The first archaeobotanical evidence of Dasypyrum villosum in Hungary: an archaeophyte weed or a native grass?

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The first archaeobotanical evidence of Dasypyrum villosumin Hungary: an archaeophyte weed or a native grass?

Arpad Kenez • Akos Malatinszky • Akos Pet}o

Received: 9 October 2013 / Accepted: 20 May 2014

� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Abstract Caryopsis and spikelet fork remains of

Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy

have been recovered from a Hallstatt period archaeobo-

tanical assemblage (ca. 900/800–450 cal. BC) in western

Hungary (Carpathian basin). The presence of D. villosum

has not been reported previously from any Hungarian

archaeological sites, however there are accounts of its

possible occurrence from the Neolithic, the Bronze and

Iron Age in northern Serbia. The exact identification of the

species has been hindered by its morphological similarity

to wild rye and wheat species, as well as to Secale cereale

L. and Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. D.

villosum has been found growing at seven locations in

Hungary during the past 100 years. Most of these occur-

rences do not exist today, and the species is not considered

indigenous to the present Hungarian flora. The new finds of

this species from an Iron Age feature dated to 702–696 cal.

BC in western Hungary leave doubts as to whether it is

indigenous or not, and should encourage archaeobotanists

to consider the possibility of the occurrence of this species

on other sites.

Keywords Dasypyrum villosum � Haynaldia villosa �Triticoid grains � Carpathian basin � Iron age � Weeds

Introduction

During the investigation of the archaeobotanical material

from a Hallstatt (ca. 900/800–450 cal. BC) semi-subterra-

nean building at Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Hungary (Fig. 1),

remains of the rare Poaceae species, Dasypyrum villosum

(L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy (referred to as Dv in

the following text), were recovered and identified. Since

accounts of the occurrence of Dv from Old World

archaeological sites is scarce and exact identification of the

species is not yet well known, it is assumed that the

remains discussed in this paper are among the first docu-

mented occurrences of Dv.

The taxonomy of Dv is complex, and it has previously

been described under various scientific names such as D.

villosum (L.) Maire, Agropyron villosum (L.) Link, Pseu-

dosecale villosum (L.) Degen, Triticum villosum (L.) M.

Bieb. and Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur (De Pace et al.

2011). The name Dasypyrum originates from the botanists

Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson (1819–1889) and Michel

Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve (1796–1878) (Kroll in

prep.). The current full nomenclature of Dv was given by

the Greek botanist Paleologos C. Candargy (1870-?) in

1901. The Hungarian Vince Borbas (1844–1905) was one

of the first botanists to refer to Dv as Secale villosum (L.),

and he described it as being common in fields and mead-

ows (Borbas 1896). Schermann (1967) pointed out the

similarity of Dv to Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum

(Schrank) Thell. (emmer), and the rachis fragment was

described as dicoccum-type. Furthermore, Schermann

states that the naked grain resembles a small Secale (rye)

caryopsis. The author characterises the species as a weed of

Mediterranean origin and distribution, and refers to it as a

weed in present-day Hungary. According to De Pace et al.

(2011); Frederiksen (1991), the distribution of Dv extends

Communicated by G. Willcox.

A. Kenez (&) � A. Pet}oNational Heritage Protection Centre, Hungarian National

Museum, Daroci 1-3, Budapest 1113, Hungary

e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

A. Malatinszky

Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology,

Szent Istvan University, Pater K. 1, Godoll}o 2103, Hungary

123

Veget Hist Archaeobot

DOI 10.1007/s00334-014-0468-9

as far as the Caucasus in an easterly direction, and covers

part of Ukraine, Hungary and Austria to the north (Fig. 1).

Dv is a wild grass, native to the Mediterranean region and

parts of southwestern Asia, and it is a common or even a

dominant weed in suburban areas of Rome (Fanelli et al.

2006). With a need for a submediterranean temperature, it

thrives on slightly oligotrophic, non-salty, neutral soils of

semi-dry habitats (Borhidi 1995). Two plant communities

were described with Dv being dominant in the Lazio region

of Italy, Laguro-Dasypyretum villosi and Vulpio-Dasypy-

retum villosi.

Dv shows resistance to several Triticum (wheat) diseases

such as Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (powdery mildew),

Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (stem rust), P. triticina (leaf

rust), P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe rust), Gaeumanno-

myces graminis var. tritici J. Walker (take all) and Bymo-

virus (yellow mosaic virus). It tolerates drought, and its

caryopses contains large amounts of protein. That is why a

group of high quality Triticum varieties were selected and

developed by T. aestivum-D. villosum translocation lines,

substitution lines or addition lines (Hou et al. 2013). Not

surprisingly, Dv is an important taxon for cereal

improvement and breeding, as it is resistant to fungal

pathogens; thus, its cross-breeding or chromosome trans-

location with Triticum spp. (T. monococcum, T. dicoccum,

T. durum, T. aestivum etc.) is also beneficial (Yildirim et al.

2000). De Pace et al. (2011) also stress the significant

genetic variability in colour of grains, shape and length of

the inflorescence and the awn, which is related to different

ecotypes. Former studies on the origin of the genus

Dasypyrum showed that it is phylogenetically close to the

genus Secale and morphologically close to T. monococcum

(L.) ssp. monococcum (einkorn), and generally to the genus

Triticum. Morphological studies on Triticeae classified

Dasypyrum as neighbouring the genera Agropyron and

Triticum (De Pace et al. 2011).

The aim of this paper is to report on the identification of

Dv from archaeobotanical material for the first time and to

discuss its status as an indigenous or introduced (adventive)

weed in the present-day Hungarian flora.

Fig. 1 Location of archaeological sites within the Carpathian basin

and in the Aegean region with possible Dv occurrences (upper map);

locations of modern Dv populations in Hungary (lower map) notes:

upper map 1, Prehistoric Olynth/Agios Mamas (Greece); 2, Kastanas

(Greece); 3, Gomolava (Serbia); 4, Carnok (Serbia); 5, Gradina na

Bosutu (Serbia); 6, Feudvar (Serbia); 7, Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak (Hungary);

8, Stillfried an March (Austria). The red line designates the

Carpathians; the blue line designates the present distribution of Dv

in the Mediterranean region (according to Frederiksen 1991). Lower

map, GyM, Gy}or; B, Budapest; D, Dunakeszi; G, Godoll}o; P, Paks;

Sz, Szeged


123

Archaeological and archaeobotanical context

At the multi-period site of Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Szeles-fol-

dek, numerous Iron Age semi-subterranean buildings were

excavated between 2009 and 2011 under the leadership of

Gabor Ilon, archaeologist at the Hungarian National

Museum, National Heritage Protection Centre, Regional

Office, Szombathely (Fig 1, GyM). The activity layers

were systematically sampled in a 50 cm 9 50 cm grid in

order to conduct integrated geoarchaeological and archaeo-

botanical analyses aiming to identify possible household

activities (Pet}o and Kenez 2013).

Feature 210/7124, from which the Dv remains were

recovered, was an important part of the systematic sam-

pling strategy, since it represented one of the relatively few

Hallstatt Culture buildings. The size of the semi-subterra-

nean building was approximately 4 m 9 2.40 m. The

subterranean walls of the building were vertical, its bottom

was flat, and its corners were angular. The shape of the

building narrowed towards its south-western end and a

berm was identified in its north-eastern corner. One post-

hole was identified along each shorter side of the feature. It

is interesting to note that the postholes were placed closer

at the southern end instead of being centred (Fig. 2).

In order to place the feature within an absolute chro-

nology of the Carpathian basin, AMS radiocarbon dating

was conducted on selected charcoal material, producing a

date of 2,373 ± 30 uncal. BP (DeA-1766.1.1) or at a

probability of 2r 702–696 cal. BC and 538–389 cal. BC,

placing the finds within the Hallstatt Period of the early and

Middle Iron Age of the Carpathian basin.

Materials and methods

Altogether 27 soil samples were taken from Feature

210/7124 (Fig 2). For archaeobotanical analysis of ma-

crofossils 2 l of occupation layer sediment was taken from

each grid square. The entire amount of processed material

was 54 l of soil and sediment.

The recovery of the macrobotanical remains followed the

standard wet sieving process (Kenward et al. 1980). The

inorganic and organic fractions were wet sieved with a

1.5 mm and 0.5 mm sieve series. During the preparation

process the silt fraction of the samples was separated. During

the sample preparation and identification an Olympus SZX7

binocular stereomicroscope with an attached Olympus DP25

digital camera was used. Identification of the remains was

conducted by using a modern reference collection, as well as

the material of the Herbarium of Debrecen University, and

according to the works of Brecher (1960), Schermann

(1967), Radics (1998) and Cappers et al. (2006). Taxonomy

of the cultivated plants follows Zohary et al. (2012).

Results and discussions

Identification of Dasypyrum villosum

from Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak

Three of the 27 samples (B4; E4; C5) from the semi-sub-

terranean feature 210/7124 (Fig. 2) contained charred plant

remains that attracted our attention during sorting and

identification of the archaeobotanical assemblage. Naked

grains similar to small-sized wheat grains or poorly

developed rye grains were found in samples B4 and C5

(Fig. 3). An intact, U-shaped, slim and small-sized spikelet

fork was found in the sample from quadrat E4 (Fig. 4).

Grains and spikelet forks from a variety grasses were

compared which led us to the conclusion that the remains

were Dv.

Dv is closely related both to Triticum and Secale, and

was previously classified within these genera. Due to the

fact that Dv grains and spikelet bases/forks are mor-

phologically very similar to wild wheats and ryes, we

have performed a visual comparison of the finds to T.

monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. (wild

einkorn), T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum (domes-

ticated einkorn), Secale sylvestre Host. (Tibetan rye) and

S. cereale ssp. cereale (domesticated rye). The shape of

the caryopses shows close similarities to Triticum and

Secale, but the differences in the spikelet forks are

clearer. The grains show some resemblance to poorly

developed Secale caryopses, however a few key features

distinguish them. The interspecific morphological dif-

ference of caryopses is shown in Fig. 3, where grains of

Dv accessions from Bulgaria (Fig. 3a), France (Fig. 3b),

Greece (Fig. 3c), Italy (Fig. 3d), Morocco (Fig. 3e) and

Turkey (Fig. 3f) are compared. However, the apex of the

Dv caryopses forms a distinctive peaked shape, but it is

not rounded as in the case of Secale cereale (Fig. 3h)

and S. sylvestre (Fig. 3g). It may even be called a ‘cap-

like’ apex. In general it can be stated that the scutellum

of Secale is more extended and in dorsal view reaches

up to at least one-third of the caryopsis length, while in

the case of Dv it only covers a quarter of the grain

length. The cap-like phenomenon on the apex is not

visible in the case of Secale (Fig. 3g, h). The difference

between the size and caryopsis shape of Dv and the

illustrated T. monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides, Fig. 3i)

and T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, Fig. 3j) is

remarkable. Both the wild and domesticated einkorn

grains have their widest cross-section close to the middle

of the caryopsis, which gives the grains a symmetrical

drop shape. In the case of the Dv grains the widest cross-

section of the caryopsis is moved towards the apex of

the grain resulting in an elongated ‘flaring’ shape

(Fig. 3).


123

Archaeobotanical context of the Dasypyrum villosum

finds from Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak

The Dv remains formed part of an archaeobotanical assem-

blage of 459 specimens (mean remain density = 8.5 n/l).

Dominant plant groups in the archaeobotanical record of the

semi-subterranean feature were as follows: cereals, 64.92 %;

arable weeds, 30.94 %; taxa of the natural vegetation,

1.74 %; food remains, 2.40 %. All identified specimens were

charred.

Fig. 2 Ground plan and field

photograph of semi-

subterranean Feature 210/7124

(Digital map by Zoltan Kovacs;

field photograph by Ferenc

Halasz–HNM NHPC)


123

The cereal assemblage was dominated by heavily frag-

mented cereal caryopses (242 pieces; 82.22 %;

D = 4.54 n/l) (Table 1). Among the identifiable cereals,

wheat species and especially T. monococcum predominated

(26 pieces; 8.72 %; D = 0.48 n/l), with lower frequencies

of Panicum miliaceum L. (broomcorn millet) (5 pcs;

1.68 %; D = 0.09 n/l) and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) (1

pc; 0.34 %; D = 0.02 n/l). Dv formed part of a diverse

weed flora composed of more than twenty taxa (Table 1).

Most of the identified plants are arable and ruderal weeds.

The dominant taxa were Chenopodium spp., while the

others were only represented by few finds (Table 1). The

cereal and weed finds represent the plant communities of

an autumn-sown T. monococcum field.

Review of archaeobotanical records of Dasypyrum

villosum

Probably due to the fact that the grains of Dv are similar to

those of wild rye and wheat species, and because its

spikelet bases also resemble closely related species, Dv

may have been overlooked at sites in the Carpathian basin.

Among the finds of Dv, the Bronze and Iron Age sites of

northern Serbia (Fig. 1, 3-6) play a significant role. Med-

ovic (2006) reported previously on a spikelet fork and

grains of T. timopheevii Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii from the

Iron Age site of Carnok (Fig. 1.4), however these are most

probably Dv remains; and he considers these to have been

present during the entire prehistoric period in northern

Serbia (Aleksandar Medovic, personal communication). In

his paper from 2012 (Medovic 2012), he points out that

‘weedy rye’—nowadays accepted as Dv-was present at

Bronze Age Kastanas (Fig. 1.2; Kroll 1983), Bronze and

Iron Age Feudvar (Fig. 1.6; Kroll 1998); Iron Age

Gomolava (Fig. 1.3; Van Zeist 2001/2002) and Iron Age

Gradina na Bosutu (Fig. 1.5; Medovic and Mikic 2010;

Medovic 2011). Medovic (2012) argues that the single

Secale find from Stillfried an der March (Fig. 1.8; Kohler-

Schneider 2001) was also Dv. In our view the Stillfried

Secale grain does not resemble the Dv grains which were

found at Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak. However, comparing the

Carnok remains to the spikelet fork find of Gy}or-

Menf}ocsanak (Fig. 3), the similarity between the remains

from the two sites seems to be explicit, even though the

Carnok find is more robust. A very similar situation can be

noted with the finds from Feudvar. Similarly to Carnok,

this Bronze Age site is geographically also part of the

Carpathian basin. In a previous account of the archaeobo-

tanical analysis of the site, Kroll (1998, p. 315) reported on

Secale sp. finds under the plant group of weeds, as ‘weedy

rye’, however these finds probably also represent Dv

remains (H. Kroll, personal communication). In his forth-

coming book ‘Die Pflanzenfunde von Feudvar’, H. Kroll

argues that the appearance of Dv at Feudvar is more or less

underlined by the presence of this species at the Greek

Bronze Age sites of prehistoric Olynth (Agios Mamas)

(Fig. 1.1) and Kastanas (Fig. 1.2). In prehistoric Olynth

(Agios Mamas) Dv is not listed separately as in the case of

Fig. 3 Macrophotographs of caryopses of modern Dasypyrum villo-

sum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy from a, Bulgaria; b, France;

c, Greece; d, Italy; e, Morocco; f, Turkey. Macrophotographs of

caryopses of g, Secale sylvestre Host.; h S. cereale L. ssp. cereale; i,

Triticum monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.; j T.

monococcum L. ssp. monococcum; k, charred grains of D. villosum

from the archaeobotanical assemblage of the iron age feature

210/7124, Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Hungary; scale bars = 2 mm


123

Kastanas (Becker and Kroll 2008; Kroll in prep.). During

the revision of a few questionable archaeobotanical mate-

rial items, H. Kroll recognised that his Secale finds from

Kastanas, prehistoric Olynth (Agios Mamas) and Feudvar

are probably all Dv remains (H. Kroll, personal commu-

nication). It is difficult to assess and to compare the plant

economies of these sites, since they are not from the same

period, however it is important to note the similarity.

Moreover, the probable presence of Dv in the T. mono-

coccum dominated crops suggests that Dv was a weed of

einkorn cultivation.

George Willcox (personal communication) suggests that

in view of the new finds from Hungary, Dv should be

considered as a possible taxon for the Near East. For

example, at the early Neolithic sites of Halan Cemi,

Cayonu, Kortik Tepe, Chogha Golan and Chia Sabz in the

Fig. 4 Macrophotographs of

spikelet bases of modern

Dasypyrum villosum from a,

Bulgaria; b, France; c, Greece;

d, Italy; e, Morocco; f, Turkey,

as well as those of g, Secale

sylvestre; h, S. cereale ssp.

cereale; i, Triticum

monococcum ssp. aegilopoides;

j, T. monococcum ssp.

monococcum; k, charred

spikelet base of D. villosum

from the archaeobotanical

assemblage of the iron age

feature 210/7124, Gy}or-

Menf}ocsanak, Hungary

(photographs by Jozsef Bicskei–

HNM NHPC)


123

Near East small charred grains have been identified as

Triticum or triticoid types (Willcox and Savard 2011; Van

Zeist and De Roller 1994; Riehl et al. 2012) but it is

unlikely that Dv was then considered as a possible

species.

Status and distribution of Dasypyrum villosum

in Hungary

Currently, Dv is considered to be an introduced (adventive)

weed in the Hungarian flora, and it is only found at a few

Table 1 Detailed cereal and weed record of Iron Age feature 210/7124 Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Hungary

n absolute number of remains, % portion of remains within the given plant group, D density of the remains within the given plant group in

numbers per litre sample material (n/l)a Scientific names according to Zohary et al. (2012)b Scientific names according to Simon (2000)


123

localities in Hungary. The plant identification manual of

Simon (2000) describes Dv as a rare weed species with

stations in Budapest, Dunakeszi, Godoll}o, Gyongyos and

Gy}or. The most recent Hungarian plant identification book

(Kiraly 2009) reports an additional station near the town of

Szeged. However, most of these data were recorded about a

100 years ago, for example it was found along railway

lines in Gy}or by Polgar (1914, 1941) together with other

adventive species, and considered as an occasional

appearance via rail cargo. Its most recent data was also

recorded along railway lines, near the town of Paks in 2013

(Fig. 1, P; Takacs et al. 2014).

According to the Hungarian Law for Nature Conserva-

tion (1996. LIII. 8.§ (2)), species that have lived within the

biogeographical region of the Carpathian basin in the last

2,000 years and were not introduced artificially, are con-

sidered indigenous. According to the definition given

above, the approximately 2,700 year old plant remains

qualify for indigenous status, however they might have

been introduced to (or have appeared occasionally in) the

Carpathian basin earlier. This controversial situation opens

up the possibility to refer to Dv as a ‘naturalised archaeo-

phyte’, which was introduced in historic times, but (may

have) formed isolated stands over the millennia. The

Mediterranean distribution (De Pace et al. 2011; Freder-

iksen 1991) of the species supposes—and archaeobotanical

evidences of the northern Serbian sites as well—that Dv

was introduced to the territory of present-day Hungary, and

to the Carpathian basin. At this point the time of appear-

ance of Dv at Gy}or is difficult to assess. It seems possible

that the species was already present in northern Serbia in

the Bronze Age, at the southern gates of the Carpathian

basin. It must be stressed however that we do not have any

archaeobotanical evidence of its north-north-western

spread. So, we have to leave the possibility open that Dv

was introduced to Gy}or during any of the archaeological

epochs when there may have been trading between the

northern Balkans and the centre of the Carpathian basin. In

this case the recent population of Dv at Gy}or is a relict of

an introduced, but naturalised grass species.

Conclusions

Remains of Dv which is considered to be of Mediterranean

origin, but which occurs as a weed in present-day Hungary,

was identified in the archaeobotanical assemblage of the

Iron Age settlement of Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, western Hun-

gary. Because this species has not been found at any other

archaeological site in Hungary so far, its status is difficult

to assess. The on-going archaeobotanical revisions of a few

Bronze and Iron Age Serbian sites suggest that Dv, previ-

ously referred to it as ‘weedy rye’ or Timopheev’s wheat,

was present in the weed flora at the southern gates of the

Carpathian basin at the confluence of the rivers Danube and

Tisza. These finds suggest a possible route for the intro-

duction, which would explain the presence of Dv in the

Carpathian basin in the Iron Age. If this is so, the isolated

modern populations of Dv are part of the weed flora and

may have been present in the Carpathian basin for more

than two thousand years. This is partly in contrast to the

presently legal definition for indigenous species. Besides

the relevance of the species within the archaeobotany of the

Carpathian basin it must be noted that in relation to the so-

called triticoid grains, and Triticum/Secale wild species

reported from numerous Middle Eastern sites, archaeobo-

tanists should now consider Dv as a possible option.

Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to Helmut Kroll (Christian-

Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Institute of Prehistoric and Protohis-

toric Archaeology) and Aleksandar Medovic (Museum of Vojvodina)

for their support, comments and consultation on the Serbian finds of

Dv. The access to herbarium specimens of the species at the Her-

barium of Debrecen University was provided by Zsuzsanna Lisztes-

Szabo (Debrecen University) to whom the authors are grateful. The

support in providing reference material from the Research Centre for

Agrobiodiversity (NoDIK) (Tapioszele, Hungary) and the Leibnitz

Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) (Gater-

sleben, Germany) is highly appreciated. The authors thank Attila

Takacs and David Schmidt for information on the past and present

occurrences of the species in Hungary. Gabor Ilon (Hungarian

National Museum, National Heritage Protection Centre) provided

access to the excavation material. The authors are also grateful to

George Willcox (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Archeorient, Maison de L’Orient Lyon) for his comments that helped

to improve the manuscript, as well as to two anonymous reviewers

whose comments also helped to improve this paper. Authors are

grateful for the support of the Research Centre of Excellence (17586-

4/2013/TUDPOL).

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Documents

The first archaeobotanical evidence of Dasypyrum villosum in Hungary: an archaeophyte weed or a native grass?