The Crusader StatesThe Crusader States

And the Military OrdersAnd the Military Orders

The Modern Middle EastThe Modern Middle East

ME in 6th Century

The Strategic Setting

• A Bi-Polar World

• Two Major Powers

– Sassanian Persia

– Byzantine Empire

– World War for Ten Years

Mean Rainfall Determines All

The Hydraulic Theory

• Too little water

• Unevenly delivered in space and time.

• Drought drives waves of immigration.

• Such a drought drove Islamic expansion.

Muhammad

Allah

The Shahada

Early Expansion

Early Stability

• Equilibrium quickly reached.

• Christian pilgrimages permitted

• Holy Land in the hands of Egyptian Fatimids in 11th Century.

Seljuk Turks Ended That

• Battle of Manzikert in 1071

• Byzantine Defeat

• Catastrophe for Christendom

• Emperor appealed to pope for help in spite of schism.

Seljuq Turk Invasion

Onset of the TurksManzikert 1071

Seljuqs

Emperor Alexis Comnenus

Urban II Preaching the Crusade

Clermont

An Armed Pilgrimage

Muhammad’s Trip to Paradise

Crusader Routes

Alexius Comnenus

Anna Comnena

Godfrey, Bohemund and Tancred

Raymond of Toulouse

Christ Leading the Crusaders

Dorylaeum

The Siege of Jerusalem1099

Jerusalem Besieged1099

Godfrey and his menat the Stone of Anointment

May God Forgive Me

Duke Godfrey of Bouillon“Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre”

Royal Arms of Jerusalem

The Crusader States

The Holy Sepulchre

12th Century Knight

Near East 1135

Founder of the HospitallersThe Blessed Gerard

Templars

After the Fight

An Aged Templar

Teutonic Knight

Teutonic Knight

Kerak of Moab

Belvoir Castle

Shawbak Castle

Krac des Chevaliers

The Moat at Krac des Chevaliers

Kerak Castle

Another View of Kerak

Baldwin’s Leper Mask

Baldwin the IV and William of Tyre

The KingBaldwin IV

Saladin

Sybilla, Queen of Jerusalem

Guy De Lusignan

Battle of Hattin

Defeat at Hattin

Defense of Jerusalem 1187

After Hattin1190

The Military Orders

The 3rd Crusade

King Richard at Acre

A Modern MuslimImage of Saladin

King Richard

The 13th Century

Emperor Manuel Comnenus

Crusade in Egypt

Defense of Acre 1292

The Defense of Rhodesby the Hospitallers

Bodrum, St. Peter’s Castle

Muslim Distribution

ME Ethnicity

Knights in Prayer

In the Name of God…