The Dual System Hermann Schmidt University of Duisburg

7/30/2019 The Dual System Hermann Schmidt University of Duisburg

1/16

Part 1The Dual Vocational Education andTraining (VET) System in Germany

Hermann Schmidt


2/16

Presented

at the International Conference on TVET in Kuala Lumpur

on June 24, 2002

byHermann Schmidt

Professor, University of DuisburgPresident of the Federal Institute for VET (BIBB) (1977 - 1997)

Bonn, Germany


3/16

A Case in Point: The Dual Vocational Education andTraining (VET) System in Germany

Introduction

for Enterprises ? they gain a young employable workforce empowered by corporate identity, they save costs: advertising and hiring costs, induction costs for newlyhired workers and costs for badly chosen workers who do not fit in the team.

for the Trainee ? highly motivating earning & learning situations, opportunities to take responsibility,

development and recognition of personality.

for Government ? the opportunity to train ALL school leavers, share educational costs with the private sector, gain partners for world class VET-standards.

What are the benefits of a dual system of VET :


4/16

2

What are the preconditions for the Dual VET-System in Germany?

a broad consensus in society to educate and train ALL school leavers,

a strong strategic concept with employers to train a young workforce,

a top down strategic decision making process in government andin enterprises to implement a cooperative system;

the readiness of the public sector (government, schools) to accept theprivate sector as partner in education on an equal footing;

the readiness of the private sector to accept quality control of its

educational and training activities in initial training;

a basic training law that describes the roles of stakeholders.


5/16

3

The Basic Training Act of 1969 set the stage for

private-public-partnership in VET: the roles of stakeholders, theirobligations, their rights;

clear funding arrangements: private enterprises take responsibility fortheir own training costs (i.e. remuneration, instructors, material), govern-

ment takes responsibility for schools, VET-research and programmes topromote cooperative VET;

an organisational infrastructure provided by the Chambers:accreditation of training companies, records of intern- or apprenticeships,assessment and certification;

VET-system arrangements: VET-standard criteria; private training contract criteria;prior learning accreditation; remuneration of trainees etc.

Federal Institute for Vocational Training (BIBB): platform for stakeholdermeetings; research institute; agency for VET-programmes.


6/16

are trained in a company (workplace / workshop) for 3 to 4 days / week,

Characteristics of the Dual VET-system in Germany (1):

Trainees/Students:

some 1.7 millon in two to three year courses, on average two thirdsof an age cohort, some 60 % men, 40 % women,

;attend a further education college for 1 to 2 days / week,

Training companies:

some 500.00 provide VET, appr. 1 m meet the requirements of acompany accredited for training, the total no. of companies is appr. 2.5 m,

large companies train appr. 20 % of all trainees; the majority is trained insmall and medium sized enterprises,

make work arrangements for 2 to 3 years of systematic trainingand pay remuneration.

4

receive remuneration which is appr. 1/3 of a skilled worker`ssalary.


7/16

5

Further Education Colleges:

some 1700 colleges, usually equipped with workshops;some 90.000 teachers, who are also teaching at full time vocationalschools; teachers hold professional university degree;

Chambers:

some 430 in all sectors of the economy, predominantly commerce &industry and crafts; act as public authority in training matters;

company membership is mandatory,advise companies on training matters, cooperate with schools,accredit training companies, keep records of training contracts,assess and certify trainees and instructors.

Characteristics of the Dual VET-system in Germany (2):


8/16

6

vary from larger (fulltime instructors, workshops) to smaller(workplace training) companies, from sector (i.e. electrical engineering)to sector (i.e. hair dresser),

breaking even is feasible, considering trainees productivity and earnings

rough breakdown of training costs:

50 % training personnel, instructors,40 % trainee remuneration,10 % training equipment, material, books, traveling costs etc.

Training Costs


9/16

Part 2Research for the German Dual VET System

Hermann Schmidt


10/16

Das Bundesinstitut fuer Berufsbildung (BIBB)

The Federal Institute for Vocational Training

Presentedat the International TVET-Conference in Kuala Lumpur

on

June 24, 2002

byHermann Schmidt

Professor, University of DuisburgPresident of the Federal Institute for VET (BIBB)(1977-1997)

Bonn, Germany


11/16

The Federal Institute for Vocational Training (BIBB)

Research for the German Dual VET - System

1

The idea behind the organisation

1969 : Re - engineering a traditional VET system ; Germany`s BasicVocational Training Act ; roles of stakeholders

setting up two research institutes:- IAB - focus on the labour market- BIBB - focus on VET

guiding principle: private-public-partnership

basic assumptions:- the corporate world is responsible for training and assessment- government is the Regulator

tri - partite boards and consensual procedures in an ideological minefield;

shared responsibilities and agreements on future scenarios, based on research;

The BIBB: a public authority in private-public-partnership;a research institute;

a programme agency;a platform for stakeholders.


12/16

BIBB`s organisational Framework and Stakeholder Involvement

a public authority directed by a president and a four - partite board(employers, trade unions, federal government, state (Lnder)governments); shared responsibility in private - public - partnership;

the board : advises federal government on VET - policy; decides on theInstitute`s research programme;

the president : directs 400 staff, some 150 scientific personnel;

a unique funding idea: 100 % federal budget with federal governmentleading 25 % of the board`s votes ; offer to the private sector to share

responsibility;

2


13/16

The BIBB: a Research Institute

the board decides on the research programme; pros and cons ofdiverging interests in research;

research projects in a field of constant change: long term andstrategic studies and quick responses (i.e. early - rescognition - of -

change system);

the workplace as field of research; practitioner involvement;

VET research personnel: hard to get - quick to lose; multi - facettedVET experts;

VET research findings: raw material for political advice, VET -quality improvement, updating VET standards, statistics,government programmes, human ressource development etc.

3


14/16

The BIBB: an Agency for Research and Development

4

The Institute`s legal basis enumerates its tasks and programmes:

development of VET - standards in cooperation with socialpartners and states (Lnder), responsible for school curricula

preparation of the annual State - of - VET-in - Germany-Report,

contribution to VET statistics,

support of the planning and funding of SME - interfirm workshopsthroughout the country,

VET innovation programme, in - company-training pilot projects,

testing VET distance learning courses on behalf of the responsiblestate (Lnder) authorities,

national agency for European Union sponsored programmes,

support for international VET activities of federal government.

research as the basis of development,


15/16

5

The BIBB: Platform for Stakeholders

VET policy making: regular strategic discussions on the current stateand future development of VET in Germany; State-of-VET-Report;

Federal VET programme discussions, i.e. support programmes for thedevelopment of a dual VET system in eastern Germany;

VET legislation: recommendations and advice to the FederalGovernment;

VET standard development and updating: stakeholders act as policyadvisors and experts making use of the institute`s research findings;

Stakeholders table their research needs, discuss and decide on theinstitute`s research programme.


16/16

6

President----

Vice-PresidentHead of Research

Research & ServiceConcept Developm.International VET

Sociological & Eco-nomic Principles of

VET

Teaching & LearningFormats in VET

Structures &Standards in

VET

In-House-ServiceAdminist.

Main Board

EmployersTrade Unions

Federal Govern-mentLnder Govern-ments

Office of thePresident

Public Relations

Audit Office

The BIBB : Organisational Chart

Office of theBoard

Documents

The Dual System Hermann Schmidt University of Duisburg