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Agriculture Let it Snow! Let it Snow! We’ll learn Agriculture anyway. Debra Troxell, NBCT

Agriculture Let it Snow! We’ll learn Agriculture anyway. Debra Troxell, NBCT

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  • AgricultureLet it Snow! Let it Snow! Well learn Agriculture anyway.Debra Troxell, NBCT

  • 1st Agricultural RevolutionThe 1st Ag. Rev. (aka Neolithic Revolution) is when farming began around 10,000 BCOn the following map, look at where the 1st Ag. Rev. began What other map have weve seen that has a similar spatial distribution?

  • Agricultural Hearths 1st Agricultural RevolutionWhat other map have weve seen that has a similar spatial distribution?

  • 1st Agricultural RevolutionThe development of agriculture is similar to the development of early civilizations.Same map, different question Look at what was domesticated in each area. You do NOT have to know every list. But pick a few from each area. At this point stereotyping works well Where is rice developed, beans, grapes?

  • Agricultural Hearths 1st Agricultural RevolutionKnow a few examples from each area Stereotyping works well (no not all the time, just with this map)

  • Agricultural HearthsWhy does stereotyping work well with this activity? Think geographically.What does the crop grown have to do with the geography? If rice grew well in Asia in 10,000 BC, will rice still grow well now?Why is rice and tea associated with Asian food? Beans and chili peppers with Latin America? Grapes and olives around the Mediterranean?

  • Types of PlantingSeed planting you plant seedsVegetative planting you plant the vegetable Have you ever forgotten about a bag of potatoes? You find them growing long white things? Well if you plant a potato, it grows long white things which will grow more potatoes. (I dont really know exactly how it works, but you knew that didnt you.)

  • Types of PlantingI dont think youll be asked for which types of planting began where. Just know the difference and that vegetative planting was earlier.

  • How did Agriculture begin?My mom didnt grocery shop regularly so one day Im at home foraging for food. I found a potato. I contemplated the potato with a far away look in my eye. I shall plant this potato so in 6 weeks I shall have more potatoes I declared. NO. I cut up, fried and ate my last potato. Did agriculture begin because population pressure threatened the food supply?

  • Carl Sauers beliefs on domesticationDomestication probably did not develop in response to hungerStarving people must spend every waking hour searching for foodStarted by people who had enough food to remain settled in one placeDid not occur in grasslands or river floodplains because of thick sod and periodic floodingMust have started in regions where many different kinds of wild plants grewStarted in hilly district areas, where climates change with differing sun exposure and altitudeVegetative Planting 1st (transplanting part of actual plant) then Seed Planting

  • AssignmentRead the The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race article and answer the questions.Guess on the average height of modern people first, then you can google it.

  • Diffusion along Trade RoutesFarming Techniques diffused along trade routes as well as foods

  • Subsistence Agriculture Remember subsistence means barely sufficient to surviveFound in LDCs Commercial AgricultureFound in MDCsDistinguishing featuresPurpose of farming# of farmers in the labor forceUse of machineryFarm sizeRelationship of farming to other businessesRubenstein p. 330-333

  • Distinguishing featuresPurpose of farmingSubsistence: to feed the family (think the Power of Place Guatemala where the family barely grew enough corn for the family)Commercial: to sell# of farmers in the labor forceSubsistence: a high percentage of the country is engaged in the primary sector of the economy (remember the maps showing primary sector economy and parts of Africa were 70%+ primary)Commercial: very few (US has less than 10% farmers)

    Rubenstein p. 330-333

  • Distinguishing featuresUse of machinerySubsistence: almost no machinery because the farms are small and the people are poorCommercial: completely mechanizedFarm sizeSubsistence: small family farms of 2 10 acresCommercial: large farms of maybe 100 acresRelationship of farming to other businessesCommercial: part of a large integrated network of businessesRubenstein p. 330-333

  • Arable LandArable land that is farm-ableWould you expect MDCs to have a lot of arable or not much? Why?LDCs? Why?Do MDCs or LDCs typically have more arable land?

  • Arable Land by Country

  • Arable LandIt doesnt really correlate. The US and western Europe do have a lot of arable land but Monaco, Switzerland and Norway do not.Nigeria, China, and Brazil have quite a bit.But look back at the rest of Africa

  • Percent of Labor Force engaged in AgricultureRub. Map 331

  • Is there a correlation with mechanization (tractors) and the percentage of people engaged in the primary sector of the economy?

  • Rub. Map 331The higher % of primary sector labor force, then less mechanization.Because subsistence ag. is characterized by small, poor farms.

  • World Regions of Primarily Subsistence AgricultureOn this map, India and China are not shaded because farmers sell some produce at markets; in equatorial Africa and South America, subsistence farming allows little excess and thus little produce sold at markets.

  • AssignmentUse your textbook Agriculture chapter, key issue 2 to complete the Agriculture Regions chart.

  • LDC: Shifting CultivationCharacterized bySlash and burn agricultureUsing field for only a few yearsCleared land called Swidden or ladang, milpa, chena or kainginCropsSE Asia: riceS America: maize & cassavaAfrica: millet & sorghum

  • Why is Shifting cultivation expected to diminish in the 21st century?

    ReasonExplanationTechnological Advancements fertilizers hybrid seeds pesticidesLeads to increased Yields and food QualityLeads to sedentary farmingExpanding / growing populationsLess available landHigher Physiological and Agricultural densityReduced Soil FertilityDevelopment of Commercial AgricultureProfit motiveMore EfficientPlantation and agribusiness Competing land use activities (login ranching etc.Take away from shifting cultivationChanging Gov. and environmental policiesControl deforestationRestrictions on land rights or usageLimiting Carbon emissions

  • LDC: Pastoral NomadismA form of subsistence agricultural Located in semiarid lands of: N. Africa, Middle East, Central AsiaOnly 15 million people are pastoral nomads but use 20% of Earths land areaTranshumance: herders

  • LDC: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture w/wet riceIntensive: farmers more work more intensively to subsistAreas of high population density resulting in less land available/farmerSome are wet rice areasSome have double cropping (2 harvests/yr)

  • LDC: Intensive Subsistence Agriculture wet rice not dominantAreas with low precipitationCrops: wheat, barley, legumes, etc.Crop rotationCommon in China

  • LDC: Plantation FarmingA large farm that specializes in one or two crops: cotton, sugarcane, coffee, rubber & tobaccoUsually in subtropicsUsually in areas of low population density must import workers

  • LDC: Plantation FarmingRubber TreesArea 700 miles on each side of equatorA video about how to get the rubber from the treehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB5wdmbcI3o Optional: A childrens song about Rubber Treeshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOOTF8vu6ps

  • Coffee Production & Consumption

  • Tea

  • Sugarcane

  • MDC: Mixed Crop & LivestockMost common form of commercial ag in USMost crops are fed to animals rather than for human consumption corn or soybeans commonUses crop rotationRub. Map 343

  • MDC: Dairy FarmingOnce only in MDCs, now more common in S & E Asia India is the #1 producerMust be close to market milkshedImproved transportation and refrigeration have increased milkshed radius

    Rub. Map p. 344

  • MilkMost of the world does not drink cows milk. Goat milk is commonIn the US, dairy farms were very close to every population center. Milk had to be produced close by, daily delivery was necessary because the milk would spoil quickly (before refrigeration)What happened in areas in which milk production was greater than milk consumption?

  • Hint!!!What happened in areas in which milk production was greater than milk consumption?

  • MDC: Grain FarmingCrops grown primarily for human consumptionGrains are: wheat, corn, oats, barley, rice, millet, etc.Stores easily & transported a long distanceN. Am prairies worlds breadbasketRub. Map 346

  • MDC: Livestock RanchingCommercial grazing of livestock over an extensive (means large) areaRange wars caused by enclosures read some background information http://www.yesenglish.com:9090/yesyoungdo/online/library/ebook/grade5/above/lesson23.pdf It is long only read the following sectionsIntroductionThe Need for Barbed WireThe HomesteadsFarmers Fence the PlainsRanchers ObjectFence WarsRub. Map 348

  • MDC: Livestock Ranching

    Introduction of new cattle breedsRanching: USA, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, southern Brazil & UruguayCheck out this website Does a field trip sound good?http://www.leblonsteakhouse.com/about Rub. Map 348

  • Do you want to build a snowman?http://www.abcya.com/snowman.htm

  • MDC: Mediterranean Ag. S. Europe, N. Africa, w. Asia, California, central Chile, & sw. AustraliaAll of the above borders seas, most on west coast off continentsMostly horticulture: fruits, vegetables, and flowers & commercial tree cropsMost of worlds olives & grapes produced in Med. areas

  • Mediterranean Agriculture

  • MDC: Commercial GardeningPredominant in SE USA short, slightly offensive video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI3Avp2TSCo Highly efficient large-scale operations grows lettuce, cantaloupe, green beans, etc.New England has specialty farming limited but increased demand among affluent, ex: asparagus, strawberries, etc.

  • Agricultural RegionsBy Derwent Whittlesey, 193611 main agricultural regions5 in LDCs6 in MDCsincluding 1 where ag is nonexistent

  • Koppen Climate System

  • Koppen Classification System of Climates http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/climate_systems/climate_classification.htmlClimate Types1. Humid Equatorial Climates (Tropical: Class A)Af no dry season Am Short dry season Aw dry winters (S.W. Florida) 2. Dry Climates (Dry: Class B) Bs Semiarid Bw Arid3. Humid Temperate Climates (Temperate: Class C)Cf no dry season Cw dry winter Cs dry summer4. Humid Cold Climates (Cold: Class D)Df no dry season Dw dry winter5. Cold Polar (tundra and ice) (Polar: Class E)6. Highland Climates (Vertical)

  • 1. Humid Equatorial Climates 2. Dry Climates 3. Humid Temperate Climates 4. Humid Cold Climates 5. Cold Polar 6. Highland Climates (Vertical)

  • A different Agricultural regions map

  • What does climate have to do with agriculture regions? Wet rice is grown in areas with more rain. Transhumance occurs where growing crops is difficult.

  • 2nd Agricultural Rev.1750-1900 farming becomes more mechanizedCan farm more land with less peopleThe extra people move to the city (increased urbanization)before the Industrial Rev. Increased productivityMore food with less farmers

  • 2nd Agricultural Rev.Esther Boserup - agric. output depends on the pop. - Anti-Malthusian Basic idea: As population increases, we become more creative/productive with farming5 stages of intensification of farmland1. forest fallow, 2. bush fallow 3. short fallow 4. annual cropping 5. multicropping (intertillage)

  • Crop Rotation

  • Green (3rd) RevolutionInvention and quick diffusion of agricultural techniques during 1960s-80sMain techniquesGenetic EngineeringHigher-yield seeds Norman BorlaugDrought/disease resistanceQuicker growing season (double-cropping)Expanded use of fertilizersNeed tractors, irrigation pumps & other machinery to take full advantageReplaced older grains and beans for rice and wheatBUTNOT

  • Green RevolutionPick One:straight forward videoshttp://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-green-revolution-definition-benefits-and-issues.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg9-HTtgFOk Short readinghttp://geography.about.com/od/globalproblemsandissues/a/greenrevolution.htm

  • Mechanization, chemical farming with synthetic fertilizers, and globally widespread food manufacturing The Third Agricultural Revolution: 3 Phases

  • Less variety, more cash cropsWhat long-term effects will this have?

  • Mechanization Replacement of human labor with machines Tractors, combines, reapers, pickers, since late 1800s

  • Chemical Farming Application of synthetic fertilizers to the soilAlso herbicides, fungicides, and pesticidesImportant environmental impact

  • Food Manufacturing Adding economic value to agricultural products through a range of treatmentsProcessing, canning, refining, packing, packaging

  • The Third Agricultural RevolutionThe Green RevolutionBegan in the 1960sScientists created IR36an artificial rice plantBy 1992 IR36 was the most widely grown crop on Earth

  • The Green RevolutionNew high-yield hybrid varieties of wheat and corn were developed and diffusedDisastrous famines of the past have been avoidedAsia saw a two-thirds increase in rice production

  • Acreage and Yield Trends

  • Acreage and Yield Trends

  • Acreage and Yield Trends

  • Negatives of the Green RevolutionNew hybrids required use of chemical fertilizers and pesticidesCan lead to reduction of organic matter in the soilMany small-scale farmers lack resources to acquire these chemicals and the seed

  • Blue RevolutionNew technology (motorized boats, processing technology, etc.) affecting fisheries Aquaculture the growing of aquatic creatures in ponds on shore or in pens suspended in water

  • Agribusiness is when agricultural activities are integrated into the food production industry, so farmers have close ties with other businesses. They do this through the use of modern communication and information technology. Industrial agriculture is sometimes called factory farming because it more closely resembles manufacturing than farming. Crops and livestock are standardized so that growing time is minimized, but yields and therefore profits are maximized. The standard size allows for mechanization of processing at large scale (mass production) using assembly line concepts (reducing labor as well). This is particularly true for poultry production which is no longer closely tied to the land.

  • or Industrial agriculture refers to how the crops and animals are raised (like a factory...therefore they are called factory farms).Agribusiness refers to the structure of the farming industry or sometimes called corporate farming.

  • Debt for Nature SwapThe concept of debt-for-nature swaps was first conceived by Thomas Lovejoy of the World Wildlife Fund in 1984 as an opportunity to deal with the problems of developing-nation indebtedness and its consequent deleterious effect on the environment

    *http://www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee/map.htmlhttp://dmt-sbi3u.wikispaces.com/Sugar+cane*