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The Impacts of Geo Systems on Peak Demand, Load Factor and
Carbon
Paul Bony
Director of Residential Market Development
34% of Natural Gas Directly (55% Incl. Gen)34% of Natural Gas Directly (55% Incl. Gen)
73% of U.S. Electricity73% of U.S. Electricity
Buildings drive 40% of U.S. Buildings drive 40% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption &Primary Energy Consumption &39% of U.S. Carbon Emissions39% of U.S. Carbon Emissions
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Sa
les
(B
illio
n k
Wh
)Buildings
Industry
Source: EIA Annual Energy Review, Table 8.9, June 2007
Buildings Drive Electricity Supply Buildings Drive Electricity Supply InvestmentInvestment
Potential of Demand-Side Efficiency Global CO2 Emissions Outlook –
International Energy Association (IEA) 2006
65% EE“The Fruit on the Ground”
Why the Geo Industry Supports Utility Financing Efforts
DOE Industry Roadmap Growth Goal - 1 Million GHPs Annually by 2017 – Results in 3.3 million installations by 2017– 26 MMT annual CO2 reduction– 520 MMT lifecycle CO2 reduction over 20 yr
GHP life– Creates up to 100,000 new jobs
(The conventional A/C and heat pump market is 6 to 8 million units annually)
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Conventional HVAC Geothermal HVAC
Geothermal Heat Pump Systems combine Sun, Earth and Water
using proven technology…
… to create “the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective
space-conditioning system”(according to U.S. EPA 1993)
Simple Concept
Water moves energy better than air doesWater in the ground provides renewable energy
7
Typical water-refrigerant Heat Exchanger used in most GSHP equipment
Geothermal Heat Pumps
Commercial Buildings
Black Point Inn - Prouts Neck, MEBlack Point Inn - Prouts Neck, ME
Alta Condos, Washington DCAlta Condos, Washington DC French Laundry Rest.- Napa, CAFrench Laundry Rest.- Napa, CA
Galt House Hotel - Louisville, KYGalt House Hotel - Louisville, KY
Gaillardia Offices – Okla. CityGaillardia Offices – Okla. City
Statue of Liberty Gift Statue of Liberty Gift ShopShop
California University of PACalifornia University of PA
Harvard Library – Cambridge, MAHarvard Library – Cambridge, MA Whistler Village - BC, CanadaWhistler Village - BC, Canada
Hirschfeld Towers – Denver, COHirschfeld Towers – Denver, CO
ASHRAE Headquarters - Atlanta, GAASHRAE Headquarters - Atlanta, GA
Yale Art Bld. – New Haven, CTYale Art Bld. – New Haven, CT
Habitat for Humanity
1300 Sq. Ft. Low Energy Habitat for Humanity Homes
Habitat for HumanityLow Energy Home Construction Details
Geothermal Heat Pump / Foam Insulation / Low-E Glass / CFL Lighting / Energy Star Appliances
Habitat for HumanityHabitat for HumanityAverage of 16 Homes - Total Site Energy Use in Average of 16 Homes - Total Site Energy Use in
20072007
Habitat for Humanity
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
kWh
per
M2
Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07 Jul-07 Aug-07 Sep-07 Oct-07 Nov-07 Dec-07
Geothermal Gas Furnace w A/C
50% Site Energy Savings50% Site Energy Savings
Habitat for HumanitySite Energy Consumption by End Use
95
45
10
18
6
16
0
42
96 6 6
15
0
30
5 47
2
12
0
19
5 47
2
12
-11
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total Heating Cooling Hot Water Lighting Appliance Solar PV
MM
Btu
/ y
ear
Std Home - GAS Std Home - GHP
LE Home - GHP LE Home - GHP + PV
95
42
30
19
174
140
102
64
25,460
21,432
15,562
9,825
0
50
100
150
200
250
Std Home - GAS Std Home - GHP LE Home - GHP LE Home - GHP + PV
MM
Btu
/ ye
ar
0
6,000
12,000
18,000
24,000
30,000
CO
2 Em
issi
on
s lb
s / y
ear
Site Energy
Source Energy
Carbon Emissions
Habitat for HumanityTotal Energy Consumption and Carbon Emissions
16% to 61% Reduction in Carbon Emissions
GHP SummarykW/ton at 85 F Outside Air Temperature
EER GHP
#1
GHP
#2
GHP
#3
Average *Difference vs13 SEER AC
15.1 0.89 0.84 0.83 0.85 0.45
16 0.85 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.48
17 0.80 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.52
*Assumes 13 SEER AC at 105° F outside air temperature is about 1.3 kW/tonGHP EER of 15.1 is our minimum standard for rebate
GHPValue.5 kW/ton
Demand Impacts
Demand Impacts
ClimateMaster is working with the Utility Geothermal Working Group and Oak Ridge National Lab to develop a national GSHP demand and energy savings “map” using eQuest (DOE 2) modeling for utility program managers.
Austin TX model results
Demand Impacts
4 ton Geo vs. Conventional –Home Peaks – Denver Colorado
Avg. of 2.1kw savings
Demand Impacts
Each residential heat pump linked to geothermal system can reduce peak loads in (US DOE)
• Summer by 1–2 KW vs. AC• Winter by 4–8 KW vs. AAHP & ER
Residential (Electric Program)• Over 10 million residential consumers• Assume just 1 KW reduction per installation• 10,000 MW demand reduction
A Tale of Two Buildings
Palo Alto, CAOklahoma City, OK
PROJECT RESULTS FROM:PROJECT RESULTS FROM:
A “side by side” Comparison of a Ground Source Heat Pump System vs.
Conventional HVAC System between two “identical” buildings.
Oklahoma City - Garrett Buildings
Conventional 15,000 sq ft Built in 1987
Conventional Roof Top VAV Building
GHP 20,000 sq ft Built in 1997
40 boreholes drilled 250 feet deep on 20 foot centers and 3/4 inch PE pipe
16 Ceiling Mounted Units
Garrett Office BuildingsActual Metered Annual Energy Use
2006-2007
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
kBtu
per
Sq
uar
e F
oo
t
VAV System Geothermal
Total
Electricity
Gas
47% Site Energy Savings47% Site Energy Savings
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mar-07 Apr-07 May-07 Jun-07
Wat
ts p
er S
qu
are
Fo
ot
VAV System
Geothermal
Garrett Office BuildingsMonthly Peak Demand 2006-2007
35% Peak Demand Reduction35% Peak Demand Reduction
Load Factor (4 yr Monthly Average)
Palo Alto, California Buildings
2183 and 2185 Park Blvd Buildings
Two Stories
10,000 sq ft each
Built in the 1960s
Palo Alto Buildings Energy Costs
construction
Hourly Load Curve Sample 08/22/2006
Proven Benefits: GSHP retrofit of 4,000 buildings/homes at Fort Polk - 1994
Evaluation showed 33% kWh savings, 43% lower summer peak kW demand, and improved load factor (0.52 to 0.62)ORNL/CON-460 @ www.ornl.gov/sci/ees/etsd/btric/ground-source.shtml
Typical distribution feeder (16 in all)
Buried phone line to nearest pedestal
Current transducers on secondary leads to existing meter
New recording watt meter, modem,
and phone line
To recorder
Army’s existing meter
Geothermal Heat Pumps
The difference in the before and after system efficiency = carbon emissions savings.
300,000 GSHP retrofits could save approximately the carbon emissions of a 500 mW coal plant (which serves 300,000 +/- homes!)
Existing Housing Stock (# Homes) - 2005
Gas – 13.1millionElectric – 1.3 millionPropane – 1.1 millionHeat Pump – 800kOil – 700kOther – 700k
Gas – 5.3 millionElectric – 1.0 millionPropane – 800kHeat Pump – 400kOil – 200kOther – 200k
Gas – 5.7 millionElectric – 4.3 millionPropane – 800kHeat Pump – 900kOther – 400k
EIA 2005 ResidentialEnergy Consumption Survey
Geo Heat Pump Retrofits in Existing Homes - Example of Annual Energy and Carbon Savings Potential
CO2 – 10.0 MMTSummer Peak – 1.9 GWWinter Peak– 0.3 GWElectric – 6.8 Billion kWhPrimary – 0.14 quad Btu
Geo Units – 1.0 millionCost - $10 to $14 billionSavings - $2.7 billion / yr
Assumed Market Penetration:
25% of homes without access to natural gas
CO2 – 8.4 MMTSummer Peak – 1.2 GWWinter Peak– 0.8 GWElectric – 6.3 Billion kWhPrimary – 0.12 quad Btu
Geo Units – 0.6 millionCost - $6 to $8 billionSavings - $1.6 billion / yr
CO2 – 14.4 MMTSummer Peak – 3.1 GWWinter Peak– 9.7 GWElectric – 25.4 Billion kWhPrimary – 0.21 quad Btu
Geo Units – 1.5 millionCost - $15 to $21 billionSavings - $3.3 billion / yr
Geothermal Heat Pumpsare the Most Efficient way to convert
Green Energy into Heating, Cooling and Water Heating
Making the most effective use of this precious resource
No Carbon Electricity = carbon free heating, cooling & water heating
The payback on Geothermal Systemsis many times faster
than solar PV
But….Geo plus PV (or micro wind) can provide a zero energy home/building with no net off-site electricity or fossil fuel required
Thank You For Your Attention!Questions?
Paul Bony
970-249-8476
If you ever need a hand you can reach me at:
