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The Future of Cognitive RadioSupelec
Rennes, France12 May 2011
Dr. Joseph Mitola III, Fellow of the IEEEDistinguished Professor, School of Engineering and Science, Distinguished Professor, School of Engineering and Science,
Distinguished Professor, School of Systems and Enterprises, andVice President for the Research Enterprise
Stevens Institute of Technology
© 2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
The Future of Cognitive Radio
• Flexible Efficient Cost-Effective Devices– Nano-engineered, Wearable, Arrays of Everything
• Algorithms, Firmware, Software in Devices– “80%” Reuse with “80%” Reconfigurability– “80%” Reuse with “80%” Reconfigurability– Matlab to Commercial RF Devices in Days-Weeks– Platform Rehosting of Existing Code in Weeks
• Networks that Learn so User Doesn’t Have To– Integrate Heterogeneous RF Devices, Home, Work– Integrated Commercial Privacy and Security
2
Future Cognitive Radio Devices
• More Flexible Cost-Effective RF-IF Devices– Nano-engineered Linear Amplifier Circuits– Multiscale Control of RF-IF Properties
• Array-antenna Radio Access Points (RAP)– 400-800 MHz Low Density/Rural Broadband– 400-800 MHz Low Density/Rural Broadband– 60 GHz Indoor and Bluetooth
• Power Scavenging – Recovery• Massive Array Processing on Chip• Wearable Ensemble Replaces iPhone
– Augmented Vision, Hearing, Awareness, Memory
3
Environment
Cognitive Radio (DSA)Cognition Cycle
Cognition
EnvironmentSpace-TimePropagationNetwork
Meta-Software
Antenna RF Modem
INFOSECBasebandUser Interface
Equalizer Model
Variable Bindings
...
User(s)IdentityNeedsBehaviors ...
Self ModelBehaviorModels
User
Environment
Antenna RF Modem Baseband User Interface
Hardware
INFOSEC
Protocol Stack, ControlModem, Equalizer, etc.
Software RadioSoftware Modules …..
KnownSelf
4© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Mitola Radio XML ⇒⇒⇒⇒ Cognitive Linguistics Behavior Model (CLBM)
BasebandUser InterfaceVariable Bindings
Maguire: CR is Impossible
Because of Gödel
Simon Haykin
Dynamic Spectrum Access
Primary (Licensed) Spectrum
Cordless Telephones: Analog, DECT …
Unlicensed Spectrum (Part 15)
Space-time DynamicsNetwork Management
Overlay: OFDM Water Filling
Measurements © 2006 Shared Spectrum Company, Used with Permission
(DSA)
Cellular 1G 2G CDMA 3GPP
Underlay: Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
Noise Temperature
Cordless Telephones: Analog, DECT …WLAN: 802.11 a/b/b WiFi …WPAN: 802.15, BlueTooth, HomeRF
5© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
MaliciousAgents
US Whitespace MarketsPropelling CR
6
Bian and Park, Addressing The Hidden Incumbent Problem In 802.22 Networks SDR09
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
FCC
Digital Whitespace Simulation
7
© 2011 Jaap van de Beek, Janne Riihij¨arvi, Andreas Achtzehn, Petri Mahonen, DySPAN 2011, used with Permission
Improved Terrain Modeling• © Rohan Murty et al
SenseLess, DySPAN 2011• 70-80% Improvement in
white space via Longley Rice spatial modeling Rice spatial modeling with terrain
• White space today• Dynamics become more
intense over time• Precomputatons
8
Sensor-Validated RF Modeling
9© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Compressive Sensing
10
J. N. Laska, W. F. Bradley, T. W. Rondeau, K. E. Nolan, and B. Vigoda, DySPAN11
Femtocell-Handset Sensing
Dynamic Spectrum Available[Riva Networks compact GSM]
Low Power, Building Shadowing, Creates GSM Reuse Op portunities
Fine Structure Sensing and ControlWiFi 1 Mbps VoIP Coverage (Green)
100 mW GSM GPRS (Blue) 25 kHz LMR Voice (1.2km Red)
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved12
LTE Advanced MIMO Directional Control
x(t)
x(t-τ1)
y(t)
x(t-τ2)
1st Bit
2nd Bit
3rd Bit
© 1999 MIT Lincoln Laboratory Used with Permission
Multiple Element Subspace TrackingATT as vBLAST aka MIMO100 λλλλ Array for 16 λλλλ Cost3x to 10x “Shannon” CapacityCOST: 1000x MIPS (practical ~2013)
© 2007 Stephen Fast, Remcom
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved13
Directional Sensing
© 2006 Dr. Joseph Mitola III Used with Permission
Sensing Highlights
• DVB-T Field Trials and Tools (Philips)
• Shape-Based Signal Classification (Supelec)
• Wavelet Edge Detection (A*Star Singapore)
• Multi -stage Cross Layer (UCLA)• Multi -stage Cross Layer (UCLA)
• Distributed Cooperative Sensing (U Mich, Deutsche Telcom; Stevens)
• Sensor Network Business Case (Telenor)
• Sensing vs. Databases (Vrije U, IMEC)
15
Comprehensive Spectrum Sensing
© 2005 Shared Spectrum Company (Dr. Mark McHenry) Used with Permission, adapted by the author
Processing Gain
Antenna Gain
Duty Cycle
Policy ReasoningP
olicy Processing
Local Policy Repository
Active Policy Set
RF Environment Map
Data Sources
LocalSenso r
SensorNetworks Database
SpectrumUsage Info
Radio Info Base
•User & Radio ID•Location, Time•Status
Policy Statements from aPolicy Management Authority
-Downloadable- Securely Modifiable
RF Space-time Dynamics
TransmissionDecisions Requests
17
Policy P
rocessing
Policy Conformance Reasoner(PCR)
• Policy Decision Point
•Reasoning/Inference
• Conformance Checking
Control & Behavior Modeling
andReasoning
System Strategy Reasoner
Transmission Opportunity Requests/Replies
Policy Enforcer
Stored Transmission
Decision Replies (Approve or
Deny)
TX ControlCommands
TX ControlCommands
TX ControlReplies
Transmission Decision Refresh Request
TransmissionDecision RepliesTransmission
Decisions Replies
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Meta-Languages
18
Shujun Li, Collaborative Optimization of Cognitive Radio Parameters Using Ontology and Policy Based Approach (Boston: Northeastern University) 18 Dec 2009
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Spectrum Management Database
• Location, Radiated Power– Requirement to check the database
– Requirement to prevent harmful interference
• ATT NOI Response for Policy Radio• ATT NOI Response for Policy Radio“The FCC should proceed cautiously with any experimentation with policy radios out of concern for security, including the ability of end-users to hack the device and alter how it responds to policies”
19
Self Aware Networks
20
IBM Autonomic Network Challenge 2001 (traffic, time, power, CPNs, …)
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Gödel Coding for Intel-JVM
Symbol Number Symbol Number Symbol Number
0 1 succ 3
¬¬¬¬ 5 ∨∨∨∨ 7 ∀∀∀∀ 9
21
Gödel Coding ααααS→→→→ N
¬¬¬¬ 5 ∨∨∨∨ 7 ∀∀∀∀ 9( 11 ) 13
Gödel Decoding N →→→→ ααααS
11*13 = 143 →→→→ ‘( )’ ∈∈∈∈ alphabet ααααS describes S∈∈∈∈ RCF
Fatal Flaw MathematicsPrimitive Recursive Functions (PRF)
Gödel 1934Kleene 1941Mitola 1999[19]
g. While and Until Loops embody the Flaw
22
General Recursive Functions (GRF)
DO I=1,10 IF X=10 Call Y
X = X+1END Loop
© 2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Turing-equivalent Security: Impossible
“This Sentence Is False”
If it’s true then it must be false, soMalware Goes
Sony Root Kit“Ignore me”
Stack Overflow“Do This”
Valuable Intellectual Property of Stevens Institute of Technology – No Further Disclosure
23
If it’s true then it must be false, soAssert it false, and infer that it is true so
Assert it true, then it is false, but …
Computers Loop
Forever
Malware Goes Here
Malware Goes Here This Computer Is Secure
This Network Is Secure
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Lakoff-Jackendoff-Ziemke Cognitive Linguistics
< Bayi-Balan/>1
<Person/>
<Animal/> 1. In Dyirbal cultureculture, the
male and female cannot
be combined
Lakoff Basic Categories: Things
<Woman/>
<Frau/><Man/>
<Mensch/><Li/>
<Giraffe/> <Chair/>
Thingsare the fundamental neonatal gestaltsPlacesdefine interactions among things
Pathsassociate places in sequence for a purpose[Things moving down paths define actions]
[Things that initiate or constrain actions are causes]<Mommy/>
Experiential
24© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Cognitive Linguistics Things
25© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Cognitive Linguistics Behavior Model (CLBM)
Things “Everybody knows”
CLA first identifies the few universally common Thingsof a domain
Placesare the vector fields that characterize interaction possibilities for each Thing
Places “Near Field, BLOS”designate subspaces
Pathsare sequences of places through which action may occur
Paths “Multipath, MIMO”Basis for actions
26© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Modeling Radio DynamicsAction is the movement of a Thing along a Path
Actions“TX, RX”Induces
What happened
Transmit: Signal-In-Space = Thing.new(Tower)Transmit: Signal-In-Space = Thing.new(Tower)
Causeis the Thing that initiates an Action
Causes“ETSI”
ConstrainsWho to fine
Air Interface * Channel State
27© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Cognitive Linguistics Metaphors• Things [Lakoff-Jackendoff]
– Body experience of physical things: touch, eat, don’t eat, don’t touch• Mind metaphor: ideas, good ideas, bad ideas
• Places [Sensorimotor interaction with a Thing] Video Game– Body is container: eat/ defecate, drink/ urinate, feel good, get sick– Room is a container in which we are contained
• Activity is a place: goodness, success, failure, consequences– Non-visual space continues to exist: [certain] abstractions are real– Non-visual space continues to exist: [certain] abstractions are real
• Paths [partially ordered (<) set of Places] [Lakoff-Jackendoff]– Physical movement experience
• Activation is motion metaphor; Activity is journey (plan) metaphor
• Actions [Thing moving down a Path] [Mitola]– Anger as burden, dangerous animal, opponent, fire, heat
• Causes [Thing.Action that initiates or modulates Action] [Mitola]– Some Thing initiates {some [other] thing to move down a path}
• Reason via metaphor: bodily experience => internal experience => expertise => abstraction => logic, language as shared experience
28© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
CLTD Policy Things
29
[Professors Hong Man and Joe Mitola, IEEE Conference on Semantics 2009]CLTD: Cognitive Linguistics for Technical Domains
© 2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
30© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Heterogeneous Mobile Architecture
[Ari Ahtiainen et al SDR Forum 08ETSI TR 102 680 RRS Ref Arch]
© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved31
Network On Chip Architectures
32
IMEC
TileraTile64
NVidiaGTX 28510 Clusters
3 Streaming Multiprocessors 8 P
roce
ssor
s
© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
CL Model of HW-SW Signal Processing
Things “Everybody knows”
CL modeling first identifies the few universally common Things of a (sub) domain
Placesare the vector fields that characterize interaction possibilities for each Thing
33
Places “IO, Memory”indexed subspaces250MBps
Pathsinclude sequences of places through which action may occur
Paths “Signal Flow Graph”Basis for actions
© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
CL Model of HW-SW DynamicsAction is the movement of a Thing along a Path
Actions“Load, Run”
Induces dynamic Things
Load
Load: Process[i] = Thing.new(Processor[j])[j,i]
34
“Abstract State Machine”Constrains
dynamic Things
Causeis the Thing that initiates or constrains an Action
CausesASM ASM
MSC
© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Semantic Waveform Portability
35© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
CognitiveLinguistics
CLBM Under the Hood
thing
36
Actions:Signal Things flow through Functional Paths via Input-Process-Output Places driven by Causal Events
© 1997-2010 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
UMD DIFSpiral CMU
OthersGNU Radio
Early Adopter
CampbellEnergy
Bowen
FAA
Meyerrose Amoroso Hathaway Wynne Mitola
Sachs
ISP
Levinshon
Finance
Privacy - Law
LTG Elder
Peake
Medical
Rodriguez
Hi Tech
Atkins
Net Centric
BG Davis
STRATCOM
McCarthy
INSC
Gong
Taiwan
Luiijf
TNO
LTC Jazri
Malaysia
Globalization
Fifty five speakers: Draft Policy Guidebook
© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved37
38© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
Industry Cybersecurity Consensus
• Wireless Networks– Represent the most severe security requirements– Identity, QoS/ Denial of Service, User Emulation
• Critical Needs• Critical Needs– LTE-equivalent security standard for converged
wireless-core multimedia networks– Privacy-preserving identity-role[-situation agile?]
management – beyond Role Based Access Control
• CLBM for Secure Geospatial DSA
39
Conclusions• Radio Systems Engineering Perspective
– Systems Engineering Methods, Processes, Tools
⇒ Heterogeneous Observable, Controllable, Secure
• Global Collaboration– European, US, Asian Centers of Excellence– European, US, Asian Centers of Excellence
– Market, Social, Government Value
– Cybersecurity of Edge Networks and Devices
• Expanding Commercialization– Devices, Algorithms, Services with Security
40© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
References (1 of 3)1. George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things ()19872. Ray Jackendoff,Semantics and Cognition, volume 8 of Current Studies in
Linguistics Series. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1983. 3. John R. Bender. 2001. Connecting language and vision using a conceptual
semantics, Master’s thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.4. Keith Bonawitz, Anthony Kim, and Seth Tardiff, An Architecture for Word
Learning using Bidirectional Multimodal Structural AlignmentReport for NSF Award IIS-0218861 W03-0605.pdf (Cambridge, MA: MIT) 2003Award IIS-0218861 W03-0605.pdf (Cambridge, MA: MIT) 2003
5. Peter Gärdenfors, “Representing actions and functional properties in conceptual spaces,” Body, Language, Mind: EmbodimentT. Ziemke et al, Editors (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter) 2007
6. M. Johnson and T. Rohrer “We are live creatures: Embodiment, American Pragmatism” in T. Ziemke, Ibid
7. John Koza, www.genetic-programming.org; Genetic Programming (Volumes 1 [92, MIT Press] through IV [Kluwer, 2003])
8. Jing Liu et al, “Moving Block Sequence and Organizational Evolutionary Algorithm for General Floorplanning with Arbitrarily Shaped Rectilinear Blocks” IEEE Trans Evolutionary Computation (NY: IEEE Press) Oct 08
41© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
References (2 of 3)9. John S. Powell, “Cognitive and Software Radio: A Public Safety Regulatory
Perspective” (nstpc.org) 2004 10. J. Mitola, Software Radio Architecture (NY: Wiley) 200011. J. Mitola, Cognitive Radio Architecture (NY: Wiley) 200612. W. Wayt Gibbs, “Autonomic Computing,” Scientific American (NY: Scientific
American) May 200213. Halimic et al, “Optimal Functional Mapping Onto End-To-End Reconfigurable 13. Halimic et al, “Optimal Functional Mapping Onto End-To-End Reconfigurable
(E2R) Equipment Hardware Platform,” Proc. SDR Forum Technical Conference 2006 (Orlando, FL: SDR Forum) 2006
14. Gary Rose, Wireless Broadband and the Redlining of Rural America (www.wirelessfuture.newamerica.net) April 2010
15. I. Suzuki et al, “Reduced Cluster Search ML Decoding for QO-STBC Systems” (Brazil: State University of Londrina) 2009
16. E. Bogenfeld & Ingo Gaspard "Self-x in Radio Access Networks,” E3 White Paper (Version 1.0, 2008-12-22) 2008
42© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved
References (3 of 3)17. Dominique NUSSBAUM et al, “Open Platform For Prototyping Of Advanced
Software Defined Radio And Cognitive Radio Techniques,” Proc. 12th EuromicroConference on Digital System Design(NY: IEEE Press)2009
18. Erol Gelenbe et al, “Self-Aware Networks and QoS,” Proc. IEEE (NY: IEEE Press) Sep 2004
43© 1997-2011 Dr. Joseph Mitola III All Rights Reserved