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• The Olmec
• Teotihuacan
• The Mixtec
• The Zapotec
Early Civilizations of Mexico and Mesoamerica
Pre-Columbian Americas > Early Civilizations of Mexico and Mesoamerica
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• The Olmec lived in south-central Mexico, with their center in La Venta.
• Little is known about Olmec religion, though scholars believe there were eight
main deities.
• People lived in small agricultural villages outside of urban centers which were
mainly for ceremonial use. The decline of the Olmec population from 400-350
BCE may have been due to environmental changes.
The Olmec
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Pre-Columbian Americas > Early Civilizations of Mexico and Mesoamerica
• Teotihuacan was founded around 100 BCE and reached its peak population
around 450 CE.
• Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic city, with distinct quarters occupied by Otomi,
Zapotec, Mixtec, Maya and Nahua peoples.
• The geographical layout of Teotihuacan is a good example of the Mesoamerican
tradition of planning cities, settlements, and buildings as a reflections of their view
of the Universe.
Teotihuacan
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Pre-Columbian Americas > Early Civilizations of Mexico and Mesoamerica
• The Mixtec survive, but reached peak prominence in the 11th century CE. The
language "Mixtec" is set of up to 50 languages, and is not to be confused with the
Mixtec people. The Mixtec are well known in the anthropological world for their
Codices, or phonetic pictures in which they wrote their history and genealogies.
The Mixtec
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Pre-Columbian Americas > Early Civilizations of Mexico and Mesoamerica
• The Zapotec civilization originated in the three Central Valleys of Oaxaca in the
late 6th Century BCE. There are five distinct Zapotec periods, denoted Mount
Alban 1-5 (after the place of origin). The Zapotec were polytheists who developed
a calendar and logosyllabic writing system.
The Zapotec
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Pre-Columbian Americas > Early Civilizations of Mexico and Mesoamerica
Key terms
• La Venta The main city of the Olmec civilization.
• Mixtec Indigenous Mesoamerican peoples inhabiting the region known as La Mixteca which covers parts of the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero and Puebla.
• Monte Alban The place of origin for the Zapotec civilization.
• Teotihuacan A large precolumbian Mesoamerican city known for its archeological significance.
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Pre-Columbian Americas
Olmec HeadThis sculpture is typical of the Colossal Heads of the Olmec
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Wikipedia. "Olmec colossal Heads." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads#mediaviewer/File:Mexico.Tab.OlmecHead.01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
A funerary urn in the shape of a "bat god" or a jaguarca. AD 300–650.Height: 9.5 in (23 cm).
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Wikipedia. "Zapotec Civilization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
Olmec KingSurviving art, like this relief of a king or chief found in La Venta, help provide clues about how Olmec society functioned.
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Wikipedia. "Olmec King." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olmec_King.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
Piramide del SolPirámide del Sol at Teotihuacan
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Wikimedia Commons. "Pirámide del Sol, Teotihuacán." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pir%C3%A1mide_del_Sol,_Teotihuac%C3%A1n,_M%C3%A9xico.JPG View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
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Wikipedia. "Monte alban panorama from northern platform." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monte_alban_panorama_from_northern_platform.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
Mixtec's AreaThe historical geographic area inhabited by the Mixtec.
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Wikipedia. "Mixtecs." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mixtecs.png View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
Mixtec Funerary MaskMixtec art has been used to explain precolumbian history.
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Wikimedia Commons. "Mixtec funerary mask Grave No. 7 Monte Alban Museo de las Culturas de Oaxaca anagoria." CC BY 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2013-13-27_Mixtec_funerary_mask_Grave_No._7_Monte_Alban_Museo_de_las_Culturas_de_Oaxaca_anagoria.JPG
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Pre-Columbian Americas
Panorama from Monte AlbanThe view from the site of origin of the Zapotec
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Wikipedia. "Monte alban panorama from northern platform." CC BY 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monte_alban_panorama_from_northern_platform.jpg View on Boundless.com
Pre-Columbian Americas
