The establishment of a competent regulatory body in Egypt goes back to 1982. In 1982 the Nuclear Regulatory and Safety Committee was established. This committee was transferred to be the National Center of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Control (NCNSRC) by the Decree of President No. 47 of 1991 which reorganized the Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA). The NCNSRC was established for the aim to create adequate review and assessment expertise and technical capabilities to provide assurance for operating nuclear facilities safety without undue radiation risk to environment operators and the public.

The (NCNSRC) is one of the four centers that belong to EAEA, while EAEA is one of three organizations operating within the nuclear field. Besides EAEA there are two other organizations, the Nuclear Power Plant Authority (NPPA) and the Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA) Figure (1) shows the charts of the Egyptian nuclear organizations in Egypt, while fig. (2) shows the organization structure of EAEA.

Egyptian Atomic Energy

Authority (EAEA)Nuclear Materials

Authority(NMA

Nuclear Power Plant Authority

(NPPA)

Ministry of Electricity & Energy

Minister of Electricity& Energy

Fig. 1: Organization Structure of Nuclear Authorities in Egypt

National Center for Radiation Research & Technology

President of EAEA

Vice President for Research Projects

Vice President for Training & International

Cooperation

Nuclear Research Center

Hot Laboratories & Waste Management Center

National Center for Nuclear Safety & Radiation Control

Egypt Second Research Reactor & Fuel Element Fabrication Facility (ETRR2/FEFF)

Cyclotron Accelerator

First Research Reactor & Fuel Element Pilot Plant (FEPP) (ETRR1)

Waste Management Facilities

Gamma Irradiation Facility Electron Beam

Accelerator

Fig. 2: Organization Structure of EAEA

Nuclear Facilities Subjected to Licensing, Inspection and Enforcementby (NCNSRC)

Radiological Facilities Subjected to Licensing, Inspection and Enforcementby (NCNSRC)

Fig. 3(b): Organization Structure of (NCNSRC)

(NCNSRC) Chairman

NATIONAL CENTER FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY& RADIATION CONTROL FRAME WORK

(NCNSRC) Administrative Board

Managerial affairs general administration

National Network of Radiation Monitoring

Technical Committes

Assistance Administration

Central Lab. Of Environmental Radioactivity Measurements

Emergency Control Center (ECC)

Secretariat of NCNSRC

Finance affairs generaladministration

Licensing Committee

Regulations & Nuclear Emergency Division

Safety of Nuclear Installation Division

Radiation Control Division

Inspection Unit

Review Unit

--Nuclear Law & Licensing Nuclear Law & Licensing DeptDept-- SafesguardsSafesguards & physical & physical protection Dept.protection Dept.--Quality Assurance DeptQuality Assurance Dept

--Radiological Safety Dept. Radiological Safety Dept. --Site & Environmental Dept.Site & Environmental Dept.--Radiation Protection Dept.Radiation Protection Dept.

--Engineering Safety Dept. Engineering Safety Dept. --Operation & Human Operation & Human FactorDeptFactorDept--Fuel Cycle is Safety Dept.Fuel Cycle is Safety Dept.

According to the Egyptian Legislative System (Appendix 1), the EAEA is the Regulatory Body for the nuclear and radiological activities. The EAEA performs its regulatory activities through (NCNSRC). However, concerning the nuclear and radiological facilities within the EAEA the (NCNSRC) has the full authority and independence to perform all the control activities which include licensing, inspection and enforcement. The licensing process for any nuclear or radiological facility within EAEA is shown in fig. 3a. In addition the NCNSRC has the responsibility to issue licenses, conduct inspections and apply all safeguards measures on all nuclear facilities and LOF in Egypt. The licensing process for the nuclear power plant is shown in fig.3b

Nuclear or Radiological facility within EAEA

Contractor

Regulatory Body NCNSRC

EAEA Head Quarter

Fig. 3a: The licensing process for any nuclear orradiological facility within EAEA

Head QuarterEAEA

NCNSRC

Utility(NPP)

Contractor

Fig. 3b: The licensing process for the nuclear power plant

The (NCNSRC) consists of three divisions and two units as shown in the organization chart fig. 4.

Nuclear Law & Licensing Dept.Safeguards & Physical Protection Dept.Quality Assurance Dept.

Radiological Safety Dept.Site & Environmental Dept.Radiation Protection Dept.

Engineering Safety Dept.Operation & Human Factor Dept.Fuel Cycle’s Safety Dept.

Fig. 4 Organization Chart of (NCNSRC)(

Chairman(NCNSRC )

Regulations & NuclearEmergency Division)(

Radiation Control Division)(

Safety of Nuclear Installations Division)(

RegulatoryInspection &Enforcement

Unit)RIEU(

Reviewing and

Assessment Unit (RAU)

Main Duties of (NCNSRC):The main duties of NCNSRC could be summarized as follows:1. Reviewing and Assessment of the Safety Reports of Nuclear and Radiation Facilities.

2. Conducting Regulatory Inspection for Nuclear and Radiation Activities.

3. Carrying out Safeguard Inspection for Nuclear Materials.4. Issuing Licensing, Permit Authorization or Approval for Personnel or Facility or Procedure, or Safety Document.

5. Developing Regulations, Rules and Procedures Related to Nuclear and Radiation Safety Issues.

6. Control of Transportation of Radioactive Materials on- Land or in the Suez - Canal.

7. Conducting Research in Areas relevant to Nuclear and Radiation Safety.

The origins of nuclear legislation and regulation in Egypt go back to the 1950s. Laws relating to atomic energy include the following :

Act No. 509 Of 1955, which established the Atomic Energy Commission;Decree of the President No. 288 of 1957, which established the Atomic Energy Establishment, which in 1977 became the Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA);� Law No. 59 of 1960, which concerns the regulation of work with

ionizing radiation and Protection against its dangers;� Decree of the President No. 47 of 1991, which reorganized the

EAEA and formally created the National Centre for Nuclear Safetyand Radiation Control (NCNSRC);

� Law No. 4 of 1994 concerning protection of the environment, especially from the adverse effects of hazardous material and hazardous waste ,including substances that emit ionizing radiation.

� Ministerial Decree No. 535 of 2004 concerning hazardous substances.� Decree of the President No. 152 of 2006 and its executive Ministerial Decrees (No. 419, 420 and 421, 2006) concerning the Egyptian System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials.

� Decree of the President No. 152 of 2006 and its executive Ministerial Decrees (No. 419, 420 and 421, 2006) concerning the Egyptian System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials.

� Law No. 59 of 1960, Law No. 4 of 1994 and Decree of the President 152/ 2006 along with Executive Regulations set down the basic legal frame work concerning the actual regulation of the peaceful uses of atomic energy in order to ensure the adequate protection and use of utilities to radio active and nuclear material.

B. Accepted activities:1. Workshop to enhance the capabilities of NCNSRC siting group.(2 – 6/8/2009)2. Establishment of management system within regulatory body(6 – 10/9/2009).

A. Implemented activities:1. IAEA mission to Egypt to revise the status report of NCNSRC.(2 – 6

/9/2007)2. Final progress report regarding the above mission. 10/20083. Final revision by the IAEA for the safety requirement for NPP site report

prepared by NCNSRC. 30/1/20094. Final revision of the TOR for the consultant of the NCNSRC 20/1/20095. Workshop on training needs assessment of a regulatory body in Cairo,

Egypt 13 – 15/10/2009.

1. Workshop on licensing, review and assessments inspection and enforcement. Preparation of regulation and guides (10,2009 – 3-4weeks)2. Workshop dealing with the establishment of a management system within the regulatory body. (Q42009 – one week).3. Scientific visit within a recognized TSO to get on overview of NPP safety related topics to review and asses such as: thermo hydraulics, neutronics, care and fuel issues. (Q42010 – 5P for 2 weeks)4. On job training for NPP inspection aspects (Q4 2010 – 5P for 3 months)5. Study of codes for safety analyses including all engineering aspects of NPP(Q42010 5 P for 3 weeks).6. Site safety review mission for El Dobaa site. (Q1,2 2010 – 10P for 2 weeks).7. Training in security for regulatory body. (Q4 2010 – 5p for 2 weeks)

1. Arrangement of general training course for the safety of NPP (2009).The course is to be arranged in Egypt by Russian experts for 3 – 4 weeks.The attended persons will be 30 specialists in related areas.

2. Arrangement of Specialized Advanced Training Courses for the safety of NPP (2010)The course is to be arranged in Egypt by experts of Russia for 1 – months.Attendants will be 20 experienced staff member.

3. Support in the establishment of independent regulatory body based on the existing infrastructure. ( 2009 – 2010 ) This will include the following needs:- Presentation of the organization of Russian R.B.- Functions of the decision makers and job description.- Used information management systems.- Internal and organizational procedures and quality management system.- The relation between the regulator and all other stakeholders, in particular the licensee, the vendor, the constructor and other administrations in the government.• This may be done by organizing a workshop for 3-4 decision makers of the RB in Russia or any developed nuclear country.

4- Assistance in the field of regulatory fram work: This may include the following:- Assistance in the preparation of new regulations or the modification of existing regulations . - Presentation of the basic safety requirements for the NPP by the utility and the way for RB to handle these requirements during the licensing process regarding regulatory issues..• This may be done by organizing a workshop to cover the selected topics attended by 5 -10 main responsible persons in RB. (2009 – 2010)

5- Advanced training for siting group in RB to give site permit for NPP.( 2009 – 2010 ) This may be covered in a 3-4 week workshop in the following aspects:

• Geology and Geophysics. • Earthquake hazard analysis and geotechnical aspects in relation to NPP. • Hydrology and Hydrogeology. • Surface water characterization and flood hazards analyses for risk assessment and design basis estimation. • Dispersion in the following:

- Atmosphere. - Surface water ( coastal areas) - Groundwater. - Oceanography.

• Social and economic aspects. • Radiological and non radiological impacts. • Radiological impact assessment. • Risk assessment and emergency plan • Implementing Quality Assurance and Quality management during sitingactivities.• External Human Induced events.• Quality Management System of siting group.

6. Training of reviewers for safety analysis reports: (2010-2011) Objective:Train and qualify evaluators to and assess the safety analysis report of the nuclear power plants and other related safety& design bases documents during all stages and lifetime of the plant (siting, construction, commissioning, operations, decommissioning and release from regulatory control) at different areas such as:-• Site characteristics• Civil and Mechanical structure and Components.• Reactor Design and its related systems ( Neutronics and thermal hydraulics)• Reactor Coolant Systems (Primary Circuit)• Engineered Safety Features Systems

• Electric power Supply Systems• Nuclear Instrumentation and Control Room• Auxiliary Systems, Fuel Storage. Fire Protection,• Energy conversion Systems (Secondary Circuit)• Waste management System• Radiation protection• Accident Analysis and PSA assessments• Operational limits and Condition & Technical Specification• Commissioning of the Nuclear power plants• Quality Assurance & Management System• Emergency preparedness• Decommissioning of The Nuclear power Plants.The expected No. of Evaluators 15 persons having some experience in related subjects.This may be arranged through applied practice for several weeks in a developed nuclear country.

7. On job training of inspectors for NPP (2011 – 2013).Train and qualify inspectors for the nuclear power plant at different subjects such as:• Fuel and Reactivity control system inspector. • Inspector for Mechanical components, vibrations, pressure vessel and pressure carrying pipes. • Electrical system inspector. • Inspector for Nuclear instrumentation and control room. • Radiation Protection Inspector. • Quality assurance inspector. • Safeguard inspector.

[The expected Number of inspectors are 10 persons having little experience in research reactors]

1. Strengthening and enhancing professional knowledge of RB and its TSOTask 1 includes the following:

A. Preparing the review of the site assessment report for NPP to issue a site approval permit1. An overall presentation of the existing approaches and tools relevant to site assessment. The result will be:

a) The Beneficiary will dispose of an inventory of affordable codes, used by EU regulators, in order to support the NRA review of thesiting process.

b) To specify the items to be covered in the further, specialised workshops (oceanography and coastal dispersion [for which there is currently no expertise in Egypt], hydro-geology, seismology, meteorology,

2. Specialised workshops 3. Possibly followed by on-the-job training.

B. Preparing the review and evaluation of the NPP Safety Assessment Report (SAR) for all stages. C. Preparing review of the environmental impact assessment report of the new nuclear site.According to the Beneficiary, Task 1 must be addressed with the highest priority. For the workshop of item A.1, there will be a one-week workshop to ca. 15 staff of the Beneficiary in Egypt. For the workshop of item A.2, there will be 3-4 workshops for 3-4 Beneficiary staff that currently are expert's on different levels of competency.The result will be strengthening and enhancing professional knowledge of RB and its TSO.

2. Assistance in the field of regulatory framework Task2 includes the following:1.Assistance in the preparation of new regulations or the modification of existing regulations, in two steps:

General presentation by 3 EU countries of their existing regulatory architecture, in relation with the different cases encountered (prescriptive or non-prescriptive approach. etc), and in comparison with the international EAEA standards. This will also include the EU basic safety requirements criteria for NPPs [this last item is relevant to the original Task 6 which is now included in item 1a of Task 2.

2. Presentation of the basic safety requirement before the tendering process for the NPP by the utility, and the way for NRA to handle these requirements during the licensing process regarding regulatory issues (including documents to be provided for bidding, and at the beginning of the licensing process). This will be included in the workshop for item 1a. (This item is relevant to the original Task 6, and is now included in item 1a of Task2.

3. Support in the establishment of independent regulatory body (RB) based on existing infrastructure Task 3 includes the following:Presentation of the organization of several different NRAs, in particular about the decision process:

a. Who takes what type of decisions (to identify the functions of the decision makers and the associated job descriptions, in order to support the staff selection process to be envisaged); b. What Information Management Systems are used (information exchange and workflow);C. What internal procedures and organizational procedures are put in place (outline of Quality Management System);d. What relations between the regulator and all other stakeholders, in particular the Licensee, the vendor, the manufacturer, the constructor, the public, and other administrations in the government.

Establishing a National Nuclear Regulatory Body.1) Develop an effective and reliable organizational structure for the new RB.

2) Develop RB Quality Assurance and management systems.3) Strengthening the current activities concerning RB regulations and internal licensing procedures from siting up to release from regulatory control.

4) Set-up an effective and practical co-operation with other foreign Regulatory Bodies and Technical Support Organizations.

5) Periodic extended (several months) job assignment for key persons at foreign regulators.

6) Acquire adequate experience in the licensing process of a NPP by on the job training at a Regulatory Body of a nuclear power State.

7) Review and Assessment for NPP safety analysis reports.8) Professional Training on: � Project managements�Managing quality in international supply chains,� Particular technical areas (safety engineering: systems, components, structure ...).

9) Emergency strategy (organization, planning, preparedness, response and recovery).

Challenges to enforce R.BChallenges to enforce R.B1.1. Evaluation of site report to give site permit is it essential Evaluation of site report to give site permit is it essential to issue safety requirements report from R.B to issue safety requirements report from R.B –– who who endorse this report? The time needed to give site permit. endorse this report? The time needed to give site permit. How to urge decision makers to accept this time? The How to urge decision makers to accept this time? The possibility of using IAEA documentations.possibility of using IAEA documentations.

2.2. The same is applied for other stages in construction and The same is applied for other stages in construction and operation. Who conduct and control this process.operation. Who conduct and control this process.

3.3. 35, safety, security and safeguard who is responsible, R.B 35, safety, security and safeguard who is responsible, R.B or operator or designer or some where in the in the or operator or designer or some where in the in the country. The culture that R.B is responsible for the safety country. The culture that R.B is responsible for the safety of the facility is very harmful.of the facility is very harmful.

4.4. Practical work and R.B, it is thought that R.B Should not Practical work and R.B, it is thought that R.B Should not do any practical work.do any practical work.

5. It is thought R.B. should start strong and this will achieve 5. It is thought R.B. should start strong and this will achieve nuclear safety.nuclear safety.

6. Everyone shows that he is expert in safety regulatory 6. Everyone shows that he is expert in safety regulatory work.work.

7. Difficulties in technical assistance either provided by 7. Difficulties in technical assistance either provided by IAEA or other nuclear countries after agreements, time IAEA or other nuclear countries after agreements, time needed to do certain cooperation needed to do certain cooperation progreamprogream is very long, it is very long, it may reach 6 months or more.may reach 6 months or more.

8. The required training needs are shortened after very long 8. The required training needs are shortened after very long discussions.discussions.(if you need 3 (if you need 3 –– 4 weeks training course you can get only 5 4 weeks training course you can get only 5 days) due to lack of availability of experts.days) due to lack of availability of experts.

9. Who takes the decision of embarking nuclear program, 9. Who takes the decision of embarking nuclear program, the political decision makers, or the technical planners the political decision makers, or the technical planners who are responsible for energy studies and cost benefit who are responsible for energy studies and cost benefit analysis?analysis?

10. How can I build nuclear capacity without development 10. How can I build nuclear capacity without development of program for fuel production?of program for fuel production?

11. Do we have precise estimation for fuel reserves allover 11. Do we have precise estimation for fuel reserves allover the world? Who will extract it and who will manufacture the world? Who will extract it and who will manufacture it?it?

12. The large numbers of countries that have the intention 12. The large numbers of countries that have the intention suddenly to embark nuclear program. This will affect, the suddenly to embark nuclear program. This will affect, the safety, regulatory not worksafety, regulatory not work

13. Why new nuclear law collecting all nuclear and 13. Why new nuclear law collecting all nuclear and radiological activities, is that reasonable to apply the radiological activities, is that reasonable to apply the same law for medical lab as well as NPP?same law for medical lab as well as NPP?

14. Independence of R.B. is it practical to have absolute 14. Independence of R.B. is it practical to have absolute independence of any system?independence of any system?More practical is to have independence of the technical More practical is to have independence of the technical decisiondecision

1515. The problem of safeguard, this agreement causes the . The problem of safeguard, this agreement causes the limitation of nuclear research and development. The limitation of nuclear research and development. The panic caused by safeguard, inspectors decreases any panic caused by safeguard, inspectors decreases any nuclear research in developing country that tends to zero, nuclear research in developing country that tends to zero, so how can I go through nuclear program for energy. so how can I go through nuclear program for energy. While in developed countries the nuclear researches tends While in developed countries the nuclear researches tends to infinity?to infinity?

16. Emergency unit and network in a country. List the role 16. Emergency unit and network in a country. List the role of the whole country systems or the R.B, what is the role of the whole country systems or the R.B, what is the role of R.B. in accident analysis and corrective measures of R.B. in accident analysis and corrective measures undertaken.undertaken.

17. Who revise the work of R.B in a developing country?17. Who revise the work of R.B in a developing country?

18. Self assessment program imposed by IAEA does not 18. Self assessment program imposed by IAEA does not apply to most R.B in developing countries embarking new apply to most R.B in developing countries embarking new nuclear program.nuclear program.

19. Who works in R.B, the job description of the regulators 19. Who works in R.B, the job description of the regulators is not well specified if I need to establish new R.B.is not well specified if I need to establish new R.B.