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19-Feb-18
1
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
Chapter 20
Chapter Timeline
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Origins
Precursor: agricultural revolution
Supply of capital
Profits from trade and cottage industry
Effective central bank and flexible credit systems
Early industrial entrepreneurs
Mineral resources
Role of government
Favorable business climate
Markets
Foreign and domestic demand
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The Cotton Industry Water frame, Crompton’s mule, and Edmund
Cartwright’s power looms: efficiency and entrepreneurial opportunity Concentration of labor in factories
The Steam Engine Revolutionizing the production of cotton goods
James Watt (1736 – 1819)
A tireless source of power, reliant on coal
The Iron Industry Puddling, using coke to burn away impurities
From pig iron to wrought iron
Encouraged by his business partner, Matthew Boulton, James Watt developed the first genuine steam engine. Pictured here is a typical Boulton and Watt engine. Steam pressure in the cylinder on the left drives the beam upward and sets the flywheel in motion.
The railroad line from Liverpool to Manchester, opened in 1830, relied on steam locomotives. As is evident in this illustration, carrying passengers was the railroad’s main business. First-class passengers rode in covered cars; second- and third-class passengers, in open cars.
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A Revolution in Transportation New roads and canals
Railroads and economic progress Richard Trevithick’s steam-powered locomotive
George Stephenson’s Rocket
Indicative of the maturing of the Industrial Revolution Demand for other industrial products, entrepreneurial
interests
The Industrial Factory Factory laborers and time-work discipline
Creating and imposing new values
The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s.
Increased food production Rapid population growth Higher incomes Plentiful capital Solid banking and financial
institutions An abundance of mineral
resources Easy transport
all furthered the process, making Britain the world’s wealthiest country by 1850.
The development of the factory changed the relationship between workers and employers as workers were encouraged to adjust to a new system of discipline that forced them to work regular hours under close supervision. This 1835 illustration shows women and men working in a British textile factory.
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The Spread of Industrialization Industrialization on the Continent
Reasons for the lack of development
Guild restrictions, war, and upheavals
Borrowing techniques and practices
Building and improving on British successes
Establishment of technical schools
Seafaring Transport
Ship Design
Steam Power (Coal – Then Oil)
Great Britain was Europe’s first industrialized country.
By the middle of the nineteenth century, however, several regions on the Continent, especially in Belgium, France, and the German states, had made significant advances in industrialization.
Limiting the Spread of Industrializationto the Nonidustrialized World
Lagging Behind
Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industry
Eastern Europe remained largely rural and agricultural
The Example of India
Prioritizing exportation of raw materials
Spinners and handloom weavers put out of work
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The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth Decline of birth and death rates, increase in
food supply
Congestion in the countryside
The Great Hunger Background and crisis
Irish population growth
Reliance on the potato
Potato crop fails, 1845 – 1851 Catastrophic population loss
Emigration
Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution (Charles Dicken’s Stories) Sanitary and living conditions
Suburbs
Row houses
Adulteration of food
Moral consequences of urban life
Cities and towns grew dramatically in Britain inthe first half of the nineteenth century, largely as a result of industrialization.
Pictured here is Saltaire, a model textile factory and town founded near Bradford by Titus Salt in 1851.
To facilitate the transportation of goods, the town was built on the Leeds and Liverpool canals.
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New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
The New Industrial Entrepreneurs
Qualities: resourcefulness, initiative, and ambition
Diversity of origins
Mercantile trades
Dissenting religious minorities
Aristocrats
Significance of Industrial Entrepreneurs
Creation of a new business aristocracy
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class Harsh environments - mills and mines
Child labor Pauper apprentices
Women and working patterns
Factory Acts Impact on women and children
Did Industrialization Bring an Improved Standard of Living? Widening gap between rich and poor
p619
Women and children were often employed in the factories and mines of the early nineteenth century.
This illustration shows a woman and boy in a coal mine struggling to draw and push a barrel filled with coal.
In 1842, the Coal Mines Act forbade the use of boys younger than ten and women in the mines.
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Efforts at Change: the Workers
The Trade Union Movement
Luddites
Chartism
Politics and the People’s Charter during the 1840s
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government
Government action
Factory acts, 1802 – 1819 Strengthening and expanding earlier
legislation: the Factory Act of 1833
The Coal Mines Act, 1842
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Skilled workers in a number ofnew industries formed trade unions in an attempt to gain higher wages, better working conditions, and special benefits.
The scenes at the bottomof this membership card for the Associated Shipwrights Society illustrate some of the medical and social benefits it provided for its members.
An Age of European Nationalism 1800 - 1871Unification
Italy / Germany
Chapter 22
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p688
Chapter Timeline
On December 2, 1852, Louis Napoleon took the title of Napoleon III and then proceeded to create an authoritarian monarchy.
As opposition to his policies intensified in the 1860s, Napoleon III began to liberalize his government.
A disastrous military defeat at the hands of Prussia in 1870–1871, however, brought the collapse of his regime.
Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire Winning the support of the French people
(Nephew)
Seizure of government
Restores universal male suffrage and asks that the empire be restored Assumed title Napoleon III on December 2, 1852
The Second Napoleonic Empire The realities of authoritarian government
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Foreign Policy: the Mexican Adventure The execution of Maximilian
of Austria
French Foreign Legion
Battle of Camerone
Foreign policy: The Crimean War The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of Ottoman authority / lands
The decline in Ottoman fortunes began in 1699 withmajor losses to the Austrian Empire. The slide accelerated in the nineteenth century with nationalist revolts in the European provinces and defeat in the Crimean War. Being on the losing side in World War I would complete its destruction.
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
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The Crimean War
England
France
Piedmont-Sardinia
Turkey
vs.
Russia
Foreign policy: The Crimean War War in the Crimea (1854 – 1856)
Charge of the Light Brigade
Foreign policy: The Crimean War War in the Crimea (1854 – 1856)
Ottoman refusal of religious privileges for Russia sparks invasion and war
European political considerations Britain, Sardinia-Piedmont, France enter the
war against Russia
War and its costs
Consequences Destruction of the Concert of Europe
1st time
camera was
used to
document a
war.
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Florence Nightingale is shown caring for wounded British soldiers in the military hospital at Scutari during the Crimean War.
After a British journalist, W. H. Russell, issued a scathingdenunciation of the quality of medical care afforded to wounded British soldiers, the British government allowed Nightingale to take a group of nurses to the Crimea front.
Through her efforts in the Crimean War, Nightingale helped make nursing an admirable profession for middle-class women.
Henry Dunant Swiss – Int’l Red
Cross
Geneva Convention
(1859 – 1864)
The Unification of ItalyPiedmont under the able guidance of Count Camillo di Cavour provided the nucleus for Italian unification.
Alliances with France and Prussia, combined with the military actions of republican nationalists like Giuseppe Garibaldi, led to complete unification in 1870.
The Unification of Italy (Piedmont) Victor Emmanuel II (1849 – 1878)
The leadership of Count
Camillo di Cavour (1810 – 1861) Practical needs of unification: economic
prosperity, an army, French aid, and
war against Austria
French withdrawal leads to limited gains over Austria
The unification of northern states under Piedmont
The efforts of Giuseppi Garibaldi (1807 – 1882) The Red Shirts and the fall of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy proclaimed 1861 Annexation of Venetia (1866) and Rome (1870)
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The Unification of Germany
The Unification
of Germany
The growth of Prussian power The Zollverein
William I (1861 – 1888) and the question of reform
Otto von Bismarck (1815 – 1898) Opportunism and Realpolitik (“Hardball”!)
The Danish War (1864) Conflict over Schleswig and Holstein leads to
Austrian isolation
Austro-Prussian War (1866) Austrian defeat at Königgrätz, July 3, 1866 Creation of the North German Confederation
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Otto von Bismarck played a major role in leading Prussia to achieve the unification of the German states into a new German Empire, proclaimed on January 18, 1871.
Bismarck then becamechancellor of the new Germany.
Kulturkampf – Anti-Catholic
This photograph of Bismarck was taken in 1874, when he was at the height of his power and prestige.
The Unification of Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Causes The threat of a strong Prussia to France The domestic problems of Napoleon III
Dispute over the throne of Spain A Hohenzollern claimant provokes a French declaration of war
on July 15, 1870 (Ems Telegram)
The Unification of Germany Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Course of the war Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870
Siege of Paris; capitulates January 28, 1871
Aftermath Southern German states join Northern German
Confederation
William I proclaimed Kaiser, January 8, 1871
July
2014
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Nation Building and Reform: the National State in Midcentury
The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy Ausgleich of 1867 (Unification)
Creation of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary Separate political machinery; common army, foreign policy,
and finances
Dissatisfaction of other minorities
28 June 1914!!Sarajevo
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Nation Building and Reform: the National State in Midcentury
Imperial Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855 – 1881)
Abolition of serfdom
Europe in 1871By 1871, most of the small states of Europe had been absorbed into larger ones, leaving the major powers uncomfortably rubbing shoulders with one another.
Meanwhile, the power equation was shifting: the German Empire increased in power while Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire declined.
Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy, 1867 Nationalism continued to
be a problem in the Austrian Empire after the suppression of the 1848–1849 revolutions.
Military defeats led Emperor Francis Joseph to create the Dual Monarchy, giving Hungary power over its domestic affairs. The demands of other ethnic minorities went largely unmet, however.
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Nation Building and Reform: the National State in Midcentury
Great Britain: The Victorian Age
The maintenance of peace and stability
Social and political reforms plus prosperity
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901) as exemplar
Queen Victoria and Her Family
Queen Victoria, who ruled Britain from 1837 to 1901, married her German first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, in 1840 and subsequently gave birth to four sons and five daughters, who married into a number of European royal families.
When she died at age eighty-one, she had thirty-sevengreat-grandchildren.
Victoria is seated at the center of this 1881 photograph, surrounded by members of her family.
Industrialization on the Continent
Rapid expansion, fueled by railroads
Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) and Marxism
Patron Friedrich Engels (1820 – 1895)
Ideas of The Communist Manifesto (1848)
History is the history of class struggle, culminating in a classless society
The aftermath of the failed 1848 revolutions Das Kapital
Organizing the working class
International Working Men’s Association, 1864
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Karl Marx was a radical journalist who joined with Friedrich Engels to write The Communist Manifesto, which proclaimed the ideas of a revolutionary socialism.
After the failure of the 1848 revolution in Germany, Marx fled to Britain, where he continued to write and became involved in the work of the first International Working Men’s Association.
Opening of the Suez Canal
Between 1850 and 1871, Continental Europeans built railways, bridges, and canals as part of the ever-spreading process of industrialization.
A French diplomat, Ferdinand de Lesseps (fer-DEE-nahn duh le-SEPS), was the guiding force behind the construction of the Suez Canal, which provided a link between the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Work on the canal began in 1859 and was completed ten years later. As seen here, an elaborate ceremony marked the opening of the canal.
A French vessel led the first convoy of ships through the canal. The banks are lined with curious local inhabitants.
Science and Culture in an Age of Realism
A New Age of Science Growth of interest in scientific research
New developments in physics, biology, and chemistry
Faith in science erodes religious faith
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species, 1859
All plants and animals evolved from earlier, simpler forms through adaptation (“survival of the fittest”)
The Descent of Man, 1871: animal origins
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A Revolution in Health Care
Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Germs
Identifying bacteriological causation of diseases
New Surgical Practices
The antiseptic principle and anesthesia
The Age of Imperialism, 1800 - 1900
Chapter 24
Chapter Timeline
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The Eiffel Tower at the World’s Fair of 1900 in Paris
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland, but studied at the University of Paris, where she received degrees in both physics and mathematics.
She was the first woman to win two Nobel Prizes, one in 1903 in physics and another in 1911 in chemistry.
She is shown here in her Paris laboratory in 1912. She died of leukemia, a result of her laboratory work with radioactivity.
Growing Tensions Germany
William II (1888 – 1918)
Military and industrial power
Conflict of tradition and modernization Demands for more participation
Strong nationalists and right-wing politics
Austria-Hungary: the Problem of Nationalities
Lack of stability
Growing agitation and nationalism
Subjugation of nationalities
Emperor Francis Joseph and Count István Tisza
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Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
Surge of State-sponsored Industrialism Developing working class and socialist parties
Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898
Growing opposition to tsarist regime of Nicholas II (1894 – 1917)
The Revolution of 1905 Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
General strike, October 1905 Granting of civil liberties and a legislative body,
Duma Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
Nicholas II
The last tsar of Russia hoped to preserve the traditional autocratic ways of his predecessors.
In this photograph, Nicholas II and his wife, Alexandra, are shown in 1913 with their family at the Kremlin at the celebration of the three-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Romanov dynasty.
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The New Imperialism
Causes of the New Imperialism Competition among European nations The role of Social Darwinism and racism Religious motives
Humanitarianism and the “white man’s burden”
The economic motive Economic imperialism
Soap and the White Man’s Burden
The concept of the ‘‘white man’s burden’’ included the belief that the superiority of their civilization obligated Europeans to impose their practices on supposedly primitive nonwhites.
This advertisement for Pears’ Soap clearly communicates the Europeans’ view of their responsibility toward other peoples.
The Scramble for Africa South Africa
Britain’s Cape Colony Tensions with the Boers (Afrikaners)
Great Trek, 1835 Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River
(Transvaal)
Cecil Rhodes (1853 – 1902) Diamond and gold companies Seizure of the Transvaal Attempts to overthrow the
neighboring Boer Government
The Boer War, 1899-1902 Lessons on the costliness of modern warfare Union of South Africa, 1910
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Africa in 1914 The major European powers’ rush to acquire colonies was motivated by a combination of factors:
The need for ports and fueling stations for navies
Enhancement of international prestige
Outlets for nationalist feelings
Expression of social Darwinism
Desire to ‘‘civilize’’ non-Europeans.
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The Struggle for South Africa
Boer War
England vs. Dutch
Settlers
Introduction of
Concentration Camps
1899 – 1902
Ties down 500,000
British personnel
Portuguese and French Possessions Portugal’s hold on Mozambique and Angola
French expansion: Algeria, West Africa, Tunisia, and Morocco
Other British Possessions From Egypt and the Suez Canal to the Sudan
Belgium and Central Africa (Atrocities) Leopold II (1865 – 1909) and the Congo
German Possessions Imperialism in South West Africa, Cameroon,
Togoland, and East Africa
Impact on Africa
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Imperialism in Asia
The British in Asia (Search for Raw Materials)
British East India Company (17th Century) Sepoy Rebellion - 1857
From private to imperial control in India, 1876 Viceroy – government representative
Imperialism in Asia
The Russians in Asia A product of Russia’s traditional expansionism
Steady growth at the expense of the Ottoman Empire
Temporary halt after defeat against Japan, 1905
Russia weaker – Japan stronger
1919 – 1922 Occupation of Vladivostok
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Imperialism in Asia
The Russians in Asia A product of Russia’s traditional expansionism
Steady growth at the expense of the Ottoman Empire
Temporary halt after defeat against Japan, 1905
China British acquisition of Hong Kong (Opium War 1839-
1842)
Creation of Western spheres of influence
Asia in 1914Asia became an important arena of international competition in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Beset by economic stagnation and an inability to modernize, a weak China was unable to withstand the demands of the United States, the European powers, and a Westernizing Japan.
Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and the United States had direct or indirect control of nearly all of Asia by 1914.
Imperialism in Asia
Japan and Korea New contacts: Matthew Perry opens Japan,
1853-1854
Japan’s emergence as a power allows for domination of Korea
Southeast Asia British and French control and rivalry
French Indo-China (Vietnam)
American Imperialism The Spanish-American War, 1898
Philippines / Cuba / Puerto Rico
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The French in Southeast AsiaIn Saigon, the French created a new city plan with wide streets and constructed cultural and administrative buildings designed by Europeans, such as the Post Office pictured here. Gustave Eiffel, the architect who built the Eiffel Tower in Paris, designed the Post Office. Buildings such as the Post Office reflected France’s increasing investment in its colonial holdings during the late nineteenth century.
China Antiforeign revolt: the failed Boxer Rebellion,
1900-1901
Sun Yat-sen (1866 – 1925) and the fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912 Establishment of the Republic of China
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Responses to Imperialism Japan
Mutsuhito, 1867 – 1912
Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)
Westernization of military and industry
Responses to Imperialism India
British control brings peace, honest government, Western technology, and Western education
The price of British rule
Extreme poverty
Indian National Congress, 1883
Japanese Expansion
Prelude to World War II
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The Bismarckian System The Balkans: decline of Ottoman power
The Congress of Berlin, 1878
New Alliances Triple Alliance, 1882: Germany, Austria, and Italy
Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887
Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
New Directions and New Crises Triple Entente, 1907: England, France, Russia
Triple Alliance, 1907: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
The Balkans in 1878
Prelude to World War I
Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913 Setting the Stage for World War I
Austrian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 Serbian protest and Russian support of Serbia
First Balkan War, 1912 Balkan League defeats the Ottomans
Second Balkan War, 1913 Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire
attacked and defeated Bulgaria
Serbia’s ambitions
London Conference
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The Balkans in 1913
The First Balkan War (1912) liberated most of the region from Ottoman control
The Second Balkan War (1913) increased the size of Greece and Serbia at Bulgaria’s expense.
Russia supported the ambitions of its fellow Slavs in Serbia, who sought to create a large Slavic kingdom in the Balkans.
Austria and its ally Germany opposed Serbia’s ambitions.