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The Civil WarChapter 11
Fort Sumter By Lincoln’s inauguration only 2 forts
remained in Union control Fort Sumter was key Lincoln’s decision
to have navy bring in reinforcements If so he would be starting hostilities
If fort was evacuated give legitimacy to Confederacy
Force Confederacy to decide Lincoln – sends in food forces Davis to
decide Davis commands the confederate army to
begin firing April 12, 1861- 4:30 a.m. Charleston citizens thought they were
watching a fireworks display Anderson surrenders the fort to the
confederacy
Virginia secedes Unwilling to fight against other southern
states Virginia secedes ---a terrible loss to the Union
Most populated, industrialized (crucial ironworks and navy yard)
West Virginia forms from those in Va. that were against slavery.
Union advantages More fighting power
Population
More resources Finances Industry
Greater food production Focused on grain crops
Extensive railroad system
Union Generals
Confederate advantages “king cotton” (profits)
Skilled generals
Strong military tradition
Motivated to defend their homeland
Strategies of War North
3-part plan (Anaconda Plan) Union navy blockade ports (NO TRADE) Riverboats & armies move down Miss. River and split
into 2 parts Capture capital of Richmond,Va
South Own Survival Defensive Strategy
OverviewOverviewofof
the North’sthe North’sCivil WarCivil WarStrategy:Strategy:
““AnacondaAnaconda””
PlanPlan
OverviewOverviewofof
the North’sthe North’sCivil WarCivil WarStrategy:Strategy:
““AnacondaAnaconda””
PlanPlan
The “Anaconda” PlanThe “Anaconda” Plan
McClellan: “ I’m all in”
Union GeneralsUnion Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
Gen Ambrose BurnsideGen Ambrose Burnside
Confederate Flag
First Battle of Bull Run
JULY 1861
Stonewall Jackson Confederates hold firm at Bull Run (D.C.)
“there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!” Tide turns against the Union 1st victory for the South Picnic at Bull Run {Historical Spotlight p.341}
Ulysses S. Grant A rumpled old West Point grad that had failed
at everything in civilian life However he was a brave, tough, and decisive
military commander U.S. Grant
“Unconditional Surrender” Given by Confederates
Robert E. Lee Modest man willing to go beyond military
textbooks in tactics Opposed to secession Declined an offer
to head the Union army Chose the side of his
beloved state of Virginia
Shiloh March 1862 - Near MS border Confederates surprise Union Grant leads counterattack 25,000 troops are killed, wounded, or
captured Confederate cannot hold Ohio-Ky frontier
WAR IN EAST
Antietam Bloodiest single day in
American History Totaled more than
26,000 casualties As many as War of
1812 and War with Mexico combined
Antietam creek—McClellan and Lee’s armies clash
The Politics of War
Lincoln on Slavery Disliked slavery Did not think the federal government had the
power to abolish it Emancipation was not just a moral issue, it
became a weapon of war Discouraged Britain from backing confederacy Slaves also provided much needed food to the south
Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Lincoln issues the proclamation Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, 1862
". . . on the first day of January . . . all persons held as slaves within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free." President Abraham Lincoln, preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862
Emancipation Continued… Immense symbolic effect Gave many a moral purpose for the war
Northern Democrats disagreed with it
Southerners no focused on preservation of “way of life”
Copperheads Northern democrats Advocated peace with the south Urged union soldiers to desert the army Advocated an armistice
Suspension of Habeas CorpusLincoln suspends the ability to find out what you
are being charged with.
Primarily done to Southern supporters in North
Life During Wartime
African Americans Fight began as a white man’s war 1862 law passed for African Americans to serve
Still suffered discrimination Served in separate regiments, could not rise above the rank of captain Earned 3 dollars less a month no clothing allowance
Recruitment of African-Americans
Recruitment into 54th Regiment
In Honor to Col. Robert Gould Shaw
Slaves being Freed by Black Soldiers
Battles that African-Americans took part in fighting
Conscriptiona form of draft due to need of soldiers
Confederacy Age 18-35 (1862) Age 17-50 (1864)
Union Age 20-45
North
initiates
a draft in 1863
County Drafts
NYC DRAFT RIOTS
Southern Shortages The south faces a food shortage
1. drain of manpower into the army 2. Union occupation of food growing areas 3. loss of slaves to work in the fields
Northern Economic Growth Most industries boomed Few suffered such as cotton (south)
Although the economy grew wages did not keep up with prices
Standard of living declined
The North Takes Charge
Chancellorsville Victory for South Except Stonewall gets shot in arm and must
have it amputated. Catches Pneumonia and dies May 10 1863
Gettysburg Most decisive battle of the war Day 1: Confederates go to Gettysburg looking for
shoes. Confederates take control of town Lee knows that battle will not be won until
they take Cemetery Hill
Gettysburg Day 2:
90,000 Yankees vs 75,000 Confederates Rebels attempt an uphill assault
shocked by Union resistance and surrender in droves
Union held ground
Gettysburg contiued….. Northerners succeeded on Day 3 by defending
the high ground and decimating Rebel troops Lee gave up all hope of invading the North Union– 23,000 killed or wounded Confederate– 28,000 killed or wounded
Confederacy would never recover from Gettysburg or Vicksburg a defeat the next day
Vicksburg Confederate holdout in Mississippi Food supplies run low for the rebels in their
attempt to hold off Union troops They even ate dogs and mules “If you can’t feed us, you’d better surrender”
---Confederate Troops
Gettysburg Address Lincoln gives a 2 minute speech after a noted
speaker speaks for 2 hours
Changes attitudes in the nation Historian thoughts on the address Before address “the United States are” After address “the United States is”
Confederacy Wears Down!! Morale on the home front deteriorated Soldiers deserted after letters from home
about the lack of food Southern states argue amongst themselves on
issues that hurt morale
William Tecumseh Sherman Appointed by Grant as commander of the
Mississippi division Believed in “total war” Sherman’s March
Sherman takes Atlanta (occupies transportation) Burns most of Atlanta Sets out for Savannah burning almost every
house in it’s path
Surrender @ Appomattox
Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox courthouse to arrange confederate surrender
Terms are generous at Lincoln’s request After 4 long years of tremendous human and
economic loss the Civil War was over
Legacy of the War
13th Amendment “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States.”
Lincoln Assassination John Wilkes Booth
26 year old actor and southern sympathizer Shoots Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in D.C.
Lincoln dies the following morning April 15, 1865
Booth is killed 12 days later in Virginia
Where does the nation go now? The Civil War was over Slavery had ended
The country faced 2 problems How to restore southern states to the Union How to integrate 4 million newly freed Slaves