The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell

8/9/2019 The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell

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T Y

m

M

C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N

o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e / h t t p : / / w w w . h

a t h i t r u s t . o

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D MONOGRA HS

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Is i lv e r V r- O P h . l us , ^ N y ^ » D e 9 t , * \ £ ^ * f

My ra

i no r ?

r i o d I I si l ve r ^ ^ 5 v oo W 0< v * * £ ~ £ ?

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A B L S x i

D 1

S O F L YC I A IN G N E R . . . . 17

7b.c.

O FT H C IT I S 2 5

4-81b.c.

yanda,Candyba?,Cyaneae,

(trueLeagueandpseudo-

ls ( t r ueLeagueand pseudo -

r a, R hod iapo l is ,S i dyma ,T l os ,Tr e -

(pseudo-League ,P haselis

Olympus(pseudo-

- L ea gue

E S O F T H C I TI S 9 9

mid30sb.c.

ycanda,Cadyanda,Cyaneae,

, P h e l l u s ,P ina r a ,T l os , Tre -

R O F TH D I S T R IC T S Il l

uarterdrachms,mid40s-after

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ytus,butalsoCyaneae,Myra,

ssus-Cragus?,Tlos-Cragus

S O F T H D I S T R IC TS 1 8 5

dalsosestertiianddupondii,

ytus,butalsoCyaneae,Myra-

os,Tlos-Cragus,Xanthus-

LAC SOFTH LYCIANL AGU

Y MI N T 23 5

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dualsfor theirhelpinthis study,

LycianLeaguecoinsintheir carebut

andrecordingcoinsofthe fourhoards

dispersedforever.Thefriendlyco-

sofreelyofferedinthe numismatic

tions.

ingcuratorsandstaff:Athens,Mando

lin,Hans-DietrichSchult ;Berne,Balas

fe;Boston,MaryB.Comstock;Brussels,

est,KatalinBiro-Sey;Cambridge,Fit -

lard;Copenhagen,OttoMerkholm;

chke;Dresden,P .Arnold;Glasgow,

.A.vanderVi n;Hannover,Margildis

dGropengiesser;JohnsHopkins,Carl

er-HugoMartin;Klagenfurt,Ingeborg

ukov;London,G.KennethJenkinsand

mannoArslan;Munich,HaraldKuthmann;

s l o , J anNordbe;O fo rd ,Ca the ri n e E . K in g

a r i s ,Geo rgesLeRi de r, M on i u e M a in-

ockholm,UllaWestermark;Strasbourg,

isabethNau;Turin,AnnaSerenaFava;

Vienna,HelmutJungwirthand Wolf-

c he s Museum ,P . C o l e st i n Ra p f (A b t e i z u

b( I n s t i tu t fu rAn t ikeNu mis ma tik ; Wi n t er-

d Ya l e , JohnP .Bu rn ha m. To the l i s t o f t h e se

beadded HansvonAulockwho,before

edcastsofand furtherinformation

smagnificentcollection.FredS.

ybutformerlyresidentinA thens,

arecordofthe Athensmaterial.

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avein manycasesnotonlysent

talsovolunteered,sometimesrepeatedly,

on,forwhichIammostgrateful.Michael

wardRobinsonhavealsokindlyprovided

in uiries.RichardAshtonhassupplied

1977Hoard.Inparticular,I shouldlike

, O fo rd ,Pa r i s , a nd Ber l i n f or t he i rk ind

kcasts attheircabinets.Andto my

r.,whopatientlyassistedmethrough

ndcastingduringthesevisits,my

nland,France,Germany,Greece,

ntryhavesharedwithme recordsoftheir

nsiderationsofsecurity haveledmany

shmustberespected,butit mustalsobe

se privatecollectionstothisstudy

haveprovideduni ueandsignificant

eague'scoinage:inP eriodI,thefinest

of i s sue1 ( l a ; i nP e r i o d I I, t he d r a c hm of

hP inaraandthedrachmof Cyaneae(55.1

riodIII,theonly knowndoubleunitof

V,thebest-preservedhemidrachmwithMA

furtherdie linkedwiththefollowingissue;

u p on d iu s184aand th e uni u eh a l f uni t

alityofmaterialcontributedbyprivate

nremarkablyhigh,andIamgrateful

e centraltotheunderstandingofthe

he Lycia1977Hoard,theyarethe

70 Hoard,andtheMarmaris1976

avebeenpublished.Forknowledge

I amindebtedtoq uiteafew

rs.Itis solelythroughtheirhelp,given

onandfromcompletelydisinterested

cordof theseimportanthoardshas

m

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hJenkinsoftheBritishMuseum

blisheddataontheRhodianplintho-

gesteddatingofthe silverofP eriodII.

rican NumismaticSocietyhassuffered

aiveq uestionsaboutmattersRoman.

cellentresultsIthankthe Society's

e.Finally,thestudyinits presentform

eful readinggiventhemanuscript's

ofCopenhagen,andtheentire manu-

argaretThompson,NancyM.Wag-

ededitorMarieH.Martin.Thesefive

uablecontributionsandsuggestions,

seriousblunders.Anyerrorsoffact or

wever,Iclaimasmyown.

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hinon.

bul.

Museum.

Blackburn,England.

e de Be lg i ue .

u eum.

ge(ifpublishedinSNGLewis or

bi s h ed inMcClean o r S N GFi t ) .

desbank,FrankfurtamMain.

ewing,nowondepositatthe

iversity,Cambridge,

.

nt e n ,Penn ingenenG e s ne-

versitatHeidelberg.

Heller,Bristol,E ngland

M . J . P r i c e .

Bloomington,Indiana.

pkinsUniversity,

smatiche,CastelloSfor-

m

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r g / a c c e s s

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cSociety.

Toronto.

a l e.

vatecollections,in theUnitedStates,

ece,orSwit erland.

tet.

onaleetUniversitaire.

ndesmuseum.

aticana.

um;orBenedictinerAbtei

u b l ished inScho l t en .

hischesAkademiederWissenschaften.

AntikeNumismatikundVorislamische

rsitatWien.

wHaven,Connecticut.

edin thecataloguearelistedbelow.

here ifcitedmorethantwice.In general,

ebeditions.P tolemy'sGeographyiscited

d C .T.F is che r, vo l . 1 , p t. 2 ( a r i s , 190 1 .

gy.

MuseumNotes.

raay,CatatogueofCoins

hmoleanMuseum,pt.1,

ieMineureau point

i s , 1853 .Thesec ti o non Ly c ia ,

853, pp.85-98.

Uni ue.

, B e it r dgezu rd l t e r e nMi in -

CoinsfromtheCollection

n,Indiana:University

olumeisG.F.Hill,

ycia,P amphylia,and

m

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of t h eRomanE m pi r e i n th e B r i t ish

.

theRomanRepubticin the

1910 .

RomanAsiaMinor, inAnE conomic

d.T. Frank(Baltimore,

i demonna i e s g r ec ues ( a r i s

Chronotogiemittet-hettenistischer

A M UGS5(Ber l i n, 19 72 .

heCistophoriofAugustus(London,

o g y.

Society,CoinHoards,1-4(London,

R o b inson , Co in s f rom Lyci aand P a mp hy l i a,

anRepubticanCoinage(Cambridge,

uedetaCreteancienne

E .Levy, Tre so rhel l e n is t i u e t r ouve

96 5 , pp .503 -66.

umentsdeI'AsieMineuremiridionate

de n u misma t i ue g r e c u e ( a r i s , 1 95 1 .

ofD iscoveriesinLycia(London,

mtoAuctoritas(Cambridge,1946 .

c i or u mCommuni ( a r i s , 1898 .

de r a t S t at e s (O f o r d , 196 8 .

M i i n p rdgungd e s Go rdi a n I I Iun d

u b i ngen ,1974 .

ca.Recueitd'ipigraphie,denu-

g re c u e s ( a r is , 1 94 6 - .

i s to r i aNumorum,1s t ed . (O fo rd ,18 87 ,

.

eofGreekCoinsintheHunterian

1 .

lmandC.M.Kraay,eds.,An

NewYork,1973 .

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

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Romanaspertinentes,vol.3,

e pr i n t ed .,Ch i cago , 19 75 .

r, Zur griechischenundr6mischen

r o v inc i a lmun en , S NR1 3

d Ge neva (1908 , pp .21 -26 .

nt.

R Suppt.13(Munich,1973 ,

R.Jameson:Monnaiesgrec ues

93 .

dGetdgeschichte.

eE asternRomanP rovinces,

. O fo rd ,1937 .

KteinasiatischeMiin en,vol.2(Vien-

E rwerbungenan t i k er M i i n en in d e nJahren

HamburgerKunstsamm-

0 .

Moneta ionediAugustoV. Z ecche

1916,pp.283-98.

Robinson,CatatogueofAncientGreekCoins

mpson(London,1923 .

detacottectionde Luynes,vol.3

l e s e tmonnai e sd e Ly c ie , H e t t en i ca1 0

i n As i aMino r ( r i ncet o n , 19 50 .

No/ i i a /i a r i i E vXXo yr Ar / i r x q lov I I .

o u r na t i n t e rna t i ona t d ' ar c h io to g i e nu-

1 7 7- 268 .

oftheMcCteanCottectionof

1929 .

eekCoins,MuseumofFine

n th e O fo rdC ol l ec t ion s , NC1 940,

to n demida i t t es an t i ue s , g r ec u e s e t

Miscellanea, NC1903,pp.400-402.

nnaiesgrec ues(Amsterdamand

m

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r g / a c c e s s

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eleghegreche,P roblemiericerche

.

heClassificationofLycianCoinsbefore

G 1 964,pp .65 -76 .

holmandJ.Z ahle, TheCoinageofKuprlli,

,pp.57-113.

u e s in d i t e s s ur d e s t t r a -

aNumismatica,ed.G.F.

d Toronto,1906 ,

d el l emedag l i e an ti c heg rech e de l

ence,1828 .

electae,ed.W.D itten-

Ancient World(Liverpool

alencyctopddiederclassischen

rt,1894-1963 .

ailles,voi.2( aris,1763 .

c he M un kunde . IV.Lyci a ,

eetd'histoireancien-

o n nai e she l l n i s t i ue s . I . U ne mon nai ed e

R N1977,pp .7 -3 4.

icaescien eaffini.

d'istru ioneclassica.

anImperialCoinsintheHunter

, 19 6 2 .

n sammlungd e s S ti f l e sScho l t en in Wi e n ,

1 9 20 .

a p h i cumGraecum.

MainAcsCoinagesofAugustus

korfor SNGCopforcoins

Graecorum.TheBurtonY.Berry

62 .

raecorum.TheRoyalCollectionof

ionalMuseum.Lycia-

5 .

m

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r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

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16/322

mGraecorum.TheNeivnhamDavis

ClassicalandE astern

g e, A be rdeen (Lon do n , 19 36 .

mGraecorum.Fit williamMuseum.

t.7,Lycia-Cappadocia

mGraecorum.TheLewisCollectionin

dge,pt.1,TheGreekand

.

mGraecorum.TheLockettCollection,

n,1949 .

umGraecorumDeutschland.Sammlung

n,1964 .Thefewcoins

chtrage4(Berlin,1968 .

matischeRundschau(RevueSuissede

nageoftheRomanRepublic

herland, TheSymbolismoftheE arlyAes

N1965,pp.94-109.

ed.E .Kalinka(Vienna:

920—44 .

nnaiesgrec uesetromaines

erLykier(Stuttgart,1887 .

hernShore(London,NewYork,

M i n eu re ,2nded . ( a r i s , 196 2 .

nlairedelacollectionWaddington( aris,

alcherdeMolthein,Catatoguedelacollection

. Wa lche rdeMo l the i n ( a r i s

ayonGreekFederalCoinage(Lon-

ollection:GreekCoins,vol.3,pt. 2

ma t i k .

n cl u deF L(F i ed P r i ceL i s t .

r t s , Minneapo l i s,M in neso t a .

,St.P etersburg,Florida.

m

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Basel.

Munich.

mMain.

o i ns andAn t i u i t i es , L td . ( s ucce s sor s t o D . J .

na .

omischeundby antinische

London.

kfurtamMain.

Numismatists,Ltd.,NewYork.

ich.

delphia,P ennsylvania.

mMain.

rf.

k ab ine t t ,Cologn e.

tuttgart.

Salem,N.Y.

c h er Nach f .,Mun i ch.

M i i n enundMed a i l l enA . G . , Base l .

herlandsCoinCo.andB.A.Seaby,New

ismaticFineArts,BeverlyHills,California.

m M ai n .

o.,Halle.

urtamMain.

dam.

n.

nCo.,BeverlyHills,California.

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T A BL S

D rachmsandP linthophoric

o f Lyc ianP e r io d I I (Si l ve r o f t he

er o f t heC i t i es Se r i es 1 - 3 . . . . 34

er o f t heC i t i es S e r i es1 -3b yRegi on 35

o p ho r i cDrachmGr oup E an do f

heC i t i es Se r i es 285

er o f theC i t i es S e r i es 3and o f P e r io d

es1-696

rachmsby Series118

s t r i ctS i l ve rDen omina t i ons . . . . 119

drachmSeries6and Augustus-Head

iioftheSecondHalf oftheFirst

HemidrachmSeries1-6...122

s 3 2

criptionalE videnceforCities

,P eriodsII-V39

a nd f o rRhodianP l in th op hor i c D rach m

iodIII106

es 1 64

84

r o n es187

2 2 4

ypesandObverseLinks.. .249

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D

atdealofscholarlyattentionhasbeen

e,andthroughit theinternalhistory,

e ander.1Thiswasinevitable.P re-

plesofAsia, theLyciansseemalways

f nationalunity,whichkeptthemfree

lativelyfreefromforeigndomination

calperiods.E venundertheP ersian

ouldnotresist,the Lyciansretainedsome

astscoinedin theirownnamesthrough-

rthcenturies.D uringthistime,al-

heGreekandAchaemenidworlds,a

urishedinLycia, whosearchitecture,

mirationtoday.

rthefall ofthelastdynast,ca.

vestruckvirtuallynocoins.2Butin the

cesspeakof aformalLycianLeagueof

yHelleni ed,andwhichstrucka large

verand inbron e.Mostofthiscoinage

tire two-centuryspanfrom167b.c,

sbeenanaly ingwithconsiderablesuccessthe

sical times.SeeMorkholmandMerkholm-Zahle,

olm, TheCoinHoardfromP odalia, JVC1971,

Z ahle, TheCoinagesoftheLycianD ynasts

, Ac t aArchaeo tog i c a 47 (19 76 , pp .4 7 - 90 .

od wasminimal.D r.Merkholmtellsmehesuspectsthat

mporarywiththe dynasts'mayhavecontinuedfor

w;A.D .H.Bivarhassuggestedthatcertain small

tionswerestruckin LyciaunderP ersianruleinthe later

f C y rus theYounge r, N C 19 6 1, pp . 12 4 -27 ; an dso me

eaguecitiesmay possiblyantedatetheLeaguecoinage

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iandominion,toa.d.43,whenshe

absorbedinto theRomanE mpire.

e uentlycitedasevidenceforthe mem-

League,theyhavereceivedremarkably

nlittle studied,presumablybecause

ek,and theirgovernmentwasnot

Greekpoliticaldevelopment.3Yetthe

eni edbythetime theLeaguesprang

weunderstandthemseemthoroughly

catedfederation,atthe endofthe

ies controlledthreevoteseachinthe

ordingtosi e,controlledtwoorone.

gue'sinstitutionsisnot, andcannotbe,

coinagecan,however,tellussomethingof

hipatdifferentperiods,andattimes

withherneighbors— andamongthese

ed Rome.

onhasbeenpaidtothe LycianLea-

arlyinthis centurye aminedcertain

Claudius,5but thelastworktosurvey

sa wholeappearedoverhalfacentury

htheLycianLeagueand itshistoryareTreuberand

dchieflywithLycianhistory,with whichitdeals

ncentratesontheLeagueand itsinstitutions.E .A.

uebrieflyinhis HistoryofFederalGovernmentin

nand NewYork,1893 .Renewedattentionhasbeen

odecadesbyMoretti,by J.A.O.Larson,GFS and

amesoninarevisedarticle onLyciainR Suppl.13.

onvenientsummaryofLycian geographyandhis-

fsources(ancient andmodernliterary,inscriptions,

citieswhichstruckunderGordian.Andof course

scussedinMagieandin Jones.

i s a lone in r ecog n i i n g t hat t h e l a rg es t Lyc i anL e a gue

d,aresestertii.Claudius'sLycianstrikingsare nottrue

rAY; theyweremostprobablystruckimmediately

s e e Appendi 3 .

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ndHistoria Numorum,whichareinevitably

ccurateaswellase tremelyimprecise

nominationsinuse,nouseful treat-

agee ists.

orconsistschieflyoftwolargemoun-

ciaTracheia,separatedby theP am-

hichis Lycia.NortheastofLycialies

ned,shiftingseveraltimesduringanti-

d i a andP hrygi a ; t o th e wes t , againac r o ssa

outhwest,somefiftymiles away,the

t el y 8 0mi l esea s t t o we st , an d4 0 nor t h to

0s uaremiles.Amountainousland,

t u n derand j u s t ov er1 0 , 000 fe e t— a nd th is

Thereare fewplains:oneinthe north

epartin Lycianaffairseitherinclassi-

eague;one aroundTelmessusinthe

eXanthusRiver,theheartlandofLycia;

utherncoast.

workofroadsunderthe RomanE mpire,

r e me lyd i f fi cu l t:A l e a nde r a vo i d e d t he

marchingacrossthelevelcountryin

mes,onlyveryrecentlyhasaroad

hecoast.Internalcommunications

y b yseao rby the r i ver swh ich f lo w to th e

mportant,westto east,werethe

dus,andtheLimyrus.

oftheLycianLeagueli ewithineasy

serivers.Telmessus,a ma orcity,is

rncoast.P atara,Lycia'schiefport,

oins(London,1907 ,pp.151-68,precededonlyby

e r, Be l t ragez u rMQn k un de Lyc i en s, pp .9 3 -1 22 ,

n de r, Be it rOgezu ra l t e r e nMOn k un de (Be r l in , 18 51 .

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esoutherncoast,nearthemouthof the

at riverisXanthus,Lycia'slargest

heriver'stributariestothe northlie

yanda.Withinanareanomorethan 10

southerncoastareCandyba,P hellus,

Trebendae,andMyra.Slightlytotheeast

gae,aroundasmallcoastalplain; up

sthroughthisplain,is Arycanda.And

ehighSolymaMountainsfromthe rest

aselis.

populationinancienttimesas

high.3Twohundredthousandwould

anthecurrent population,butthisis

otesthatin manyinstancesAsianareas

dancientpopulationsgreaterthantheir

,however,whateveritsabsolutesi e,

munities.P linystatesthatwhileLycia

eitcontainedbut 36.9Strabo,speaking

sharedthe voteinthefederalassem-

sareknownfrominscriptions,andthese

te.Andwhat,in anycase,isthedefi-

me orvillage?Itis clearthatspec-

cities isidle.Wecanbe sureonly

atteredin manysmallcommunities

havebeentheLycians'chiefsources

yimportantproduct,but ancient

fish,sponges,cattle,andgoats— butno

a l t hatwou lde p l a i n t he r a th er s u r p r i si ng

altimes,orinthe periodoftheLycian

hisstudyhasbeen thatthesurviving

mpleindeedoftheoriginal output.

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p l o r er s i nLyc i a i nc lu ded th e E ng l i sh men

amLeake,SirCharlesFellows,Sir

aterinthecentury threeAustrian

wrotevaluableaccountsofthetopo-

ions:0.BenndorfandG.Niemann,

c h an , andR .Hebe rde yand E .Ka l in ka .u

wn.Archaeologicale cavations

ldWar,12and thearearemainsoneof

ninAsiaMinor.E speciallynowthat

rchaeologicalandnumismaticinterest

ears.

esettledbyGreeksin heroicand

emainfreeof Greekcoloni ation.13

eeknamesdoes notcontradictthis

knownthatthesewerenot thecities'

ample,wascalledArnainthe Lycian

meoftheL ycianswasadoptedonly

o wi n gAle ander ' s co n ue s t , as i n t he i ro w n

rmilai.P haselisontheeasterncoast

Reisenimsi1diue.ittichenKleinasien1: Reisenin

8 4 ;E .P e t e r son a ndF.v on Lu s c han , Re i sen im s i 1 d -

nLykien,Mityas,undKibyratis(Vienna,1889 ;

erichtUberz weiReisenimsUdivesttichenKleinasien,

en45(Vienna,1896 .Fortheseandothertravelers'

ntheworkscited inn.3.Recentworksdealing

atsonlyLycia'seasterncoast;andBean'sposthu-

donandNewYork,1978 ,asplendidsurveywhich

onofthepresent study.

inXanthus,J.Borchhardtin MyraandLimyra,C.

S.BulucinP atara.M.Mellink'se cavationsinthe

timesand arebeyondtheareaofthe Lycian

orydowntothearrivalof AntiochusIIIcontains

nerallyaccepted.Fullertreatmentandspecific

can befoundinTreuber,Magic,andJones.

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n,butinearlytimes thiscoast,separated

maMountains,wasnotLycianbutP am-

mesflourishedintheXanthusValley

limits,asshownbythec haracteristic

owertombsandby inscriptionsinthe

thewesterncoast oftheGulfof Tel-

north,andRhodiapolistotheeast,

ortheastofArycandaandRhodiapolis,

ocaldynasts,whomthecoinsshowto

fcities,governedLyciaat thistime.

certaintimes asleadersofthewhole

ngP ericles,whointhefirst halfofthe

yciae cepttheeastcoast.But the

eeofautonomy,sincein thefourth

thenamesofseveralofthe larger

norstayedfreeofCroesus'sdominion

desperatebut unsuccessfulresistanceof

Ly c i apas sed in to th e P e r s i anE m pi re , bu t

ortheLycianprincescoined intheir

oinherwesternneighborsinthe Ionian

shewasatleastbrieflya memberof

b u t e l is t s fo r446b .c . a s s es s th eAv i o i

te n t al e nt s .

dabove,j oinedintheRevoltofthe

62 b.c.,Lyciawasplacedunderthe

osehousecontinuedto controlLycia

dynastswouldseemtohavedisappeared

citieswithwhich Ale anderdealt,and

him.

afelltoAntigonus.The P tolemies,

ervariousvicissitudes,theareacame

the 270sandremainedE gyptian

tury.P apyrishowthattheLycian

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a r i e t yof spec i fi c t a e s , an d a wel l -

usgivesavividpictureof P tolemaic

ntof240b.c.recordsseveralactsof one

p e r hapsanephewo fP t o l e my I I I u po n

mtheE gyptianking.P tolemysonof

ufferingfromthewars —i.e. theSyrian

ertaincropsandpasturage,andregu-

d u e onava ri e tyo fg ra i n s , i n o rd e r t o

t h e t a f a rmer s . Th e Eg yp t i an s no n e the l es s

onomically;andthelargenumberofL y-

tolemaicarmiesalsoatteststheim-

heperiodof E gyptiancontrol.

entury undertheineffective

7b.c.AntiochusIII ofSyriatookpossession

ythathetookLimyra,Andriace

thus,andprobablyTelmessus,butthesources

ofthewholecountry.18

tof Agatharchidesmaybelong,

theArycandians,neighborsofthe

lvedindebtbecauseoftheirprofligacy

useofidlenessandfondnessforpleasure

turned theirhopestoMithradates,

dedbythe abolitionoftheirdebts. 17

desiscorrect,thefragmentcannotrefer

ofP ontus,forAgatharchideswrotein

thereferencetothecancellationof

datesdid enactj ustsuchapolicy.

oundlikewhatweknowotherwiseof

es.

dividualcities,but Antiochus'spossessionofP atarais

where.Specificcities aregiveninJerome,Comm.

s f r ag .46 inF. J a cob y,D ieF r a g men ted e rg r ie c h i sc hen

1 9 29 ,p .1224 ; t h i s a ndJ ero meo nDan ie l 11 .1 7 - 19

Livy,implythatAntiochuswoncontrolover allLycia.

KalinkainTAM,pp. 288-89,andMagie,pp.1384-85,

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ntreferstothetime ofAntiochusIII.

southerncoastofAsia Minor,winning

romSyriato Sardesundertwogenerals.

hradates,itistohim thatthefragment

btsin thiscasemightwellrefer to

a p p ear sa f e inany cas e to d i s r ega r d t he

travagance ,althoughitis perhapsdoubt-

tedate wereabletocollecttheir revenues

thatAntiochus'sarmypassedvery near

otbe suretowhichruler,Antiochus III

efers,for itwouldbevaluabletoknow

ratedintoLycia,andwhatthelocal

weasilyAntiochusoccupiedLycia.

racesiumresistedhimandthatthe

helibertyof severalCariancities.Hethen

h itishardlyworthwhile torecordin

eworld. 18Aninscriptionrecords

ustoLeto,Apollo,and Artemis.19This

Xanthuswasabletoarrangesomesort

ng,butit mayhavebeenakindof

icationthatLycia's relationshipto

han sub ection.

emstoshowthatthe Lycianswere

nin 190ami edRomanandRhodian

P atarawithitsimportantharbor,

ng t h e t roopso f th ek ing wh o mthey h a dasag a rr i so n,

he battlewenton, largernumbers

... thewholepopulationwaspouring

d L ivysays t h e Ly c ia ns , no t t heSyr i an

ivenbackintothe city;theRomans,how-

ledoff.ALycian contingentoflight-

chus'sarmy atMagnesia.21

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isalsoimpliedbythe reportthat

ia atApamea,didnotpleadduress,as

ctedweresuchapleapossible.Theymerely

ofthekinshipbetweenIlium andLycia,

e v a .22P o lyb iu s r e por t s t h a t t he I l i a n sw ere

eonlypunishmentRomeinflictedon

s,whohadtakenthewinningsidein the

awardedCariasouth oftheMaeander

e s su s ,wh ichwas g i ven to E um e ne s .2 8

ling, andRhodesapparentlyhadto

y.TheLyciansrevoltedrepeatedly,and

threewars theyhadtowagethere.

77procuredanattemptedcompromise:

tshehad neverintendedtheLycians

s,butallies. Thispleasedneitherside.At

keofattemptingto mediateinthe

heensuing negotiations,andin167

odesofhermainlandterritoriesand

diusformallyincorporatedthem

yciansretainedtheirfreedom,which,

ominalastimewenton.Tothisperiod

coinageoftheLycianLeaguehas

owerlimitmuststill hold,butthe

mewhat,aswillbeseen.

ciousnessandunityisevidentthrough-

ofsomesortis oftenassumedinclassi-

e Av io ix a l c fv v r e X el ^ ] e n t ry in the

y37.56and 38.39.

5,and30.31;Livy41.6,41.25,42.14,and44.15.Livy

that itisnot worthrelating''theLycians'struggles

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eof thecommonreversetype,the

sts'coins.25Mutualcooperationamong

tentthiswasvoluntaryratherthan

ot known.Inanycase,anyearlyLeague

ot ofcities;andit wouldhavecome

henthecountrywasmadesub ectto

,especiallyinnumismaticcircles,

wasbasednotonlyon theobviousfact

utalsoonthe BMC'sdatingofthe

CdatedtheLeague'ssilvercoinsto

liticalconsiderations,butalsobecause

arlyimitatedtheRhodianplinthophoric

MCwaswritten,theRhodianplintho-

after167.2 ButHillalso,unfortunately,

ue commencedonlyuponthewith-

eadinHistoria Numorumhasfollowed

bothof thecoinageandoftheL eague

uehaslongbeensuspectedby its

r,q uitepossiblyinthelate third

ofanearlierdatefor theRhodianplintho-

ting.TheRhodiancoinswillbe dis-

he evidenceforalatethird-century

uggestedthattheLeague'sorigin

probablyin itsclosingyearswhen

12-13.

e168,orat times166,insteadof167,but 167b.c.

ate.ThattheLyciansilvercoins imitatedthe

isstatednotin BMCLyciabutinBMCCaria,p.cvi;

r t i s t he r eda t ed to ca . 16 7 ( pp. c i an d2 52 .P e rhaps

pecificallyinBMCLycia,Larsenseemsunawareofthis

ciandrachms,regardingtheacceptedterminuspost

rary( RepresentationandD emocracyinHellenistic

4 5, p p .72 f . .

s te a d o f167b . c , b u t s ee ab ov e,n .2 6 .

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ning, 9butJ.A. O.Larsenfirstpresented

istencebefore167b.c.Henotedin

bedatedbetween188and181, isa

l cov, and tha t i n t he1 80s b . c . t he r ew e re

hleticvictorsidentifiedbya formof

s t a te s :Av iogdn o r dy mv,Av i os i b i d

dgwv.Larsenalsobelievedthatthe

oinstoafter 167wasarbitrary.30

earlierLeague,organi edandeffective,

48G.E .Beanpublishedalong

northernend oftheXanthusBiver.31The

agorasof Ara a,whohadalong and

oagetes,tyrantof Bubon,j ustnorthof

a'sterritory.Orthagorasfirstcommanded

heBubonians,andwentasAra a's

Cibyra,towhichBubonwasevidently

whichiswhatinterestsus here,wentto

orderto seekitsaid.In thishewas

ntlyregardingthedisputeasa mere

id appointOrthagorasasitsown

homsomesettlementwaseventually

rantssei edXanthus,killedmanyof

v es u pasdespot s . Th i s t im e , i t sm a or c i t y

dmilitarily,withOrthagorascommand-

etyrantswere,aftersomedifficulties,

wasinvolvedina war,whoseoutcomeis

ndTermessus,mostprobablyTermessus

dAra aina territorialdisputewithan

tsweremadetothefederalgovernment,

ort,andweresettledpeaceablybythat

dmissiontotheLeagueof asmall

g er e s , pp.15 f .

e e a bove ,n .26 .

omLycla, JHS1948,pp.46-56.

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ervedasenvoyto thefirsttwoofthe

d b y theLyci ans i nh on o r o f ' d / M t 6 e a

thedateofthis highlyinteresting

nspointtoca. 180b.c.,whichnowseems

nforthedatingis theuseofpraenomina

ates:thisusage,characteristicoftheearly

Another reasonistheestablishment

e a i n t


33/322

hc he t ends thewo rk on th is su b ec t by

partofMoretti'slucidworkon theGreek

hnics. ThesimpleAv iog,used

romthemid-fourthto themid-third

i ogand, e . g . I J ardg w , i s f ou nd f ir s t

t ur y ( s eebelow , wh i l e mo s t e am p l es

condcentury.Thesimplemunicipal

earsinthefirst halfofthesecondcentu-

deralethnicbythetimethe predominant

he easthadmademembershipinthe

ss.Morettiobservesthatitisnot without

ampleofthefederalethnicbelongsto

these ethnicsforthestartof the

este ampleofthefederalethnicfound

us,datedto spring206-spring205:

toanumberof foreigners,amongthem

o vo g Av ioga ndSdvdo v. *

preceding167b.c.that thefollowing

ned.TheysurelyantedatetheL eague's

everthee actdateofthe silver's

mablyearlierthanthe Rhodianplintho-

mitated.As willbeseenbelow,the

havecommencedsomeyearsbefore

dhereasa convenientandhistorically

m f o r theLyc ianL e a gu e ' s b r on e s o f

0 ; t he Mi l e tusdec ree i s Mi l e t I I I ,D as D e l phi n i on (Be r l i n, 1 915 ,

t ti , p . 215 ,n .36 .P e r hapsb e c au se o f th e h i gh i nt e r es t

sclear evidenceofMoretti'sfortheLeague'-e is-

enignoredbyJones andLarsenintheirsubse uent

restillincontrolin 206-205b.cisshownbyTAM 263,

anruleinLycia:the inscriptionrecordsthededication

ofP tolemyV,whoaccededlatein 205(orperhaps

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35/322

le anderLycianLeagueandits

c a . 200b . c . -a . d . 43. App ro i ma tel y1 ,825

ndare catalogued.Coinsareconsidered

g s i nc ludee i t he r1 AY KI QN, o r AY,

o rMA, theabb r e vi a t i on so f t h e L eagu e ' s

firstcentury,CragusandMasicytus;

seudo-LeaguestrikingsofOlympusand

O AZHAIrep l ac ingAYKIQN , a rea l s o i n-

nortwentyLycian citiesstruckLeague

utonomousissuesduringthesecondand

mousissuesarenot treatedhere.

mint isusedinthe senseofthe

ythelocationatwhich acoinwas

e r i od ha sbe en used to deno t e the f ive

scoinage,alternatelybron eandsilver.

ablechronologicaloverlapbetween

V, a n d IVandV.

tbetweenthebron eandsilverissues.

oinages,haveseriesdenotedbyArabic

d i n t he s i l ve r i ssue so fA p pe nd i 3 , ob ver se

reindicatedby lowercaseRoman

othe rightindicatereversedieidentities.

ed.

n eco inages ,h a vese r i e sde no t ed by

C .The reand i n t heb ro n e i s s ue s

umbered,andGreekminuscules(a,p,y

dfor illustration.

becausevirtuallyallareff,withthe

onlye ceptionstothisrule areissues

4,in whichasignificantnumberof

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37/322

G N R

eriodI,diesare notnumbered.The

reepairsof dies,andthediesof issues3

certainty.Relativediea esofthefew

kethoseofallLycian Leagueissues,

/orf \.InissueH, however,com-

hichasignificantnumberofa esare

Greekminuscules(a, p,y merely

coinsontheplatesand tofacilitate

N e i t he r t he se l et t e r s nor t h e s e u en c e of

ulardies,andonlya representative

trated.

ellerophon,facing.

n e e rgue,N (p r e se rv edo n l y on l a .

.,bowandq uiver.

oosstandingfacing,holdingbranch

rved inoutstretchedr.

d.

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ing;to r.,cithara.

sfacing;to l.,bowandq uiver.

bv.dies,av.wt.3.53

s 2 . 86= Rh odes , p . 31 , f i g. 4= BMC

Re cent e sac u i s i t io nsd uCab in e tdes

, 2 2; O fo rd3 . 62 , pu rc ha s e da tK es t ep

o i ns Lyc i a , pp .37 a nd 4 1-4 2 , 3 4.

K e s t ep= Co in s Lyc i a , p p . 3 7

38 , 4 ;p \Pa r i s1 .4 1= Wad din g t on

g;to r.,cithara(presentonmany

er.

26 = Wadd ing t on3 009 ;y.O fo rd

inara,1.04;Copenhagen1.23=

d o n 1 .69= BMCp .3 8,1 ;New Yor k

Waddington3008,0.61;Vienna1.11,

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eagueissuesinbearingonly thesimple

furthercityor districtidentification.

s s ue 1canno t, pe rh aps f o r t una t e ly,b e e ua -

tspositionand thefactthatit isamono-

ouldindicate areferencetoanin-

hateverthatindividual'srelationship

alsoalone amongLeagueissuesinbearing

ntcoinageofthearea,theRhodian,down

o b in son longago i n1 914 re c og ni e d t h a t

andthat theywereamongtheearliest

mesi eandweight(averageweights

ppeartobenot contemporarybutsucces-

ethelater,withits inanimatereverse

s i mp le r i ne ecu t io n t h a n t he f a c in gh ead

crossedbowand q uiveroflatersmall

ownspecimensofissue 1is3.53;

5.Theseagreetolerablywell witha

ctively,oftheweightof thesmallest

ues3and4;and issues1and2 maythen

anotherofthesesmallerissues.Issue3

1and2,bears twoanimatetypes,and

pleheadratherthanabust, anda

arsonissue4. Accordingly,issues1-3

theLycianLeague'sfirstperiod ofcoin-

gSeriesB.

nnectionswiththe XanthusValley,

mablyof theLeague,andthisis

coinage,possiblymintedin oneor

n c i t ie so fXan thus a nd Pa t a r a . And, o l -

-2 .

o d I I I and theha lfu n i t so fSer i e s AofP e r i odV.

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bablythe areaofLyciamosttravelled

uringthe lasttwocenturiesandthus

morecoinprovenancesthanother areas,it

nprovenancesofP eriodIcoinsare in

se ofcertainsmallbron esofP ata-

ier orlaterthanthe Leaguecoinsisnot

e2is poorlypreserved,itsreverse

elythatfound onLyciancoinsthrough-

l ater:Apollo(sometimesradiate ,

,cladina longgown,holdingabranch

h i s e t ended r i gh thand a ndab ow(an dso me-

weredlefthand.This mostprobablyisthe

esofvariouscitiesin themid-first

doubtthatshownonthelate first-

c t s o fCragusandMas i c ytu s , 8 o nb o t h t he

from,probably,a.d.43,40andon theIm-

fromthemid-thirdcenturya.d.41Thebase

coins showthatastatuewasportrayed,

ns,sometimesshowninhistemple,is

Butin anycasetheconsistenticono-

nfourcenturies,demandsaspe-

erenownedApolloP atroosatP atara,

G o r di anwh ichma ke e t en s ive a nd v i rt ua l ly

A p o l lo' s cu l t ando rac l e a tPa t a r a wer e wid e ly

nditis strangethattheApolloonGor-

r o n eco in so fPe r io d I I I ( 63aand 71 a .

eco ino lSe ri e sFo fP e r i o dV (2 22 8 . S e r i es E a l so s ho w s

c h mfromAppend i 3 ' so bve r s e d i eC2 .4 ; and E ,ab ro n e

.

B M CMyra14 -17 a nd1 9 ( th e l a t te r a h om on o iaco in

P a t e r a ; and Gordi an 193 -22 1 , 230 - 31 , an d 25 3 ( a l l

a t a r a , and29 7 -98 (R hod i apo l i s , t he o n l yo the r two c o in s i n

hisreversetype .

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y,beenidentifiedasthe actualApollo

rlier coins,underClaudiusandunderthe

mage.

nLeague'srecords werekeptat

erehasbeen suggestedastheactual

mtoconfirmthis. Thecoins'Apollois

eepithetunderwhichhe wasknowntothe

merousinscriptionsof theLeaguerefer

stwasaLeagueofficial,andwhosecult

P atara.43

onofthechimera,bodytense,head

shedfromCorinth,arrivedat Lycia

hefirsttaskassignedhimbythe king

mythicalcreature,partlion,partgoat,

forthterriblefire.44 Inlatertimesthe

d i d en t i f i edwi thab u r ni ng j e to fna t ur a l ga s

ympusonthe easterncoast;thisweak

eidentificationofthemonsterwiththe

eenmadeinthethird centuryb.c.,4

alonewerenamedChimera,onesuspects

e earthalsoinotherplaces inthis

a k es .

thicalcreatureandnota gasflame,

that themythisconnected.Strabo

A p ol loP a t roos , s eeR I I , c o l . 6 3 ( We rn i ck e .G .F. H i l l

fClaudius'scoins withthefiguresshownonthe Masi-

lsof Gordian,butmadenosuggestionasto thepro-

C 1 903,p .402 .E ven von A u l ock in h is r e cen tG or d i a n

oins'Apollo.

'srecordsatP atara,seethecommentaryonthatcity

n1 0 6 .OnApol lo P a t ro dsan dh i s c u l t, s eeTAM 4 20=

R 7 39 , IIB ,XI I IC , an dXVI I .

C h i ma i r a2 (Ruge .S t r abo speakso f t he l oca li t yc a l led

P linymentionsoneonthesoutherncoast (NH5.131

,andsaysthatthe latterisoneof twonearbyplaces

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hatthesceneofthe mythwasthe

8

o d I were s truck ,Lyc i ahad beco meq u i t e

echimeraofthe coinsmaywellbeunder-

theGreekBellerophon,grandfatherof

cusandSarpedon.Furthermore,the

emayrepresentBellerophonhimself.

wasHelios, typerhodienetcarien. 47

ledge,shownbearded.HillintheBMC

RobinsoncalledtheheadHeracles,

imitatedcertaincoins ofSelgewhich

thestyleofthe LycianandSelgean

eofSelgeshowingthehair andbeardin

paratelocks,whiletheLycian heads'

and longandflowing.AndHeracles,

Lyciancoins oftheclassicalperiod,

either Lyciaorthechimera,while

ruckmore thanacenturyanda half

coinageofthedynastP ericleswasthe

LyciabeforetheLeague's.Inthesecircum-

yhavecirculatedforsomeconsiderabletime,

furnishedsomeofthemodelsforthe

denominationsrepresentedbyissue2

doubleunitsand units,respectively are

i m a tewe ight so f t he tw osma l lb ro n e deno mi -

f n o t t heon lyLyc i a nb ro n ep r i o r t o the

atersshowinghisfacinglaureatehead,with

9: BMCSelge35.ThiscoinshowsHeracles'sheadto r.;

eemcloserparallels.

nd163-64.Thesi esarethoseofthe Leagueissues

average2.03(14specimenslocated comparedtoissue

18(12specimenslocated comparedtoissue

d i s sue4 ' t 1 . 07 (15 spec i me n s .SeeTabl e 8 .O th e re t r e mely

struckin LyciabeforetheLeaguecoinagearementioned

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aypossiblyhaveservedas theartistic

.

Bellerophon,however,thechoiceof

besignificant.Whilethechimerais

atefifthcenturyonward,thereis but

nclassicalcoinage,althoughother

ted.51Itsappearanceonissue1 would

Lycians'tieswith Greeceandwiththe

emostprobabletimeforthe commence-

theLycians' alliancewithAntiochusand

me.Itis worthnotingthatTelmessus,

s notaformalmemberoftheLycian

alsoissuedbron esunderAntiochus's

i eofissue1, withfacingHelios

don theomphalosonthereverse,ason

ethe LycianadoptionoftheRhodian

rseheadinprofileandreversetype in

atof mostoftheLeaguecoinage,especial-

n thesilverdrachmsofthefollowing

dateofthis style'sintroduction,firstat

efoundinthe commentaryonP eriodII.

kholm-Zahle,p. 92.

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45/322

S

hichhavein thepastbeenerroneous-

ftheseis aseriesofpseudo-Rhodian

obverseshowsafacingheadofHelios

ek,andwhosereverseshowstheusual

fferingcombinationsofletters and

enturyascribedtovariouscitiesof

berofthereversecombinations(e.g.

t o Lyc iaandseeme dan a lo g ous t o t h e t rue

K HANorK TA. 56 Th e e r r o r o f

haspersistedasrecentlyas1950,for

ethatXanthuswasbrieflya memberof

Caunus, plausiblepoliticallyalthough

nfortunatelybeenrevivedinthemost

oftheseries, byW.Sheridanin1972.68

pedthe argumentsofA.Akarca,who

ecoins toMylasa.Akarca'sreasons

veeverbeenreportedfrom Caunus(or

w h i l e the s i kn own pr ov enances a r ea l l

that anidenticalheadofHelioswith

onsilvercoins,probablyofthe Augustan

01.

e D rachms , A NSMN 18 (1 97 2 ,p p . 5 - 15, e s pe ci a l l y

lishesahoard,nowIGCH1335.

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ON.59Inanycase,thispseudo-Rhodian

publishedasilver drachmofanother

hadac uiredinLycia.Thecoin was

ndhesuggestedthatit hadbeenstruck

ngtheperiod ofRhodiansupremacy.80

ritishMuseum,whosecountermarkhad

n,81anda thirde amplehassince

mnos.82Thebeastofthe countermarkis

thatofissue1, withthelionhead

and Robinsonisundoubtedlyright,

sappliedin Lycia.Itisless certain,

struckin Lycia.

nown,seemtohave beencounter-

esduringthe periodoftheLeague.

thophoricseriesbears astampwitha

Y, j ustasonthe Leaguesilverof

msofSidebearcountermarksofa

d,evidentlyappliedbyAntiphellus.63

LeaguesilverinP eriodII(Cyaneae

e s g re c uesdeMy la sa ( a r i s , 1959 , pp .9 7 - 98 ( p r oven a nces

hethnic .L.Robertagreeswithher attributionin

s mo n nai e s , He l l en i ca11 -1 2 ( 19 60 ,p .5 3 ,n .1 , a nd ha s

ilityofSheridan'sattribution,in Rhodes, p.32,

argumentforMylasa,whichwill notstand:that

ations(AM/AY,p.58,12 canbereadas MYAA.

placementofthelettersandfrom theimprobability

ationsbeingsignificant,theargumentisdestroyedby

nAkarca's12(not inSheridan'scompilation and

M and152 (wi th TI / A M . Neve rt he l es s , t hecoin s

Lyc i a , pp .37a nd 4 1- 42 ,33 (no t i l l u st r a t ed ; com me n t a ry

aR h odes203 .

i t is h MuseumAc u i s i ti on s fo r t he Ye a r s 1 93 3 - 193 4 , NC

i s he dano the r e amp le i n Rh o de s , p . 30 .

ds , p . 17 , f i g. 1 , a nd p . 3 3 , fi g . 5 = B M C Ca r i a ,Rho des

ibedinMionnet,Suppl.7,p.10, 36.AN:P late1,J.

ar.

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hellusfrom butone andmayhave

theLeaguewiththis counterstamped

ver,however,thatstruck bythe

seformatechoesthatof theplintho-

hodianobversesshowaradiatehead

nonesalaureateheadof Apollofacing

theRhodianrosein ashallowincuse

te'snamewrittenoutin full,and,to

t h e s ua re , t he two le t te r s P O. Th e

ithacithara,alsoin ashallowincuse

alethnicAYKIQ N,and,inthesamel oca-

hefirst twolettersoftheparticular

ncoinswith thisformatwereknownin

vdo


48/322

r a chmsandP l i n t hop ho r icD rac hm

P e r i od I I (S i l ver o f t h e C i t ie s Se r i es1s

deonlythefull-weightplinthophoroiofJenkins'sGroups

aredrawnfromthe ANScollectionandBMCCaria,

GLockett.

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


49/322

ns.88GroupsA-D ,showninFigure2,are

ricgroups.

strucktoastandardnoticeably

rachms.67Theweightofthe Lycian

betweenthesetwo,butmustbeunder-

eryslightlyr educedfromthatofthe

ionwasgenerallythecaseamongthe

age:theweightsoftheplinthophoric

fromthe Mugla1965Hoard,forin-

m e r angeas thoseof P e r i o d I sSe r i e s l .8 8

tohaveconsistedofsome200 Lycian

nLycia.8 Oneaccountgavethefind

southerncoast;another,fromprob-

t asnearmodernKemeronthe eastern

notherKemerinwesternLycia .The

nofthehoard (133coins,ofwhichwell

citiesofOlympusand P haselis confirms

ghtlyoverahundredof theRhodian-

ckbythecities wereknownbeforethe

asappro imatelydoubledthenumber

eLeague.

nplinthophoricdrachmgroups,seebelow,pp.81-84.

ntedout(privatecommunication thattheoldstyle

ight,weighingconsiderablylessthantheappropriate

styledidrachmsand tetradrachms;andthateven

ewhatheavierthantheold styledrachms,theystill

rdintermsofthosedidrachmsand tetradrachms.

lberpragungdeskarischenStratonikeia, JNG1967,pp.7-9

ordian,pp.34,37,47,and 52;itis no.96inCoin

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


50/322

ofthecities, withAYKIQ Nandcity

caseofmostof thecoinsofOlympusand

OAIHAIreplacingAYKIQ N.Fourteen

havestruckLeaguesilver wererepresented,

ehoardcontained,however,noneofthe

ruckbythedistricts ofCragusand

velyrarecity issueswiththedistrict

e p la c ingAYKIQN on reve r se .

furthermore,wereofRhodianweight,

2, above .Indeed,withveryfew

lyknowne amplesofLeaguecoinsissued

Q Nonreverseareof Rhodianweight.

,onthe otherhand,mostofwhich

civicpieceswiththe sameformatare

kingat1.80grams.

ebetweenthetwogroupsof kithare-

tharephoroiwithAYKIQ Nonreverse:

sP eriodII.Theothergroup isthe

ndMasicytus,withwhichare tobe

oroiwithAYonobverse;theseform

rdsandthe usualplacementoftheethnic

tbeen understoodascomprisingtwo

eentherulein mostformertreatments

e BMC'scataloguecallsthedistricts'—

kitharephoroidrachms,butdoesnot

hermints'coins. E lsewhereinthe

drachmsandhemidrachms(ofdegra-

In thed rachmsh e incl ud e s a ll t h ek i t ha r e -

idrachmshemeansthesmalldistrict

and q uiverastypes.71Instill another

hesesmallercoinsashalf drachmsor

ies2and3, incontrasttoSeries 1ofRhodianweight.

headpiecesareindeedthe halfdenominationsofthedistrict

ntothe heaviercivicdrachms.

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


51/322

themin thecatalogueasq uarterdrachms,

doncewithout.72HeadinHistoriaNumo-

rcifullyinshorter form,73andthesetwo

yfollowed.Thefirstworkwhichhas

woclassesofkitharephoroiis0. Merk-

ock,wheretheheaviercoinsareconsist-

er oneshemidrachms.74

roughthekindnessofmanyin-

E uropeithasbeenpossibleto collecta

pro imately200coins.Thecoins

peinseparatelots,twoof about50coins

ndtheremainderapparentlyafewat a

eriodIIdrachms,thenumberof their

seknownfromtheKemerHoardare

stedgeographicallyfromwesttoeast,

sion;thisisthe orderemployedinthe

individualmints.Table1alsogives

nforeach mintineachof thethree

i o d I I, bo thbe fo reand a ft e r t h e a pp e a ran c e

av e t he samefo rmat , w i thAYK IQN a n d

OAYMTTHorOAZ HAI,however,

ns ofOlympusandP haselis.Suchcoins

ederalethnic,maybeconsideredandare

ns.Theonlytrue-LeaguecoinsofOlym-

eries1; theircoinsofSeries2 and3areall

C r ag us15 ,Mas i cy tu s 24 .

sinSNGvAutockis nearlyperfect;herecogni esthat

8and4365 aretobeclassedwith thedistrictissues,

eavycoin,withonlyMfor mintidentification

n ofMyra.Still,Morkholmseemstobethe first

atthekitharephoroifallintotwo distinctgroups.

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

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y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


52/322

a

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

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y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


53/322

ies

1

bversedie Identities;dottedbracketstotheright

nitialsof onecityhavebeencutover thoseof

thus. Pseudo-League coinsarethosewithout

ndefinitenumbersofnewdiesresult fromspecific

castorphotographicrecordcouldbe obtained,

tknown.D ietotalsareof coursereducedby

mberofcoinsintrade since1970areq uite

hoardbutarenot hereorinthe cataloguecalled

ecificevidence.

areofRhodianweight,ornearlyso:

weightoftheRhodianplinthophoric

ducedfrom Series1;andSeries3 is

3 .

acharea(west,south,andeast within

nSeries2and 3.TheKemerHoardhas

nsknownof Series1,andaddeda few

nownofSeries2.Itcontainedno coinsof

eakdownswithineachseriesagree

dityof thedivisionofP eriodIIinto

n weightsisanewphenomenonfor

timeshadbeenstrucktodiffering

thecitiesanddynastsofthewest using

hesouthcentralregion.75

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


54/322

o f t heC i t i e s Se r i es1 -3

erHoardcoins.

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


55/322

o f t heC i t i e s Se r i es1 -3 ,b yReg io n■

erHoardcoins

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


56/322

efirst silvercoinsknownofAnti-

dedthe secondknowndrachmof

obtainedofthis pieceandithas un-

hethirddrachmof P hellus;andthe

houghoneof thesemayinsteadbeof

guecoinsare known .Theonlyother

alsoherepublishedforthe firsttime.

rueLeaguecoins ofOlympusand

e g en dsAYKIQ N OAan d AY KI Q NOA,

rkingsofOAYMTTHandOAZ HAI.

selishasbeenforsomeyearsin aprivate

oneofOlympusin theCopenhagen

pin1955, butinvain,forthe coinhas

ince.78

tsalsoappearedin thehoard,and

hetwoeasterncitiesof Olympusand

heunderstandingofthesecities' emissions.

l LeagueP eriodIIcoinageis pitifully

a po l i s , i nPe r io d I Id o t h e c o in s e cee d

ahandfulofothercities dotheyeven

dII,leavingasidethe fivehoardcoins

reknown311 coinsfrom201dies,a

.Clearlythe knownmaterialrepresents

aloutput,andanyconclusionsdrawn

beregardedas tentative.

h e m a orLyc i an s a nc t ua r i e s, t heL e too n

mmerof1975a depositunderthecella

s.Thehoardisthefirst containing

eenfoundunder controlledconditions,

ppl.7,p. 17,69.Overlooked,fore ample,byJones:

Olympus,thoughof federaltype,neverbearthename

0 2 , andbyvon Aulock ,wh o i s a t l e a st aw are o f the M i o nne t

ngtonandWarren,however,appeartohaveseentrue

Mineure,p. 113;Warren,p.42 .

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

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er coinagetogetherwiththeLeague's.

tedareaunderthecella floor,ormore

re thefloorhadbeen,forthe blockshad

y.Thefollowingbriefsummaryisbased

hoard,writtenbeforeallthecoinshad

fied.

n esandabout50silver coins.

tharephoroiofthe Leaguewithreverse

blycitycoinsof P eriodII;eightRhodian

hophoroi;41Rhodiantriobols(the only

;andatleast onepseudo-Rhodian

rroneouslycalleda hemidrachm .

edarethree smallonesofXanthusas

.7 8

coins areincludedinthe present

etospeculateonthehoard'sdateor

ledge.Itismentionedhereonlyfor

nLeague,P eriodsII-V.

LycianLeagueisStrabo.I nthemidst

country,hesaysoftheLeague:

chsharethevote.The

rvariouscities totheircongress

v e r c i ty theyhavese l e c ted .E a c h o f

votes,themedium-si edtwo,

ashiontheypaytheircon-

gies.Artemidorussaidthat

AuLe tdondeXan tho s : l e s deu t em ple sd e L t o ,

bliged toM.MellinkandH.Met gerforhavingput

owasdirectlyresponsibleforthe e cavationofthe

d.I ammuchindebtedtoM.Le Royforhislong

o n t he sub ec to f t heh oa r d , w hic hh e e p e c t sw il l b e

. 7 7 ,p .324 ,n . 1 .

m

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r g / a c c e s s

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58/322

a nt h u s ,Pa t a r a ,P in a r a ,O lym p us,

ssfirsttheychoosethe

theLeague,andappoint

a r l i er t heyused tod e c id e abo u t

nowtheydonot,ofcourse,

esettledbythe Romans

ratesareelectedfromthecities in

ntofLycia,Strabosays ofP haselis:

.. butithasno partinthecommon

a t i on to i ts e l f . 80 T he f tor u i t o fS t ra bo ' s

us,wasinthe169thOlympiad,104-100b.c.,

formationthatattheveryend ofthe

ostimportantcitieswereXanthus,P inara,

Myrainthesouth,andOlympusin the

otthenaLeaguemember.

recapitali edinTable2, whichgivesa

sof evidenceforthenineteenLycian

gue,andforatwentieth,Candyba,which

ties mintedthesilverdrachmsof

s us a ndArycanda , i ta l i c i e d a r ekn ow n

ecities strikingthecivicbron esof

o t ye tknown ins i l v er.D r a c hmsof

chmsofseveralother citiesareknown

yfew.

Leaguecoinagesofthetwenty

ms ofP eriodIIandcolumn2 thecivic

um n s3and4g iv e si l ve r and b r on es t r uc k

enamesofthe cities,althoughthebulk

riodswas,ofcourse,in thenamesof

lissues bearingcityinitials.Many

autonomouscoinages,someq uitepossibly

s;thesearenotincludedin thisstudy.

m

M




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y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


59/322

ptionalE vidence

eCoinage,

m

M




r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # c c - b

y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


60/322

softhe mintingcitiesinthe three

Lycia:Strabo,81whowroteinAugustan

edon theearlierworkofArtemidorus;

ury a.d.;andP tolemy,83fromthemiddle

tolemyorperhapsabitearlier wasan

e n namedOpra mo a s : a l ong in sc r ip t i o n f rom

s thecitieswhichbenefitedfromhis

lementedbyafewothersinTAM,

ownincolumn8 forallthecities

ba.Thesetwo,however,occurinacon-

citieshonoringthe LyciarchJasonof

dunder Claudiusina.d.43(see

o mi ti an ,Nerva , andTr a a n i n t h e b r ie f

ngsbearno indicationofmint.Lycia's

tedand rathersurprisingoutburstof

nderthe youngGordianIIIandhis wife

uckthiscoinage;thefourteenthat cor-

shownincolumn9.

useful,andcertainlyismorecom-

n,citybycity,with allthesebitsof evi-

ilationandstudyof thecoinageof

udesforeachof theirmintingcitiesan

raphical,inscriptional,andnumismatic

guecities,theinscriptions havebeen

whichincludestheinscriptions fromthe

odiapolisamongthesouthernmints,

haveerroneouslybeenascribedLeague

n di 1 .

d I GR704( Ja son .

onalcitiesstruckunder Gordian:Arneae,P odalia,

ndTrebenna.

m

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neachissue.Individualdies are

ediscussionby issuenumberfollowed

thethirdobversedieof issue8.

asterisks.Whenmorethan one

strated,theillustrationsfollowtheorder

sedieisillustrated.Unknownobverse

uebyanx .

bversedie areshownbylower-case

obversedienumber;theselower-case

the plates.Bracketstotheright

r e n ot g iven, a s theg reat ma o r i t y a re f f ,

f\.

nis fromtheKemer1970Hoard.

esttoeast,and commentaryoneach

alcommentaryfollowsSeries3.

ehind shoulder,usually,bow

nitials toeithersideof cithara;all

inscriptionsvaryonthe pseudo-

5and47-49 .

rev.dies

1 0a .

m

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y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


62/322

2 1 ( Nov.16 ,1908 3 66 8

1

4 272 ,2 .80= Su p er io r ( O c t. 14 ,

G Fi t 5051= G lend i n i ng (Fe b .

k e t t 3012= Nav il l e 5 ( J un e

3 ( May15 ,1905 4 24 4

1 9 67 131 ,2 .75= Weber7 308

G 4 476

= Kuns ts am m.2 0

G 4 475

t c l ea rwhichc i t y 's c o i n swer e s t ruck

e'sslight deterioration(spreading

theCadyandacoin showsthatXan-

vertheXanthusRiver,someeight

ofLycia.Xanthus'sremainsarethe

einLycia;fromit cometheNereidmonu-

turedtombsnowinthe BritishMuseum.

c.,says thatXanthuswas,besidesone

hreevoteseachinthefederalassembly,

8

ngthatbut 15ofthe316 coinsof

asthese15arestruck from15reverseand

yles,itis clearthatthesurvivingma-

nal si eofXanthus'sLeaguecoinage.

dIIpresumablyweremelteddownfor

m

M




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63/322


64/322

d,one travelinggroupofdies,is not

likelybythefactthatthe Sidymareverse

oupof dieswouldpresumablyhave

inara,andfinallytoCadyanda,thefar-

sunlikelythatthe mintworkmen

oruseatSidymawhilesavingused

ngatP inaraandCadyanda—especially

eredE somuchmoreeasilythanwould

llthe coinsofthefourcities were

reaksandrecuttingsallshowXanthus

teonlythatthe homecity'sre uired

afterallwhatonewoulde pect.

oughP ataraandTlosinthe west

esefourdie linkedcitiesofXanthus,

adid.(TheonlyotherP eriodIImint

he insignificantTrebendae. What-

eenthefourcitiesherediscussed,it

rev.dies

e u donne , Mon n a i e sg rec u e s r ecem ment

M e da i l l es , RN 19 0 2, p .8 1 , 71

o t c l ea rwhichc i t y 's c o i n sw ere s t ru ck

otrecut.Althougha Z could

andtheI istiltedsomewhat,thereisno

runder theI,and,withthe cithara

space wouldhardlyhavebeenlarge

eliablyreportedtohavebeenin the

wasmadeofit,andits diesare

lopeofMt. Cragus,westofthe

ninemiles northwestofXanthus.

antimesarenote tensive.

m

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65/322

d,firstpublishedin 1902,istheonly

dLeaguedrachmfromtheKemerHoard

ight.Sidyma'sdrachmsseemtohave

entedinP eriodIIaremissing from

e s o fP e r iod I II .T heab se nc e o f two ,

ablysignificantandwillbe discussed

esofSidymaorof Rhodiapolishaveyet

ce.

r e v.d i e

7 3 0 0

N G 4380 , ca l l edP a t a r a

n o t c l ea rwh ichc i t y' s c o i n sw er e s t ruck

ehasclear remainsofanAunder the\.

eundertheTT,and thiswasprobably

o n t a l s tr okea rev i s i b lea t t h e b o t tom

ern slopesofMt.Cragus,perhaps14

hus.P inara'sruinsfromtheperiodof

mesareimpressive.Strabo,besides

ycianLeaguecitieswiththreevotes,singles

helargestcities inLycia.

ncitiesmade contributionstothe

otheir votesintheassemblydoesnot

oinageat thetimeStrabowasdescrib-

enturyb.c. ,oratany othertime.

nthus,Tlos,P atara,andMyra did

ages,seeminglythroughoutSeries1.

agewase tremelyscant(oneobverse

eudo-Leaguecoinage(withoutAYKIQ N

mustbeunderstoodinconnectionwith

m

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66/322

oinageofP haselis—whichStrabo

aguememberattheendofthe second

s k nownofP in a r a, t he s i t h o f S t r abo ' s

wayto theimportanceofthecity.

cutXanthianone;oneoftheir two

anda;andthecoins probablywereeven

Strabowouldchange P inarato

wouldagreefarbetter withthee -

rranted.Alonginscriptionof81 b.c.,

hereorgani ationofAsia,specifiessi

dwithCarianStratoniceia,wherethe

iancitiesare Xanthus,P atara,P inara,

hthe substitutionofLimyraforOlym-

thStrabo's.Olympuswouldby81b.c.

eintopiracy,8 andLimyrahad

possiblyreplacingOlympusasa

dimportancemaywellbereflectedin

dIIcoinage.Butforpresent purposes,

trabo'saccuracyin includingP inara

stcities.

its Leagueobligationsincoinother

Rhodianplinthophoroi.Hereis a

ownimportancedoesnotcorrelatewith

i t s er vea sacau ti on .

rev.dies

v e r Xan thus

sslight deterioration(spreading

theCadyandacoin showsthatXan-

m

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y - n c - s a - 4 . 0


67/322

d i e b reaka toneo f t he l ower l ea veso f t he

atesthatthedie wasusedfirstfor

clearremainsofan z .under

ycity isperhapsstretchingthings

idistantfromtheupperXanthusRiver

acessouthwest.Fromitshighsiteone

wellas theriverandthesea beyond

evenoreight milesfromtheriver,no

Thenorthernmostofthemintingcities

yabout30milesfromXanthusas the

eciallyfromtheRomanperiod,are

um,agora,gymnasium(? ,theater,

smallbutmagnificenttown. 90Ithad,

eratureuntilL.Robertresurrected it

ny.Thefoolish Ascandiandalis,Amelas,

storedtoitsoriginal Cadyanda,Lissa

an o s cop ium. 91

dyandaareherepublishedforthefirst

withmintinitials KAhavelongbeen

hethertheirmintwas Calynda,inthe

messus;Cadyanda;orCandyba,inland

mesaremaddeninglysimilar—but at

aryanda,mercifullysituatedinCaria.

vethesmallbron estoCadyanda;they

ly,byMagie.93Calyndahasbeenfavored

otherLycianmintsandfurthermore

ncyofCaunus,afterwhichdateit placed

des.94Candybaisfavoredhesitantly

es,onthe groundsthatCadyandalay

ngonP liny,NH5.101.

arlierscholarsfavoringCadyandawereFougeres

ng t o n3035 , and H e a d (t f N9 , p . 69 5 .

m

M




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67b.c.was Attalid;buttheydonot

gorasinscription showingthat

an activeLeaguememberintheearly

sotentativelyassignstheKA bron esto

ofthe threetostrikeImperialsunder

responsibleforthe KAcoinsmight

b r on e ,o r q uad rup l eu n i t, a tA th e ns , 7

eotherelevencoinsof thisraredenomi-

wns,asare nineofthetwelveidenti-

n i t s o fP e r io d I II .

shedfirmly linktheKAcity, which

ies oftheXanthusValley.Itmay be

ewhatcloser,inair miles,toXanthusthan

munications,overthemountains,be-

unthinkable:anypracticalroute

of riversandthesea,past otheractive

elyhaveusedinpreferenceto themore

TAM,althoughchieflyfromRoman

n easyreachofothers.Theinscriptions

tionofciti ensofnineothercom-

a,Tarsus,andLaodiceia arenon-

thesefivearepreciselythefive other

,Tlos,Sidyma,P inara,andCadyanda.

astoccur intheXanthusinscriptions.

dtheLeaguesilvercataloguedabove;

s s u e9 , fol l owing ; a nd theKAb ro n eso f

FortheOrthagorasinscription,seepp.11-12.

arintheXanthianinscriptionsTAM 307,330,and335.

m

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remainuncertain.Itsobversestyle

eaguecoinage.Its fabric,thickand

is unusuallyplacedtotheright,yet

allyoncoins ofmintsthroughoutLycia

olis anddoesnothelpto attributethecoin.

er,foundelsewhereonlyoncoinsofthe

uitecorrectasusual,that thereisa

semanatedfromtwomints,andthatissue

iscrownsymbolofthe othersouthern

asdifferentiationenoughbetweenthe

P reciselythissortofdifferentiation

heAchaeanL eaguecoinsofMessene

e.100TheIsiscrown'ssouthernandeastern

stivebuthardlyconclusive,forthetwo

thusValleyarealsofoundelsewhere

Arycandatookcare todistinguish

n s, u s ingAYorA > in s t ead o f a s im ple AP .1 M

andyba,ifindeeditstruck issue9,would

vedistinguisheditselffromCadyanda.

Candybastruckissue 9,theevidence

mtowarranttheratherdrastic stepof

hmsto twoseparatemints.IfCadyanda

iking wasprobablydoneathome.

ariancein styleandfabricfromCadyan-

ndfromtheknowncoinsofXanthus.

ies

rebendae,Myra,Olympus,andP haselis.

Hoard,ANSNNM159(NewYork,1968 ,pp.31-37.

,andOlympus;the branchatOlympusandP haselis.

m

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r g / a c c e s s

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a ls o i s sue13 .

L 1971 ,no.5 G 74 7 , 2. 41 (Kemer

= Kuns ts amm.1 9

G 4 4 63

on 1 2 .3a .

e so n 1580

; VonAulock2.83 = S NG4 46 2

ng ( F eb .21,1961 24 81 , 2. 81 = S N G

n e 2 3,1924 15 88= Web er7 30 3

a ls o i s sue11 .

ratedbecauseofobversestyleand

dmintinitialsfoundonlyonsome later

n d 3 .

aguecities,Tloslay northofXanthus,

stofthe XanthusRiver.FromTlos'slofty

tand thecentralLycianmountainsto

gthe mostimportantLyciancities;

inscriptionalevidence.108Itisnotable

as independentofthatofXanthusandthe

hXanthus.Tlosalsoproducedagreat

n ag e , i n s i l ve r andb ron e , i nhe r ow n nam e .

22rev.dies

a ( s eea lso i s su e 1 9 .

e, p . 503 ,1

.

p . 503 ,2

G 4 3 81

m

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g t on 3135

1 3 6

( seea l so i s sue1 4 .

G 113

9 1 = ( ? Weber72 88 ,2 .52 , no t i l lu s -

G 4 3 79

2 128 ,2 .72

= CoinsandAn ti u i t i es ( F L

me r

ratedbecauseofobversestyle.

its havingthecurlinghairof issue

ecauseitshead issmallerthanthose

sreverseissimilar tothatofthe coin

rg es t c i t i es ,P a t a ra l aya t t h e mou t ho f t he

rncoast.P atara'sport,todaysiltedup,

smentionedrepeatedlyinLivy's account

Rome.P ataraistheoneLycian city

besiegedbyMithradatesVI in88b.c,

o havecapitulatedtoBrutusin42 b.c.

madeita naturalcenterofLycian

bothbyseaand bytheimportant

was,in practicalterms,thegeo-

deed considersP atarathecapitalof

m

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72/322

doubtfulthattherewasaformalpolitical

edthatthefederalassemblymetin which-

sen,however,supportshisstatement

o f Pa t a r aa s c a p u t ge n t i s ; 1 0 4More t t i

lyusedinageneralsense,as theLatin

p o us des igna t i ono f / i t rgdn ohg tov Av -

ptionsofthe Romanperiodtoseveral

Documents

The coinage of the Lycian League / by Hyla A. Troxell