Cold War: Cold War: Superpowers Face OffSuperpowers Face Off

17.117.1

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

February 1945 meeting February 1945 meeting of Churchill, Roosevelt of Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin & Stalin

Agree to split Germany Agree to split Germany into zones of into zones of occupationoccupation

Decide that Germany Decide that Germany must pay Soviets for must pay Soviets for loss of life & propertyloss of life & property

Soviet agree to help in Soviet agree to help in the fight against Japan the fight against Japan

The United NationsThe United Nations

An international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to An international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the nations of the worldprovide security to the nations of the world

Made up of 48 different countriesMade up of 48 different countries Each country was able to cast a vote on a broad range of issuesEach country was able to cast a vote on a broad range of issues Security Council had the power to investigate & settle disputesSecurity Council had the power to investigate & settle disputes

– U.S., Britain, China, France, USSRU.S., Britain, China, France, USSR

Differing U.S. & Soviet Differing U.S. & Soviet GoalsGoals

United StatesUnited States Soviet UnionSoviet Union

-Encourage democracy-Encourage democracy

-Prevent the rise of -Prevent the rise of communismcommunism

-Rebuild European -Rebuild European governments to create new governments to create new markets for U.S. goodsmarkets for U.S. goods

-Reunite Germany -Reunite Germany

-Encourage the spread of -Encourage the spread of communismcommunism

-Rebuild its own economy -Rebuild its own economy using equipment & using equipment & materials from Eastern materials from Eastern EuropeEurope

-Take control of Eastern -Take control of Eastern EuropeEurope

-Keep Germany divided-Keep Germany divided

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

July 1945 meeting of Churchill, Truman & StalinJuly 1945 meeting of Churchill, Truman & Stalin Truman asks Stalin to remove troops from Eastern Truman asks Stalin to remove troops from Eastern

Europe and permit free elections in these countriesEurope and permit free elections in these countries Stalin refusesStalin refuses

Iron CurtainIron Curtain

Europe lay divided Europe lay divided between Soviet between Soviet controlled communist controlled communist East and the East and the democratic West. democratic West.

Germany and its Germany and its capital Berlin were split capital Berlin were split into 2 occupied zonesinto 2 occupied zones

This split became This split became known as the “iron known as the “iron curtain”curtain”

ContainmentContainment

U.S. try to use the policy of containment: blocking U.S. try to use the policy of containment: blocking Soviet influence and the expansion of communismSoviet influence and the expansion of communism

This included alliances with weak countries to help This included alliances with weak countries to help them resist Soviet influencethem resist Soviet influence– Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine: Truman gives economic aid to : Truman gives economic aid to

free nations (Turkey, Greece) that may be free nations (Turkey, Greece) that may be threatened by communismthreatened by communism

– Marshall PlanMarshall Plan: U.S. program of economic : U.S. program of economic countries to help them rebuild after World War IIcountries to help them rebuild after World War II

Named after Secretary of State George Named after Secretary of State George MarshallMarshall

The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift Berlin was divided between Berlin was divided between

the eastern Soviet controlled the eastern Soviet controlled zone and the Western Allied zone and the Western Allied controlled zonescontrolled zones

When the allies introduced a When the allies introduced a new currency to the western new currency to the western zones, Stalin reacted by zones, Stalin reacted by creating a blockadecreating a blockade– He cut off highway, water He cut off highway, water

and rail traffic from the and rail traffic from the western zones in an western zones in an attempt to starve the attempt to starve the people until the Allies people until the Allies surrendered West Berlinsurrendered West Berlin

American & British officials American & British officials flew food and supplies into flew food and supplies into West Berlin for 11 months West Berlin for 11 months before the Soviets lifted the before the Soviets lifted the blockadeblockade

Rival AlliancesRival Alliances

America and its allies America and its allies form form NATONATO (North (North Atlantic Treaty Atlantic Treaty Organization) as a Organization) as a united front against united front against Soviet aggressionSoviet aggression

In response the In response the Soviets create the Soviets create the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact, an , an alliance between the alliance between the Soviets and the Soviets and the communist countries communist countries of Eastern Europeof Eastern Europe

The Threat of Nuclear The Threat of Nuclear WarWar The Soviet Union completes their atomic bomb in The Soviet Union completes their atomic bomb in

19491949 By 1953 the U.S. & USSR complete hydrogen bomb: By 1953 the U.S. & USSR complete hydrogen bomb:

thousands of times more powerful than the atomic thousands of times more powerful than the atomic bombbomb

Leads to the policy of Leads to the policy of brinkmanshipbrinkmanship: threatening to : threatening to go to war in response to enemy aggressiongo to war in response to enemy aggression

Led to an arms race: a buildup of war materials by the Led to an arms race: a buildup of war materials by the U.S. & SovietsU.S. & Soviets

SputnikSputnik

U.S. & USSR U.S. & USSR compete over compete over advancements in advancements in science educationscience education

1957 Soviets 1957 Soviets announce the announce the creation of the first creation of the first unmanned satellite unmanned satellite SputnikSputnik

The U.S. launched The U.S. launched their own satellite their own satellite in 1958in 1958