

morir deadmuerto

decir saiddicho

descubrir discovereddescubierto

poner putpuesto

romper brokenroto

escribir writtenescrito

hacer done; madehecho

ver seenvisto

volver returnedvuelto

The past participle used as a verbThe present perfect in English and Spanish is considered a compound tense because its forms require two verbs.

haberto have

yotú

él, ella, Ud.nosotros/asvosotros/as

ellos/as, Uds.

hehashahemoshabéishan

I have

he, she has, you haveyou have

we haveyou (pl.) havethey, you (pl.) have

takeneatenlived

Past participlePast participle

tomadocomidovivido

In Spanish, the present perfect is formed with the present tense of the verb haber + past participle.

In English, the present perfect is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb to have + past participle.

The past participle used as a verbIn general, the present perfect is used to refer to a past action that is perceived as having some bearing on the present.

¿Ya has usado la impresora?

Have you already used the printer?

Estoy buscando el cajero automático. ¿Lo has visto?

I’m looking for the automatic teller. Have you seen it?

The past participle used as a verbThe auxiliary verb haber agrees with the subject of the sentence. The past participle, however, is invariable when used in the perfect tense. It always ends in o.

Mi jefe me ha dado un teléfono celular muy bueno.

My boss has given me a very good cell phone.

Marisa ha preparado la hoja electrónica.Marisa has prepared the spreadsheet.

The past participle used as a verbThe auxiliary verb haber and the past participle cannot be separated by another word. Object pronouns and negative words are always placed before haber.

No la he preparado.I haven’t prepared it.

¿La has abierto?Have you opened it?

The past participle used as a verbIt is important to remember that the present perfect in English is often contracted, particularly in everyday speech. Such contractions do not exist in Spanish.

Has leído el informe, ¿verdad?You’ve read the report, right?

Sí, lo he leído varias veces.

Yes, I’ve read it several times.

The past participle used as a verbThe verb haber is not interchangeable with tener. Haber means to have only when used as an auxiliary verb with the past participle. Tener means to have or to own in the sense of possession.

Julia tiene muchos amigos en esa empresa.Julia has many friends in that company.

¿Has tenido experiencia en hacer diseños?Have you had experience in doing designs?

To have just . . .The present tense of the verb acabar, to finish, is used with de + infinitive in order to describe events that have just happened.

Acabamos de ver la videoconferencia.

We have just seen the videoconference.

Acaban de borrar el archivo.

They have just erased the file.

The past participle used as an adjectiveIn both English and Spanish, the past participle may be used as an adjective to modify a noun. The Spanish past participle used as an adjective agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies.

Vimos las conferencias grabadas por nuestro supervisor.

We saw the conferences recorded by our supervisor.

Hay muchos programas escritos en Visual Basic.

There are many programs written in Visual Basic.

The verb estar may be used with the past participle to describe a state or condition resulting from a previous action. When used with estar, the past participle is an adjective and agrees in number and gender with the noun it modifies.

El libro está cerrado.

La puerta está cerrada.

Los escritorios están vendidos.

Las computadoras están vendidas.

The past participle used as an adjective

FIN