SHORT COMMUNICATION
The first archaeobotanical evidence of Dasypyrum villosumin Hungary: an archaeophyte weed or a native grass?
Arpad Kenez • Akos Malatinszky • Akos Pet}o
Received: 9 October 2013 / Accepted: 20 May 2014
� Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract Caryopsis and spikelet fork remains of
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy
have been recovered from a Hallstatt period archaeobo-
tanical assemblage (ca. 900/800–450 cal. BC) in western
Hungary (Carpathian basin). The presence of D. villosum
has not been reported previously from any Hungarian
archaeological sites, however there are accounts of its
possible occurrence from the Neolithic, the Bronze and
Iron Age in northern Serbia. The exact identification of the
species has been hindered by its morphological similarity
to wild rye and wheat species, as well as to Secale cereale
L. and Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii. D.
villosum has been found growing at seven locations in
Hungary during the past 100 years. Most of these occur-
rences do not exist today, and the species is not considered
indigenous to the present Hungarian flora. The new finds of
this species from an Iron Age feature dated to 702–696 cal.
BC in western Hungary leave doubts as to whether it is
indigenous or not, and should encourage archaeobotanists
to consider the possibility of the occurrence of this species
on other sites.
Keywords Dasypyrum villosum � Haynaldia villosa �Triticoid grains � Carpathian basin � Iron age � Weeds
Introduction
During the investigation of the archaeobotanical material
from a Hallstatt (ca. 900/800–450 cal. BC) semi-subterra-
nean building at Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Hungary (Fig. 1),
remains of the rare Poaceae species, Dasypyrum villosum
(L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy (referred to as Dv in
the following text), were recovered and identified. Since
accounts of the occurrence of Dv from Old World
archaeological sites is scarce and exact identification of the
species is not yet well known, it is assumed that the
remains discussed in this paper are among the first docu-
mented occurrences of Dv.
The taxonomy of Dv is complex, and it has previously
been described under various scientific names such as D.
villosum (L.) Maire, Agropyron villosum (L.) Link, Pseu-
dosecale villosum (L.) Degen, Triticum villosum (L.) M.
Bieb. and Haynaldia villosa (L.) Schur (De Pace et al.
2011). The name Dasypyrum originates from the botanists
Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson (1819–1889) and Michel
Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve (1796–1878) (Kroll in
prep.). The current full nomenclature of Dv was given by
the Greek botanist Paleologos C. Candargy (1870-?) in
1901. The Hungarian Vince Borbas (1844–1905) was one
of the first botanists to refer to Dv as Secale villosum (L.),
and he described it as being common in fields and mead-
ows (Borbas 1896). Schermann (1967) pointed out the
similarity of Dv to Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccum
(Schrank) Thell. (emmer), and the rachis fragment was
described as dicoccum-type. Furthermore, Schermann
states that the naked grain resembles a small Secale (rye)
caryopsis. The author characterises the species as a weed of
Mediterranean origin and distribution, and refers to it as a
weed in present-day Hungary. According to De Pace et al.
(2011); Frederiksen (1991), the distribution of Dv extends
Communicated by G. Willcox.
A. Kenez (&) � A. Pet}oNational Heritage Protection Centre, Hungarian National
Museum, Daroci 1-3, Budapest 1113, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
A. Malatinszky
Department of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology,
Szent Istvan University, Pater K. 1, Godoll}o 2103, Hungary
123
Veget Hist Archaeobot
DOI 10.1007/s00334-014-0468-9
as far as the Caucasus in an easterly direction, and covers
part of Ukraine, Hungary and Austria to the north (Fig. 1).
Dv is a wild grass, native to the Mediterranean region and
parts of southwestern Asia, and it is a common or even a
dominant weed in suburban areas of Rome (Fanelli et al.
2006). With a need for a submediterranean temperature, it
thrives on slightly oligotrophic, non-salty, neutral soils of
semi-dry habitats (Borhidi 1995). Two plant communities
were described with Dv being dominant in the Lazio region
of Italy, Laguro-Dasypyretum villosi and Vulpio-Dasypy-
retum villosi.
Dv shows resistance to several Triticum (wheat) diseases
such as Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (powdery mildew),
Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (stem rust), P. triticina (leaf
rust), P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe rust), Gaeumanno-
myces graminis var. tritici J. Walker (take all) and Bymo-
virus (yellow mosaic virus). It tolerates drought, and its
caryopses contains large amounts of protein. That is why a
group of high quality Triticum varieties were selected and
developed by T. aestivum-D. villosum translocation lines,
substitution lines or addition lines (Hou et al. 2013). Not
surprisingly, Dv is an important taxon for cereal
improvement and breeding, as it is resistant to fungal
pathogens; thus, its cross-breeding or chromosome trans-
location with Triticum spp. (T. monococcum, T. dicoccum,
T. durum, T. aestivum etc.) is also beneficial (Yildirim et al.
2000). De Pace et al. (2011) also stress the significant
genetic variability in colour of grains, shape and length of
the inflorescence and the awn, which is related to different
ecotypes. Former studies on the origin of the genus
Dasypyrum showed that it is phylogenetically close to the
genus Secale and morphologically close to T. monococcum
(L.) ssp. monococcum (einkorn), and generally to the genus
Triticum. Morphological studies on Triticeae classified
Dasypyrum as neighbouring the genera Agropyron and
Triticum (De Pace et al. 2011).
The aim of this paper is to report on the identification of
Dv from archaeobotanical material for the first time and to
discuss its status as an indigenous or introduced (adventive)
weed in the present-day Hungarian flora.
Fig. 1 Location of archaeological sites within the Carpathian basin
and in the Aegean region with possible Dv occurrences (upper map);
locations of modern Dv populations in Hungary (lower map) notes:
upper map 1, Prehistoric Olynth/Agios Mamas (Greece); 2, Kastanas
(Greece); 3, Gomolava (Serbia); 4, Carnok (Serbia); 5, Gradina na
Bosutu (Serbia); 6, Feudvar (Serbia); 7, Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak (Hungary);
8, Stillfried an March (Austria). The red line designates the
Carpathians; the blue line designates the present distribution of Dv
in the Mediterranean region (according to Frederiksen 1991). Lower
map, GyM, Gy}or; B, Budapest; D, Dunakeszi; G, Godoll}o; P, Paks;
Sz, Szeged
Veget Hist Archaeobot
123
Archaeological and archaeobotanical context
At the multi-period site of Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Szeles-fol-
dek, numerous Iron Age semi-subterranean buildings were
excavated between 2009 and 2011 under the leadership of
Gabor Ilon, archaeologist at the Hungarian National
Museum, National Heritage Protection Centre, Regional
Office, Szombathely (Fig 1, GyM). The activity layers
were systematically sampled in a 50 cm 9 50 cm grid in
order to conduct integrated geoarchaeological and archaeo-
botanical analyses aiming to identify possible household
activities (Pet}o and Kenez 2013).
Feature 210/7124, from which the Dv remains were
recovered, was an important part of the systematic sam-
pling strategy, since it represented one of the relatively few
Hallstatt Culture buildings. The size of the semi-subterra-
nean building was approximately 4 m 9 2.40 m. The
subterranean walls of the building were vertical, its bottom
was flat, and its corners were angular. The shape of the
building narrowed towards its south-western end and a
berm was identified in its north-eastern corner. One post-
hole was identified along each shorter side of the feature. It
is interesting to note that the postholes were placed closer
at the southern end instead of being centred (Fig. 2).
In order to place the feature within an absolute chro-
nology of the Carpathian basin, AMS radiocarbon dating
was conducted on selected charcoal material, producing a
date of 2,373 ± 30 uncal. BP (DeA-1766.1.1) or at a
probability of 2r 702–696 cal. BC and 538–389 cal. BC,
placing the finds within the Hallstatt Period of the early and
Middle Iron Age of the Carpathian basin.
Materials and methods
Altogether 27 soil samples were taken from Feature
210/7124 (Fig 2). For archaeobotanical analysis of ma-
crofossils 2 l of occupation layer sediment was taken from
each grid square. The entire amount of processed material
was 54 l of soil and sediment.
The recovery of the macrobotanical remains followed the
standard wet sieving process (Kenward et al. 1980). The
inorganic and organic fractions were wet sieved with a
1.5 mm and 0.5 mm sieve series. During the preparation
process the silt fraction of the samples was separated. During
the sample preparation and identification an Olympus SZX7
binocular stereomicroscope with an attached Olympus DP25
digital camera was used. Identification of the remains was
conducted by using a modern reference collection, as well as
the material of the Herbarium of Debrecen University, and
according to the works of Brecher (1960), Schermann
(1967), Radics (1998) and Cappers et al. (2006). Taxonomy
of the cultivated plants follows Zohary et al. (2012).
Results and discussions
Identification of Dasypyrum villosum
from Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak
Three of the 27 samples (B4; E4; C5) from the semi-sub-
terranean feature 210/7124 (Fig. 2) contained charred plant
remains that attracted our attention during sorting and
identification of the archaeobotanical assemblage. Naked
grains similar to small-sized wheat grains or poorly
developed rye grains were found in samples B4 and C5
(Fig. 3). An intact, U-shaped, slim and small-sized spikelet
fork was found in the sample from quadrat E4 (Fig. 4).
Grains and spikelet forks from a variety grasses were
compared which led us to the conclusion that the remains
were Dv.
Dv is closely related both to Triticum and Secale, and
was previously classified within these genera. Due to the
fact that Dv grains and spikelet bases/forks are mor-
phologically very similar to wild wheats and ryes, we
have performed a visual comparison of the finds to T.
monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell. (wild
einkorn), T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum (domes-
ticated einkorn), Secale sylvestre Host. (Tibetan rye) and
S. cereale ssp. cereale (domesticated rye). The shape of
the caryopses shows close similarities to Triticum and
Secale, but the differences in the spikelet forks are
clearer. The grains show some resemblance to poorly
developed Secale caryopses, however a few key features
distinguish them. The interspecific morphological dif-
ference of caryopses is shown in Fig. 3, where grains of
Dv accessions from Bulgaria (Fig. 3a), France (Fig. 3b),
Greece (Fig. 3c), Italy (Fig. 3d), Morocco (Fig. 3e) and
Turkey (Fig. 3f) are compared. However, the apex of the
Dv caryopses forms a distinctive peaked shape, but it is
not rounded as in the case of Secale cereale (Fig. 3h)
and S. sylvestre (Fig. 3g). It may even be called a ‘cap-
like’ apex. In general it can be stated that the scutellum
of Secale is more extended and in dorsal view reaches
up to at least one-third of the caryopsis length, while in
the case of Dv it only covers a quarter of the grain
length. The cap-like phenomenon on the apex is not
visible in the case of Secale (Fig. 3g, h). The difference
between the size and caryopsis shape of Dv and the
illustrated T. monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides, Fig. 3i)
and T. monococcum L. ssp. monococcum, Fig. 3j) is
remarkable. Both the wild and domesticated einkorn
grains have their widest cross-section close to the middle
of the caryopsis, which gives the grains a symmetrical
drop shape. In the case of the Dv grains the widest cross-
section of the caryopsis is moved towards the apex of
the grain resulting in an elongated ‘flaring’ shape
(Fig. 3).
Veget Hist Archaeobot
123
Archaeobotanical context of the Dasypyrum villosum
finds from Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak
The Dv remains formed part of an archaeobotanical assem-
blage of 459 specimens (mean remain density = 8.5 n/l).
Dominant plant groups in the archaeobotanical record of the
semi-subterranean feature were as follows: cereals, 64.92 %;
arable weeds, 30.94 %; taxa of the natural vegetation,
1.74 %; food remains, 2.40 %. All identified specimens were
charred.
Fig. 2 Ground plan and field
photograph of semi-
subterranean Feature 210/7124
(Digital map by Zoltan Kovacs;
field photograph by Ferenc
Halasz–HNM NHPC)
Veget Hist Archaeobot
123
The cereal assemblage was dominated by heavily frag-
mented cereal caryopses (242 pieces; 82.22 %;
D = 4.54 n/l) (Table 1). Among the identifiable cereals,
wheat species and especially T. monococcum predominated
(26 pieces; 8.72 %; D = 0.48 n/l), with lower frequencies
of Panicum miliaceum L. (broomcorn millet) (5 pcs;
1.68 %; D = 0.09 n/l) and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) (1
pc; 0.34 %; D = 0.02 n/l). Dv formed part of a diverse
weed flora composed of more than twenty taxa (Table 1).
Most of the identified plants are arable and ruderal weeds.
The dominant taxa were Chenopodium spp., while the
others were only represented by few finds (Table 1). The
cereal and weed finds represent the plant communities of
an autumn-sown T. monococcum field.
Review of archaeobotanical records of Dasypyrum
villosum
Probably due to the fact that the grains of Dv are similar to
those of wild rye and wheat species, and because its
spikelet bases also resemble closely related species, Dv
may have been overlooked at sites in the Carpathian basin.
Among the finds of Dv, the Bronze and Iron Age sites of
northern Serbia (Fig. 1, 3-6) play a significant role. Med-
ovic (2006) reported previously on a spikelet fork and
grains of T. timopheevii Zhuk. ssp. timopheevii from the
Iron Age site of Carnok (Fig. 1.4), however these are most
probably Dv remains; and he considers these to have been
present during the entire prehistoric period in northern
Serbia (Aleksandar Medovic, personal communication). In
his paper from 2012 (Medovic 2012), he points out that
‘weedy rye’—nowadays accepted as Dv-was present at
Bronze Age Kastanas (Fig. 1.2; Kroll 1983), Bronze and
Iron Age Feudvar (Fig. 1.6; Kroll 1998); Iron Age
Gomolava (Fig. 1.3; Van Zeist 2001/2002) and Iron Age
Gradina na Bosutu (Fig. 1.5; Medovic and Mikic 2010;
Medovic 2011). Medovic (2012) argues that the single
Secale find from Stillfried an der March (Fig. 1.8; Kohler-
Schneider 2001) was also Dv. In our view the Stillfried
Secale grain does not resemble the Dv grains which were
found at Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak. However, comparing the
Carnok remains to the spikelet fork find of Gy}or-
Menf}ocsanak (Fig. 3), the similarity between the remains
from the two sites seems to be explicit, even though the
Carnok find is more robust. A very similar situation can be
noted with the finds from Feudvar. Similarly to Carnok,
this Bronze Age site is geographically also part of the
Carpathian basin. In a previous account of the archaeobo-
tanical analysis of the site, Kroll (1998, p. 315) reported on
Secale sp. finds under the plant group of weeds, as ‘weedy
rye’, however these finds probably also represent Dv
remains (H. Kroll, personal communication). In his forth-
coming book ‘Die Pflanzenfunde von Feudvar’, H. Kroll
argues that the appearance of Dv at Feudvar is more or less
underlined by the presence of this species at the Greek
Bronze Age sites of prehistoric Olynth (Agios Mamas)
(Fig. 1.1) and Kastanas (Fig. 1.2). In prehistoric Olynth
(Agios Mamas) Dv is not listed separately as in the case of
Fig. 3 Macrophotographs of caryopses of modern Dasypyrum villo-
sum (L.) Coss. & Durieu ex P. Candargy from a, Bulgaria; b, France;
c, Greece; d, Italy; e, Morocco; f, Turkey. Macrophotographs of
caryopses of g, Secale sylvestre Host.; h S. cereale L. ssp. cereale; i,
Triticum monococcum L. ssp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.; j T.
monococcum L. ssp. monococcum; k, charred grains of D. villosum
from the archaeobotanical assemblage of the iron age feature
210/7124, Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Hungary; scale bars = 2 mm
Veget Hist Archaeobot
123
Kastanas (Becker and Kroll 2008; Kroll in prep.). During
the revision of a few questionable archaeobotanical mate-
rial items, H. Kroll recognised that his Secale finds from
Kastanas, prehistoric Olynth (Agios Mamas) and Feudvar
are probably all Dv remains (H. Kroll, personal commu-
nication). It is difficult to assess and to compare the plant
economies of these sites, since they are not from the same
period, however it is important to note the similarity.
Moreover, the probable presence of Dv in the T. mono-
coccum dominated crops suggests that Dv was a weed of
einkorn cultivation.
George Willcox (personal communication) suggests that
in view of the new finds from Hungary, Dv should be
considered as a possible taxon for the Near East. For
example, at the early Neolithic sites of Halan Cemi,
Cayonu, Kortik Tepe, Chogha Golan and Chia Sabz in the
Fig. 4 Macrophotographs of
spikelet bases of modern
Dasypyrum villosum from a,
Bulgaria; b, France; c, Greece;
d, Italy; e, Morocco; f, Turkey,
as well as those of g, Secale
sylvestre; h, S. cereale ssp.
cereale; i, Triticum
monococcum ssp. aegilopoides;
j, T. monococcum ssp.
monococcum; k, charred
spikelet base of D. villosum
from the archaeobotanical
assemblage of the iron age
feature 210/7124, Gy}or-
Menf}ocsanak, Hungary
(photographs by Jozsef Bicskei–
HNM NHPC)
Veget Hist Archaeobot
123
Near East small charred grains have been identified as
Triticum or triticoid types (Willcox and Savard 2011; Van
Zeist and De Roller 1994; Riehl et al. 2012) but it is
unlikely that Dv was then considered as a possible
species.
Status and distribution of Dasypyrum villosum
in Hungary
Currently, Dv is considered to be an introduced (adventive)
weed in the Hungarian flora, and it is only found at a few
Table 1 Detailed cereal and weed record of Iron Age feature 210/7124 Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, Hungary
n absolute number of remains, % portion of remains within the given plant group, D density of the remains within the given plant group in
numbers per litre sample material (n/l)a Scientific names according to Zohary et al. (2012)b Scientific names according to Simon (2000)
Veget Hist Archaeobot
123
localities in Hungary. The plant identification manual of
Simon (2000) describes Dv as a rare weed species with
stations in Budapest, Dunakeszi, Godoll}o, Gyongyos and
Gy}or. The most recent Hungarian plant identification book
(Kiraly 2009) reports an additional station near the town of
Szeged. However, most of these data were recorded about a
100 years ago, for example it was found along railway
lines in Gy}or by Polgar (1914, 1941) together with other
adventive species, and considered as an occasional
appearance via rail cargo. Its most recent data was also
recorded along railway lines, near the town of Paks in 2013
(Fig. 1, P; Takacs et al. 2014).
According to the Hungarian Law for Nature Conserva-
tion (1996. LIII. 8.§ (2)), species that have lived within the
biogeographical region of the Carpathian basin in the last
2,000 years and were not introduced artificially, are con-
sidered indigenous. According to the definition given
above, the approximately 2,700 year old plant remains
qualify for indigenous status, however they might have
been introduced to (or have appeared occasionally in) the
Carpathian basin earlier. This controversial situation opens
up the possibility to refer to Dv as a ‘naturalised archaeo-
phyte’, which was introduced in historic times, but (may
have) formed isolated stands over the millennia. The
Mediterranean distribution (De Pace et al. 2011; Freder-
iksen 1991) of the species supposes—and archaeobotanical
evidences of the northern Serbian sites as well—that Dv
was introduced to the territory of present-day Hungary, and
to the Carpathian basin. At this point the time of appear-
ance of Dv at Gy}or is difficult to assess. It seems possible
that the species was already present in northern Serbia in
the Bronze Age, at the southern gates of the Carpathian
basin. It must be stressed however that we do not have any
archaeobotanical evidence of its north-north-western
spread. So, we have to leave the possibility open that Dv
was introduced to Gy}or during any of the archaeological
epochs when there may have been trading between the
northern Balkans and the centre of the Carpathian basin. In
this case the recent population of Dv at Gy}or is a relict of
an introduced, but naturalised grass species.
Conclusions
Remains of Dv which is considered to be of Mediterranean
origin, but which occurs as a weed in present-day Hungary,
was identified in the archaeobotanical assemblage of the
Iron Age settlement of Gy}or-Menf}ocsanak, western Hun-
gary. Because this species has not been found at any other
archaeological site in Hungary so far, its status is difficult
to assess. The on-going archaeobotanical revisions of a few
Bronze and Iron Age Serbian sites suggest that Dv, previ-
ously referred to it as ‘weedy rye’ or Timopheev’s wheat,
was present in the weed flora at the southern gates of the
Carpathian basin at the confluence of the rivers Danube and
Tisza. These finds suggest a possible route for the intro-
duction, which would explain the presence of Dv in the
Carpathian basin in the Iron Age. If this is so, the isolated
modern populations of Dv are part of the weed flora and
may have been present in the Carpathian basin for more
than two thousand years. This is partly in contrast to the
presently legal definition for indigenous species. Besides
the relevance of the species within the archaeobotany of the
Carpathian basin it must be noted that in relation to the so-
called triticoid grains, and Triticum/Secale wild species
reported from numerous Middle Eastern sites, archaeobo-
tanists should now consider Dv as a possible option.
Acknowledgments Authors are grateful to Helmut Kroll (Christian-
Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Institute of Prehistoric and Protohis-
toric Archaeology) and Aleksandar Medovic (Museum of Vojvodina)
for their support, comments and consultation on the Serbian finds of
Dv. The access to herbarium specimens of the species at the Her-
barium of Debrecen University was provided by Zsuzsanna Lisztes-
Szabo (Debrecen University) to whom the authors are grateful. The
support in providing reference material from the Research Centre for
Agrobiodiversity (NoDIK) (Tapioszele, Hungary) and the Leibnitz
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) (Gater-
sleben, Germany) is highly appreciated. The authors thank Attila
Takacs and David Schmidt for information on the past and present
occurrences of the species in Hungary. Gabor Ilon (Hungarian
National Museum, National Heritage Protection Centre) provided
access to the excavation material. The authors are also grateful to
George Willcox (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Archeorient, Maison de L’Orient Lyon) for his comments that helped
to improve the manuscript, as well as to two anonymous reviewers
whose comments also helped to improve this paper. Authors are
grateful for the support of the Research Centre of Excellence (17586-
4/2013/TUDPOL).
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