THE CIVIL WAR

1861-1865“A Very Bloody Affair”

UNION vs. CONFEDERACY

WHY WAS THE CIVIL WAR FOUGHT???

• N: TO RESTORE THE UNION!!!!

• Ending slavery was NOT an official political war goal when the Civil War began!! (will change)

• S: To defend New Country, Independence, & Way of Life

TACTICS AND TECHNOLOGY

A.The Civil War as a different sort of war 1.Scale: large armies and the logistical challenges

presentedi. Comparisons with British and French armies at Waterloo,

1815

ii. Comparisons with British, French, and Russian forces during the Crimean War, 1854

2.Speed: the impact of railroads and telegraphy

3.TOTAL WAR vs. LIMITED WAR

Total War

• Idea of Total War was to involve all of society in war - that war was not just between soldiers, but it involved civilians and industry.

• So to win a war, an army should also fight against civilians and industry.

Civil War Health and Medicine

• The bloodiest war in American history [statistics on mortality rates produced by Wounds and disease]

• Disease and mortality (2 out of 3 die of disease) 1. Common diseases 2. Common treatments for disease 3. Disease and battle-readiness

STRENGTHS OF THE COMBATTANTS

NORTH ADVANTAGES

-Industrial Power-Better Connected (Roads, Trains)-Larger Population (More Men for Army)-Stronger Economy-No Slavery in Country (Foreign Allies)

SOUTH ADVANTAGES

-Fighting for Way of Life,Homes, Own Country

-Better Army Commanders

(General Lee)

-Control of Mississippi and Ohio Rivers

ARMY UNIFORMSUnion Blue Rebel Grey

GENERAL ROBERT E. LEEConfederate “Army of Northern Virginia”

• The most beloved General in History

• One of the best too

EXCITED FOR THE WAR

• Can’t wait to join in the fight• Notions of glory and romance and adventure

Anaconda Plan

• Union was aware of its advantages in population, manufacturing, navy - wanted to squeeze the Confederacy until they had to give up.

BATTLE OF BULL RUN, VAJuly 21, 1861

“Manassas”

Spectators brought picnic lunches to view the show!!

Realizing what war meant

• First Battle at Bull Run where there is a Confederate victory - 5,000 casualties (3,000 for the Union) but there is no real resolution

• Instead, there is a realization that the war will go on for a long time

• Now know the South is serious and will fight a long war.

The Anonymous War• No more close

combat• Technology Advances• Killing is Distant,

Indiscriminate & Effective

LIFE IN THE CAMPS

• Very little actual fighting days

• Most time spent sitting around or marching somewhere

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM CREEK, MDSeptember 17, 1862

“Sharpsburg”

Sept 17, 1862 - The bloodiest day in U.S. military history as Gen. Robert E. Lee and the Confederate Armies are stopped at Antietam in

Maryland by McClellan and numerically superior Union forces. By nightfall 26,000 men are dead, wounded, or missing. Lee then

withdraws to Virginia.

BLOODIEST SINGLE DAY OF CIVIL WAR

1862, Antietam, Md. Allan Pinkerton,

President Lincoln, and Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand

Antietam, Md. President Lincoln and Gen. George B. McClellan in

the General's tent

THE DRAFT

• Confederates started one first, April 16, 1862

• Could escape draft by giving a sub or paying $500

• “Rich Man’s War, but a Poor Man’s Fight”

UNION DRAFT- March 1863New York City Draft Riots – July 1863

• Mass protests in NYC

• Mob Violence

• Blacks targeted by mobs from fears of job competition

• Rich Whites targeted from resentment

• Army puts mob down

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATIONJanuary 1, 1863

• Did NOT end Slavery

• Changed cause of the Civil War

• Slaves only totally freed with 13th Amendment passage

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

WHY WAS THE CIVIL WAR FOUGHT???

• BEFORE E.P. Jan. 1, 1863:– To restore the Union

• AFTER E.P. Jan. 1, 1863:– To restore the Union AND to free the slaves

THE 54th MASSACHUSETTS

• The first All Black Regiment formed in the Civil War• Formed in March, 1863

Frederick Douglass Col. Robert Gould Shaw

54th’s Assault on Ft. WagnerJuly 18th, 1863

African American Contributions

• 180,000 – 200,000 volunteered to fight– 10% of Army total at one point

• 38,000 lost their lives

• Harriet Tubman served as a field nurse during the war after Underground Railroad work

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURGJuly 1-3, 1863

The Turning Point of the War

“The Blood Stained the Grass Red”45,000 Killed in 3 Days

GETTYSBURG ADDRESSNovember 19, 1863

• “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”

War of Attrition

• Ulysses Grant appointed general of Union forces and began a war of attrition against Confederacy

• Tens of thousands of soldiers killed on both sides - drained Confederate military until they had to give up.

SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEAAtlanta to Savannah, GA - November, 1864

“SCORCHED EARTH” tactic Destroyed everything in sight:

Farms, Towns, Railroads

• Claimed $100 million in property damage and that army carried home another $20 million

• Terrorizes Southerners

• Cripples Confederacy

SHERMAN’S DESTRUCTION

The End

• A combination of attrition and total war over the course of 4 years drained the Confederate military, economy, and people to the point that there was a general consensus to surrender.

APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSEThe South Surrenders

• Lee surrenders to Grant

• The Civil War ends, April 9, 1865

CIVIL WAR TOTALS

THE UNION COSTS

-At least $4 Billion Spent

-369,000 Northern soldiers died

THE CONFEDERACY COSTS

-About $1 Billion Spent

-258,000 Southern soldiers died

USA COSTS / NOTES

-Including Veteran’s Pensions and such costs - $10 Billion Spent

-Property Damage costs incalculable

-Unknown number of civilian casualties (at least 50,000 Southern civilians)

-Institution of Slavery ended… Institution of Segregation began

-North becomes economic / industrial power

-South suffers for years rebuilding