The Greek Golden AgeThe Greek Golden Agec. 500-400 B.C.E.c. 500-400 B.C.E.

Period of continuous warfare: Period of continuous warfare: The Persian Wars, 499-479 B.C.E. The Persian Wars, 499-479 B.C.E. The Peloponnesian War, 431-403 B.C.EThe Peloponnesian War, 431-403 B.C.E

Period of Greece´s cultural and artistic Period of Greece´s cultural and artistic achievements:achievements:

Radical democracy and Pericle´s Leadership, 461-Radical democracy and Pericle´s Leadership, 461-445 B.C.E. The Acropolis of Athens. 445 B.C.E. The Acropolis of Athens. Education and intellectual innovation. The Education and intellectual innovation. The founding of the philosophical school of Socrates.founding of the philosophical school of Socrates.The development of Tragedy and Comedy. The development of Tragedy and Comedy.

The Persian Wars, 499-479 B.C.EThe Persian Wars, 499-479 B.C.E Persian kingdom surpassed Greece in every category of material Persian kingdom surpassed Greece in every category of material

resources. resources.

Greek city-state (thirty-one city-states) united and work together to Greek city-state (thirty-one city-states) united and work together to fight the Persians (fight the Persians (Hellenic LeagueHellenic League))

Antecedents: Antecedents:

The Athenian-Persian meeting in Sardis in 507. The Athenian-Persian meeting in Sardis in 507. Athenian ambassadors admitted Persian superiority.Athenian ambassadors admitted Persian superiority.

Reaction of the Athenian assembly related to the Reaction of the Athenian assembly related to the submission of their diplomats to a foreign power. submission of their diplomats to a foreign power.

The Ionian Revolt and the Battle of Marathon, 499-490 B.C.E.

499 B.C.E. Rebellion of the Ionian Greek city.states against Persian control. The rebellion failed.

Expedition by sea whose infantry the Athenians Persian king Darius sent an defeated on the Marathon plain in 490 B.C.E.

Salamis and Plataea-Mycale (480-479 B.C.E.)

Persian invasion of Greece led in 480 by Xerxes, Darius´s son and successor.

Hellenistic League: thirty-one city-states united to fight the Persians.

The united Greeks chose Sparta as their leader because of its famous hoplite army.

Persians were defeat at sea at Salamis (480) and on land at Plataea and Mycale (479).

Radical DemocracyRadical Democracy and Pericles´s and Pericles´s Leadership, 461-445 B.C.ELeadership, 461-445 B.C.E

Radical democracyRadical democracy: : 1.1. Direct and widespread participation by male Direct and widespread participation by male

citizens in the assembly to make laws and citizens in the assembly to make laws and policy by majority rule.policy by majority rule.

2.2. Random selection and rotation for members of Random selection and rotation for members of the Council of 500, most magistrates and the Council of 500, most magistrates and jurors.jurors.

3.3. Elaborate precautions to prevent corruption.Elaborate precautions to prevent corruption.4.4. Equal protection under the law for citizens Equal protection under the law for citizens

regardless of wealth. regardless of wealth.

Reformation of the judicial systemReformation of the judicial system. . -Judicial verdicts rendered by -Judicial verdicts rendered by archonsarchons (magistrates) and (magistrates) and the the AreopagusAreopagus Council (separate from the Council of Council (separate from the Council of 500).500). * * Ephialtes´reforms jurorsEphialtes´reforms jurors: : -They were selected by lottery from male citizens over -They were selected by lottery from male citizens over thirty years old.thirty years old.

-The selection was made only on the day of the trial.-The selection was made only on the day of the trial.-All trials were concluded in one day. -All trials were concluded in one day.

OstracismOstracism (from (from ostraconostracon, meaning a “piece of broken , meaning a “piece of broken pottery,”) : pottery,”) : -Exiled for ten years (no other penalty).-Exiled for ten years (no other penalty).-His family and property remained untouched. -His family and property remained untouched. -Ostracized men recovered their citizen rights after their -Ostracized men recovered their citizen rights after their exile. exile.

PericlesPericles The most renowned Athenian politician in his day, The most renowned Athenian politician in his day,

Pericles (495-429 B.C.) contributed greatly to the Pericles (495-429 B.C.) contributed greatly to the brilliance of Athens´s Golden Age. He devoted brilliance of Athens´s Golden Age. He devoted much of his career to strengthening democracy.much of his career to strengthening democracy.

Pericles repeatedly persuaded the assembly to Pericles repeatedly persuaded the assembly to pass laws increasing its political powerpass laws increasing its political power

Pericles´s most important democratic innovation Pericles´s most important democratic innovation was pay for service in public jobs filled by lotterywas pay for service in public jobs filled by lottery

Pericles made citizenship more exclusive and Pericles made citizenship more exclusive and enhanced the status of Athenian mothers. enhanced the status of Athenian mothers. Law ( 451 ) mandated that citizenship would be Law ( 451 ) mandated that citizenship would be given only to children whose mother and father given only to children whose mother and father were both Athenian by birthwere both Athenian by birth

Acropolis of AthensAcropolis of Athens: :

Served as a Served as a special sanctuaryspecial sanctuary for the gods and for the gods and as a as a fortressfortress to which the population could retreat when to which the population could retreat when an enemy attacked.an enemy attacked.

It was burned by Persians in 480 B.C.E. Destroyed It was burned by Persians in 480 B.C.E. Destroyed city remained in place for thirty years to remind city remained in place for thirty years to remind Athens of the sacrifice for their freedom. Athens of the sacrifice for their freedom.

In the 440s B.C.E. magnificent temples and In the 440s B.C.E. magnificent temples and buildings were erected that have made the city buildings were erected that have made the city famous. famous.

ParthenonParthenon: :

Pericles.- 477 B.C.E. the Parthenon built for Athena Pericles.- 477 B.C.E. the Parthenon built for Athena (“the house of the virgin goddess”)—became (“the house of the virgin goddess”)—became Greece´s most famous building.Greece´s most famous building.

Parthenon was built to be a Parthenon was built to be a house for its divinity,house for its divinity, not not as a gathering place for worshipers.as a gathering place for worshipers.

The founding of the philosophical The founding of the philosophical school of Socratesschool of Socrates

sophistssophists (“wise men”): (“wise men”): Teachers of public speaking and clever arguments.Teachers of public speaking and clever arguments. Athens´s radical democracy: techniques for persuasive Athens´s radical democracy: techniques for persuasive

public speaking for the political debates in the assembly public speaking for the political debates in the assembly and the councils or lawsuits in court.and the councils or lawsuits in court.

Protagoras, one of the most controversial sophists.Protagoras, one of the most controversial sophists. subjectivism---the belief that there is no absolute reality subjectivism---the belief that there is no absolute reality

behind and independent of appearances. He thought behind and independent of appearances. He thought ““man is the measure of all things”man is the measure of all things”

Socrates of Socrates of Athens (469-399) Athens (469-399)

The most famous philosopher of the The most famous philosopher of the Golden AgeGolden Age

Emphasis on individual ethicsEmphasis on individual ethics Just behaviour was better for people than Just behaviour was better for people than

injustice. Morality was priceless because it injustice. Morality was priceless because it guaranteed happiness. guaranteed happiness.

He believed that moral knowledge was all He believed that moral knowledge was all a person needed for the good life. a person needed for the good life.

Risk: left behind traditional thought …..Risk: left behind traditional thought …..

The Peloponnesian warThe Peloponnesian war

A war between Athens and Sparta that A war between Athens and Sparta that lasted a generation (431-404 B.C.E.) lasted a generation (431-404 B.C.E.) ended the Athenian Golden Age. The war ended the Athenian Golden Age. The war arose at least in part as a result of Periclesarose at least in part as a result of Pericles´ policies. Pericles was criticized because ´ policies. Pericles was criticized because of the huge public spending on his building of the huge public spending on his building program. Pericles´critics claimed he was program. Pericles´critics claimed he was insisting on war against Sparta to revive insisting on war against Sparta to revive his popularity. Relations with Sparta his popularity. Relations with Sparta worsened in the mid 430 B.C.E. worsened in the mid 430 B.C.E.

Wars framed the Golden Age. The Persian Wars Wars framed the Golden Age. The Persian Wars sent the Athenians soaring to imperial power sent the Athenians soaring to imperial power and property, but their and property, but their high-handedhigh-handed treatment of treatment of allies and enemies helped bring on the allies and enemies helped bring on the disastrous Peloponnesian War. disastrous Peloponnesian War.

In fact, inmediately after the triumph of the In fact, inmediately after the triumph of the Persian Wars, Athens soon rivaled Sparta for Persian Wars, Athens soon rivaled Sparta for the leadership of the Greek world, and by the the leadership of the Greek world, and by the mid-fifth century B.C.E. it was enjoying mid-fifth century B.C.E. it was enjoying unprecedented confidence and prosperity. unprecedented confidence and prosperity.

**given to haughty disregard of othersgiven to haughty disregard of others

As the money increased, As the money increased, the city-state built the city-state built glorious temples, glorious temples, instituted pay for service instituted pay for service in many government in many government offices, among other offices, among other public expenses. Pericles public expenses. Pericles became the most famous became the most famous politician of the Golden politician of the Golden Age by leading the drive Age by leading the drive for radical democracy. for radical democracy.

Pericles was criticized Pericles was criticized because of the huge because of the huge public spending on his public spending on his building programbuilding program

Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War According to the historian Thucydides, who fought in the war Sparta According to the historian Thucydides, who fought in the war Sparta

was superior in the forces needed for land battles: Hoplites (heavily was superior in the forces needed for land battles: Hoplites (heavily armed infantry) and cavalry; while Athens relied on its navy of armed infantry) and cavalry; while Athens relied on its navy of triremes.triremes.These differences dictated the strategies and tactics of each side. These differences dictated the strategies and tactics of each side. Athens tried to launch surprise raids from the sea, and Sparta tried Athens tried to launch surprise raids from the sea, and Sparta tried to force decisive confrontations on the battlefield. to force decisive confrontations on the battlefield.

Pericles advised Athens to use its superior navy to raid enemy lands Pericles advised Athens to use its superior navy to raid enemy lands while avoiding battles with the Spartan infantry. He thought the while avoiding battles with the Spartan infantry. He thought the superior resources of Athens would enable it to win a war of superior resources of Athens would enable it to win a war of attritionattrition. With his leadership, this strategy might have prevalied, but . With his leadership, this strategy might have prevalied, but unexpected trouble struck: unexpected trouble struck: Epidemic disease ravaged Athens´s population, killing Epidemic disease ravaged Athens´s population, killing

thousands—including Pericles ! thousands—including Pericles !

*A gradual diminution in number or strength because of constant *A gradual diminution in number or strength because of constant stressstress

The aftermath of WarThe aftermath of WarSparta´s victory over Athens in the Sparta´s victory over Athens in the

Peloponnesian War brought a violent end Peloponnesian War brought a violent end to the Golden Age of Greece in the fifth to the Golden Age of Greece in the fifth century B.C.E. Once the Athenians had century B.C.E. Once the Athenians had restored their democracy following the fall restored their democracy following the fall of the Thirty Tyrants, their city-state´s of the Thirty Tyrants, their city-state´s economy gradually recovered but the economy gradually recovered but the stability of daily life did not come back stability of daily life did not come back again. This bitterness led to the execution again. This bitterness led to the execution of Socrates in 399 B.C.E.of Socrates in 399 B.C.E.

The Rule of the Thirty Tyrants, 404-The Rule of the Thirty Tyrants, 404-403 B.C.E 403 B.C.E

A regime of antidemocratic Athenians (members A regime of antidemocratic Athenians (members of the social elite) installed by the victorious of the social elite) installed by the victorious Spartans. Spartans.

Brutally supressing democratic opposition, tnese Brutally supressing democratic opposition, tnese rulers embarked in a eight-month period of rulers embarked in a eight-month period of TERROR in 404-403 B.C.E. (tyrants seized TERROR in 404-403 B.C.E. (tyrants seized people for execution as a way of stealing familypeople for execution as a way of stealing family´s values) ´s values)

Soon, the athenian democratic resistance Soon, the athenian democratic resistance movement arose and expelled the Thirty Tyrants movement arose and expelled the Thirty Tyrants in 403 B.C.E. with a series of bloody street in 403 B.C.E. with a series of bloody street battles. battles.

The aftermath of War and the trial of SocratesThe aftermath of War and the trial of Socrates The civil war made Athenians so angry at each other that internal strife The civil war made Athenians so angry at each other that internal strife

threatened to tear the community apart even after democracy was threatened to tear the community apart even after democracy was restored. restored.

The restored stability in the everyday lives of Athenians did not erase The restored stability in the everyday lives of Athenians did not erase their memories of the murderous rule of the Thirty Tyrants and the civil their memories of the murderous rule of the Thirty Tyrants and the civil war of 404-403 B.C.E.war of 404-403 B.C.E.

The bitterness led to the execution of Socrates in 399 B.C.E.The bitterness led to the execution of Socrates in 399 B.C.E.

In fact, Socrates became the best-known victim of this lingering In fact, Socrates became the best-known victim of this lingering bitterness dividing Athenians when he was blamed for the violent crimes bitterness dividing Athenians when he was blamed for the violent crimes of his follower Critias, one of the Thirty. Socrates refused to cooperate of his follower Critias, one of the Thirty. Socrates refused to cooperate with the tyrants, but some prominent Athenians believed his philosophy with the tyrants, but some prominent Athenians believed his philosophy had turned Critias into a traitor. Socrates´opponents indicted him on a had turned Critias into a traitor. Socrates´opponents indicted him on a charge of impiety in 399 B.C.E. charge of impiety in 399 B.C.E.

The trial of SocratesThe trial of Socrates

His opponents accused him of not believing in His opponents accused him of not believing in the city-state´s gods and of introducing new the city-state´s gods and of introducing new divinities, and also of turning young men away divinities, and also of turning young men away from Athenian moral traditions. from Athenian moral traditions.

Socrates spoke in his own defense repeating his Socrates spoke in his own defense repeating his dedication to goading his fellow citizens into dedication to goading his fellow citizens into examining their unexamined assumptions about examining their unexamined assumptions about individual virtue. individual virtue.

Socrates said that he deserved a reward rather Socrates said that he deserved a reward rather than a punishment. When the jury chose death than a punishment. When the jury chose death as his penalty, Socrates accepted his sentence as his penalty, Socrates accepted his sentence calmly because, as he said, “nothing evil can calmly because, as he said, “nothing evil can happen to a good man, either in life or in death.” happen to a good man, either in life or in death.”

After SocratesAfter SocratesLater sources report that many Athenians Later sources report that many Athenians

soon came to regret the execution of soon came to regret the execution of Socrates as a tragic mistake and a severe Socrates as a tragic mistake and a severe blow to their reputation. blow to their reputation.

Outraged at Socrates´ fate, Plato and Outraged at Socrates´ fate, Plato and Aristotle created Greece´s most famous Aristotle created Greece´s most famous philosophies about right and wrong and philosophies about right and wrong and how human beings should live. how human beings should live.

Exercise I The Apology of Socrates /by Plato, 399 Exercise I The Apology of Socrates /by Plato, 399 B.C.E. B.C.E.

Political innovation was not Political innovation was not the only distinctive feature of the only distinctive feature of fifth-century B.C.E. Athens. fifth-century B.C.E. Athens. Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.) Socrates (469-399 B.C.E.) was a famous philosopher of was a famous philosopher of the day, and his views on the day, and his views on ethics and morality ethics and morality challenged conventional challenged conventional values while steering Greek values while steering Greek philosophy in new directions. philosophy in new directions.

In this documentIn this document, , we hear Socrates speaking we hear Socrates speaking for himself before a jury as for himself before a jury as described by his pupil Plato. described by his pupil Plato. At the time, Socrates was on At the time, Socrates was on tril for impiety, and he spoke tril for impiety, and he spoke these words to convince his these words to convince his fellow citizens of his fellow citizens of his innocence. Sadly, his efforts innocence. Sadly, his efforts were in vain; he was were in vain; he was convicted and sentencedconvicted and sentenced to to death. death.

The apology of SocratesThe apology of SocratesWhat argument did he use to defend What argument did he use to defend

himself?himself?What role did Gods play in life?What role did Gods play in life?

Greek Legacy Greek Legacy What does greek legacy mean? What does greek legacy mean? What aspects of greek civilization should What aspects of greek civilization should

be included as we think of greek legacy? be included as we think of greek legacy? 1= 1= 2=2=3=3=

Exercise 2: let´s built up the Greek LegacyExercise 2: let´s built up the Greek Legacy !! !! Grup A: Democracy –Pericles (pp.59-61)Grup A: Democracy –Pericles (pp.59-61)

Grup B: Thought (Philosophy) Grup B: Thought (Philosophy) B.1 Socrates (*Socratic method), pp. 75-78B.1 Socrates (*Socratic method), pp. 75-78B.2 Plato (pp.95-97)B.2 Plato (pp.95-97)B.3 Aristotle (pp.97-98)B.3 Aristotle (pp.97-98)

Grup C: Cultural innovationGrup C: Cultural innovationC.1 Tragedy (pp. 79-81)C.1 Tragedy (pp. 79-81)C.2 Comedy (pp.81-83)C.2 Comedy (pp.81-83)

DEMOCRACY- PERICLESDEMOCRACY- PERICLES

Radical democracy was established.Radical democracy was established.Reformation of the court system.Reformation of the court system.Ostracism (exile).Ostracism (exile).

SocratesSocrates Socratic method: indirect method of teaching by asking Socratic method: indirect method of teaching by asking

questions and drawing up conclusions, forced people to questions and drawing up conclusions, forced people to conclude they were ignorant of what they had assumed conclude they were ignorant of what they had assumed they knew very well.they knew very well.

Did not write anything: Plato.Did not write anything: Plato. Most desirable life was focused on virtue and guided by Most desirable life was focused on virtue and guided by

reason, not by dreams of personal gain.reason, not by dreams of personal gain. Virtue or just behavior was identical to knowledge and Virtue or just behavior was identical to knowledge and

true knowledge of justice would lead people to choose true knowledge of justice would lead people to choose good over evil.good over evil.

Exaggerated his physical unattractiveness -> show Exaggerated his physical unattractiveness -> show disdain for ordinary standards of beauty.disdain for ordinary standards of beauty.

Fathers, supposed to educate sons, felt that Socrates Fathers, supposed to educate sons, felt that Socrates was undermining the stability of society by making young was undermining the stability of society by making young men question Athenian traditions.men question Athenian traditions.

PlatoPlato Analyze the nature of the world.Analyze the nature of the world. Philosophical “school” , The AcademyPhilosophical “school” , The Academy Moral qualities are universal and absolute, not relative.Moral qualities are universal and absolute, not relative. Methaphysics, consideration of the nature of realityMethaphysics, consideration of the nature of reality Dualism, separation between spiritual and physical beingDualism, separation between spiritual and physical being Presented the most famous version of his utopian Presented the most famous version of his utopian

political ideas in his dialogue “The Republic”political ideas in his dialogue “The Republic” Justice is impossible in a democracy and requires Justice is impossible in a democracy and requires

hierarchyhierarchy He was the mentor of AristotleHe was the mentor of Aristotle Women could rank as high as Men, because they Women could rank as high as Men, because they

possesed the same virtuespossesed the same virtues

AristotleAristotle Rigorous systems of logical argumentRigorous systems of logical argument His scientific investigation of the natural worldHis scientific investigation of the natural world Created a sophisticated system of logic to identify the forms of valid Created a sophisticated system of logic to identify the forms of valid

argumentsarguments Established rules to tell the difference between a logically proven case Established rules to tell the difference between a logically proven case

and a merely persuasive one. and a merely persuasive one. Explanations based on common sense rather than metaphysicsExplanations based on common sense rather than metaphysics Criticized democracyCriticized democracy Collect all available information on animalsCollect all available information on animals Recorded facts about more than 500 different species including insects.Recorded facts about more than 500 different species including insects. Regarded slavery as naturalRegarded slavery as natural Concluded that women were by natural inferior to menConcluded that women were by natural inferior to men Emphasized need to develop habits of just behavior rather than just Emphasized need to develop habits of just behavior rather than just

good intentions.good intentions. Claims that the man should rule in finding the balance.Claims that the man should rule in finding the balance.

TragedyTragedy Based on complex relationship between humans Based on complex relationship between humans

and gods and the consequencesand gods and the consequences Written in verse with solemn languageWritten in verse with solemn language Happy Ending only after a lot of sufferingHappy Ending only after a lot of suffering Succesful only if spectacle is vividSuccesful only if spectacle is vivid Playwrights came from social elite and Playwrights came from social elite and

competedcompeted Explored moral issues and ethical problemsExplored moral issues and ethical problems Entertaining and also educationalEntertaining and also educational

ComedyComedy Written in verseWritten in verse Made frank and direct comments and criticized Made frank and direct comments and criticized

public policy, politicians, and intellectuals by public policy, politicians, and intellectuals by name, and devised plots of outrageous fantasy name, and devised plots of outrageous fantasy and constant jokes concerning sex and bodily and constant jokes concerning sex and bodily functions.functions.

Performed in a competition during festivals. Performed in a competition during festivals. 24 actors (male)24 actors (male) Most famous: Aristophanes (The knights, Most famous: Aristophanes (The knights,

Lysistrata)Lysistrata)