The New Caucasian Race

7/29/2019 The New Caucasian Race

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The New Caucasian Race

Brown skin excuses global Negroid Ancestry. Brown-skinned menbecame Caucasian after being classified that way by Euro-American

Anthropologists.

The following pictures help prove the arguments and are backed by scientific DNA evidence.Anthropologists would highly dispute my intent because they have classified the followinggroups as Caucasian--although in the 1950's the same groups of people shown below wereclassified as "colored." Currently these brown and black people are called "ethnic groups"

or "ethnic minorities." If the world is Caucasian, where did all of the Black/Brown facescome from? You can get White from Black, but you cannot produce Black and Brown from

White. Anthropologists say that "skin color" and "hair texture" are not significant as racedeterminants, but DNA has been links African genes to Asia, South America, Oceania and

Europe.

White skin color and/or European origin are an immediate exemption from racial oppressionby the people making the rules and writing the books. The granules, which were once allWhite, are now heavily black peppered. According to the British scientists, the skulldimensions and facial features match most closely the native people of Australia andMelanesia. These people date back to about 60,000 years and descended from the firsthumans (Negritos--Read Synopsis #6). What about Ivan Van Sertima's book, They CameBefore Columbus and Cheikh Anta Diop's book The African Origin of Civilization? VanSertima refers to the Negroid Olmec Heads in Central Mexico and similarities between the

Aztec and Egyptians? His book was written almost 35 years ago, but it took Whiteanthropologists from England to validate the findings Black authors had already reported.

Anthropologists will tell you that when Caucasians live closer to the equator the skinbecomes darker, and under the influence of constant heat the body frame tends to becomea little smaller, and that explains the Black skin color, but those people are really Caucasian.Below is a website that seems to sum it all up!!!


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Ancient Man and His First Civilizations

Prehistoric Egypt

In presenting our history of the worlds first civilizations, we rely heavily on pictures of the statues

and relief's that the ancients made in their own image to tell their stories. In viewing these images,

it immediately becomes evident that the noses don't look like Black peoples noses. That is because

the White people responsible for restoring these artifacts to good condition for display, routinely

modify them to make them appear to be White people. In many cases, they don't even bother to

change the noses, they simply just break them off.

The British Museum - one of the main depositories of ancient artifacts: has come up with a truly

novel explanation for the defacing of Black artifacts.

From the British Museum - Quote: Royal statues in Egypt were sometimes usurped (taken over)

by later rulers. The normal procedure was simply to re-carve their name over the old one, but insome cases the physical features were also altered. Ramesses II (1279-1213 BC) seems to have

altered a number of statues of Amenhotep III in this way, presumably because he wished to

represent his ideal image in a certain form. Ramesses seems to have concentrated on changing

the characteristic thick lips of the older statuary to thinner ones. In other cases he took to

reducing the plump stomach areas of Amenhotep's statues to make them closer to his ideal of the

physical shape of the king. End Quote.


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So now we are to believe that it was not White people, (modern Europeans and Turks) they who

have held Egypt's treasures for over 2,500 years; who are responsible for defacing Black

artifacts, but rather, it was done by another Black man, Rameses II. Great, but we are left to

wonder how Rameses II managed to get his hands on all of those statues, even those made after

he was dead; and what about Sumerian statues? Seeing as how the same thing was done to them

too, truly amazing.

Putting aside that nonsense from the British Museum, let us look at some examples of

defacement of Black artifacts by White people. One of the best examples, is by the wife of the

aforementioned Pharaoh Amenhotep III, Queen Tiy. The Egyptians often used "faience" a finely

glazed ceramic material, to make small statues and jewelry. Being a brittle material, faience

would break if it was filed down, and it would be impossible to patch it to look natural. Thus

Queen Tiy's small faience statue has her natural nose.


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EXAMPLE-2

EXAMPLE-3


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The Forgeries and Fakes

In the case of the two statues above: the stupidity of the forgers is sublime. A complete list of

the errors would take the whole page, but here are just a few. The Egyptians were fastidious

about removing facial and head hair - that's why they wore wigs. A Royal Prince with a full

head of hair and a mustache would have been unthinkable. Plus, Caucasians did not reach the

middle east until well after 1,200 B.C. - Ra-Hotep is completely out of the question. Queen

Tetisheri - it is hard to tell with the nose, but the style and look is all wrong for an Egyptian

statue.


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Now back to History:

The next few pages, though speaking specifically of Egypt, are typical of ancient man. All dates

presented in pre-historic and early historic times of Egypt and the other civilizations, are largely

guesses. The methods most often used to date artifacts and remains, namely carbon-14 and potassium-argon decay, are not very useful in calculating dates in the Lower and early Middle Paleolithic eras

(stone ages), and other methods for later times, are no better. As an example: many date the Sphinx of

Egypt to be more than 12,000 years old, but it is conventionally dated at 4,500 years old, quite adifference. So please take the dates given as a guesstimate - a convenient point of reference, nothing

more.

In Egypt, sometime around 40,000 to 15,000 years ago, the rains started to diminish, and the Sahara,

which had been a fertile land, started to dry up, and was becoming a desert. Fleeing the advancingdesert, many of the people that were living in the area started to migrated closer to the only

dependable source of fresh water - the Nile River. Over the following thousands of years, the Sahara

became a total desert, completely incapable of supporting human life except for the Oasis'. By then,

the people of the area had already moved to the Nile River Valley. And it is here in the Nile Valley,where as these early human groups are forced to live closer and ever closer to each other, they start to

cooperate with each other, and to learn from each other.

Over time, they begin to form the first pools of collective knowledge, (as an example of collectiveknowledge: no one person knows how to build a car by himself - it takes thousands of people, each

pooling their individual knowledge and skills to build a car). With this collective knowledge, early

man first learns how to make better tools for fishing, hunting and butchering his kill, (in time, this

knowledge would grow to the point where they can build the Pyramids). Then the early forms offarming begin to appear. At a few sites, there is evidence that fishing was abandoned by some people,

possibly because farmed grains (barley, most likely), together with the large herd animals that they still

hunted, created a diet that was more than adequate for their needs.


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There can be no question as to the truthfulness of the saying "Necessity is

the Mother of Invention." This very same scenario of early man being forced

to live together in River Valleys, because of harsh conditions in the

surrounding areas, is played out again and again, for each of the other

founding civilizations. The Tigress and Euphrates River Valleys in Sumer.

The Indus River Valley in India. The Yellow River Valley in China.

The Qadan culture

Soon we begin to see the first signs of "true" culture emerging, such as the

Qadan culture (13,000 - 9,000 B.C.). These Qadan sites, which stretch from

the Second Cataract of the Nile to Tushka (just above Aswan), actually havecemeteries and evidence of ritual burial. It is also during this time, that true

agriculture begins, grinding stones and reaping blades have been found in

great numbers there. It is also about this time that they learn to domesticate

animals. But as is always the case with man, there is always conflict and war.

A statistical analysis of the main cemetery at Jebel Sahaba, gives a figure of

40 percent of the people buried there, died from wounds due to thrown

projectiles; spears, darts, and arrows.


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Now lets look at these ancient people in terms of their cultural phases: that is

to say, how man was thinking, living and working at a given time in a given

place. (as always, these cultural phase names are taken from the place where

the evidence and artifacts were found, we never know what they called these

places or themselves).

The Badari

The Badari are believed to be the ancestors of the pre-dynastic Egyptians. They lived in Upper Egypt,on the eastern bank of the Nile near the village of Badari, which is south of Asiut. Here archaeologists

have found both, a series of settlement sites, as well as various cemeteries. These people lived before4400 B.C, though they were a semi-nomadic people, they started to cultivate grain and domesticate

animals. They had a series of small villages in the flat desert which borders the flood plain created bythe Nile. Their burial grounds were found on the outskirts of their villages. They performed ritual

sacrifice of cattle and sheep, and then gave these animals ceremonial burial.

The graves of these people were simple - the dead were laid to rest on their left side facing the west in

a fetal position and wrapped in matting. They were buried with fine grave goods - such as beautifulceramics, decorated plates, bowls and dishes. Also cosmetic utensils, which included makeup palettes,

ointment spoons, decorative combs and bracelets, necklaces, copper beads and pins. They also usually

had an ivory or clay female figure, (which may have been a fertility doll or idol), placed in the grave

with the deceased. This all indicates a highly evolved funerary system, the dead were buried with theirfinest possessions for use in the next world. Unfortunately, many of these graves were robbed.


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The Amratian

Succeeding the Badari, the Amratian/Naqada people took over. They were

one of the most important prehistoric cultures in Upper Egypt, and their

development can be traced to the founding of the Egyptian state. The

Amratian (Naqada I), started as a parallel culture to the Badari, but

eventually replaced it. These then were the people commonly thought of, as

the first "true" Egyptians, about 4500-3100 B.C.

Like the Badari, they lived in villages, and cultivated the fertile Nile valley. Each village had it's ownanimal deity, which was identified on the clan ensign. From this came the different Egyptian Nome's(districts), with their own local totems, later these totems would become the gods of the dynastic

pantheon.


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As the artistic abilities of the people grew, they started making pottery decorated with animals and

humans engaged in hunting or worshiping. Female idol figures continue to appear - but now in greater

numbers and in a wider variety. And now bearded male figures, also started to appear on pendants andivory sticks, these seem to have a magical or spiritual purpose.

In the Amratian graves, the deceased were buried with statuettes to keep them company in the afterlife.

These were the forerunners of ushabti figures, which are found in later Egyptian tombs. Along with

these figures, the dead person was buried with food, weapons, amulets, ornaments, and decoratedvases and palettes.

The Gerzean

In the middle of the fourth millennium B.C, the Gerzean/Naqada II culture superceded the Naqada I.They had by now, mastered the art of agriculture and the use of artificial irrigation (canals and dykes).

With this and their domesticated animals, they no longer needed to hunt for their food. The people

started to live in towns, not just villages. The Gerzean people continued to grow in the artistic area

also, creating new styles of pottery and more elegant artwork. Metalworking increased - the Gerzeanpeople made great use of copper knives. They also created their own cast-metal implements and

weapons.

They also traded with far distant peoples and places, such as Mesopotamia and Asia, for copper, silver,

lapis lazuli, lead, and cylinder seals. Soon foreign influences brought in through their trading activities,began to show in their style of dress, ornaments and various implements. Radical changes in the design

of knives, daggers and pottery were made by the Gerzeans because of these influences, which were of

course two-way.

Burials


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It was also at this time, that they introduced the Sun God "Ra" (later Horus). Whose

symbol was the falcon, and the love goddess Hathor, whose symbol was the cow. There

were also significant changes in their type of burial. Whereas before, the corpse was

generally wrapped in some sort of covering, and buried in a contracted position facing

the west. Now those in Gerzean graves, showed no particular orientation at all, but the

graves were now much more elaborate. Here also is evidence of an elite social class,

from the grave goods found. These more elaborate funerals have larger rectangular

graves, with walls lined with either masonry or wood.

The beginnings of class

In Nekhem (Hierakonpolis), we see the beginnings of this class distinction, here we find large dynastictype buildings, with new rituals and social structure. In the cult center of Horus, there is a palace and

ritual precinct, which was made of timber and matting, but can only be theoretically reconstructed

from the positions of the postholes - some of which were big enough for entire tree trunks! Thefeatures of this complex can be compared with the buildings of Pharaoh Djoser's pyramid complex,

because it also has a large oval courtyard, surrounded by various buildings. This is clearly the


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forerunner to the royal ritual precincts of the early Dynastic Period.

A note on terminology:

Upper Egypt - referrers to southern Egypt, Lower Egypt referrers to northern Egypt. The reason for

this apparent switch, is that their reference was the Nile river, which runs South to North.

The word Pharaoh means "Great House" a reference to the kings residence.

The actual name of the country that we call Egypt is "Kemet" which in the Kemetian language means

the "Black land", no doubt referring to the dark soil of the Nile river valley. The word "Egypt" is theGreek name for the country and is a reference to a mythical Greek hero "Aegyptus". The Kemetians

called themselves simply, "the people".

This brings up some rather annoying problems. The fact is that much of the ancient history available to

us, was written by Europeans. Consequently they converted person and place names to words in theirlanguages. Unfortunately at this point, it would only cause more confusion, not to continue using the

European words.

However, there is one thing that is particularly nonsensical: English is called "English"

because England is the originating country, French is called "French" because France

is the originating country, etc. etc. So why is it that Egyptian is called "Semitic" a word

coined by a German professor of languages, A.L. von Schlozer, he first coined the word

"semitic" in 1780 to describe Middle Eastern languages.

There can be no doubt that Egypt is the major, of the originating civilizations for all of man'ssubsequent civilizations. Yet Egypt's language is referred to by some trumped-up name. Anyway, there

is no such thing as a "Semitic" language, there is no such thing as a "Semitic" people, there is no such

thing as a "Semitic" anything, it's not a real word! What they really mean is Kemetian. But, we're

forced to use semitic here anyway, for convenience.

Also Note, Countries with the names: Libya, Syria and Ethiopia, are creations of our time! The place

names "Libya", Syria, Ethiopia and others, as used in these texts, are for convenience. They didn't exist

at that time. Ethiopia: in ancient times was called "Punt", Syria was called "Arum/Aram" of the

famous Aramaeans. The original name for Libya is "Lebu" which is the Egyptian term for the Berbers,who are the original inhabitants of that area. After the Arab invasion, these Berbers joined forces with

the Arabs and went on to invade Spain. There they were known as Moors. {Care should be taken, to

understand that we are NOT talking about the current Turkish/mixed-race people who call themselvesBerbers, like the current people who call themselves Arab, these are the result of subsequent cross-

breeding}. The term "Libya" is Greek, and was used to denote all of Africa except Egypt. Lastly,

Cush/Kush is Nubia, (modern Sudan).

Also note: quotes will sometimes be taken from the following..Manetho

An Egyptian priest who wrote a history of Egypt, in Greek, probably for Ptolemy I (305-282 B.C.)

Herodotus (480 B.C.)

Greek author of the great narrative history, theHistory of the Greco-Persian Wars. However, one

would be better off thinking of Herodotus as a storyteller rather than as a historian, his accounts are

often fanciful.


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Egypt-1

In the next period, known as Naqada III, Egypt has by now, been split-up into many

administrative/territorial divisions, known as Nomes. Each nome has it's own sacredanimal or plant that became the totem, or emblem of that nome. This emblem was

usually depicted on the pottery of each nome. It is also at this time that we see Egypt

referred to as - Upper and Lower Egypt - with twenty nomes in Lower Egypt and

twenty-two in Upper Egypt. Each nome had its own ruler, but perhaps with an over-

all ruler. It is not known what the original political make-up was, or how many times

if any, there was unity and then a break-up.

There were thirteen or so rulers in (Upper Egypt), of which only the last few have been identified

(though these are by no means certain):

Horus "Crocodile"Horus Hat-HorHorus Iry-Hor

Horus Ka

Horus "Scorpion"Horus Narmer "Baleful Catfish"

King Scorpion

The rulers who named themselves after animals, were probably attempting to identify

themselves with the divinity that their religion associated with these animals. The rulers

became the personification of the named animal-god. As later on, the pharaohs were

known as, the "Son of Ra" or son of some other God. In Upper Egypt these rulers wore

the "white crown" of Upper Egypt and were depicted as superhuman figures, giants

who towered above mortal men. They were also depicted as being war-like, Scorpion's

macehead hints at the nature of these Upper Egyptian rulers.


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In this mace-head, Scorpion is apparently performing a ceremony using a hoe. Perhaps he is opening

the irrigation dykes to begin flooding the fields, or perhaps he is cutting the first furrow for a temple or

perhaps even a city that is to be built. Even today, removing the first shovel-full of dirt in a foundationritual, is a kingly prerogative. The decorative frieze around the remaining top of the mace-head, has

lapwing birds hanging by their necks from vertical standards. In hieroglyphics these rekhyts have been

interpreted to represent the common people of Egypt, and the frieze seems to indicate that they wereconquered by King Scorpion. However, some authorities have interpreted the rekhyt symbol as only

later, representing the Egyptian population, whereas before in early pre-dynastic history, the rekhyts

referred to foreigners or non-Egyptians instead. Thus the Scorpion mace-head and Narmer palette mayrepresent the respective rulers having successfully defeated foreigners.

Although a four-chambered tomb in Abydos, designated as B50, has been speculated as

being Scorpions burial place. No conclusive evidence of Scorpions existence has yet

been found at Abydos, where the tombs of several first Dynasty kings, and even some

preceding Dynasty 0 kings have been found. Some scholars are not even sure

Scorpion actually existed, (perhaps Scorpion was a title; perhaps the Scorpion sign did

not signify the persons name at all).


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Speculating further - he may have come from the royal house of Hierakonpolis, rather than from

Thinis, the origin city of the Thinite dynasty, from whence came his later successor Narmer, the

Catfish King. Then again, perhaps Thinis and Hierakonpolis each were the centers of rival chiefdoms,and when Scorpions reign ended, Thinis assumed an uncontested position as sovereign of Egypt. Then

there is the issue of whether Narmer is the same king as Menes or if they were separate kings. The

point is, none of this pre-dynastic stuff is certain.

In Lower Egypt, a more commercial system ran the state. There the centers of wealth were ruled overby important families or groups in each town, rather than by a single king. Ma'adi, Buto and Tell

Farkha (modern names for these sites), were the larger towns of the state, with the capital probably at

Buto. By the Naqada III period, Buto's pottery was 99% from Upper Egypt, and so was thought tohave been "Naqada-ised" by that time.

The rulers of Lower Egypt, (they wore the red crown), may have been: (taken from the Palermo Stone)

Ska

H`ywTyuTshsh

Nhb

WadjhaMch

There is not much known about these rulers, other than their names. Some believe that there was never

one ruler over Lower Egypt in pre-dynastic times, because of a lack of evidence of such rulers.

Although a four-chambered tomb in Abydos, designated as B50, has been speculated as

being Scorpions burial place. No conclusive evidence of Scorpions existence has yet

been found at Abydos, where the tombs of several first Dynasty kings, and even some

preceding Dynasty 0 kings have been found. Some scholars are not even sure

Scorpion actually existed, (perhaps Scorpion was a title; perhaps the Scorpion sign did

not signify the persons name at all).


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There is not much known about these rulers, other than their names. Some believe that there was

never one ruler over Lower Egypt in pre-dynastic times, because of a lack of evidence of such

rulers.


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Dynasty One

Pharaoh Narmer/Menes


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According to the stella of Pharaoh Narmer, {see below}, it was he who managed to defeat the king

of Lower Egypt and take over the state. The famous Narmer palette shows him on one side wearing

the white crown of Upper Egypt, and on the other side, wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt. It

also shows the hawk emblem of Horus, (the Upper Egyptian god of Nekhem), dominating the

symbol of Lower Egypt, (the papyrus plant). From this, Narmer is believed to have unified Egypt.

However, Manetho attributes the unification of Egypt, to Aha "Fighter" Menes. It is he who has been

listed as the first pharaoh of the first Dynasty by Manetho, but Menes and Narmer may be one in thesame man. Menes was from Thinis, in the south of Upper Egypt, but he built his capital at Memphis,

according to Diodorus.

In any event, there is general agreement that Narmer should be credited as the unifier of Egypt,

and hence the first Pharaoh of the first Dynasty. Whether or not, this is the first unification of

Egypt is unknown. During the Early Dynastic period, the king of ancient Egypt already had much

of the trappings of royal regalia familiar from later times, including the double crowns of Upperand Lower Egypt and various scepters. These crowns, scepters and other elements, offered and

represented power and protection. They also set the king apart from everyone else and conveyed his

authority, both secular and religious.


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A few acknowledgments here: Egypt's status as the Superpower of the eastern Mediterranean lands

is unquestioned. Therefore, there is no need to dwell on Egyptian military campaigns, or the

military aspects of Egyptian life. Our course as with all ancient civilizations, Egypt was often at

war.

The Egyptians, like all the other ancient civilizations, enslaved some of the people that they

conquered. Taking slaves was part of the "Booty" of conquest. However there is no indication that they

enslaved any particular people in a discriminating way. Additionally, archeological evidence indicatesthat slaves were NOT involved in building Pyramids and the like.

Egypt-2


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Religion and everyday life

As mentioned before, the religion of Neolithic (late stone age) and pre-dynastic Egypt appears to havebeen animistic/nature worship, where each village or town had its own spirit deity in the form of an

animal, bird, reptile, tree, plant or object. This spirit was always in something that played a prominent

part in the life of the people. The spirits fell into two general categories, those which were friendly and

helpful, such as cattle, or those that were menacing and powerful such as Bulls, crocodiles or snakes.In both cases, the favor of the spirit had to be solicited with a set formula of words and actions, and the

spirits also had to have houses built for them, and offerings made to them.


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As these spirits evolved into gods, the deity then had to have its own special type of house built, a

temple. This building would then need full-time staff, to attend to the gods wants and needs, such as

performing the proper rituals, making the proper offerings etc, and also to administer the gods

blessings back to the people - the Priests. Since the Kings own divinity was legitimized by thepriesthood, it was also very necessary to insure that the temple and priesthood were properly provided

for.

So in addition to the offerings from the people, the temple was given large land grants, to insure asource of income. Then of course, the god would need a wife - a high priestess. Here, as with thepriests, there was a hierarchy, from the high priestess herself, to the lowest level priestesses, who

preformed household chores and often served as temple prostitutes. In return for these services, the

god was thought to protect its people, ensuring fertility and well-being. But if the gods needs weren'tmet, the deity might bring down wrath on the community, in the form of plague, famine or some such

natural disaster. The insignia or standard of a Nome clearly showed which god protected the town, and

as the town gained prominence, so too did the town's god.

Religion was interwoven, not only into the pharaohs power, but into life itself. It was the deity of atown who the people turned to, in order to prevent the everyday hazards of living. They used magic

spells, charms, folklore and amulets to appealed to the deity for protection against hazards, and to

intercede on their behalf, for anything from the Nile flooding, to sowing seeds and harvesting crops, toprotection from poisonous snakes, and for safe childbirth.

Horus and Nekhbet {the vulture goddess}, came to represent Upper Egypt. In Lower Egypt, it was

Set/Seth and Udjo, and also the cobra goddess of Buto. In later Egyptian history, the vulture and

cobra were united into the royal diadem, to represent dominion over both lands. So when Nekhem


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became the most powerful town, Horus became the main god. The rulers started to identify

themselves as the living embodiment of the hawk god. The ability to grow of Egyptian religion is

one of the reasons why Egypt ended up with such a complex and polytheistic religious system.

When a town grew in prominence, so too did the god. When the town was deserted, the god

disappeared.

Only a few of the many original deities ended up in the Egyptian pantheon, and even then, their

popularity waxed and waned through the thousands of years of Egyptian history. Another reason forcomplexity was that when people moved, their god did too. This meant that at the new town, there wassometimes a battle between the old and new gods - but the Egyptian gods were easily merged, so that

you would have one god taking over the other god's attributes and abilities. That is why, some of the

ancient gods of Neolithic and Pre-dynastic Egypt, those that had maintained their popularity, becamemain gods in the later Egyptian pantheon: Amun of Thebes, Ptah of Hikuptah (Memphis), Horus (the

Elder) of Nekhem, Set/Seth of Tukh (Ombos), Ra of Iunu (Heliopolis), Min of Gebtu (Koptos), Hathor

of Dendra and Osiris of Abydos.


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Egyptians had a very varied diet, they grew wheat and other cereal grains from which they madebreads, and brewed many varieties of beer. They grew a large variety of fruits, which they ate fresh

or dried, they also grew grapes, which were eaten fresh or dried, but also with which they made a

great variety of wines. They also grew a wide variety of vegetables. They ate beef, fowl, fish and

game animals, and pork - contrary to popular belief, Egyptians did eat pork.

As a matter of fact, the only food prohibition in the ancient world that we can find, is the Nubian ban

on "FISH" (ya fish - go figure). They felt that fish were unclean, and the king wouldn't give audienceto anyone who had eaten fish. (The logic here may have been based on the fact that, some fish - like

pork, can have worms in the flesh, and will make a person ill, if not cooked properly, that's our guess!).

Egyptians had many sources of oil, but they preferred olive oil, which they used for cooking, lighting

and as an oil for the skin.


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Egyptian climate with its hot summers and mild winters favored light clothing made from plant

fibers, predominantly linen. The manufacture of clothes was women's work. It was mostly done at

home, but there were workshops run by noblemen or other men of means. Fibers were made by

beating and combing the flax plant, which could then be spun into thread. The weaving was done at

first on horizontal looms, which were often just pegs rammed into the ground, but later they

developed vertical looms.

Their tools such as knives and needles changed over the centuries. Blades were made from stoneduring the Neolithic, then from copper, and from bronze during the Middle Kingdom and finally fromiron. Though flint knives, which had sharper edges than iron ones, continued to be used, ever

decreasingly until Roman times. Needles were fashioned from wood, bone and metal. The Egyptians

succeeded in making extremely thin millimeter thick eyes in copper needles. Scissors came intogeneral use late in Egypt's history, though the principle was known since the second millennium B.C.


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Because of its hot climate, in Egypt shaving and hair removal was a regular part of daily grooming.

The Egyptians had an unusual obsession with personal body hygiene. The great Greek

historian/storyteller HERODOTUS, stated that the Egyptians bathed several times a day, and "set

cleanness above seemliness."

Clearly, being so clean all the time, was associated with fanatical behavior by outsiders. The ancient

Romans thought that a lack of body hair, was some kind of terrible deformity. But not in Egypt, people

there believed that body hair was shameful and unclean. Wild animals and barbarian people had hair,not the sophisticated, super-advanced Egyptian civilization.

Being hairless was accomplished by shaving, or using depilatory creams, and even rubbing ones hair

off with a pumice stone. Men, women, and even the children of ancient Egypt, all shaved their heads

bald and wore elaborate specially-made wigs. These wigs were made of natural or artificial hair, and

were specially designed to keep ones head cool.

The Greek historian/storyteller "Herodotus" maintained that it was the Egyptians, who invented

circumcision, and all who practiced it, learnt it from them. Which logically follows, because there is a

hygienic value to circumcision. If not kept scrupulously clean, a male can have problems there - it's

not all about torturing little boys.

There is always an argument as to whether it was the Sumerians, Egyptians or Indus valley people,who invented writing, mathematics, astronomy, calendars etc, etc, etc. As soon as a site is discovered

that proves the one, another site is discovered that proves the other. Suffice to say that they were

contemporary with each other, and in contact with each other. Though logically you could say that

all things originated in Egypt. So far though, no one has disproved that the Sumerians invented the

wheel and wagon. Although it was the Egyptians, who took the wagon to its highest refinement,

with their light and agile chariots.

In writing, the Egyptians eventually came to use two scripts for their language. Hieroglyphics recordedtheir language with a mixed system of sound signs and picture signs. Demotic script is a more cursive

development of the hieratic script, it was the standard script for business and legal affairs throughout

the country; Hieroglyphics was retained for writing religious texts and inscriptions on monuments.The Egyptians followed a calendar system of 360 days, with three seasons, each made up of 4 months,with thirty days in each month. The seasons of the Egyptians, corresponded to the cycles of the Nile,

and were known as Inundation (pronounced akhet which lasted from June 21st to October 21st),

Emergence (pronounced proyet which lasted from October 21st to February 21st), and Summer(pronounced shomu which lasted from February 21st to June 21st).

The beginning of the year, also called "the opening of the year", was marked by the emergence of the

star Sirius in the constellation of Canis Major. The constellation emerged roughly on June 21st, and

was called "the going up of the goddess Sothis". The star was visible just before sunrise, and is stillone of the brightest stars in the sky, located to the lower left of Orion and taking the form of the dogs

nose in the constellation Canis Major.

Though the Egyptians had a 360 day calendar, in a literal sense, they did have a 365 day calendar

system. The beginning of the year was marked by the addition of five days, known as "the yearly fivedays". These additional five days were times of great feasting and celebration for the Egyptians, and it

was not uncommon for the Egyptians to perform rituals, and other celebratory dealings on these days.


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Now let's move on, to see how Modern Man is doing in other places.

Canaan

Modern Palestine-Israel-Lebanon

Ancient Canaan was probably the first place, outside of Africa, where ancient man first became

"settled". Archeological excavations have shown evidence of human habitation in Canaan, from

Paleolithic and Mesolithic times. At the site of the ancient city of Jericho, evidence reveals a settled

community and an agricultural way of life had existed there, since about 9,000 B.C.

By about 4,000 B.C, there existed small settlements of farming people who built mud-brick houses

and some underground dwellings. In the Early Bronze Age, the inhabitants of Canaan, built the

first walled towns. These towns were small with walls of rough stones or unbaked mud brick.

As time progressed, the fortifications in these early towns grew more complex. By the end of the EarlyBronze Age, some towns were surrounded by double and triple walls, for defense. Families lived

within these city walls, in houses clustered around courtyards. The existence of these heavily fortified

city walls, is evidence that this was not a peaceful period. Evidence seems to indicate that they buriedtheir dead in stone dolmens.

By the Middle Bronze Age, there was apparently great wealth and strong self-government, for each

individual city-state. The wealthy aristocratic rulers embellished their cities with large-scale, public

buildings, temples and palaces. They also decorated their palaces and temples with beautiful wallpaintings. Their pottery was now elaborate in style, and beautifully painted or sculptured. They also

smelted copper.


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Later, town planning was also in effect, evidenced by paved streets that were built in a grid pattern.

Cities were now surrounded by huge fortifications, with ramparts built to defend against battering

rams. By now people buried their dead with elaborate rituals, in caves, with several generations offamily members placed in the same tomb. Rich goods were found with these burials, including

pottery vessels, wooden containers, weapons, tools and jewelry.


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Anatolia (modern Turkey)

In Anatolia there are signs of human habitation in caves from at least the stone age. there are also

rock paintings and engravings of people and animals on the walls of these caves, such as those near

Antalya and elsewhere.


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Gobekli Tepe

To date, the most astonishing find is at Gbekli Tepe (Turkish for "Hill with a Tummy"), which is ahilltop sanctuary built on the highest point of an elongated mountain ridge about 15km northeast of thetown of anlurfa (Urfa) in southeast Turkey. This site, currently undergoing excavation by German

and Turkish archaeologists, was erected by hunter-gatherers at perhaps 11,500 B.C. This is believed to

be before the advent of sedentism (permanent year-round settlement). It is currently considered theoldest known shrine or temple complex in the world. And the planet's oldest known example of

monumental architecture.


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Together with the site of Neval ori, (which has since been inundated by the waters of a Dam across

the Euphrates), it has revolutionized our understanding of the Anatolian stone age. At the oldest level,

the buildings at Gbekli Tepe contain monolithic T shaped pillars, which link coarsely built walls,which form circular or oval buildings. So far four such buildings, with diameters between 33 ft. and

100 ft. have been uncovered. Geophysical studies suggest 16 more structures exist there.

The later Stratum II, dated to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period (7,500 - 6,000 B.C.), revealed houses

or temples that are round megalithic (large stone) buildings . The walls are made of unworked dry

stone and include numerous T-shaped monolithic pillars of limestone that are up to 10 ft. high.

Another bigger pair of pillars is placed in the center of the structure. The floors are made of

terrazzo (burnt lime), and there is a low Bench running along the whole of the outside wall. The

reliefs (carvings) on the pillars include foxes, lions, cattle, wild boars, herons, ducks, scorpions,

ants and snakes. Some of the reliefs had been deliberately erased, maybe in preparation for new

pictures. There are freestanding sculptures as well, that may represent wild boars or foxes.

Comparable statues have been discovered in Neval ori and Nahal Hemar.


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Nevali Cori

At Nevali Cori, the local limestone was carved into numerous statues and stele, including a more than

life-sized bare human head with a snake or sikha-like tuft, (sikha- a long tuft, or lock of hair left on topor on the back of the shaven head). There is also a statue of a bird. Some of the pillars also have carved

relief's, including human hands. The free-standing anthropomorphic figures (attribution of human

characteristics to non-human creatures), which are made of limestone, are Comparable to sculpturesfound at Gbekli Tepe; together they are the oldest known life-sized sculptures.


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Also found at Nevali Cori, (pictures have not been released), were several hundred small clay

figurines (about 2 in. high), most of them depicting humans, these have been interpreted as votive

offerings. These figures were fired at temperatures between 500-600 C, which suggests the

development of ceramic technology before the advent of pottery proper.


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Mythological considerationsThe excavator of the site, Klaus Schmidt, has engaged in some speculation regarding the belief

systems of the people that created Gbekli Tepe. Based on comparisons with other shrines and

settlements, he assumes that they had shamanic practices, and suggests that the T-shaped pillars

may represent mythical creatures, perhaps ancestors. Whereas he sees a fully articulated belief in

gods, only developing later in Mesopotamia, which has the associated extensive temples and

palaces.

This corresponds with the old Sumerian belief that agriculture, animal husbandry and weaving had

been brought to humankind from the sacred mountain of Duku (Dulkug), which was inhabited by

Annuna-deities, which were very ancient gods without individual names. Klaus Schmidt identifies thisstory as a primeval myth that preserves a partial memory of the Neolithic. It is also apparent that the

animal and other images are peaceful in character and give no indications of organized violence.


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Lake Burdur

Other Sites like Hacilar near Lake Burdur, have some of the earliest actual settlements, these from

about 8,000 B.C. The people here were living in mud-brick houses with plastered walls and floors.Their homes were painted and burnished, like those in contemporary Jericho in Canaan. These earliest

settlements were characterized by the planting of barley and sometimes wheat. But they produced nopottery, and the only domestic animal was the dog.

Afterward, the site seems to have been abandoned for nearly a thousand years. But was then re-

occupied in the late phase of the Stone Age, by villagers of a far more sophisticated culture. These

people had advanced agriculture and pottery. Their houses were symmetrically arranged, and thesepeople produced human-looking and large sized, fertility and goddess figures.

Catal Huyuk

At the site of atal hyk, there is evidence of a town that was occupied from about 7,500 B.C.

Here apart from extensive evidence of the obsidian tool industry, we also find an early form of

metallurgy. Lead and copper were shaped into ornaments like pendants, beads, rings and small

utilitarian tools. Like at Lake Burdur, we find houses with very elaborate architectural features

in each space; like wall paintings, platforms, and cult spaces. The small family houses are knitted

together with no streets, occasional open spaces between the buildings were used as garbage

disposal areas. The houses had their entrances through a hole in the roof, which was accessed by

a ladder. The hearth and the oven were placed directly below this hole in the roof, so that the


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hole in the roof also acted as the chimney for the house.

The housetops were mud-plastered terraces, which also acted as the communal outdoor space for the

family. The houses were mostly of the same size and arrangement; each house had a rectangular room

with a narrow storage space or a compartmentalized space along one side. The large rectangular livingroom would also have a built-in platform, used for a variety of activities in the house. The houses were

built of a timber frame of posts and beams, which divided the walls into a series of horizontal and

vertical panels, which were then filled with mudbrick and plastered over. Though the houses are builtone against each other, they almost never share walls; each room has its own walls independent of the

adjoining structure.

Some of the more elaborately decorated rooms were shrine rooms, which have plaster reliefs on the

walls: these were made on a framework of reeds. A goddess figure giving birth is the most famous

one; Rams and Stags were also common. There were also pillars with plaster bulls heads and

horns, as well as some paintings that depict the daily life and the religious beliefs of the Catal

Huyuk inhabitants. The walls and platforms were plastered with fine white mud plaster over and

over again, in some cases 120 layers of plaster were found on a single wall. So re-plastering the

walls and floors annually or seasonally must have had some symbolic value for the society. Some of

the walls were painted with hunting scenes, dominated by a huge red bull, and a series of small

male figures.


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Another painted scene is of large stylized vulture-like birds depicted with small headless human

beings; this is interpreted as a funerary ritual. When people died in Catal Huyuk they took the bodyout of the settlement and left it out in the open for birds to consume the flesh: and only after that,

the bones were brought back to the house and buried under the platforms. [This is the exact

funerary practice of later Persians in Elam, and Hebrews in Canaan, see below].

One of the most significant aspects of atal Huyk houses is the practice of burial under the

floor of living spaces, usually with elaborate grave goods and sometimes, organic materials. At

times, the burials are so intense that in one building, a total of 67 individuals were buried under

one room, in a space of less than 30 square meters. Many fertility goddess figurines were also

found, made of clay, and very fragile, (fired at low temperature), representing an obese female

with exaggerated sexual organs: some depicted in the state of giving birth and accompanied by

lions.


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Ancestral Relationship between the Khoisan Grimaldi of Anatolia and the Hebrews

and Persians.

The ancient Anatolian Burial Practice of de-fleshing the body, and then placing the bones in acontainer for burial: is unique and practiced by only two later cultures. Principal among them are

the Persians of the Zoroastrian religion. Their practice was to place the body where it may be eaten

by scavenging birds and animals or weathered to its bare bones, and then placed in a container for

burial.

In Bombay India, the Parsis (as the Indian descendants of the Persian refugees from the Arab/Turkinvasion are called) maintain towers of silence which are high circular towers. The dead are carried

to the top, and funeral servants place them on stone beds surrounding a central pit. After the hovering

vultures have stripped the flesh from the bones, the bones are gathered and placed into the central pit.

The Hebrews - Around two thousand years ago, during the time that Jesus Christ lived, Hebrew

burial tradition shifted to include a secondary burial in Ossuaries. This burial practice involved

collecting the deceaseds bones after the flesh had been left to decompose and desiccate, and then

placing them inside an Ossuary. The Ossuary was then placed into a loculus a type of satchel.

These precise burial practices are unique to those mentioned people, and to no other people of

the world. Logically then, the question must be asked: are they related? It is no stretch to

connect the Hebrews with these ancient Anatolians: From the time of the less ancient Sumerians,

the Hebrews (formally called Amorites), were known to be a nomadic people inhabiting the area

formed by the conjunction of the borders of modern day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. The Bible

suggests that the city of Harran (which is in the center of that area) is in the homeland of the

Hebrews, and referrers to it by name.


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Genesis 11:31

"And Terah took Abram his son, and Lot the son of Haran his son's son, and Sarai his daughter

in law, his son Abram's wife; and they went forth with them from Ur of the Chaldees, to go into

the land of Canaan; and they came unto Harran, and dwelt there".

Less sure is the connection with the ancient Persians (Medes (Mada) and Persians (Parsua), whoappeared in ancient Elam around 900 B.C. In favor of their connection: aside from their unique

burial practice, is Persias close proximity to Anatolia, and the great Persian King Cyruss

benevolent treatment of the Hebrew captives when he took power: (He freed them and instructed

them to return to their homeland and rebuild their temple and paid for their journey). These

things, combined with the fact that the origin of the Persians has never been ascertained they had

to come from somewhere - suggest an ancestral connection.

Those wishing to pursue an understanding of the Human Journey, and Specifics of the ancient

East African migrations, which led to Modern Man's colonization of the entire world; please visit

the National Geographic Genographic Project Atlas of the Human Journey. Though as onewould expect, when it comes to European and Anatolian (Turkey) settlement, it is not only

inaccurate, it is downright Racist. But what would you expect?

https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html
https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.htmlhttps://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html


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The Minoan's, Cypriot's, Cyclades Islanders, and

Greece

Crete

Also known as the Minoan Civilization, named for the legendary King Minos.


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The following are excerpts from the book MYTHS OF CRETE & PRE-HELLENIC EUROPE By

DONALD A. MACKENZIE (1917). Like all White writers of history, he struggles to tell Black

history, without actually mentioning Black people. As an example Pre-Hellenic actually means

Pre-Whites as the Hellenes were the first of the White Central Asians to reach Western Europe.

But since many of his factual observations are accurate, we begin with these excerpts from his

book.

Quote: It is only within recent years that the necessary archaeological data have been available

which enables students of ancient civilization to draw with some degree of confidence that Crete

was the birthplace of Aegean civilization, which radiated in the pre-Hellenic times throughout

Europe. Although it has been demonstrated that the Cretan leaven was in existence and at work at

the dawn of the Egyptian Dynastic Age, and when the Sumerians were achieving their earliest

triumphs in the Tigro-Euphratean valley, we are still confronted with the problem of remote origin.

The earliest settlers in Crete had, as their artifacts demonstrate, already obtained a

comparatively high degree of Neolithic culture. Houses were built of stone as well as of wattles

daubed with clay, a sea trade was in existence, for obsidian was imported from Melos, and asection of the community had adopted the agricultural mode of life.

The earliest settlement of people at Knossos has been assigned to about 10,000 B.C, an

approximate dating which is based on the evidence of the archaeological strata. But the earliest

traces of an artistic culture in Europe belong to a still more remote age. Although during the vast

periods of the Neolithic, or Late Stone Age, there existed savage communities, just as happens to

be the case at the present day in various parts of the world, there were also, as in Crete, Egypt,

and Babylonia, refined and progressive peoples who were already "heirs of all the Ages". The

Ages when ancient Europe passed through stages of climatic oscillations of such pronounced

character that the remains of mankind are found in strata yielding alternately tropical,

temperate, and Arctic flora and fauna. The period in question, the lengthiest in the history ofcivilization, is the archaeological Paleolithic, or Early Stone Age.

Towards its close, for which the minimum dating is 20,000 B.C., there existed in Europe at least

two peoples, whose cultures are referred to as Aurignacian and Magdalenian. A stage called

Azilian links the Palolithic with the Neolithic Age, and the continuity of culture from the

earliest times is now generally regarded as an established fact. The story of Cretan civilization

may constitute, as has been said, the first chapter of European history. But the "Introduction" is

derived from the Paleolithic Age, before and during the Fourth Glacial Epoch of the geologists.

The links with Crete are so close and suggestive that writers like Angelo Mosso have expressed

the belief in the Neolithic and Cretan origin of Aurignacian and Magdalenian art. But the

geologists have established beyond a shadow of doubt that the civilization of which this art is an

eloquent expression must be assigned to the latter part of the Pleistocene period, when the

reindeer roamed through the valleys of France. Those ancient Paleolithic hunters were skilled

artists and carvers of bone and ivory. They painted and engraved on cave roofs the figures of

animals with a realism and freedom which were never surpassed in Greece.


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They also carved ivory female figurines in the round which are worthy of comparison with similar

artistic products of Egypt, and not always to their disadvantage. "The resemblances", writes Mosso,

"between the most ancient female figures in France and the Neolithic figures of Crete and Egypt

are very striking." Among the rock pictures of women he sees "the girdle and the Egyptian mode of

hairdressing". Describing a Paleolithic painting, he writes: "The women's hair flows down upon

their shoulders like that of the Minoan women; the bosom is uncovered and the breasts much

developed. The triangular shape of the heads indicates a hood or a kind of mitre. Two of them wear

a bracelet on the upper arm near the elbow, and all have a very slender waist, with the body shaped

like an hour-glass." He also comments in another instance on the skirts, which were also

characteristic of Crete. Comparisons between the Cretan frescoes and the Paleolithic cave-paintings

of Spain and France have likewise been made by the Abb Breuil, Don Juan Cabre Aguila, and

other Continental archeologists. End Quote.

Note: Since the writing of the book, similar figures made of ivory with the hooded female, have

been found as far East as Mal'ta Siberia - See first photo above. These figures can be traced to

the migrations of the first European - Grimaldi man.


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As with the other ancients, over time the Minoan's progressed to the point where they became

master builders. One of their great achievements was the aqueducts that brought fresh water from

the mountains to their capital "Knossos", which was many miles away. These aqueducts supplied

the water for some of the worlds first "flush" toilets as well as other uses. At the peak of Minoan

civilization, paved roads and multistoried townhouses were prominent. Archaeological evidence

suggests that Minoan society was remarkably peaceful: their towns had no fortifications.

The Cyclades IslandsThe Early Cycladic culture developed on parallel lines to the Early Minoan. Thanks to obsidian

from Melos, marble from many islands, and local sources of gold, silver, and copper, theCycladic islanders rapidly became prosperous. As in Crete, the Early Bronze Age merged

without incident into the Middle Bronze Age.

The Early Cycladic period is celebrated principally for its statuettes and vases carved from the

brilliant coarse-crystalled marble of these islands. The statuettes, mostly of goddesses, are among

the finest products of the Greek Bronze Age. They owe their charm to the extreme simplification

of bodily forms. The typical Cycladic idol is a naked female, lying with her head back, her

arms crossed over her breasts. These figures vary in size from a few inches to more than six feet

in length.


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Mainland Greece probably received some of its Bronze Age settlers from the Cyclades, but the two

cultures soon diverged. A prosperous era arose about 2,500 B.C, and lasted until about 2,200.

Sculpture was overshadowed by pottery, metalwork, and architecture among the early arts. During

the Middle Cycladic period, the Cyclades suffered a diminution in prosperity and seem to have

become politically subordinate to Crete. Two waves of peoples seem to have descended on the Greek

mainland, one about 2,200 B.C, and the other about 2,000 BC. They destroyed much and for long

contributed little to Greece's artistic heritage. The pottery of this period, however, is of high quality.


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Cyprus

Cyprus is the mythical birthplace of Aphrodite, Adonis and home to King Cinyras, Teucer and

Pygmalion. The earliest confirmed site of human activity is Aetokremnos, situated on the south

coast, indicating that hunter-gatherers were active on the island from around 10,000 B.C, with

settled, village communities dating from 8,200 B.C. The arrival of the first humans correlates

with the extinction of the dwarf hippos and dwarf elephants, the skulls of which gave rise to the

Cyclops myth.

Water wells discovered by archaeologists in western Cyprus, are believed to be among the oldest in

the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old. They are said to demonstrate the sophistication of

early settlers, and their heightened appreciation for the environment. Remains of an eight months

old cat, were discovered buried with its human owner, at a separate Neolithic site in Cyprus. The

grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, predating ancient Egyptian civilization and pushing back

the earliest known feline-human association significantly.


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There were several fluxes of population and settlement, as well as newcomers to the island during

the Neolithic age, although earthquakes caused the infrastructure to fail around 3,800 B.C. Several

waves of incoming peoples followed, including some from Asia minor which strengthened the metal

working crafts on the island. Although finds from this time are rare, those finds are of high quality.

Later, the Bronze Age was heralded by the arrival of more Anatolians who came to the island

around 2,400 B.C.

In the Early Cypriot, the only surviving sculptures are a series of steatite cruciform figures of a

mother goddess (3,0002,500 B.C.), stylized in much the same way as contemporary Cycladic

idols, from which they may have been derived. The Middle Cypriot period was a development of

the Early Cypriot. As on the mainland, no important art apart from pottery has survived.


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ANTHROPOLOGYThe questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form

C. Loring Brace *, Noriko Seguchi Conrad B. Quintyn , Sherry C. Fox , A. Russell Nelson , SotirisK. Manolis , and Pan Qifeng

* Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of

Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812; Department of Anthropology, Universityof Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, PA 17815-1301; Weiner Laboratory, The American School of Classical

Studies at Athens, GR-106 76 Athens, Greece; || Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, MI 48109; ** Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-157 81 Athens, Greece; and Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing

100710, People's Republic of China

Communicated by Kent V. Flannery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, November 11, 2005(received for review September 20, 2005)

Many human craniofacial dimensions are largely of neutral adaptive significance, and an analysis oftheir variation can serve as an indication of the extent to which any given population is genetically

related to or differs from any other. When 24 craniofacial measurements of a series of human

populations are used to generate neighbor-joining dendrograms, it is no surprise that all modern

European groups, ranging all of the way from Scandinavia to eastern Europe and throughout theMediterranean to the Middle East, show that they are closely related to each other. The surprise is that

the Neolithic peoples of Europe and their Bronze Age successors are not closely related to the modern

inhabitants, although the prehistoric/modern ties are somewhat more apparent in southern Europe. Itis a further surprise that the Epipalaeolithic Natufian of Israel from whom the Neolithic realm was

assumed to arise has a clear link to Sub-Saharan Africa. Basques and Canary Islanders are clearly

associated with modern Europeans. When canonical variates are plotted, neither sample ties in withCro-Magnon as was once suggested. The data treated here support the idea that the Neolithic moved

out of the Near East into the circum-Mediterranean areas and Europe by a process of demic diffusion

but that subsequently the in situ residents of those areas, derived from the Late Pleistoceneinhabitants, absorbed both the agricultural life way and the people who had brought it.


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We Are Not Our Ancestors: Evidence for Discontinuity between Prehistoric and Modern Europeans

Ellen Levy-Coffman

The model of European genetic ancestry has recently shifted away from the Neolithic diffusion

model towards an emphasis on autochthonous Paleolithic origins. However, this new paradigmutilizes genetic reconstructions based primarily on contemporary populations and, furthermore, is

often promoted without regard to the findings of ancient DNA studies. These ancient DNA studies

indicate that contemporary European ancestry is not a living fossil of the Paleolithic maternal deme

; rather, demographic events during the Neolithic and post-Neolithic periods appear to have had

substantial impact on the European genetic record. In addition, evolutionary processes, including

genetic drift, adaptive selection and disease susceptibility, may have altered the patterns of maternal

lineage frequency and distribution in existing populations. As a result, the genetic history of Europe

has undergone significant transformation over time , resulting in genetic discontinuity between

modern-day Europeans and their ancient maternal forbearers.

The ancient DNA studies present a picture of genetic break or discontinuity between ancient and

modern-day European maternal histories. This evidence indicates that modern-day mtDNA haplogroup

frequencies and distributions should not be considered living fossils of Europe's Paleolithic past.

Currently, the genetic picture presented by the aDNA studies is based exclusively on mitochondrial

DNA results. This form of DNA, unlike that of the Y chromosome, is generally preserved in a formthat allows for testing of ancient remains. However, the Y chromosome genetic picture of Europe may

also have undergone significant change similar to that impacting the ancient maternal lineages. The

ancient DNA results provide a cautionary framework for geneticists in their reconstruction of the

distribution and frequency of ancient European Y chromosome lineages. Modern-day Europeanscannot accurately be used as genetic proxies for their prehistoric counterparts.

These findings stand in stark contrast to the model presented by many DNA studies of an undisturbedgenetic link between contemporary and Paleolithic European groups. Yet evidence of such genetic

continuity is sparse, even among populations such as the Basque. More problematically, it contradicts

the findings of the ancient DNA studies. These studies indicate that populations have indeed changeddramatically over time, with some ancient lineages suffering reductions and even extinctions from the

European gene pool.

Extinction appears to be the fate suffered by the Etruscans maternal lineages. Many other ancient

groups appear to have suffered a similar fate, the continuity of their genetic lineages extinguishedfor future generations. Only the archaeological record remains a testament to their existence.

Certain genetic lineages, like mtDNA haplogroup H, came to dominate the genetic landscape over

time. The contemporary European genetic picture is thus a reflection of these complex demographic

and evolutionary processes, changing and adapting until it is no longer a mere reflection of its

genetic past, but a new and constantly evolving population.


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Sumer

modern Iraq

First some fast facts:

The name "Sumer" is derived from the later Babylonian name for southern Babylonia, ("mt umeri"),the land of Sumer. The later Greeks, called it Mesopotamia: (mesos "middle" and potamos "river"), so

"land between the rivers". The Sumerians themselves, called their country, "The Civilized land" and

themselves "The Black Headed One's".

Other people of the area were known as Akkadians, they inhabited the land just north of Sumer. TheAssyrians, inhabited the land just north of the Akkadians. Akkadians are known by that name because

"Sargon the great" built a city called "Agade". Akkadians and Sumerians did not make a distinctionbetween themselves. The name Babylonia, is taken from the minor Amorite town of Babilla. After theascension of Hammurabi, it become the major city of the region. Therefore in historical writing,

Mesopotamia and Babylonia, are commonly used to refer to the entire region.

The ancient country of Sumer was located in the southern part of the modern state of Iraq. In early

times, Sumerians like Egyptians, were fastidious about cleanliness, and like the Egyptians, they werefor the most part Head Shavers. However, unlike the Egyptians, they did not wear wigs to cover

their shaved heads, they seem to have preferred wearing caps. It is not known if they also practiced

circumcision, as did the Egyptians.

Note: In keeping with our mission to present accurate and truthful history, artifacts such as the

plaques, lintels etc. showing depictions of people, identified as Sumerian, with crudely carved

faces and bulbous noses will not be presented. Some of these are obviously NOT Sumerian:

perhaps Hittite in provenance? (such as it is). The rest are modern fabrications.

Authentic material from the area and time, fails to show any people, who look like that, or

depicted themselves like that, (except perhaps those known as Hittites). Special attention should

be paid to NOSES: Compare statue noses with the noses on finely detailed Sumerian Cylinder

Seal figures such as below. (Those Cylinder Seals of poor quality, with little detail, and pointy

facial features are of dubious authenticity).

It must be acknowledged that certain "Liberties" have been taken with Egyptian and Sumerian

statuary, as well as the artifacts of others. We must all be mindful that by virtue of victorious

war and invasion, these artifacts are now in the hands of people who are NOT their originators

Consequently; there has been attempts to establish ethnic commonalities and affinity with these

original people, where none exists. Unfortunately, these attempts at commonality and affinity


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have taken the form of alterations, mutilations, forgeries and misrepresentations.

As with almost all statues of Egypt, Sumer, and the Middle East in general, certain

modifications were made to the facial features chiefly the Nose - so as to make the face look

Caucasian. In cases where modification was too difficult, the nose was simply broken off.

These practices are despicable and at the same time pathetic. But the damage is already done,and cannot be undone. Since new sites, are even now being found, we can only hope that in the

future, men will not feel themselves so "Lacking", that they will feel the need to do such things.

Sumer Culture


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In Sumer, society adhered to a class system comprised of three tiers: amelu, mushkinu, and slaves.

The amelu were at the top rung of the class system. Nobles, government officials, professionalsoldiers, and priests were found in this class. Next were the mushkinu, the "middle class" of Sumerian

society. These were the shopkeepers, farmers, merchants, and laborers. Slavery was an integral part of

life in Sumer, and slaves were the lowest in the class system.

A person could find themselves a slave for several reasons, such as a prisoner of war, people unable to

pay their debts, or people born into slavery. Husbands could sell their wives into slavery, and parents

could sell their children into slavery. However, slaves did hold a few rights, they could borrow money,own property, engage in trade, serve as a witness in a legal matter, and even buy their freedom. Slaves

who purchased their freedom, or who were freed by their owner, could not be forced back intoslavery. The slave class did not appear to hold any particular negative social stigma with Sumeriancitizens, they held the belief that persons who found themselves slaves, did so out of misfortune,

rather than any fault of their own.

Sumer Kingship

Ancient Sumers civic structure, was comprised largely of freemen, who met in concert to govern

themselves. The citizens initially held power, and decisions were made in an assembly. In times of

need, such as war, a lugal (big man) was elected only for the duration of that threat. Over time

however, this position became permanent and hereditary, a kingship: father to son.

Sumerian society and prosperity, was based on agriculture and commerce, fields irrigated by man-

made canals produced an assortment of crops. The king, and the Temple of a cities patron god, - {thus

the priests} - owned much of the land, but it was very common for the "average" man to ownproperty. There was a large disparity between the rich and the poor, but even the poor, could own their

own land and livestock. Coins were not used, commerce was accomplished through barter, or by

payments of silver and gold. Purchases of even the smallest things, were almost always confirmed inwriting.

In family Life, Monogamy was the normal practice, although concubines were tolerated. Family

elders often arranged marriages. Part of the marriage ceremony, consisted of the presentation of a

sealed tablet, in which the guidelines for the marriage, and later if necessary divorce, were laid out.Marriage was a complex institution regulated by many laws. Children had no legal rights, their

parents, simply by publicly disowning them, could have them banished from the community, in all

likelihood there was age restrictions for this practice. Normally however, children were loved andcared for, and adoption was very common. But if necessary, children could also be disowned and sold

into slavery, to repay a debt.


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Religion

Sumerian religion had its roots in the worship of nature, such as the wind and water and animals.

The ancient sages of Sumer found it necessary to bring order, to that which they did not understand.

And to this end, they came to the natural conclusion that a greater force was at work. The forces of

nature were originally worshipped, as entities onto themselves. However over time, the human form

became associated with these forces. Gods in human form, were then seen as having control over

nature. As in Egypt, figures with human bodies and animal heads are common.


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Sumerian theologians believed that every intricacy of the cosmos, was controlled by a divine and

immortal being, and that the cosmos adhered to established rules.

The world below was known as the nether world. The Sumerians believed that the souls of the dead,

descended into the nether world from their graves. But there were also special entrances to the netherworld, in the cities. A person could enter the nether world from one of these special entrances, but once

there, could not leave, unless a substitute was found to take their place in the world below. A person

entering the nether world must adhere to certain rules:

He must not make any noise.He must not carry any weapons.

He must not wear clean clothes.

He must not behave in a normal manner towards his family.He must not wear sandals.

He must not douse himself with "good" oil.

Failure to adhere to these rules would cause the person to

be held fast by the denizens of the nether world, until a god intervened on their behalf.


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The gods of Sumer were human in form, and maintained human traits. They ate, drank, married,

and fought amongst themselves. Even though the gods were immortal and all-powerful, it wasapparent that under certain circumstances, they could still be hurt and even killed.

Each god adhered to a set of rules of divine authority, known as the "Me". The Me ensured that each

god was able to keep the cosmos functioning, according to the plans handed down to them by theparamount god "Enlil".


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Hundreds of deities were recognized in the Sumerian pantheon. Many of these were wives, children,

and servants of the more powerful deities. The gods were organized into a caste system, at the head of

this system were the kings or supreme gods. The four most important deities were An, Enlil, Enki, andNinhursag. These were the four creator deities who created all of the other gods. "An" was initially the

head of the pantheon, but he was eventually seceded by Enlil. Enlil was then seen as the most

important god. He is known as "the king of heaven and earth," "the father of the gods," and "the kingof all the gods". Enlil was thought to have developed the broad designs for the universe. However, it

was Enki who further developed and carried out his plans. Ninhursag was regarded as the mother of all

living beings.


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Under the four creator deities, there was the group of seven gods, who "decree the fates." These

were An, Enlil, Enki, Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. These were then followed by the 50

"great gods" or the Annunaki, the children of An.

Sumerians believed that their role in the universe was to serve the gods. To this end, the ancientSumerians devoted much of their time, to ensuring favor with the gods. This was done with worship

and sacrifice. The high gods however, were believed to have more important things to do, than to

attend to the common man's everyday prayers. And so personal gods were devised, as intermediariesbetween man, and the high gods. The personal gods listened to prayers and relayed them to the high

gods.

Religion was an important part, of the daily life of a Sumerian citizen. Accordingly, the largest and

most important structure in the city was the temple. Each city had a patron deity, to which its maintemple was dedicated. However, a multitude of Gods were recognized, and so some of them might

have shrines located in the main temple, while others might have their own smaller temple nearby.

EducationThe temple served several purposes, most importantly worship and education. Each temple had an

educational center, in which students learned mathematics and scribing (writing). The Mathematics

taught, included simpler skills such as addition and multiplication, but also went on through to themore complex, such as geometry and square roots. Scribing students would spend many years in study,

learning the intricacies of grammar and the thousands of cuneiform symbols. The Sumerian teacher

was known as an ummia.was known as an ummia.


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Writing

Whether the Sumerians were the first to develop writing is uncertain, but theirs is the oldest known

writing system. The clay tablets on which they wrote, were very durable when baked. Archaeologists

have dug up many thousands of them - some dated earlier than 3000 B.C. The earliest writing of the

Sumerians was picture writing, similar in some ways to Egyptian hieroglyphs. They began to

develop their own special style, when they found that on soft wet clay, it was easier to impress a line

than to scratch it. To draw the pictures they used a stylus, probably a straight piece of reed with a

frayed end. An unexpected result came about: the stylus could best produce triangular forms

(wedges) and straight lines. They soon found that a set of these wedges and straight lines, could

more efficiently represent words and thoughts. Pictures lost their usefulness and became stylized

symbols. This kind of writing on clay, came to be called cuneiform, from the Latin cuneus, meaning

"wedge."

Cylinder seals

Cylinder seals were another Sumerian invention; they were first used to roll one's signature into the

wet clay of a tablet, thus recording a commercial transaction or a short inscription. Over time, Cylinder

seals evolved so that they could reproduce pictorial scenes such as banquets. Thousands of these

tablets and seals have been found in excavated temple compounds.


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Sumerian Technology

As said before, there is always an argument, as to whether it was the Sumerians, Egyptians or Indus

valley people, who invented writing, mathematics, calendars etc. Suffice to say, that Sumer had

developed a complex commercial system, including contracts, grants of credit, loans with interest, and

business partnerships. Moreover, the planning of the vast public works under their control, led prieststo develop useful mathematics, including both a decimal notation and a number system based upon 60,

which has given us our sixty-second minute, our sixty-minute hour and our division of the circle into360 degrees. They invented mathematical tables and used quadratic equations. They studied the

heavens, both for religious and agricultural purposes, and they created a lunar calendar, with a day of

24 hours and a week of seven days. Sumerians are also credited with inventing the Wheel and thewagon, as well as the boat sail.


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Everyday Life

The average house of a Sumerian, was a one-story structure built from baked or Sun-dried mud-brick.It consisted of several rooms surrounding an open court, wealthier citizens lived in two-story brick

structures. The typical wealthy house included reception rooms, kitchens, lavatories, servants quarters,

and perhaps a private chapel. Music was an important part of life, instruments included harps, drums,tambourines, and pipes. Poems and songs dedicated to the gods were also very common.


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There is in all likelihood, some translation problems with Sumerian writing, the great bulk of their

early writings still cannot be translated. Unlike most others in the Middle-east, the Sumerian

language was not Semitic (Egyptian), but rather, a so-called agglutinating language, we think.

Sumerian has no known relationship to any other language. There seems to be a remote

relationship with Dravidian languages, (like that spoken by the Tamils in the south of India).

However no one has any real idea of what the language sounded like. The information that we

have, is gleaned from Akkadian translations of the Sumerian language.


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Sumer-2

Modern Iraq

Sumerian Cities

The cities of Sumer, first built around 4,000 B.C, {maybe before}, provide the world's first examplesof genuine urban centers of large size. In these early cities, especially in Eridu and Urak, people first

manifested the high degree of cooperative effort necessary, to make urban life possible. Both of these

cities were reflections of this cooperation in their dikes, walls, irrigation canals, and temples. Theirefficient agricultural system made it possible to free large numbers of people from working the land.

These people were now free to engage in specialized occupations. The early Sumerian cities were

characterized by a high degree of social and economic diversity, which gave rise to artisans,merchants, priests, bureaucrats, and for the first time in history, professional soldiers. The almost

constant occurrence of war among the city-states of Sumer, spurred the development of military

technology and technique far beyond that found anywhere else at the time.

One of the duties of a Mesopotamian king was to care for the gods and restore

or rebuild their temples. In the late third millennium BC, rulers in southern

Mesopotamia often depicted themselves carrying out this pious task in the form

of foundation pegs. Foundation pegs were buried in the foundation of buildings

to magically protect them and preserve the builder's name for posterity. In this

case, the peg is supported by a god (Mesopotamian gods are usually depicted

wearing horned headdresses).


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The main cities of Sumer were Kish, Uruk (in the Bible, Erech), Ur, Sippar, Akshak, Larak, Nippur,

Adab, Umma, Lagash, Bad-tibira, Larsa and others. Each of these City-states was comprised of a

walled city and its surrounding villages and land. Each city worshiped its own deity, whose temple

was the central structure of the city. Political power originally belonged to the citizens, as rivalry

and wars between the various city-states increased, each adopted the institution of kingship, so as to

have ready and permanent leadership when crisis arose.

ZigguratsUnlike the Egyptians, the Sumerians did not build pyramids, instead they built Ziggurats. TheseZiggurats were huge structures, made of brick and comparable in size to a pyramid. In appearance they

resembled a step pyramid. But they were not tombs, these were temples, sometimes with terraces

planted with trees, scrubs and flowers. Similar in use to pyramid temples in the Americas.


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Pretty much all that we know of early Sumerian dynasties, is from Sumerian epic stories and the

Sumerian king list, (written about 2100 B.C.). According to this king list - one of the earliest

historical documents - eight kings of Sumer reigned before the famous flood of old testament fame.

A great Part of the method of dating this civilization is through the archeological record of a greatflood of the Euphrates River, which happened at about 3200 B.C. This is very risky science though.

For it is more likely that the flood the Sumerians were referring to in their kinglist, was an Ocean

flood. Which raised the water level of the Gulf and submerged cites on the coast.

Sumerian PrehistoryNote should be taken: In the Sumerian king list, after listing the kings names and length of reign, we

get the following summary: In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241,200 years, then the flood swept over.

{as always when dating these first civilizations, we are on shaky ground!} - we don't know what tomake of those rather fantastic numbers, but they have spurred some really interesting religious cults

around the world.


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It is in the Sumerian story, the "Epic of Gilgamesh" that we are first introduced to "Noah" and the

great flood. {We should note at this time, that Sumer is the original home of some of the people, who

will later become known as the Hebrews}. Consequently there will be similarities between Sumerianstories and Hebrew stories.

It is indicated in the king list, that after the flood various city-states through war, became the

temporary seat of power. Until about 2,800 B.C, when they were united under the rule of one king,

Jucur of Kish. Nothing is known of the first sixteen kings of Jucur's dynasty,

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