Upload
yitro
View
39
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie. Chapter 18 Endocrine System. 2. Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones. Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body. Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones. Chapter Goals. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
The Language Of The Language Of MedicineMedicine
Dr. Michael P. GillespieDr. Michael P. Gillespie
2
3
Identify the endocrine glands and their hormones.
Gain an understanding of the functions of these hormones in the body.
Analyze medical terms related to the endocrine glands and their hormones.
4
Identify abnormal conditions resulting from excessive and deficient secretions of the endocrine glands.
Describe laboratory tests and clinical procedures related to endocrinology, and recognize relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.
5
Glands release hormones.Hormones regulate the many and varied functions of an organism.
Hormones bind to receptors.Receptors are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which hormones act.
6
ENDOCRINE glands—Secrete their hormones directly into the bloodstream
EXOCRINE glands—Send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body
7
thyroid gland parathyroid glands (four glands) adrenal glands (one pair) pancreas (islets of Langerhans) pituitary gland
ovaries (one pair) testes (one pair) pineal gland thymus gland
8
9
10
11
12
13
There are two hormones: thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid hormones aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate.
Calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone.
14
15
16
17
18
Parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream
19
20
21
Each gland has two parts
an outer portion, the adrenal cortex
Secretes corticosteriods or steriods, chemicals derived from cholesterol
an inner portion, adrenal medulla Secretes catecholamines chemicals derived from amino acids
22
Glucocorticoids: influence metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins (cortisol) and are anti-inflammatory (cortisone).
Influences—SUGAR
Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolytes Aldosterone: reabsorption of sodium/excretion of potassium. Influences—SALT
Gonadocorticoids: androgens and estrogens. Influences—SEX
23
Two types of catecholamine hormones
Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates bronchial tubes, releases glucose from storage.
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): constricts vessels to raise blood pressure.
Both are sympathomimetic agents.
24
25
Located near and partially behind stomach
Exocrine and endocrine organ
26
Located near and partially behind stomach
Exocrine and endocrine organ
27
Endocrine function islets of Langerhans produce: Insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen
Glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells
28
29
Pea-sized gland in depression of skull (sella turcica) also called the hypophysis Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
Hypothalamus controls secretions of the pituitary via releasing factors (hormones)
30
31
32
33
Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin (STH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; thyrotropin)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormones (FSH, LH) Prolactin (PRL)
34
Posterior pituitary: stores and releases hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)
Oxytocin (OT)
35
36
37
Testes Hormone: testosterone
Maintains germ cell formation and secondary sexual characteristics
Ovaries Hormones: estrogen and progesteroneMaintains menstrual cycle, release of ovum, secondary sexual characteristics, preparation of uterus for pregnancy
38
1. The outer section of each adrenal gland is the ….
A. adrenal medullaB. adrenal cortexC. adrenalineD. adrenocorticotropic hormone
39
2. Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males….A. luteinizing hormone (LH)B. estrodoilC. oxytocinD. prolactin
40
GLANDS
aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)
pancreat/o pancreas parathyroid/o parathyroid gland
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
41
GLANDS
pituitar/o pituitary gland; hypophysis
thyr/o thyroid gland thyroid/o thyroid gland
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
42
RELATED FORMS
andr/o male calc/o, calici/ocalcium
cortic/o cortex, outer region
crin/o secrete dips/o thirst estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
43
GLANDS
home/o sameness hormon/o hormone kal/I potassium (an electrolyte)
lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
44
GLANDS
phys/o growing somat/o body ster/o solid structure toc/o childbirth toxic/o position ur/o urine
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
45
SUFFIXES
-agon assemble, gather together
-emia blood condition -in, -ine a substance -tropin stimulating the function of
-uria urine condition
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
46
PREFIXES
eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid
pan- all tetra- four tri three
PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
Combining Forms, Suffixes, Combining Forms, Suffixes, Prefixes, and TerminologyPrefixes, and Terminology
47
3. Which term means surgical excision of the adrenal gland (specifically)?
A. adenectomyB. adrenopathyC. adrenalectomyD. pancreatectomy
48
4. Which term means a blood condition of too little potassium?
A. hyperkalemiaB. hypocalcemiaC. hypercalciuriaD. hypokalemia
49
Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid
HypersecretionHyperthyroidism Graves’ disease
Exophthalmos and proptosis
HyposecretionHypothyroidism Myxedema Cretinism
NeoplasmsThyroid carcinoma
50
HypersecretionHyperparathyroidism Loss of bone density Kidney stones Hypercalcemia
HyposecretionHypoparathyroidism Muscle and nerve weakness Tetany Hypocalcemia
51
Hypersecretion adrenal virilism amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, voice deepening
Cushing syndrome Obesity, moonface, thoracic fat deposition
Hyposecretion Addison disease Deficient mineral-and gluco-corticoids, hyponatremia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure
52
HypersecretionPheochromocytoma
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla Excess epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hypertension, palpitations, severe headaches, sweating, flushing of the face, and muscle spasms
53
Hypersecretion Hyperinsulinism
Hypoglycemia, convulsions, fainting
Hyposecretion Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells
Type 1 : childhood onset, typicallyType 2 : adult onset, typically
54
55
Hypersecretion acromegaly gigantism
Hyposecretion dwarfism panhypopituitarism
56
Hypersecretion Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)Excess ADHExcess water retention
Hyposecretion Diabetes insipidus
Deficient ADHPolyuria and polydipsia
57
58
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) Measures circulating glucose in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours
Serum and urine tests Measures hormones, electrolytes, glucose, etc., in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function
Thyroid function tests Measures T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream
59
exophthalmometrycomputed tomography (CT) scanmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head
radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
thyroid scanultrasound examination
60
COMBINING FORMS
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
aden/o ___________ adren/o ____________ adrenal/o ____________ andr/o ____________ calc/o, calici/o ____________ cortic/o ____________
61
COMBINING FORMS
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
aden/o gland adren/o adrenal glands adrenal/o adrenal glands andr/o male calc/o, calici/o calcium cortic/o cortex, outer region
62
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
COMBINING FORMS
crin/o ____________ dips/o ____________ estr/o ____________ gluc/o, glyc/o ____________ gonad/o ____________ home/o ____________
63
COMBINING FORMS
crin/o secrete dips/o third estr/o female gluc/o, glyc/o sugar gonad/o sex glands (ovaries, testes)
home/o sameness
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
64
COMBINING FORMS
hormon/o ____________ kal/i ____________ insulin/o ____________ lact/o ____________ myx/o ____________ natr/o ____________
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
65
COMBINING FORMS
hormon/o hormone kal/i potassium (an electrolyte)
insulin/o insulin lact/o milk myx/o mucus natr/o sodium (an electrolyte)
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
66
COMBINING FORMS
pancreat/o ____________parathyroid/o____________
phys/o ____________pituitar/o ____________
or ____________somat/o ____________ster/o ____________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
67
COMBINING FORMS
pancreat/o pancreasparathyroid/o parathyroid gland
phys/o growingpituitar/o pituitary gland; or hypophysis
somat/o bodyster/o solid structure
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
68
COMBINING FORMS
thyr/o ____________ thyroid/o ____________ toc/o ____________toxic/o ____________ ur/o ____________
Combining FormCombining Form Meaning Meaning
69
COMBINING FORMS
thyr/o thyroid glandthyroid/o thyroid glandtoc/o childbirthtoxic/o positionur/o urine
Combining FormCombining Form MeaningMeaning
70
SUFFIXES
-agon ____________ -emia ____________ -in, -ine ____________
-tropin ____________ -uria ____________
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
71
SUFFIXES
-agon assemble, gather together
-emia blood condition-in, -ine a substance-tropin stimulating the function of
-uria urine condition
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
72
PREFIXES
eu- ____________ hyper- ____________ hypo- ____________ oxy- ____________ pan- ____________ tetra- ____________ tri- ____________
PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
73
PREFIXES
eu- good, normal hyper- excessive, above hypo- deficient, below oxy- rapid, sharp, acid
pan- all tetra- four tri- three
PrefixPrefix Meaning Meaning
74
5. What is the pathologic condition in which enlargement of the extremities is caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty?A. Addison diseaseB. acromegalyC. Cushing syndromeD. Graves disease