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INFORMACION BASICA PARA CURSO DE INGLES
BASIC INFORMATION FOR ENGLISH COURSE
ELABORADO POR: ING. EDSON RODRIGUEZ
FEBRERO 2010
Pronunciación
Letras Pronunciación
A eiB biC ciD diE iF efG yi H eichI aiJ jey K kei L elM emN en O ouP pi Q kiúR arS esT tiU iu V viW dóbliu X exY uay Z zi
A: Tiene 3 sonidosSonido corto, entre la a y la e example man, rat, pat, gas Sonido medio como la a en español example ask, dance, sofa, facilitySonido abierto como la a en español example arm, father, and, anSonido largo, equivalente a ei example play, name, same, stateSonido equivalente a ea example care, air, prepare, dareCombinacion wa , suena como o example water, war, warm, wagon
B: Sonido similar al español, pero mas explosive
Example Better, bib, but, best
C:Sonido similar al español en palabras combinadas, ca, co cu, cla, cle, cli, clo, cra, cre, cru, car example copper, current, clan, clean, climate, closed, clue, crayon, credit, crime, crown, crew.En palabras con combinaciones ce y ci se pronuncian xomo se y si example central y circle
Ch:
Esta letra no existe en el alfabeto inglesCuando la c va unida a la h , tiene 3 sonidosSuena como ch en rich, chicken, much, cheeseSuena como k en Chemistry, character, chronicleEn algunas palabras tambien se pronuncia como k cuando aparece al final monarch, headache.
D:
Sonido similar a la del español, pero mas fuerte, example desk, dog, admire, saved
E: Tiene 4 sonidos Como en español en dentist, desk, intented.Como la i en me, repeat, eat.La doble ee suena como una i larga meet, see.Como la ia en dear, clear, rear,Es muda al final de excuse, love, have
F:
Sonido similar al español en fabric, fun, fax, fatherLa combinación ph tambien tiene el sonido de f phone, photo, philosophy
G: Tiene 3 sonidos
Suena como la g española en vocablos con la combinación ga , go, gu, gla, gle, gli, glo, glu, gra, gre, gri, gro, gru gain, good, guard, great, glare, glean, blueSe pronuncia como y en giant, genera,En alguna palabras se pronuncia como la g en español cuando aparece al final log, rug, drug
H:
Sonido aspirado y de pronunciación parecida a una j suave hello, how, high, houseEn algunas palabras es muda honest, honor, tour
I: Tiene 3 sonidos
Como la i en español interesting, rain, interior, americanComo e en first, third, thirstyComo ai right, dime, night, time
J:
Sonido similar a la Y en español en june, john, jet, joy
K:
Sonido similar a la K en español king, key, kitchen, kiteEs siempre muda delante de la N Knight, knock, knife
L:
La l inicial suena como la de español able, cable, doubleLa LL suena como una sola L roll, smell, fullEs algunas palabras es muda could, lincoln, salmon,
M:
Sonido similar al español may, mother,alarmLa m doble se pronuncia como una sola en comité, command, comma
N:
Sonido similar a la española none, new, consonant
O: Tiene 5 sonidos
Como la española en stop, no, onlyComo la U con ciertas excepciones cuando es doble book, root, lootComo OU home, boneLigeramente similar a la española en how, houseComo AU en pound, ounce, round
P:
Similar a la español,pero mas explosiva passion, pantry, pie, appointment
Q:
Sonido similar al español, pero la u que siempre le sigue si se pronuncia a difrencia del español quality, quiet, quote
R:
Sonido más gutural que lingual. La punta de la lengua se arrolla hacia atrás sin tocar el paladar razor, red, ruby, La rr se pronuncia como una soal ferry, arrange
S:
Sonido aproximado a la española sea, years, mostLa ss se pronuncia como una sola assist, pass, classSeguida de la H tiene un sonido como la ch, pero mas suave shoot, shift, flash
T: Tiene 4 sonidos
Como la española en today,tankUnida a la H suena como la Z española Thursday, birthComo una D suave en those, this, thatComo SH en nation, essential, administration
U: Tiene 4 sonidos
Como la españo en put, salute, glueComo IU en use, unify, unitedComo entre la O y la A en Up, umbrella, untilComo A en uncle,much, flush
V:
Es labiodental y se pronuncia como la de español
W:
Sonido como la UA, UE, UO, UI, en water, wednesday, Wolf, winter
X: Tiene 2 sonidos
Como la de español en extra, maximumEn las palabras que empiezan con esta letra que son muy pocas, suena como S o Z Xenophobia
Y: Tiene 2 sonidos
Al principio y en la mitad suena como la española yes, year, yesterdayAl final suena como I boy, my, day
Z:
Sonido similar al español , pero mas sonoro zebra, zone, zany
Tratamientos
1 Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms
Estas formas se utilizan para dirigirse o referirse a un hombre (Mr), una mujer casada (Mrs), una mujer soltera (Miss), y una mujer sin distinción de estado civil (Ms).Se emplean siempre con el apellido:
Mr BoyceMs King
(Nótese que aunque estas formas son abreviaturas, ya no se suelen escribir con punto).Al referirse a una persona, se puede incluir también el nombre de pila:
the prizes were presented by Mr Michael Steinel señor Michael Stein hizo entrega de los premios
2 Sir, Madam, Miss, Ms
Estas formas se utilizan sin mencionar el apellido, pero su uso es más limitado que el de 'señor', 'señora' y 'señorita' en español. Se suelen emplear para dirigirse a un cliente en una tienda,restaurante, etc, y son más frecuentes en los Estados Unidos que en Gran Bretaña:
Can I help you, sir?
3 Los apellidos
En los países de habla inglesa las personas utilizan un solo apellido, el del padre.
Tradicionalmente las mujeres adoptan el apellido del marido al casarse, pero es cada vez mayor el número de mujeres que prefieren conservar su apellido de soltera.
Hasta hace algunos años era usual referirse a una mujer casada utilizando el nombre y apellido del marido, por ejemplo 'Mrs John Ashdown', pero esta costumbre está cayendo endesuso.
No se suele usar el apellido para dirigirse a un compañero o colega, salvo en algunos colegios privados. Suele usarse, sin embargo, sobre todo entre hombres, para referirse a personasque se conoce a través del trabajo pero con quienes no se tiene mayor intimidad.
4 Esq.
'Esq.' es la abreviatura de 'esquire'. Se usa en Gran Bretaña en correspondencia comercial u oficial dirigida a un hombre. Sustituye a 'Mr' y se coloca detrás del apellido:
Roy Russell Esq.
En los Estados Unidos 'Esq.' sólo se utiliza en cartas dirigidas a abogados.
5 Formas de tratamiento y cortesía
Título Usado para dirigirse/referirse aYour/His Eminence un cardenalYour/His/Her Excellency un embajador, un gobernadorYour/His/Her Grace un duque, una duquesa, un arzobispoYour/His Holiness el papaYour/His/Her Honor (AmE) un juez, un alcalde, un gobernador,
un senadorYour/His/Her Honour (BrE) un juezYour/His Lordship un lord, un juez del 'High Court',
un obispoMost Reverend/the Most un arzobispo ReverendReverend/the Reverend un sacerdoteRight Reverend/the Right Reverend un obispoYour/His/Her Majestyel monarcaYour/His/Her Royal Highness otros miembros de
la familia realYour/His/Her Worship (BrE) un alcalde, algunos jueces
'The Honorable' se antepone al nombre de los congresistas estadounidenses, mientras que 'the Honourable' se utiliza para referirse a los parlamentarios y a ciertos funcionarios delestado británicos. Ambas formas se suelen abreviar 'Hon.':
the Hon. Dominic Dee
Números
1 Números cardinales
one 1two 2three 3four 4five 5six 6seven 7eight 8nine 9ten 10eleven 11twelve 12thirteen 13fourteen 14fifteen 15sixteen 16seventeen 17eighteen 18
nineteen 19twenty 20twenty-one 21twenty-two 22twenty-three 23thirty 30thirty-one 31thirty-two 32thirty-three 33forty 40fifty 50sixty 60seventy 70eighty 80ninety 90a hundred 100a hundred and one 101a hundred and two 102a hundred and three 103two hundred 200three hundred 300four hundred 400five hundred 500six hundred 600seven hundred 700eight hundred 800nine hundred 900
En inglés se usa una coma para separar los millares de las centenas y los millones de los cientos de millares:
one thousand 1,000one thousand and one 1,001ten thousand 10,000ninety thousand 90,000one hundred thousand 100,000one million 1,000,000twelve million 12,000,000one billion or 1,000,000,000 one thousand million
El numeral 'billion' equivale a mil millones, aunque en el inglés británico puede significar también un millón de millones.
Nótese que se usa 'and' entre las centenas y las decenas:
two hundred and twenty 220
pero no entre las decenas y las unidades:
seventy-six 76 three hundred and thirty-three 333
Las palabras 'million' y 'dozen' funcionan igual que 'hundred' y 'thousand' en cuanto al uso de la preposición 'of ':
a million people un millón de personas a dozen eggs una docena de huevos a million of them un millón de ellos a dozen of his friends una docena de sus amigos
2 Números ordinales
first 1stsecond 2ndthird 3rdfourth 4thfifth 5thsixth 6thseventh 7theighth 8thninth 9thtenth 10theleventh 11thtwelfth 12ththirteenth 13thfourteenth 14thfifteenth 15thsixteenth 16thseventeenth 17theighteenth 18thnineteenth 19thtwentieth 20thtwenty-first 21sttwenty-second 22ndtwenty-third 23rdtwenty-fourth 24ththirtieth 30thfortieth40thfiftieth 50thsixtieth60thseventieth 70theightieth 80thninetieth 90thhundredth 100ththousandth 1,000thmillionth 1,000,000th
Los números ordinales se emplean:
(a) en títulos:
Queen Elizabeth II (Queen Elizabeth the Second) Pope John XXIII (Pope John the Twenty-third)
(b) para referirse a siglos:
the 19th century
(c) para indicar la fecha:
April 3rd
3 Decimales y fracciones
En inglés se utiliza el punto para separar los números enteros de los decimales:
10.5 ten point five 12.76 twelve point seven six
Las fracciones se expresan de la siguiente manera:
1/2 one half or a half 1/3 one third or a third 2/3 two thirds 1/4 one quarter or a quarter 3/4 three quarters 1/5 one fifth
En todos los demás casos, el denominador se expresa por medio del número ordinal correspondiente:
3/8 three eighths
Fracciones fuera del contexto estrictamente matemático:
half an orange media naranja I want half (of) the money quiero la mitad del dinero two thirds of the students las dos terceras partes de los estudiantes three quarters of the population las tres cuartas partes de la población
4 El cero en inglés
En el inglés norteamericano se prefiere el uso de la palabra 'zero', mientras que en el inglés británico se emplea más la palabra 'nought':
0.25 point two five zero point two five nought point two five
Al leer un número cifra por cifra, el cero suele leerse 'zero' en el inglés norteamericano y como la letra 'o' en el inglés británico:
250674 two - five - zero - six - seven - four (esp AmE) two - five - oh - six - seven - four (esp BrE)
Al dar el resultado de un encuentro deportivo, el cero puede expresarse de las siguientes maneras:
they won six - nothing o six to nothing ganaron seis a cero they won six - zero (AmE) they won six - zip (AmE)
they won six - nil (BrE)
En tenis se usa la palabra 'love':
he was winning thirty-love iba ganando treinta a cero
5 Operaciones matemáticas
13 + 3 = 16 thirteen plus three is sixteen thirteen plus three equals sixteen thirteen and three are sixteen4 - 1 = 3 four minus one is three3 x 2 = 6 three times two is six three twos are six20 ÷ 4 = 5 twenty divided by four is fivea > b a is greater than bb < c b is less than c
6 Porcentajes
En inglés no se utiliza el artículo delante del numeral:
10% (ten per cent) of the population el 10% de la población prices have gone up by 15% los precios han subido un 15% (fifteen per cent) if 40% (forty per cent) of the members si el 40% de los socios vota en contra vote against
7 Números telefónicos
Al dar un número telefónico en inglés se suele decir cada cifra por separado:
740 1382 seven - four - zero one - three - eight - two (esp AmE) seven - four - oh one - three - eight - two (esp BrE) 82199 eight - two - one - double nine 872111 eight - seven - two - one - double one eight - seven - two - treble one
La hora
1 Unidades de tiempo
a second un segundoa minute un minutoan hour una horaa quarter of an hour un cuarto de horahalf an hour media horathree quarters of an hour tres cuartos de hora
2 Para preguntar la hora
what time is it? ¿qué hora es?what's the time?
can you tell me the time? ¿me dice(s) or me da(s) la hora?
do you have the time? ¿tiene(s) hora?have you got the time (on you)
what time do you have (AmE) ¿qué hora tiene(s)?what time do you make it?
3 Respuestas
it's twelve o'clock son las doceit's exactly ten o'clock son las diez en punto
Para expresar los minutos después de la hora se utiliza 'after' en el inglés norteamericano y 'past' en el inglés británico:
it's five after seven (AmE) 7:05it's five past seven (BrE)
it's a quarter after three (AmE) 3:15it's a quarter past three (BrE)
El caso de la hora y media es ligeramente diferente:
it's four thirty 4:30it's half past four (BrE)
Para expresar los minutos que faltan para la hora se emplea 'to'. En el inglés norteamericano también se utiliza 'of':
it's twenty to twelve 11:40it's twenty of twelve (AmE)
Respuestas menos precisas:
it's just after five o'clock son las cinco pasadasit's just gone five (colloq)
it's coming up to three o'clockson casi las tresit's nearly three o'clock
it must be about sevenserán las sieteit must be around seven
4 De las doce a la una
12:00it's twelve o'clock
12:05it's five after twelve (AmE)it's five past twelve (BrE)
12:10it's ten after twelve (AmE)it's ten past twelve (BrE)
12:15it's a quarter after twelve (AmE)it's a quarter past twelve (BrE)
12:20it's twenty after twelve (AmE)it's twenty past twelve (BrE)
12:25it's twenty-five after twelve (AmE)it's twenty-five past twelve (BrE)
12:30it's twelve-thirtyit's half past twelve
12:35it's twenty five to oneit's twenty-five of one (AmE)
12:40it's twenty to oneit's twenty of one (AmE)
12:45it's a quarter to oneit's a quarter of one(AmE)
12:50it's ten to oneit's ten of one(AmE)
12:55it's five to oneit's five of one(AmE)
1:00it's one o'clock
5 De la mañana/de la tarde/de la noche
Para especificar si se trata de antes o después del mediodía se utilizan las siguientes expresiones:
7 in the morning las 7 de la mañana 3 in the afternoon las 3 de la tarde 8 in the evening las 8 de la tarde/noche 11.30 at night las 11.30 de la noche
'In the evening' se emplea normalmente para referirse al período comprendido entre las seis y las nueve. A veces se usa 'at night' si el hablante quiere dar a entender que es muy tarde:
seven o'clock in the morningthree o'clock in the afternoonthe concert starts at nine in the eveningshe didn't leave the office until nine o'clock at night
También se pueden utilizar las abreviaturas a.m. y p.m.:
three fifteen a.m. las tres y cuarto de la madrugada four thirty p.m. las cuatro y media de la tarde
(la forma escrita es 3:15 a.m. en el inglés norteamericano y 3.15 a.m. en el inglés británico)
Existen varias alternativas para hablar de las doce del mediodía y las doce de la noche:
12:00 24:00 it's twelve o'clock it's twelve o'clock it's midday it's midnight it's twelve a.m. it's twelve p.m. it's twelve midday it's twelve midnight it's noon
6 ¿A qué hora?
What time did you arrive?
at five (o'clock) a las cinco at six (o'clock) on the dot a las seis en punto at exactly 4:45 a.m. a las cuatro cuarenta y cinco around o about 3 p.m. alrededor de las tres de la tarde soon after midnight poco después de (la) medianoche just after ten a las diez pasadas sometime between eight entre las ocho y las nueve and nine in the morning de la mañana
7 El sistema de 24 horas
Este sistema se emplea fundamentalmente cuando se trata de horarios. Es poco usado en el inglés norteamericano:
twenty thirty 20:30 fourteen ten 14:10 eighteen forty-four 18:44
Para la hora en punto se suele agregar 'hundred hours':
it arrives at sixteen hundred hours llega a las 16:00 the sixteen hundred (hours) departure el tren/avión de las 16:
La fecha
1 Los días y los meses
Los nombres de los días de la semana y los meses del año se escriben con mayúscula en inglés:
Monday lunes Tuesday martes Wednesday miércoles Thursday jueves Friday viernes Saturday sábado Sunday domingo January enero February febrero March marzo April abril May mayo June junio July julio August agosto September septiembre or setiembre October octubre November noviembre December diciembre
En inglés se emplean los números ordinales para referirse a los días del mes:
today's the ninth hoy es nueve he arrived on the third llegó el tres we'll meet again on the nos volveremos a reunir twentieth el día veinte
En el inglés norteamericano la fecha normalmente se escribe de la siguiente manera:
March 3rd (léase March third)
En el inglés británico puede escribirse de dos maneras distintas:
3rd March (léase the third of March) March 3rd (léase March the third)
2 Para preguntar la fecha
what's the date? ¿a cuánto estamos?what date is it today? ¿qué fecha es hoy?it's the seventhhoy es siete
January seventh (AmE)January the seventh (BrE) (el) siete de enerothe seventh of January (BrE)
what day is it today? ¿qué día es hoy?it's Wednesday es miércoles
3 Años y décadas
En inglés los años se expresan de la siguiente manera:
55 BC fifty-five BC 763 seven sixty-three 900 nine hundred
Los años a partir del año 1000 se expresan en centenas y no en miles:
1066 ten sixty-six 1200 twelve hundred 1996 nineteen ninety-six
Cuando se añade el año a la fecha, sólo hace falta agregar una coma:
she was born on May 27th, 1913 nació el 27 de mayo de 1913
Esta coma suele omitirse en correspondencia formal, donde la fecha puede escribirse:
September 8th 19968th September 1996September 8 19968 September 1996
Cuando la fecha se escribe en cifras, el inglés norteamericano indica primero el mes y luego el día, mientras que en Gran Bretaña se expresa primero el día y luego el mes:
10.28.93 (AmE) 28 de octubre de 1993 28.10.93 (BrE)
Las cifras pueden ir separadas por puntos, guiones o barras:
5.10.96 5-10-96 5/10/96
Para referirse a una década se utiliza el plural:
the twenties los años veinte the eighteen fifties la década 1850 - 1860
4 Siglos
Se utilizan los números ordinales para referirse a los siglos:
the fifth century el siglo quinto the eighteenth century el siglo dieciocho
Cuando se escriben en cifras, se utilizan números arábigos:
the 14th century el siglo XIV 19c s.XIX C19
5 ¿Cuándo?
When did it/does it/will it happen?¿Cuándo sucedío/sucede/sucederá?
on Thursday el jueves on Thursday 6th el jueves 6 on Thursday afternoon el jueves por la tarde on February 26th el 26 de febrero on June 10th, 1979 el 10 de junio de 1979 in January en enero in (the) spring en primavera in the spring of 1996 en la primavera de 1996 in 1970 en 1970 in the eighties en la década de los 80 in the 21st century en el siglo XXI in early August a principios de agosto in mid-January a mediados de enero in late December a fines de diciembre in the early spring a principios de la primavera at the beginning of this year a principios de este año in the mid-1960s a mediados de la década de los 60 in the late 18c a fines del s.XVIII
Pesos y medidas/Weights and measures
1 Longitud/Length
Conversión/Conversion
Millas a kilómetros Miles to kilometersDividir por 5 y multiplicar por 8 Divide by 5 and multiply by 8
Kilómetros a millas Kilometers to milesDividir por 8 y multiplicar por 5 Divide by 8 and multiply by 5
Sistema Sistemaestadounidense y
métrico británico
Metric system US/UK system
10 milímetros = 1 centímetro = 0.394 inch10 millimeters = 1 centimeter
10 centímetros= 1 decímetro = 3.94 inches10 centimeters = 1 decimeter
100 centímetros = 1 metro = 39.4 inches/1.094 yards100 centimeters = 1 meter
10 metros = 1 decámetro = 10.94 yards10 meters = 1 dekameter
1.000 metros = 1 kilómetro = 0.6214 mile1,000 meters = 1 kilometer = 5/8 mile
US/UK system Metric systemSistema estadounidense Sistema métrico y británico
1 inch = 25.4 mm1 pulgada
12 inches = 1 foot = 30.48 cm= 1 pie
3 feet = 1 yard = 0.914 m= 1 yarda
220 yards = 1 furlong = 201.17 m= 1 estadio
8 furlongs = 1 mile = 1.609 km= 1 milla
1,760 yards = 1 mile = 1.609 km= 1 milla
2 Superficie/Surface area
Sistema métrico Sistema estadounidense ybritánico
Metric system US/UK system
1 centímetro cuadrado= 0.155 in2
1 square centimeter
10.000 centímetros cuadrados= 1 metro cuadrado = 10.764 ft2
10,000 square centimeters = 1 square meter
100 metros cuadrados = 1 área = 0.025 acre
100 square meters = 1 are
100 áreas = 1 hectárea = 2.471 acres100 ares = 1 hectare
100 hectáreas = 1 kilómetro cuadrado = 0.386 square mile
100 hectares = 1 square kilometer
US/UK system Metric systemSistema estadounidense y Sistema métricobritánico
1 square inch = 6,452 cm21 pulgada cuadrada
144 square inches = 1 square foot = 929,03 cm2= 1 pie cuadrado
9 square feet = 1 square yard = 0,836 m2= 1 yarda cuadrada
4,840 square yards = 1 acre = 0,405 Ha= 1 acre
640 acres = 1 square mile = 2,59 km2/259 Ha= 1 milla cuadrada
3 Volumen/Volume
Sistema métrico Sistema estadounidensey británico
Metric system UK/UK system
1 centímetro cúbico = 0.06 cubic inches1 cubic centimeter
1.000.000 centímetros cúbicos = 1 metro cúbico = 35.714 cubic feet
1,000,000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic meter
US system Metric systemSistema estadounidense y Sistema métricoBritánico
1 cubic inch = 16,38 cm31 pulgada cúbica
1,728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot = 0,028 m3= 1 pie cúbico
27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard = 0,764 m3= 1 yarda cúbica
4 Capacidad/Capacity
Sistema métrico Sistema estadounidense yBritannic
Metric system US/UK system
10 mililitros = 1 centilitro10 milliliters = 1 centiliter
10 centilitros = 1 decilitro10 centiliters = 1 deciliter
10 deciliters = 1 litro = 2.1 US pints10 deciliters = 1 liter = 1.76 UK pints
= 0.264 US gallons= 0.22 UK gallons
10 litros = 1 decalitro10 liters = 1 dekaliter
US system Metric systemSistema estadounidense Sistema métrico
1 fluid ounce = 2,95 centilitros1 onza fluida
16 fluid ounces = 1 pint = 0,47 litros= 1 pinta
2 pints = 1 quart =0,946 litros= 1 cuarto
4 quarts = 1 gallon = 3,785 litros= 1 galón
UK system Metric systemSistema británico Sistema métrico
1 fluid ounce = 2,84 centilitros1 onza fluida
20 fluid onces = 1 pint = 0,568 litros= 1 pinta
2 pints = 1 quart = 1,136 litros= 1 cuarto
4 quarts = 1 gallon = 4,546 litros
= 1 galón
5 Peso/Weight
Sistema métrico Sistema estadounidense yBritánico
Metric system US/UK system
10 miligramos = 1 centigramo10 miligrams = 1 centigram
10 centigramos = 1 decigramo10 centigrams = 1 decigram
100 centigramos = 1 gramo = 0.0352 ounces100 centigrams = 1 gram
10 gramos = 1 decagramo= 0.352 ounces10 grams = 1 dekagram
1.000 gramos = 1 kilo(gramo) = 2.205 pounds1,000 grams = 1 kilo(gram)
1.000 kilogramos = 1 tonelada = 0.9842 tons1,000 kilograms = 1 metric ton
= 1 tonne
US/UK system Metric systemSistema estadounidense y Sistema métricobritánico
1 ounce = 28,35 gramos1 onza
16 ounces = 1 pound = 0,454 kilogramos= 1 libra
14 pounds = 1 stone* = 6,35 kilogramos
112 pounds = 1 hundredweight = 50,8 kilogramos
20 hundredweight = 1 ton = 1,016 kilogramos
2000 pounds = 1 short ton = 0,907 toneladas
2,240 pounds = 1 long ton = 1,016 toneladas
*En EEUU el peso de una persona se suele expresar en libras y no en 'stone':
She weighs 129 pounds (US)She weighs 9 stone 3 pounds (UK)
6 Temperaturas/Temperatures
Conversión/Conversion
De °F a °C From °F to °C
Restar 32, multiplicar por 5 y Subtract 32, multiply by 5dividir por 9 and divide by 9
De °C a °F From °C to °F
Multiplicar por 9, dividir por 5 Multiply by 9, divide by 5 andy añadir 32 add 32
Escala Escalacentígrada FahrenheitCentigrade Fahrenheitscale scale
°C °F
100 212 Boiling point of waterPunto de ebullición del agua
90 19480 17670 15860 14050 12240 10437 98.4 Body temperature
Temperatura del cuerpo humano30 8620 6810 500 32 Freezing point
Punto de congelación del agua-10 14-17.8 0-273.15 -459.67 Absolute zero
Cero absoluto
7 Tallas/Sizes
(Equivalentes aproximados/Approximate equivalents)
América Latina y España EEUU Reino UnidoLatin America & Spain US UK
Calzado de señoraLadies' shoes
36 5 3½
37 5½ 437 6 4½38 6½ 539 7 5½39 7½ 640 8 6½41 8½ 7
Calzado de caballeroMen's shoes
39 7 641 8 742 9 843 10 944 11 10
Tallas de ropa de señoraWomen's clothing sizes
36 6 838 8 1040 10 1242 12 1444 14 1646 16 1848 18 2050 20 22
Tallas de ropa de caballeroMen's clothing sizes
40 30 3042 32 3244 34 3446 36 3648 38 3850 40 4052 42 4254 44 44
Camisa de caballeroMen's collar sizes
36 14 1437 14½ 14½38 15 1539 15½ 15½41 16 1642 16½ 16½43 17 1744 17½ 17½46 18 18
8 Monedas de los distinto países de habla hispana/Currencies used in Spanish-speaking countries
País MonedaCountry Currency
Argentina el peso (100 centavos)Boliviael boliviano (100 centavos)Chile el peso (100 centavos)Colombia el peso (100 centavos)Costa Rica el colón (100 céntimos)Cuba el peso (100 centavos)Ecuador el sucre (100 centavos)El Salvador el colón (100 céntimos)España la peseta (100 céntimos)Guatemala el quetzal (100 centavos)Honduras el lempira (100 centavos)México el peso (100 centavos)Nicaragua el córdoba (100 centavos)Panamá el balboa (100 centavos)Paraguay el guaraní (100 centavos)Perú el sol (100 centavos)Puerto Rico el dólar (100 centavos)
estadounidenseRepúblicaDominicana el peso (100 centavos)Uruguay el peso (100 centésimos)Venezuela el bolívar (100 céntimos)
Los verbos irregulares ingleses
La siguiente tabla comprende todos los verbos irregulares que se incluyen en el diccionario excepto los verbos modales (e.g. can, must) y aquéllos formados por un verbo base precedidopor un prefijo con guión (e.g. re-lay). Éstos conservan la irregularidad del verbo del cual derivan.
Las formas irregulares que sólo se usan en algunas acepciones se indican con un asterisco (e.g. *abode). La información completa acerca del uso, la pronunciación, etc de cada verbo seencontrará en el artículo correspondiente.
infinitive/ past tense/ past participle/infinitivo pretérito participio pasado
abide abided, *abode abided, *abodearise arose arisenawake awoke awoken
be was/were beenbear bore bornebeat beat beatenbecome became becomebefall befell befallenbeget begot, (arch) begat begotten
begin began begunbehold beheld beheldbend bent bentbeseech beseeched, beseeched,
besought besoughtbeset beset besetbespeak bespoke bespoken, bespokebestride bestrode bestriddenbet bet betbid *bade, bid *bidden, bidbind bound boundbite bit bittenbleed bled bledbless blessedblessed, (arch) blestblow blew blown, *blowedbreak broke brokenbreed bred bredbring brought broughtbroadcast broadcast broadcastbrowbeat browbeat browbeatenbuild built builtburn burned, burnt burned, burntbust busted, busted,
(BrE also) bust (BrE also) bustbuy bought bought
cast cast castcatch caught caughtchide chided, chid chided, chid, chiddenchoose chose chosencleave cleaved, *cleft, cleaved, *cleft,
(arch) *clove (arch) *clovencling clung clungcome came comecost *cost, *costed *cost, *costedcountersink countersank countersunkcreep crept creptcrow crowed, (arch) crew crowedcut cut cut
deal dealt dealtdig dug dugdive dived, (AmE also) dived
dovedo did donedraw drew drawndream dreamed, dreamed
(BrE also) dreamt (BrE also) dreamtdrink drank drunkdrive drove drivendwell dwelt, dwelleddwelt, dwelledeat ate eatenfall fell fallen
feed fed fedfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundflee fled fledfling flung flungfloodlight floodlitfloodlitfly flew flownforbear forboreforborneforbid forbade, forbad forbiddenforecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecastedforesee foresaw foreseenforetell foretold foretoldforget forgot forgottenforgive forgave forgivenforsakeforsook forsakenforswear forswore forswornfreeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaidget got got, (AmE also) gottengird girded, girt girded, girtgive gave givengo went gonegrind ground groundgrow grew grown
hamstring hamstrung hamstrunghang *hung, *hanged *hung, *hangedhave had hadhear heard heardheave *heaved, *hove *heaved, *hovehew hewed hewn, hewedhide hid hidden, (arch) hidhit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt hurt
inlay inlaid inlaidinput input, inputted input, inputtedinset inset, inset,
(AmE also) insetted (AmE also) insettedinterweave interwove, interwoven,
interweaved interweaved
keep kept keptkneel kneeled, knelt kneeled, kneltknit knitted, *knit knitted, *knitknow knew known
lay laid laidlead led ledlean leaned, leaned,
(BrE also) leant (BrE also) leantleap leaped, leaped
(BrE also) leapt (BrE also) leaptlearn learned, learned,
(BrE also) learnt (BrE also) learntleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie (yacer etc) lay lainlight lighted, lit lighted, litlose lost lost
make made mademean meant meantmeet met metmiscast miscast miscastmisdeal misdealt misdealtmishear misheard misheardmishit mishit mishitmislay mislaidmislaidmislead misled misledmisread / "mIs"ri;d / misread / "mIs"red / misread / "mIs"red /misspell misspelled, misspelled,
(BrE also) misspelt (BrE also) misspeltmisspend misspent misspentmistake mistook mistakenmisunderstand misunderstoodmisunderstoodmow mowedmown, mowed
outbid outbid outbid,(AmE also) outbidden
outdo outdid outdoneoutfight outfought outfoughtoutgrow outgrew outgrownoutlay outlaid outlaidoutput output, outputted output, outputtedoutrun outran outrunoutsell outsoldoutsoldoutshine outshone outshoneoverbid overbid overbidovercome overcame overcomeoverdo overdid overdoneoverdraw overdrew overdrawnovereatoverateovereatenoverflyoverflew overflownoverhang overhung overhungoverhear overheard overheardoverlay overlaid overlaidoverlie overlay overlainoverpay overpaid overpaidoverride overrode overriddenoverrun overran overrunoversee oversaw overseen
overshoot overshot overshotoversleep overslept oversleptovertake overtook overtakenoverthrow overthrew overthrown
partakepartook partakenpay paid paidplead pleaded, pleaded,
(AmE also) pled (AmE also) pledprove proved proved, provenput put put
quit quit, quitted quit, quitted
read / ri;d / read / red / read / red /rebuild rebuilt rebuiltrecast recast recastredo redid redoneremakeremaderemaderend rent rentrepay repaid repaidreread / "ri;"ri;d / reread / "ri;"red / reread / "ri;"red /rerun reran rerunresell resold resoldreset reset resetresit resat resatretake retook retakenretell retold retoldrethink rethought rethoughtrewrite rewrote rewrittenrid rid ridride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran run
saw sawed sawed, (esp BrE) sawnsay said saidsee saw seenseek sought soughtsell sold soldsend sent sentset set setsew sewed sewn, sewedshake shook shakenshear sheared *shorn, *shearedshed shed shedshine *shone, *shined *shone, *shinedshit shit, shat shit, shatshoe shod shodshoot shot shotshow showed shown, showedshrink shrank, shrunkshrunk, shrunken
shrive shrove, shrived shriven, shrivedshut shut shutsing sang sungsink sank sunksit sat satslay slew slainsleep slept sleptslide slid slidsling slung slungslink slunk slunkslit slit slitsmell smelled, smelled,
(BrE also) smelt (BrE also) smeltsmite smote smittensow sowed sowed, sownspeak spoke spokenspeed *sped, *speeded *sped, *speededspell spelled, spelled,
(BrE also) spelt (BrE also) speltspend spent spentspill spilled, spilt spilled, spiltspin spun, (arch) span spunspit spat, (esp AmE) spat, (esp AmE)
spit spitsplit split splitspoil spoiled, spoiled,
(BrE also) spoilt (BrE also) spoiltspotlight *spotlit, *spotlighted *spotlit, *spotlightedspread spread spreadspring sprang,sprung
(AmE also) sprungstand stood stoodstave staved, *stove staved, *stovesteal stole stolenstick stuck stucksting stung stungstink stank, stunk stunkstew strewed strewn, strewedstride strode striddenstrike struck struckstring strung strungstrive strove strivensublet sublet subletswear swore swornsweat sweated, sweated,
(AmE also) sweat (AmE also) sweatsweep swept sweptswell swelled swollen,
(esp AmE) swelledswim swam swumswing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taughttear tore torntell told toldthink thought thoughtthrive thrived, thrived,
(liter) throve (arch) thriventhrow threw thrownthrust thrust thrusttread trod trodden, trodtypecast typecast typecasttypeset typeset typesettypewrite typewrote typewritten
unbendunbent unbentunderbid underbid underbidundercut undercut undercutundergo underwent undergoneunderlie underlay underlainunderpay underpaid underpaidundersell undersold undersoldunderstand understood understoodundertake undertook undertakenunderwrite underwrote underwrittenundo undid undoneunfreeze unfroze unfrozenunlearn unlearned, unlearned,
(BrE also) unlearnt (BrE also) unlearntunstickunstuck unstuckunwind unwound unwounduphold upheld upheldupset upset upset
wake woke wokenwaylaywaylaid waylaidwear wore wornweave wove, *weaved woven, *weavedwed wedded, wed wedded, wedweep wept weptwet wet, wetted wet, wettedwin won wonwind (dar cuerda wound woundetc)withdraw withdrew withdrawnwithhold withheld withheldwithstand withstood withstoodwork worked, *wrought worked, *wroughtwring wrung wrungwrite wrote written
Lista de Verbos Regulares e Irregulares
120 Irregular VerbsLos verbos que integran esta lista no siguen un patrón predecible, por ello se llaman 'irregulares'. Aquellos verbos 'predecibles', es decir, que siguen las reglas básicas, se llaman 'regulares' y puedes consultarlos aquí.
1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE ESPAÑOL
abide (abáid) abode (abóud) abode (abóud) tolerar, soportar
arise (aráis) arose (aróus) arisen (arísn) surgir, plantear
awake (auéik) awoke (auóuk) awoke (auóuk) despertarse
be (bi) [am/are/is] was/were (uós/uér) been (bin) ser, estar
beat (bit) beat (bit) beaten (bitn) golpear, latir, batir
become (bikám) became (bikéim) become (bikám) llegar a ser
begin (biguín) began (bigén) begun (bigán) comenzar
bend (bend) bent (bent) bent (bent) doblarse, inclinarse
bet (bet) bet (bet) bet (bet) apostar en algo
bind (báind) bound (báund) bound (báund) atar, unir, ligar
bind (báind) bound (báund) bound (báund) atar, unir, ligar
bite (báit) bit (bit) bitten (bítn) morder/se
bleed (blíí:d) bled (bled) bled (bled) sangrar
blow (blóu) blew (blu) blown (bléun) soplar, hacer sonar
break (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróukn) romper
breed (brí:d) bred (bred) bred (bred) criar, reproducir/se
bring (bring) brought (brot) brought (brot) traer
build (bilt) built (bilt) built (bilt) construir
buy (bái) bought (bot) bought (bot) comprar
catch (kach) caught (kot) caught (kot) agarrar
choose (chus) chose (chos) chosen (chúsn) elegir
come (kám) came (keím) come (kám) venir
creep (krí:p) crept (krept) crept (krept) arrastrar, deslizarse
cut (kat) cut (kat) cut (kat)
cortar
deal (dí:l) dealt (delt) dealt (delt) tratar, ocuparse
dig (dig) dug (dag) dug (dag) cavar, excavar
do (dú) [does] did (díd) done (dán) hacer
draw (dró:) drew (drú) drawn (drón) dibujar, atraer
drink (drink) drank (drénk) drunk (drank) beber
drive (dráiv) drove (dróuv) driven (drívn) conducir
eat (í:t) ate (et) eaten (ítn) comer
fall (fol) fell (fel) fallen (fólen) caer
feed (fí:d) fed (fed) fed (fed) alimentar
feel (fí:l) felt (felt) felt (felt) sentir
fight (fáit) fought (fó:t) fought (fó:t) luchar, pelear
find (fáind) found (faúnd) found (fáund) encontrar
flee (flí:) fled (fled) fled (fled) escapar, huir
fling (flín:) flung (flang) flung (flang) arrojar, lanzar
fly (flái) flew (flu) flown (flón) volar
forget (forguét) forgot (forgót) forgotten (forgótn) olvidar
freeze (frí:s) froze (fróus) frozen (fróusn) helar, congelar
get (guét) got (got) got/gotten (got/gotn) obtener, conseguir
give (guív) gave (guéiv) given (guívn) dar
go (góu) went (uént) gone (gón) ir
grind (gráind) ground (gráund) ground (gráund) moler
grow (gróu) grew (grú) grown (grón) cultivar, crecer
hang (jéng) hung (jáng) hung (jáng) colgar
have (jev) [have/has] had (jad) had (jad) tener, haber
hear (jíar) heard (jerd) heard (jerd) oír
hide (jáid) hid (jid) hidden (jídn) ocultar, esconder
hit (jit) hit (jit) hit (jit) golpear
hold (jóuld) held (jeld) held (jeld) sostener, soportar
keep (kí:p) kept (kept) kept (kept) guardar, conservar
kneel (ní:l) knelt (nelt) knelt (nelt) arrodillarse
know (nóu) knew (niú) known (nóun) saber, conocer
lead (lí:d) led (led) led (led) guiar, conducir
lend (lend) lent (lent) lent (lent) prestar
learn (lérn) learnt (lernt) learnt (lernt) aprender
leave (lí:v) left (left) left (left) irse, dejar, partir
lose (lú:s) lost (lost) lost (lost) perder
make (méik) made (méid) made (méid) hacer, fabricar
mean (mí:n) meant (ment) meant (ment) significar
meet (mí:t) met (met) met (met) encontrarse con
pay (péi) paid (ped) paid (ped) pagar
put (put) put (put) put (put) poner, colocar
read (rid) read (red) read (red) leer
ride (ráid) rode (róud) ridden (rídn) cabalgar
ring (ring) rang (reng) rung (rang) sonar
run (ran) ran (ren) run (ran) correr
say (séi) said (sed) said (sed) decir
see (sí:) saw (só:) seen (sin) ver
seek (sí:k) sought (sot) sought (sot) buscar
sell (sel) sold (sóuld) sold (sóuld) vender
send (send) sent (sent) sent (sent) enviar
shake (shéik) shook (shuk) shaken (shéikn) agitar, sacudir
shine (sháin) shone (shóun) shone (shóun) brillar, resplandecer
shoot (shú:t) shot (shot) shot (shot) pegar un tiro
show (shóu) showed (shóud) shown (shóun) mostrar, demostrar
shrink (shrink) shrank (shrenk) shrunk (shrank) encogerse (tamaño)
shut (shat) shut (shat) shut (shat) cerrar
sing (sing) sang (seng) sung (sang) cantar
sink (sink) sank (senk) sunk (sank) hundir/se
sit (sit) sat (sat) sat (sat) sentar/se
slay (sléi) slew (sliú) slain (sléin) asesinar
sleep (slíp) slept (slépt) slept (slépt) dormir
slide (sláid) slid (slid) slid (slid) resbalar, deslizar
sling (sling) slung (slang) slung (slang) lanzar con fuerza
smell (smel) smelt (smelt) smelt (smelt) oler
speak (spik) spoke (spóuk) spoken (spóukn) hablar
spend (spend) spent (spent) spent (spent) gastar, pasar
spin (spin) spun (span) spun (span) girar, hilar
stand (stand) stood (stú:d) stood (stú:d) pararse
steal (stíl) stole (stóul) stolen (stóln) robar
stick (stik) stuck (stak) stuck (stak) pinchar, atascarse
sting (sting) stung (stang) stung (stang) picar, arder
stride (stráid) strode (stróud) strode (stróud) dar pasos largos
strike (stráik) struck (strak) struck (strak) golpear, sonar
strive (stráiv) strove (stróuv) striven (strívn) esforzarse
swear (suéa:) swore (suór) sworn (suórn) jurar, maldecir
sweep (suí:p) swept (suépt) swept (suépt) barrer
swell (suél) swelled (suéld) swollen (suólen) hinchar/se
swim (suím) swam (suém) swum (suám) nadar
take (téik) took (tul) taken (téikn) tomar, llevar
teach (tích) taught (tot) taught (tot) enseñar
tear (téa:) tore (tor) torn (torn) rasgar, arrancar
tell (tel) told (told) told (told) decir, contar
think (zink) thought (zot) thought (zot) pensar, creer
thrive (zráiv) throve (zróuv) thriven (zrívn) crecer, prosperar
throw (zróu) threw (zru) thrown (zróun) tirar, arrojar
tread (tred) trod (trod) trodden (tróden) pisar, aplastar
understand(anderstánd)
understood(anderstúd)
understood(anderstúd)
entender,comprender
undertake(andertéik)
undertook(andertúk)
undertaken(andertéikn)
comprometerse,emprender
undo (andú) undid (andíd) undone (andán) deshacer
wake (uéik) woke (uóuk) waken (uéikn) despertarse
wear (uéar) wore (uór) worn (uórn) vestir, usar (ropa)
weave (wív) wove (wov) woven (wóven) tejer
weep (wí:p) wept (wépt) wept (wépt) llorar
win (uín) won (uón) won (uón) ganar
wind (uáind) wound (uáund) wound (uáund) serpentear, enrollar
withdraw (uizdró:) withdrew (uizdrú) withdrawn (uizdróm) retirar/se, extraer
wring (ring) wrung (rang) wrung (rang) retorcer, escurrir
write (ráit) wrote (róut) written (rítn) escribir
A nuestro favor, la mayoría de los verbos ingleses son 'regulares'. Esto significa que podemos confiar en las formas que adoptan porque siguen un patrón predecible. Aquellos verbos que no siguen las reglas básicas se llaman 'irregulares' y puedes consultarlos pulsando aquí. La mayoría de los verbos de esta lista agregan "-d" o "-ed" al infinitivo. Los verbos resaltados en esta lista duplican su consonante final (admit - admitted) o cambian "-y" por "-ied", cuando la "y" está precedida por una consonante (bury - buried)
1 INFINITIVE 2 PAST 3 PARTICIPLE ESPAÑOL
accept (acépt) accepted (acéptid) accepted (acéptid) aceptar
add (ad) added (ádid) added (ádid) agregar
admire (admáiar) admired (admáiard) admired (admáiard) admirar
admit (admít) admitted (admítid) admitted (admítid) admitir
advise (adváis) advised (adváist) advised (adváist) aconsejar
afford (afórd) afforded (afórdit) afforded (afórdit) afrontar
agree (agrí:) agreed (agrí:d) agreed (agrí:d) estar de acuerdo
alert (alért) alerted (alértid) alerted (alértid) alertar
allow (aláu) allowed (aláut) allowed (aláut) permitir
amuse (amiús) amused (amiúst) amused (amiúst) entretener
analyse (énalais) analysed (énalaist) analysed (énalaist) analizar
announce (anáuns) announced (anáunst) announced (anáunst) anunciar
annoy (anói) annoyed (anóid) annoyed (anóid) molestar
answer (ánsuer) answered (ánsuerd) answered (ánsuerd) contestar
apologise (apólodchais)
apologised (apólodchaist)
apologised (apólodchaist)
pedir disculpas, disculparse
appear (apíar) appeared (apíard) appeared (apíard) aparecer
applaud (aplód) applauded (aplódid) applauded (aplódid) aplaudir
appreciate (apríshieit)
appreciated (apríshieitid)
appreciated (apríshieitid)
apreciar
approve (aprúv) approved (aprúvt) approved (aprúvt) aprobar
argue (á:rguiu) argued (á:rguiut) argued (á:rguiut) discutir
arrange (arréindch) arranged (arréindcht) arranged (arréindcht) arreglar
arrest (arrést) arrested (arréstid) arrested (arréstid) arrestar
arrive (arráiv) arrived (arráivt) arrived (arráivt) llegar
ask (ask) asked (askt) asked (ask) preguntar
attach (atách) attached (atácht) attached (atácht) adjuntar
attack (atáck) attacked (atáckt) attacked (atáckt) atacar
attempt (atémpt) attempted (atémptid) attempted (atémptid) intentar
attend (aténd) attended (aténdid) attended (aténdid) asistir
attract (atráct) attracted (atráctid) attracted (atráctid) atraer
avoid (avóid) avoided (avóidid) avoided (avóidid) evitar
back (bak) backed (bakt) backed (bakt) apoyar
bake (béik) baked (béikt) baked (béikt) hornear
balance (bálans) balanced (bálanst) balanced (bálanst) balancear
ban (ban) banned (bánd) banned (bánd) prohibir
bathe (béid) bathed (béidid) bathed (béidid) bañarse
beg (beg) begged (bégd) begged (bégd) rogar
behave (bijéiv) behaved (bijéivd) behaved (bijéivd) comportarse
belong (bilóng) belonged (bilóngd) belonged (bilóngd) pertenecer
bless (bles) blessed (blest) blessed (blest) bendecir
blind (bláind) blinded (bláindid) blinded (bláindid) enceguecer
blink (blink) blinked (blinkt) blinked (blinkt) parpadear
blush (blash) blushed (blasht) blushed (blasht) enrojecer
boil (bóil) boiled (bóild) boiled (bóild) hervir
book (buk) booked (bukt) booked (bukt) reservar
bore (bor) bored (bord) bored (bord) aburrir
borrow (bórrou) borrowed (bórroud) borrowed (bórroud) pedir prestado
bounce (báuns) bounced (báunst) bounced (báunst) rebotar
brake (bréik) broke (bróuk) broken (bróukn) frenar
breathe (brid) breathed (brídid) breathed (brídid) respirar
brush (brash) brushed (brasht) brushed (brasht) cepillar
burn (bern) burnt (bernt) burnt (bernt) quemar
bury (béri) buried (bérid) buried (bérid) enterrar
call (kol) called (kold) called (kold) llamar
calculate(kálkiuleit)
calculated(kálkiuleirid)
calculated(kálkiuleirid) calcular
camp (kamp) camped (kampt) camped (kampt) acampar
care (ker) cared (kerd) cared (kerd) cuidar
cause (koz) caused (kozd) caused (kozd) causar
challenge (chálindz) challenged (chálindzd) challenged (chálindzd) desafiar
change (chéindz) changed (chéindzd) changed (chéindzd) cambiar
charge (chárdz) charged (chárdzd) charged (chárdzd) cargar
chase (chéis) chased (chéist) chased (chéist) cazar
cheat (chit) cheated (chítid) cheated (chítid) engañar
check (chek) checked (chekt) checked (chekt) verificar
cheer (chir) cheered (chird) cheered (chird) alegrar
chew (chu) chewed (chud) chewed (chud) mascar
claim (kléim) claimed (kléimd) claimed (kléimd) reclamar
clap (kláp) clapped (klápt) clapped (klápt) aplaudir
clean (klin) cleaned (klind) cleaned (klind) limpiar
clear (klíar) cleared (klíard) cleared (klíard) aclarar
close (klóus) closed (klóust) closed (klóust) cerrar
collect (kolékt) collected (koléktid) collected (koléktid) cobrar, coleccionar
comb (kom) combed (komd) combed (komd) peinar
compare (kompér) compared (kompérd) compared (kompérd) comparar
compete (kompít) competed (kompítid) competed (kompítid) competir
complain(kompléin)
complained (kompléind)
complained (kompléind)
quejarse
complete(komplít)
completed (komplítid)
completed (komplítid)
completar
damage (dámidz) damaged (dámidzd) damaged (dámidzd) dañar
concentrate (kónsentreit)
concentrated (kónsentreired)
concentrated (kónsentreired)
concentrarse
concern (konsérn) concerned (konsérnd) concerned (konsérnd) concernir
confess (konfés) confessed (konfést) confessed (konfést) confesar
confuse (konfiús) confused (konfiúst) confused (konfiúst) confundir
connect (konékt) connected (konéktid) connected (konéktid) conectar
consider (konsíder) considered (konsíderd)
considered(konsíderd) considerar
consist (konsíst) consisted (konsístid) consisted (konsístid) consistir
contain (kontéin) contained (kontéind) contained (kontéind) contener
continue (kontíniu) continued (kontíniud) continued (kontíniud) continuar
copy (kópi) copied (kópid) copied (kópid) copiar
correct (korrékt) corrected (korréktid) corrected (korréktid) corregir
cough (kof) coughed (koft) coughed (koft) toser
count (kaunt) counted (káunid) counted (káunid) contar
cover (káver) covered (káverd) covered (káverd) cubrir
crack (krak) cracked (krakt) cracked (krakt) rajar
crash (krash) crashed (krasht) crashed (krasht) embestir
crawl (krol) crawled (krold) crawled (krold) arrastrarse
cross (kros) crossed (krost) crossed (krost) cruzar
crush (krash) crushed (krasht) crushed (krasht) aplastar
cry (krái) cried (kráid) cried (kráid) gritar, llorar
cure (kiúr) cured (kiúrd) cured (kiúrd) curar
curl (kerl) curled (kerld) curled (kerld) enrular
curve (kerb) curved (kerbd) curved (kerbd) curvar
cycle (sáikl) cycled (sáikld) cycled (sáikld) pasear en bicicleta
dance (dans) danced (danst) danced (danst) bailar
deceive (disív) deceived (disívd) deceived (disívd) engañar
decide (disáid) decided (disáidid) decided (disáidid) decidir
decorate (dékoreit) decorated (dékoreirid) decorated (dékoreirid) decorar
delay (diléi) delayed (diléid) delayed (diléid) demorar
delight (diláit) delighted (diláirid) delighted (diláirid) deleitar
deliver (delíver) delivered (delíverd) delivered (delíverd) repartir
depend (dipénd) depended (dipénid) depended (dipénid) depender
describe (diskráib) described (diskráibd) described (diskráibd) describir
deserve (disérv) deserved (disérvd) deserved (disérvd) merecer
destroy (distrói) destroyed (distróid) destroyed (distróid) destruir
detect (ditékt) detected (ditéktid) detected (ditéktid) detectar
develop (divélop) developed (divélopt) developed (divélopt) desarrollar
disagree (disagrí) disagreed (disagríd) disagreed (disagríd) no estar de acuerdo
disappear (disapíar)
disappeared(disapíard)
disappeared(disapíard)
desaparecer
discover(diskáver)
discovered(diskáverd)
discovered(diskáverd)
descubrir
dislike (disláik) disliked (disláikt) disliked (disláikt) disgustar
divide (diváid) divided (diváidid) divided (diváidid) dividir
double (dábl) doubled (dábld) doubled (dábld) duplicar
doubt (dáut) doubted (dáurid) doubted (dáurid) dudar
dream (drim) dreamed (drimd) dreamed (drimd) soñar
dress (dres) dressed (drest) dressed (drest) vestir
drop (drop) dropped (drópt) dropped (drópt) dejar caer, caerse
drown (dráun) drowned (dráund) drowned (dráund) ahogar
dry (drái) dried (dráid) dried (dráid) secar
dust (dást) dusted (dástid) dusted (dástid) limpiar
earn (ern) earned (ernd) earned (ernd) ganar
educate (édzukeit) educated (édzukeirid) educated (édzukeirid) educar
embarrass(imbáras)
embarrassed(imbárast)
embarrassed(imbárast)
avergonzar
employ (implói) employed (implóid) employed (implóid) emplear
empty (émpti) emptied (émptid) emptied (émptid) vaciar
encourage(inkáridz)
encouraged(inkáridzd)
encouraged(inkáridzd)
alentar
end (end) ended (éndid) ended (éndid) finalizar
enjoy (indzói) enjoyed (indzóid) enjoyed (indzóid) disfrutar
enter (éner) entered (énerd) entered (énerd) ingresar
entertain(enertéin)
entertained(enertéind)
entertained(enertéind)
entretener
escape (iskéip) escaped (iskéipt) escaped (iskéipt) huir
examine (igzámin) examined (igzámind) examined (igzámind) examinar
excite (iksáit) excited (iksáirid) excited (iksáirid) excitar
excuse (ikskiúz) excused (ikskiúzd) excused (ikskiúzd) excusarse
exercise(éksersaiz)
exercised(éksersaizd)
exercised(éksersaizd)
ejercitar
exist (igzíst) existed (igzístid) existed (igzístid) existir
expand (ikspánd) expanded (ikspándid) expanded (ikspándid) expandir
expect (ikspékt) expected (ikspéktid) expected (ikspéktid) esperar
explain (ikspléin) explained (ikspléind) explained (ikspléind) explicar
explode (iksplóud) exploded (iksplóudid) exploded (iksplóudid) explotar
extend (iksténd) extended (iksténdid) extended (iksténdid) extender
face (féis) faced (féist) faced (féist) enfrentar
fade (féid) faded (féidid) faded (féidid) decolorarse
fail (féil) failed (féild) failed (féild) fracasar
fancy (fánsi) fancied (fánsid) fancied (fánsid) imaginar, desear
fasten (fásen) fastened (fásend) fastened (fásend) atar
fax (faks) faxed (fakst) faxed (kakst) enviar un fax
fear (fíar) feared (fíard) feared (fíard) temer
fetch (fech) fetched (fecht) fetched (fecht) ir a buscar
file (fáil) filed (fáild) filed (fáild) archivar
fill (fil) filled (fild) filled (fild) llenar
film (film) filmed (filmd) filmed (filmd) filmar
fire (fáier) fired (fáierd) fired (fáierd) disparar, despedir
fit (fit) fitted (fítid) fitted (fítid) caber, encajar
fix (fiks) fixed (fikst) fixed (fikst) reparar
flash (flash) flashed (flasht) flashed (flasht) brillar, centellear
float (flóut) floated (flóurid) floated (flóurid) flotar
flood (flad) flooded (fládid) flooded (fládid) inundarse
flow (flóu) flowed (flóud) flowed (flóud) fluir, circular
flower (fláuer) flowered (fláuerd) flowered (fláuerd) florecer
fold (fóuld) folded (fóuldid) folded (fóuldid) doblar
follow (fólou) followed (fóloud) followed (fóloud) seguir, continuar
fool (ful) fooled (fuld) fooled (fuld) engañar
force (fors) forced (forst) forced (forst) forzar
form (form) formed (formd) formed (formd) formar
found (fáund) founded (fáundid) founded (fáundid) fundar
frame (fréim) framed (fréimd) framed (fréimd) enmarcar
frighten (fráiren) frightened (fráirend) frightened (fráirend) asustar
fry (frái) fried (fráid) fried (fráid) freír
gather (gáder) gathered (gáderd) gathered (gáderd) recoger
greet (grit) greeted (grírid) greeted (grírid) saludar
graduate (grádueit) graduated (grádueirid) graduated (grádueirid) graduarse
grease (gris) greased (grist) greased (grist) engrasar
groan (gróun) groaned (gróund) groaned (gróund) gruñir
guess (ges) guessed (gest) guessed (gest) adivinar
guide (gáid) guided (gáidid) guided (gáidid) gu
hammer (jámer) hammered (jámerd) hammered (jámerd) martillar
hand (jand) handed (jándid) handed (jándid) pasar, entregar
hang (jang) hanged (jangd) hanged (jangd) colgar
happen (jápen) happened (jápend) happened (jápend) suceder
harm (járm) harmed (jármd) harmed (jármd) dañar
hate (jéit) hated (jéirid) hated (jéirid) odiar
head (jéd) headed (jédid) headed (jédid) encabezar
heat (jit) heated (jírid) heated (jírid) calentar
help (jelp) helped (jelpt) helped (jelpt) ayudar
hunt (jant) hunted (jánid) hunted (jánid) cazar, ir de caza
hope (jóup) hoped (jóupt) hoped (jóupt) esperar con ansiedad
hug (jág) hugged (jágd) hugged (jágd) abrazar
hurry (jári) hurried (járid) hurried (járid) apurarse
identify (aidéntifai) identified (aidéntifaid) identified (aidéntifaid) identificar
ignore (ignór) ignored (ignórd) ignored (ignórd) ignorar
imagine (imádzin) imagined (imádzind) imagined (imádzind) imaginar
impress (imprés) impressed (imprést) impressed (imprést) impresionar
improve (imprúv) improved (imprúvd) improved (imprúvd) mejorar
include (inklúd) included (inklúdid) included (inklúdid) incluir
increase (inkrís) increased (inkríst) increased (inkríst) aumentar
influence (ínfluens) influenced (ínfluenst) influenced (ínfluenst) influenciar
inform (infórm) informed (infórmd) informed (infórmd) informar
inject (indzékt) injected (indzékrid) injected (indzékrid) inyectar
injure (índzur) injured (índzurd) injured (índzurd) herir, lesionar
introduce (introdiús) introduced (introdiúst) introduced (introdiúst) presentar
instruct (instrákt) instructed (instrákrid) instructed (instrákrid) instruir
intend (inténd) intended (inténdid) intended (inténdid) intentar
interest (íntrest) interested (íntrestid) interested (íntrestid) interesar
interfere (interfír) interfered (interfírd) interfered (interfírd) interferir
interrupt (interápt) interrupted (interáptid) interrupted (interáptid) interrumpir
invent (invént) invented (invénid) invented (invénid) inventar
invite (inváit) invited (inváirid) invited (inváirid) invitar
irritate (íriteit) irritated (íriteirid) irritated (íriteirid) irritar
jail (dzéil) jailed (dzéild) jailed (dzéild) encarcelar
join (dzóin) joined (dzóind) joined (dzóind) unir, juntar
joke (dzóuk) joked (dzóukt) joked (dzóukt) bromear
judge (dzadz) judged (dzadzd) judged (dzadzd) juzgar
jump (dzamp) jumped (dzampt) jumped (dzampt saltar
kick (kik) kicked (kikt) kicked (kikt) patear
kill (kil) killed (kilt) killed (kilt) matar
kiss (kis) kissed (kist) kissed (kist) besar
kneel (nil) kneeled (nild) USA kneeled (nild) USA arrodillarse
knit (nit) knitted (níltid) knitted (nítid) tejer
knock (nok) knocked (nokt) knocked (nokt) golpear
knot (not) knotted (nótid) knotted (nótid) anudar
label (léibl) labelled (léibld) labelled (léibld) etiquetar
land (land) landed (lándid) landed (lándid) aterrizar
last (last) lasted (lástid) lasted (lástid) durar
laugh (laf) laughed (laft) laughed (laft) reírse
launch (lonch) launched (loncht) launched (loncht) lanzar
level (lével) levelled (léveld) levelled (léveld) nivelar
lick (lik) licked (likt) licked (likt) lamer
lighten (láitn) lightened (láitnd) lightened (láitnd) iluminar, alivianar
like (láik) liked (láikt) liked (láikt) gustar
list (list) listed (lístid) listed (lístid) listar
listen (lísen) listened (lísend) listened (lísend) escuchar
live (liv) lived (livd) lived (livd) vivir
load (lóud) loaded (lóudid) loaded (lóudid) cargar
lock (lok) locked (lokt) locked (lokt) cerrar con llave
long (long) longed (longd) longed (longd) durar
look (luk) looked (lukt) looked (lukt) mirar
love (lav) loved (lavd) loved (lavd) amar
manage (mánidz) managed (mánidzd) managed (mánidzd) administrar
march (march) marched (marcht) marched (marcht) marchar
mark (mark) marked (markt) marked (markt) marcar
marry (mári) married (márid) married (márid) casarse
match (mach) matched (macht) matched (macht) hacer juego
measure (méshar) measured (méshard) measured (méshard) medir
melt (melt) melted (méltid) melted (méltid) derretirse
memorise(mémoraiz)
memorised(mémoraizd)
memorised(mémoraizd)
memorizar
mend (mend) mended (méndid) mended (méndid) remendar
milk (milk) milked (milkt) milked (milkt) ordeñar
miss (mis) missed (mist) missed (mist) perder, extrañar
mix (miks) mixed (mikst) mixed (mikst) mezclar
move (muv) moved (muvd) moved (muvd) mover, mudarse
multiply (máltíplai) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplied (móltí-pláid) multiplicar
murder (mérder) murdered (mérderd) murdered (mérderd) asesinar
nail (néil) nailed (néild) nailed (néild) clavar
name (néim) named (néimd) named (néimd) nombrar
need (nid) needed (nídid) needed (nídid) necesitar
note (nóut) noted (nóurid) noted (nóurid) advertir, fijarse en
notice (nóuris) noticed (nóurist) noticed (nóurist) prestar atención
number (námber) numbered (námberd) numbered (námberd) numerar
obey (obéi) obeyed (obéid) obeyed (obéid) obedecer
object (obdzékt) objected (obdzéktid) objected (obdzéktid) objetar
observe (obsérv) observed (obsérvd) observed (obsérvd) observar
obtain (obtéin) obtained (obtéind) obtained (obtéind) obtener
offend (ofénd) offended (oféndid) offended (oféndid) ofender
offer (ófer) offered (óferd) offered (óferd) ofrecer
open (óupen) opened (óupend) opened (óupend) abrir
order (órder) ordered (órderd) ordered (órderd) ordenar, pedir
overflow (ouverflóu) overflowed (ouverflóud)
overflowed (ouverflóud) inundar
owe (óu) owed (óud) owed (óud) adeudar
pack (pak) packed (pakt) packed (pakt) empacar
paint (péint) painted (péinid) painted (péinid) pintar
park (park) parked (parkt) parked (parkt) estacionar
pass (pas) passed (past) passed (past) pasar, aprobar
paste (péist) pasted (péistid) pasted (péistid) pegar
pat (pat) patted (párid) patted (párid) acariciar
pause (poz) paused (pozd) paused (pozd) detenerse
pedal (pédal) pedalled (pédald) pedalled (pédald) pedalear
peel (pil) peeled (pild) peeled (pild) pelar
peep (pip) peeped (pipt) peeped (pipt) echar una ojeada
perform (perfórm) performed (perfórmd) performed (perfórmd) ejecutar
phone (fóun) phoned (fóund) phoned (fóund) llamar por teléfono
pick (pik) picked (pikt) picked (pikt) recoger, levantar
plan (plan) planned (pland) planned (pland) planear, planificar
plant (plant) planted (plánid) planted (plánid) plantar
place (pléis) placed (pléist) placed (pléist) ubicar
play (pléi) played (pléid) played (pléid) tocar un instrumento,jugar
please (pliz) pleased (plizd) pleased (plizd) complacer
plug (plag) plugged (plagd) plugged (plagd) conectar
point (póint) pointed (póinid) pointed (póinid) señalar
polish (pólish) polished (pólisht) polished (pólisht) lustrar
possess (posés) possessed (posést) possessed (posést) poseer
post (póust) posted (póustid) posted (póustid) enviar por correo
pour (por) poured (pord) poured (pord) derramar
practise (práktis) practised (práktist) practised (práktist) practicar
pray (préi) prayed (préid) prayed (préid) rezar
precede (prousíd) preceded (prousídid) preceded (prousídid) preceder
prefer (prífér) preferred (prifért) preferred (prifért) preferir
prepare (pripér) prepared (pripérd) prepared (pripérd) preparar
present (prizént) presented (prizénid) presented (prizénid) presentar, regalar
press (pres) pressed (prest) pressed (prest) presionar, apretar
pretend (priténd) pretended (priténid) pretended (priténid) fingir
prevent (privént) prevented (privénid) prevented (privénid) impedir
print (print) printed (prínid) printed (prínid) imprimir
produce (prodús) produced (prodúst) produced (prodúst) producir
program(prógram)
programmedprógramd)
programmedprógramd)
programar
promise (prómis) promised (prómist) promised (prómist) prometer
protect (protékt) protected (protéktid) protected (protéktid) proteger
provide (prováid) provided (prováidid) provided (prováidid) proveer
pull (pul) pulled (pult) pulled (pult) tirar de
pump (pamp) pumped (pampt) pumped (pampt) bombear
punish (pánish) punished (pánisht) punished (pánisht) castigar
push (push) pushed (pusht) pushed (pusht) empujar
queue (kiú) queued (kiúd) queued (kiúd) hacer cola
rain (réin) rained (réind) rained (réind) llover
raise (réiz) raised (réizd) raised (réizd) levantar
reach (rich) reached (richt) reached (richt) alcanzar
realise (ríalaiz) realised (ríalaizd) realised (ríalaizd) darse cuenta
receive (risív) received (risívd) received (risívd) recibir
recognise (ríkognaiz) recognised (ríkognaizd)
recognised (ríkognaizd)
reconocer
record (rikórd) recorded (rikórdid) recorded (rikórdid) grabar
reduce (ridiús) reduced (ridiúst) reduced (ridiúst) reducir
reflect (riflékt) reflected (rifléktid) reflected (rifléktid) reflejar
refuse (rifiúz) refused (rifiúzd) refused (rifiúzd) rechazar
regret (rigrét) regretted (rigrétid) regretted (rigrétid) lamentarse
relax (riláks) relaxed (rilákst) relaxed (rilákst) relajarse
release (rilís) released (rilíst) released (rilíst) soltar
rely (relái) relied (reláid) relied (reláid) confiar
remain (riméin) remained (riméind) remained (riméind) permanecer
remember remembered remembered recordar
(rimémber) (rimémberd) (rimémberd)
remind (rimáind) reminded (rimáindid) reminded (rimáindid) acordarse de
remove (rimúv) removed (rimúvd) removed (rimúvd) eliminar
rent (rent) rent (rénid) rent (rénid) alquilar
repair (ripér) repaired (ripérd) repaired (ripérd) reparar
repeat (ripít) repeated (ripírid) repeated (ripírid) repetir
replace (ripléis) replaced (ripléist) replaced (ripléist) reemplazar
reply (replái) replied (repládt) replied (repládt) responder
report (ripórt) reported (ripórid) reported (ripórid) informar
reproduce(riprodiús)
reproduced(riprodiúst)
reproduced(riprodiúst)
reproducir
request (rikuést) requested (rikuéstid) requested (rikuéstid) solicitar
rescue (réskiu) rescued (réskiud) rescued (réskiud) rescatar
retire (ritáir) retired (ritáird) retired (ritáird) jubilarse
return (ritérn) returned (ritérnd) returned (ritérnd) regresar
rhyme (ráim) rhymed (ráimd) rhymed (ráimd) rimar
rinse (rins) rinsed (rinst) rinsed (rinst) enjuagar
risk (risk) risked (riskt) risked (riskt) arriesgar
rob (rób) robbed (róbd) robbed (róbd) robar
row (róu) rowed (róud) rowed (róud) remar
rub (rab) rubbed (rábd) rubbed (rábd) frotar
ruin (rúin) ruined (rúind) ruined (rúind) arruinar
rule (rul) ruled (ruld) ruled (ruld) regir, dominar
sack (sak) sacked (sakt) sacked (sakt) despedir
sail (séil) sailed (séild) sailed (séild) navegar
satisfy (satisfái) satisfied (satisfáid) satisfied (satisfáid) satisfacer
save (séiv) saved (séivd) saved (séivd) salvar, ahorrar, guardar
scream (skrim) screamed (skrimd) screamed (skrimd) gritar
screw (skru) screwed (skrud) screwed (skrud) atornillar
seal (sil) sealed (sild) sealed (sild) sellar
search (serch) searched (sercht) searched (sercht) buscar
separate (sépareit) separated (sépareirid) separated (sépareirid) separar
serve (serv) served (servd) served (servd) servir
settle (setl) settled (setld) settled (setld) establecer
share (sher) shared (sherd) shared (sherd) compartir
shave (shéiv) shaved (shéivd) shaved (shéivd) afeitarse
shelter (shélter) sheltered (shélterd) sheltered (shélterd) proteger, resguardar
shop (shop) shopped (shópt) shopped (shópt) comprar
sigh (sái) sighed (sáid) sighed (sáid) suspirar
sign (sáin) signed (sáind) signed (sáind) firmar
signal (sígnal) signalled (sígnald) signalled (sígnald) hacer señales
sin (sín) sinned (sínd) sinned (sínd) pecar
ski (ski) skied (skid) skied (skid) esquiar
skip (skíp) skipped (skípt) skipped (skípt) saltearse
slip (slíp) slipped (slípt) slipped (slípt) deslizarse
slow (slóu) slowed (slóud) slowed (slóud) disminuir la velocidad
smell (smel) smelled (smeld) smelled (smeld) oler
smile (smáil) smiled (smáild) smiled (smáild) sonreír
smoke (smóuk) smoked (smóukt) smoked (smóukt) fumar
sneeze (sniz) sneezed (snizd) sneezed (snizd) estornudar
snore (snor) snored (snord) snored (snord) roncar
snow (snóu) snowed (snóud) snowed (snóud) nevar
soak (sóuk) soaked (sóukt) soaked (sóukt) empapar
sound (sáund) sounded (sáundid) sounded (sáundid) sonar
spell (spel) spelled (speld) spelled (speld) deletrear
spill (spil) spilled (spild) spilled (spild) derramar
spoil (spóil) spoiled (spóild) spoiled (spóild) malcriar
spray (spréi) sprayed (spréid) sprayed (spréid) vaporizar
start (start) started (stárid) started (stárid) arrancar, comenzar
stay (stéi) stayed (stéid) stayed (stéid) quedarse, permanecer
stop (stop) stopped (stópt) stopped (stópt) pararse, detenerse
store (stor) stored (stord) stored (stord) almacenar
stretch (strech) stretched (strecht) stretched (strecht) estirar
succeed (saksíd) succeeded (saksídid) succeeded (saksídid) tener éxito
suffer (sáfer) suffered (sáferd) suffered (sáferd) sufrir
suggest (sadzést) suggested (sadzéstid) suggested (sadzéstid) sugerir
supply (saplái) supplied (sapláid) supplied (sapláid) proveer
support (sapórt) supported (sapórid) supported (sapórid) apoyar
suppose (supóus) supposed (supóust) supposed (supóust) suponer
surprise (supráiz) surprised (supráizd) surprised (supráizd) sorprender
surround (suráund) surrounded (suráunid) surrounded (suráunid) rodear
suspect (saspékt) suspected (saspéktid) suspected (saspéktid) sospechar
suspend (saspénd) suspended (saspénid) suspended (saspénid) colgar
switch (suích) switched (suícht) switched (suícht) cambiar, enchufar
talk (tok) talked (tokt) talked (tokt) conversar
taste (téist) tasted (tésitid) tasted (téistid) saborear
tease (tiz) teased (tizd) teased (tizd) tomar el pelo, atormentar
telephone (télefoun) telephoned (télefound) telephoned (télefound) llamar por teléfono
tempt (tempt) tempted (témptid) tempted (témptid) tentar
terrify (térrifai) terrified (térri-fáid) terrified (térri-fáid) aterrorizar
test (test) tested (téstid) tested (téstid) comprobar
thank (senk) thanked (senkt) thanked (senkt) agradecer
tick (tik) ticked (tikt) ticked (tikt) tildar, marcar
tie (tái) tied (táid) tied (táid) atar
tip (típ) tipped (típt) tipped (típt) dar propina
touch (tach) touched (tacht) touched (tacht) tocar
tow (tóu) towed (tóud) towed (tóud) remolcar
trade (tréid) traded (tréidid) traded (tréidid) comerciar, negociar
train (tréin) trained (tréind) trained (tréind) entrenar
transport(transpórt)
transported(transpórid)
transported(transpórid)
transportar
travel (trável) travelled (tráveld) travelled (tráveld) viajar
tremble (trembl) trembled (trembld) trembled (trembld) temblar
trust (trast) trusted (trástid) trusted (trástid) confiar
try (trái) tried (tráid) tried (tráid) tratar, intentar
turn (tern) turned (ternd) turned (ternd) volver, dar vuelta
twist (tuíst) twisted (tuístid) twisted (tuístid) doblar
type (táip) typed (táipt) typed (táipt) escribir a máquina
use (iúz) used (iúzd) used (iúzd) usar
vanish (vánish)
vanished (vánisht) vanished (vánisht) desaparecer
visit (vísit) visited (vísirid) visited (vísirid) visitar
wait (wéit) waited (wéirid) waited (wéirid) esperar
walk (wok) walked (wokt) walked (wokt) caminar
want (wont) wanted (wónid) wanted (wónid) querer
warn (worn) warned (wornd) warned (wornd) advertir
wash (wosh) washed (wosht) washed (wosht) lavar
waste (wéist) wasted (wéistid) wasted (wéistid) gastar, desperdiciar
watch (woch) watched (wocht) watched (wocht) vigilar
weigh (wéi) weighed (wéirid) weighed (wéirid) pesar
yawn (ión) yawned (iónd) yawned (iónd) bostezar
yell (iél) yelled (iéld) yelled (iéld) gritar
zoom (zum) zoomed (zumd) zoomed (zumd) pasar muy rápido, acercar
THE POSSESSIVES
Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives show who the thing belongs to.
PERSON Personal Pronoun ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS
1st (I) my mine 2nd (you) your yours 3rd (he) his his
(she) her hers (it) it its
Plural 1st (we) our ours 2nd (you) your yours
3rd (they) their theirs
NOTE: In English, possessive adjectives and pronouns refer to the possessor, not the object or person that is possessed.
Examples
Jane's brother is married to John's sister. Her brother is married to his sister. Peter and his sister. Jane and her father. Do you know where your books are? Is this their picnic? No, it is ours. I think this is your passport. Yes, it is mine.
POSSESSIVE NOUNS:
When creating possessive form nouns there are 8 simple rules:
1. If a singular noun does not end in s, add 's
The delivery boy's truck was blocking the driveway. Bob Dole's concession speech was stoic and dignified. The student's attempts to solve the problem were rewarded
2. If a singular common noun ends in s, add 's—unless the next word begins with s. If the next word begins with s, add an apostrophe only. (This includes words with s and sh sounds.)
The boss's temper was legendary among his employees. The boss' sister was even meaner. The witness's version of the story has several inconsistencies. The witness' story did not match the events recorded on tape.
3. If a singular proper noun ends in s, add an apostrophe.
Chris ' exam scores were higher than any other students.
4. If a noun is plural in form and ends in an s, add an apostrophe only, even if the intended meaning of the word is singular (such as mathematics and measles.)
The instructor asked us to analyze ten poems' meanings. The dog catcher had to check all of the dogs' tags. It is hard to endure the Marine Corps' style of discipline.
5. If a plural noun does not end in s, add 's
Many activists in Oregon are concerned with children's rights. Everyone was disappointed with the American media's coverage of the Olympics in Atlanta.
6. If there is joint possession, use the correct possessive for only the possessive closest to the noun.
Clinton and Gore's campaign was successful. She was worried about her mother and father's marriage. Beavis and Butthead's appeal is absolutely lost on me.
7. If there is a separate possession of the same noun, use the correct possessive form for each word.
The owner's and the boss's excuses were equally false. The dog's and the cats' owners were in school when the fire broke out.
8. In a compound construction, use the correct possessive form for the word closest to the noun. Avoid possessives with compound plurals.
My father-in-law's BMW is really fun to drive. The forest ranger's truck is painted an ugly shade of green. Your neighborhood letter carrier's job is more difficult than you imagine.
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are for things we can count
Examples
dog, horse, man, shop, idea.
They usually have a singular and plural form.
Examples
two dogs, ten horses, a man, six men, the shops, a few ideas.
Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count
Examples
tea, sugar, water, air, rice.
They are often the names for abstract ideas or qualities.
Examples
knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love.
They are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form. We cannot say sugars, angers, knowledges.
Examples of common uncountable nouns:
money, furniture, happiness, sadness, research, evidence, safety, beauty, knowledge.
We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of one of these nouns, use a word or expression like:some, a lot of, a piece of, a bit of, a great deal of...
Examples
There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease. He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview. They've got a lot of furniture. Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. Some of the most common of these are:
accommodationadvice
baggagebehaviour
breadfurniture
informationluggage
newsprogress
traffictravel
troubleweather
work
BE CAREFUL with the noun 'hair' which is normally uncountable in English:
She has long blonde hair
It can also be countable when referring to individual hairs:
My father's getting a few grey hairs now
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
Most nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es.
Examples
Singular Plural boat boats hat hats
house houses river rivers
A noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant makes the plural with -ies.
Examples
Singular Plural a cry cries a fly flies
a nappy nappies
a poppy poppies a city cities a lady ladies
a baby babies
There are some irregular formations for noun plurals. Some of the most common ones are listed below.
Examples of irregular plurals
Singular Plural woman women
man men child children tooth teeth foot feet
person people leaf leaves half halves knife knives wife wives life lives loaf loaves
potato potatoes cactus cacti focus foci
fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabus syllabi/syllabuses analysis analyses
diagnosis diagnoses oasis oases thesis theses crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum data
Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
Examples
Singular Plural sheep sheep fish fish
species species aircraft aircraft
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb.
Examples
news The news is on at 6.30 p.m. athletics Athletics is good for young people. linguistics Linguistics is the study of language. darts Darts is a popular game in England. billiards Billiards is played all over the world.
Some nouns have a plural form and take a plural verb.
Examples
trousers My trousers are too tight. jeans Her jeans are black. glasses Those glasses are his.
others include:
savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits
THE DEMONSTRATIVES
THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
1. Function
The demonstratives this, that, these, those ,show where an object or person is in relation to the speaker.This (singular) and these (plural) refer to an object or person near the speaker. That (singular) and those (plural) refer to an object or person further away. It can be a physical closeness or distance as in:
Who owns that house? (distant) Is this John's house? (near)
Or it can be a psychological distance as in:
That's nothing to do with me.. (distant) This is a nice surprise! (near)
2. Position
Before the noun.
Before the word 'one'. Before an adjective + noun. Alone when the noun is 'understood'.
Examples:
This car looks cleaner than that one. This old world keeps turning round Do you remember that wonderful day in June? I'll never forget this.
DEFINITE ARTICLE
THE
Articles in English are invariable. That is, they do not change according to the gender or number of the noun they refer to, e.g. the boy, the woman, the children
'The' is used:
1. to refer to something which has already been mentioned.
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
The mouse loved the elephant's long trunk,and the elephant loved the mouse's tiny nose.
2. when both the speaker and listener know what is being talked about, even if it has not been mentioned before.
'Where's the bathroom?''It's on the first floor.'
3. in sentences or clauses where we define or identify a particular person or object:
The man who wrote this book is famous.'Which car did you scratch?' 'The red one.My house is the one with a blue door.'
4. to refer to objects we regard as unique:
the sun, the moon, the world
5. before superlatives and ordinal numbers: (see Adjectives)
the highest building, the first page, the last chapter.
6. with adjectives, to refer to a whole group of people:
the Japanese (see Nouns - Nationalities), the old
7. with names of geographical areas and oceans:
the Caribbean, the Sahara, the Atlantic
8. with decades, or groups of years:
she grew up in the seventies
FORM AND FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES
Form of Adjectives
Rules
1. Adjectives are invariable:They do not change their form depending on the gender or number of the noun.
A hot potato Some hot potatoes
2. To emphasise or strengthen the meaning of an adjective use 'very' or 'really':
A very hot potato Some really hot potatoes.
(BUT see also Modifiers/Adverbs)
Position of adjectives
a) Usually in front of a noun: A beautiful girl.
b) After verbs like "to be", "to seem" , "to look", "to taste":
Examples
The girl is beautiful
You look tired This meat tastes funny.
c) After the noun: in some fixed expressions:
Examples
The Princess Royal The President elect a court martial
d) After the noun with the adjectives involved, present, concerned:
Examples
1. I want to see the people involved/concerned (= the people who have something to do with the matter) 2. Here is a list of the people present (= the people who were in the building or at the meeting)
Be careful! When these adjectives are used before the noun they have a different meaning:
An involved discussion = detailed, complex A concerned father = worried, anxious The present situation = current, happening now
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
Difference can also be shown by using not so/as ...as:
Examples
Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest Norway is not as sunny as Thailand A bicycle is not as expensive as a car Arthur is not as intelligent as Albert
COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show difference: more, less, fewer + thanTo show no difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as
FORMING THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Using the comparative of adjectives in English is quite easy once you have understood the few simple rules that govern the.
Below you will find the rules with examples for each condition.
If you are not sure what a syllable or a consonant is - have a look here.
Rules
Number of syllables Comparative Superlative (see rule)one syllable + -er + -est tall taller tallest
one syllable with the spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant: double the final consonant: fat fatter fattest big bigger biggest sad sadder saddest
Number of syllables Comparative Superlativetwo syllables + -er OR more + adj + -est OR most + adjending in: -y, -ly, -owending in: -le, -er or -urethese common adjectives - handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiethappy happier/ more happy happiest/ most happy yellow yellower/ more yellow yellowest/ most yellow simple simpler/ more simple simplest/ most simple tender tenderer/ more tender tenderest/ most tender
If you are not sure, use MORE + OR MOST +Note: Adjectives ending in '-y' like happy, pretty, busy, sunny, lucky etc:. replace the -y with -ier or -iest in the comparative and superlative formbusy busier busiest
Number of syllables Comparative Superlativethree syllables or more more + adj most + adjimportant more important most important
expensive more expensive most expensive
Examples
A cat is fast, a tiger is faster but a cheetah is the fastest A car is heavy, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest A park bench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more comfortable, but a sofa is the most comfortable
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
These adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms:
Adjective Comparative Superlativegood better best bad worse worst little less least much more most
far further / farther furthest / farthest
COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show difference: more, less, fewer + than
Examples:
With countable nouns: more / fewer
Eloise has more children than Chantal. Chantal has fewer children than Eloise. There are fewer dogs in Cardiff than in Bristol I have visited fewer countries than my friend has. He has read fewer books than she has.
With uncountable nouns: more / less
Eloise has more money than Chantal. Chantal has less money than Eloise. I spend less time on homework than you do. Cats drink less water than dogs. This new dictionary gives more information than the old one.
So, the rule is:
MORE + nouns that are countable or uncountableFEWER + countable nounsLESS + uncountable nouns
Rules
To show no difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as
as many as / as few as + countable nouns as much as / as little as + uncountable nouns
Examples:
With countable nouns:
They have as many children as us. We have as many customers as them. Tom has as few books as Jane. There are as few houses in his village as in mine. You know as many people as I do.
I have visited the States as many times as he has.
With uncountable nouns:
John eats as much food as Peter. Jim has as little food as Sam. You've heard as much news as I have. He's had as much success as his brother has. They've got as little water as we have.
Order of AdjectivesRules
Where a number of adjectives are used together, the order depends on the function of the adjective. The usual order is:
Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material
Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charmingSize small, huge, tiny
Age/Temperature old, hot, youngShape round, square, rectangular Colour red, blonde, blackOrigin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese
Material plastic, wooden, silver
Examples:
a lovely old red post-box some small round plastic tables some charming small silver ornaments