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The economics of ecosystem services
of Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi
OUTLINES
Backgrounds
The status of Xijiang River Basin, Guangxi
Methodology
Results
Discussions
Why biodiversity is important
20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets Strategic goal A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity
loss
Target 1: By 2020, People are aware of the values of biodiversity
and the steps they can take to conserve and use it
sustainably.
Target 2: By 2020, biodiversity values are integrated into
national and local development and poverty reduction
strategies and planning processes and national accounts …
Target 3: By 2020, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to
biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed …….
Target 4: By 2020, Governments, business and stakeholders have
plans for sustainable production and consumption and keep the impacts resource use within safe ecological limits.
Strategic goal B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and
promote sustainable use
Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including
forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly
reduced.
Target 6: By 2020 all stocks managed and harvested sustainably, so
that overfishing is avoided …….
Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and
forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of
biodiversity.
Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients,
has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to
ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated,
and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.
Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on
coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by
climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as
to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Strategic goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding
ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas are conserved through systems of protected
areas…...
Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been
prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.
Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives is maintained,
Strategic goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem
services
Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including
services are restored and safeguarded,
Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity
to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and
restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded
ecosystems,
Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefits Sharing is in force and operational
Strategic goal E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning,
knowledge management and capacity building
Target 17: By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and
has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated NBSAP.
Target 18: By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of
indigenous and local communities and their customary use, are respected.
Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to
biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the
consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred,
and applied.
Target 20: By 2020, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively
implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all sources,, should increase substantially .
Initiated by
Objectives
What is TEEB?
• To highlight the growing cost of biodiversity
loss and ecosystem degradation
• To help decision-makers recognize,
demonstrate and capture the values of
ecosystems & biodiversity
• To raise the awareness to the value of nature
TEEB in the world
A case study at sub-national level:
Xijiang River Basin, Guangxi
次国家级案例研究：广西西江流域
Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi
Guangxi is one of five Autonomous regions in China
Pearl River runs through Guangxi, the basin of
453,690 km2, Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi is a part
of the Pearl River Basin
Land coverage of Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi is
202,500 km2
Population in 2013：46.03 million
GDP in 2013：17,880 million USD
丰富的生物多样性资源 Hotspots in Guangxi
South-west Guangxi
Central Guangxi
Northern Guangxi
Ecosystems services provided Regulating services:
water purification: Water should achieve III
water quality standard before it goes to
Guangdong
Flood regulation
Conservation of water and soil
Provision services:
Fresh water: 70% of the fresh water (totally
20 billion tones) demanded by Pearl River
Delta Region is provided by Guangxi
High air quality
Timber
Supporting services
Primary productivity
Soil formation
The water quality of the Pearl River, 2013
China
Environmental
Bulletin, 2013
(MEP)
Threats to ecosystem services
Soil erosion:24,862 km2 , taking 12.27% of total land
coverage, especially within the area of slope farmlands;
Stony desertification: stony desertification land 23,790
km2 , potential desertification land18,670 km2 ,taking
20.96% of total land coverage;
Water pollution: arable land 42,400 km2 , taking 21.47%
of total land coverage, becoming an important non- point
pollution source to water
Landuse change: the expansion of built up areas, road
networks, industrial lands, minings, etc.
Ambitious development plan Xijiang Golden canal construction
plan(2010-2020)
By 2012, 70 million tons port handling
capacity is increased, total handling
capacity reach 100 million tons.
By 2020, a canal network with a length
of 1,480km, connecting the major cities
in the Basin is accomplished.
In 2010, Environmental Protection Bureau of Guangxi Autonomous
Region invited CRAES to initiate a study in the Basin, with the aim of:
To elaborate the implementation plans for Ecology and Environment Protection in
Xijiang River Basin for the guidance of environmental practices in the
implementation of the Xijiang Gloden canal construction plan(2010-2020);
To provide an positive and supportive evidence to the government of Guangxi
Autonomous Region for supporting their consultation with Guangdong Province in
eco-compensation dialogue.
The purpose of the study
The diverse of methodologies for evaluation
InVEST model(The Integrate Valuation of
Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Tool),
Developed jointly by Stanford University, WWF and TNC;
Comprised by:
Water model: including water production, water conservation, water
quality, flood reduction, soil conservation, sedimentation reduction,
irrigation, hydropower, etc., and;
Non-water model: biodiversity conservation, timber harvesting,
agriculture, pollination, carbon sink, non-timber production, etc
InVest model
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
Modeling reality
Data reality
Less Data More Data
Simple Complex
Most Data
Three tier is given for each model: simple, moderate and
complex
Technology roadmap InVEST model introduction Field survey and data collection
Data demands study Data processing
Model adjustment and Parameter calibration
GIS InVEST model
Literature review
Result verify
Application in study area
Non-point pollution reduction
Sediments reduction
Carbon storage and
oxygen
Timber provision
Value for ecosystem services
Ecological function zoning and planing
以2008年为基准年的统计公报数据
相关科研成果
各类规划报告
遥感、GIS信息源
野外调研校对数据
InVest model-Data collection
收集各类资料，共计100余件
Field survey
Field survey
Field survey focus on
The status and threats of important ecosystems
Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, dam
building, road construction, agriculture on
Stony desertification deforestation Mining Road construction
Dam construction
Natural resources
Karst landscape
Interviews
Interviews
Interviews focused on:
Social-economics and livelihoods
Administration and management for
environment and nature conservation
The aspects of modeling
Non-point source phosphorus loads filtering
sedimentation reducing
carbon storage and oxygen releasing
Timber provision
Results
研究结果
Ecosystem service value for phosphorus loads filtering Hydrology Tools based on ArcGIS9.2
Water, pollutant solutes and sediments conjugate transport
theory
The identification of Critical Source Areas(CSA) by using
Hydrological Sensitive Coefficient(HSC)
Modeling the filter of phosphorus by vegetation, taking into
account the landuse
The standard for drainage fees collection and its calculation,
14￥·kg-1 for phosphorus
Ecosystem service value for sedimentation reducing The establishment of the model for sedimentation reduction
based on Universal soil and water loss equation(USLE) and
sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and relevant hydrological theories
Simulating potential and actual soil erosion and soil retention by
using USLE
Identification SDR by considering of the source of sediments,
landuse, slope, gully density, catchment area, etc
Ecosystem service value for carbon storage and
oxygen releasing Solar energy can be transformed into plant organic carbon content though
Photosynthesis, 1.62gCO2 /1g plant dry matter
Modelling Net Primary Productivity (NPP) by using light use efficiency
model for identification of plant dry matter
Other indicators, such as vegetation type, climate data and ecological
parameters gathered in the field are taking into account
In China, the average cost of forestation is about Y260.9/t carbon, the value
of O2 releasing is also modeled by the cost of industrial oxygen
methodology(Y0.4/t).
Ecosystem service value for Timber provision
Timber provision were modeled by 5 indicators: annual product stocks,
habitat quality adjustment coefficient, harvesting pressure coefficient, and
management coefficient and availability in neighborhood.
annual product stocks : Statics data and the main forest types in the 1266
sample plots data;
Habitat quality adjustment coefficient: NPP and vegetation coverage;
harvesting pressure coefficient: The distance between residential area and
road networks;
Legal access coefficient: natural reserves networks
Availability in neighborhood: vegetation, residential and road, etc.
Designation of Ecological function zoning An ecological function zoning plan was initialized based on the analysis of space
distribution of ecosystem services values, taking into account with social-economic and
other ecological factors
Ecological regulating
zone
Goods and services
provision zone Settlement security
zone 9 secondary and 71 third class zones were also identified based on the designation of primary zones. Major ecosystem problems and conservation measures were also pointed out respectively.
Non-point source emission
control Non-point source emission control plans
Non-point source emission control
areas identification
National ecological towns
construction initiative, including:
establishing fenced area for
natural vegetation restoration;
soil testing and formulated
fertilization;
sewage treatment plants
construction;
Above-scaled livestock farming,
etc.
Soil erosion and stony
desertification control plans
Identify the priority areas for ecosystem
restoration
Ecosystem restoration plans
Water and soil restoration in Slope
cultivated lands
Small watershed restoration
Stony desertification control, taking into
account project for poverty reduction
Maintaining goods and
services
Natural reserve networks
Improving the spatial pattern of
natural reserve networks,
including: the establishment of
new natural reserves along
Fenghuang mountains, Duyang
mountains, Liuwandashan
mountains and Dagui mountains;
Establishing 8 biodiversity
corridors.
Discussions
讨论
About the project
An practice for applying an scientific TEEB model into policy making
plans;
Enhancing the scientific base for policy making;
Improving the awareness to the importance of ecosystem services
among decision makers;
Difficulties in data collecting stages;
Gaps between the outputs of modeling and the realities of Basin;
Gaps between the outcomes and decision making.
About the implementation
An study report and an implementation plan was adopted by an expert meeting submitted
to the Environmental Protection Bureau of Guangxi Autonomous Region in 2011. The EPB
of Guangxi is taking a lot of efforts to implement the implementation plans for Ecology and
Environment Protection in Xijiang River Basin. However, more efforts need to be done by
other relevant provincial authorities. More politician willingness is needed.
A new message for trans-provincial eco-compensation dialogue .In 2013, Mr. Hu Chunhua,
the Secretary of CPC Committee of Guangdong Province, has expressed his willingness to
initiate a pilot project in Hedi reservoir, a small basin at local level, for eco-compensation,
in collaborate with Guangxi AR.
About InVEST model
It is useful for the rapid valuation of ecosystem services at
river basin level;
However, The lack of data at sub-national level is the major
obstacle for the application of InVest model in China;
it is not appropriate to apply the model for the case studies
in China without any modification and parameter correction.
Look into the future
As Mr. Xi Jinping, the President of
China, has highlighted, “We want
both golden, silver hills and clean
water, green mountains. Let’s bear in
mind that clean water and green
mountains is also golden, silver hill.”
The concept of the TEEB and the
application of its relevant tools such
as InVest model are going to have a
very good prospects in National’s
ecological civilization strategy.
