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The Civil War
“A Very Bloody Affair”
Secession
The Nation Splits Apart
Lincoln Elected President
Lincoln won every free state except New Jersey.
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the final straw for many southerners.
Eleven states seceded from the Union. Four of these (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter that occurred on April 12, 1861.
Lincoln won every free state except New Jersey.
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 was the final straw for many southerners.
Eleven states seceded from the Union. Four of these (Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) did not secede until after the Battle of Fort Sumter that occurred on April 12, 1861.
Order of Secession
Lincoln Asks for Union
In his first speech as president, Lincoln called southerners his ‘fellow countrymen’ and said the southern states were still part of the nation.
He also said the government would hold onto all of its property in the South (forts, roads, post offices).
In his first speech as president, Lincoln called southerners his ‘fellow countrymen’ and said the southern states were still part of the nation.
He also said the government would hold onto all of its property in the South (forts, roads, post offices).
Caught in the Middle
The states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri were border states (between the North and South).
Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee eventually decided to secede.
Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri decided to stay in the Union.
People in Western Virginia who did not want to secede formed the new state of West Virginia, and remained in the Union.
The states of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee, Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri were border states (between the North and South).
Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee eventually decided to secede.
Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri decided to stay in the Union.
People in Western Virginia who did not want to secede formed the new state of West Virginia, and remained in the Union.
Violence in Maryland
Many people in Maryland owned slaves and supported the Confederacy. Many elected officials in the state government were in favor of leaving the Union.
If Maryland seceded along with Virginia, Washington, DC would be surrounded by Confederate states.
Soldiers from Massachusetts were attacked by a mob as they traveled through Baltimore to Washington, DC.
To keep Maryland in the Union, Lincoln placed Baltimore under military rule and arrested anybody who supported the Confederacy -- including 31 elected members of the state government.
Many people in Maryland owned slaves and supported the Confederacy. Many elected officials in the state government were in favor of leaving the Union.
If Maryland seceded along with Virginia, Washington, DC would be surrounded by Confederate states.
Soldiers from Massachusetts were attacked by a mob as they traveled through Baltimore to Washington, DC.
To keep Maryland in the Union, Lincoln placed Baltimore under military rule and arrested anybody who supported the Confederacy -- including 31 elected members of the state government.
The Baltimore riot of April 19, 1861. The first casualties of the Civil War occurred when the 6th Massachusetts Volunteers, the first regiment to respond to Lincoln's call for troops, was attacked by a pro-Confederate mob in Baltimore, Maryland, where a dozen civilians and four soldiers were killed. Maryland, despite deep divisions, remained in the Union, largely through the Federal government's
use of force.
Strengths and Weaknesses
Both the North and the South had strengths and weaknesses heading into the war.
Use the information in Handouts 6 and 7, pages 569-571 in American History text, and pages 467-468 in Creating America text to complete a table listing the strengths and weaknesses of both sides.
Both the North and the South had strengths and weaknesses heading into the war.
Use the information in Handouts 6 and 7, pages 569-571 in American History text, and pages 467-468 in Creating America text to complete a table listing the strengths and weaknesses of both sides.
North Strengths106 million acres of farmland110,000 factories1,300,000 factory workers22,000 miles of railroad97% of nations weapons22 million peopleLincoln’s leadership81% of nations bank deposits
North WeaknessesLong supply lines to get materials to battles in SouthFighting for an abstract idea (preserving the Union)Poor military leadership
South Strengths“Home field advantage” - majority of battles were on southern soilCould fight a defensive warSuperior military leadershipMotivated to fight for causeExcellent soldiers
South WeaknessesSmaller populationOnly 57 million acres of farmlandOnly 18,000 factories - fewer weapons and suppliesOnly 8,500 miles of rail
Military Strategies
Different Paths to Victory
The Anaconda Plan
The Union had a 3 pronged strategy to win the war: 1- blockade Confederate ports to cut off supplies and ruin the economy of the South; 2- take control of the Mississippi River to split the South in half; 3 - capture Richmond, Virginia and seize the Confederate government.
This strategy was called the Anaconda Plan.
The Union had a 3 pronged strategy to win the war: 1- blockade Confederate ports to cut off supplies and ruin the economy of the South; 2- take control of the Mississippi River to split the South in half; 3 - capture Richmond, Virginia and seize the Confederate government.
This strategy was called the Anaconda Plan.
The Southern Strategy
The South knew they could fight a defensive war.
They also tried to break the North’s blockade.
They tried to use their role as the world’s largest supplier of cotton to convince the French or British to help them.
They also thought they could win if they captured Washington, DC.
The South knew they could fight a defensive war.
They also tried to break the North’s blockade.
They tried to use their role as the world’s largest supplier of cotton to convince the French or British to help them.
They also thought they could win if they captured Washington, DC.
The Battle of Bull Run
A Great Awakening
Bull Run
Both sides thought the war would be over quickly.
After Ft. Sumter was attacked, Lincoln called for volunteers to join the Union army for 90 days.
Many people in the North did not want to wait for the slowly developing Anaconda plan.
They wanted a quick attack to capture Richmond.
Both sides thought the war would be over quickly.
After Ft. Sumter was attacked, Lincoln called for volunteers to join the Union army for 90 days.
Many people in the North did not want to wait for the slowly developing Anaconda plan.
They wanted a quick attack to capture Richmond.
Bull Run
Both sides thought the war would be over quickly.
After Ft. Sumter was attacked, Lincoln called for volunteers to join the Union army for 90 days.
Many people in the North did not want to wait for the slowly developing Anaconda plan.
They wanted a quick attack to capture Richmond.
Both sides thought the war would be over quickly.
After Ft. Sumter was attacked, Lincoln called for volunteers to join the Union army for 90 days.
Many people in the North did not want to wait for the slowly developing Anaconda plan.
They wanted a quick attack to capture Richmond.
Spies Among Us
Many of the large number of southern supporters in Washington, DC and Maryland served as spies for the South.
Both sides used codes to try to keep secrets from their enemy.
Many of the large number of southern supporters in Washington, DC and Maryland served as spies for the South.
Both sides used codes to try to keep secrets from their enemy.
Women in the War
In addition to serving as spies, women ran farms and businesses while their husbands and sons were away fighting.
Women served in the military as messengers, guides, scouts and even soldiers.
Dorthea Dix and Clara Barton organized women to serve as nurses at military hospitals.
In addition to serving as spies, women ran farms and businesses while their husbands and sons were away fighting.
Women served in the military as messengers, guides, scouts and even soldiers.
Dorthea Dix and Clara Barton organized women to serve as nurses at military hospitals.
After Bull Run
The defeat at Bull Run ended hopes for a quick war.
The North began to put the Anaconda plan into action.
By the end of 1861, all southern ports were blocked off by the northern navy.
In 1862, the Union captured New Orleans and controlled the Mississippi River.
The defeat at Bull Run ended hopes for a quick war.
The North began to put the Anaconda plan into action.
By the end of 1861, all southern ports were blocked off by the northern navy.
In 1862, the Union captured New Orleans and controlled the Mississippi River.
The Generals
The main generals for the Confederacy were Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, P.G.T. Beauregard and J.E.B. Stuart.
The main generals for the Union were George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, George Meade, and William Sherman
The main generals for the Confederacy were Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, P.G.T. Beauregard and J.E.B. Stuart.
The main generals for the Union were George McClellan, Ulysses S. Grant, George Meade, and William Sherman
A New Kind of War
In past wars, battles were fought with less accurate weapons, often ending in hand-to-hand combat with bayonets.
Improvements in rifles, cannons and artillery made it easier to kill large numbers of enemy soldiers from farther away.
In past wars, battles were fought with less accurate weapons, often ending in hand-to-hand combat with bayonets.
Improvements in rifles, cannons and artillery made it easier to kill large numbers of enemy soldiers from farther away.
Lee Changes Plans
To try to turn the tide of the war, General Lee make a bold decision to invade the North.
Lee hoped that a victory would cause Maryland would join the Confederacy and would convince England to support the South.
After the bloodiest single day of the war, no territory had changed sides. The result was considered “a defeat for both armies”.
To try to turn the tide of the war, General Lee make a bold decision to invade the North.
Lee hoped that a victory would cause Maryland would join the Confederacy and would convince England to support the South.
After the bloodiest single day of the war, no territory had changed sides. The result was considered “a defeat for both armies”.
After Antietam Though neither side won anything, the Union considered the battle of Antietam a victory since the Confederate army retreated back into Virginia.
After the battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to try to rebuild northern support for the war.
The Proclamation ordered that all slaves in Confederate states would be free if the state did not return to the Union by Jan. 1, 1863.
The Proclamation did not apply to the 800,000 slaves living in the border states that were part of the Union..
The South ignored the Proclamation, but for many in the North it changed the war into a fight for freedom.
Though neither side won anything, the Union considered the battle of Antietam a victory since the Confederate army retreated back into Virginia.
After the battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation to try to rebuild northern support for the war.
The Proclamation ordered that all slaves in Confederate states would be free if the state did not return to the Union by Jan. 1, 1863.
The Proclamation did not apply to the 800,000 slaves living in the border states that were part of the Union..
The South ignored the Proclamation, but for many in the North it changed the war into a fight for freedom.
Soldiers Wanted
As the war dragged on, both the North and the South ran out of volunteers to fill their armies.
The Confederacy passed a draft law stating that all white men from 18 to 35 had to serve in the military for three years.
The Union drafted men between 20 and 45 years old.
draft - a system for requiring citizens to join their country’s military.
As the war dragged on, both the North and the South ran out of volunteers to fill their armies.
The Confederacy passed a draft law stating that all white men from 18 to 35 had to serve in the military for three years.
The Union drafted men between 20 and 45 years old.
draft - a system for requiring citizens to join their country’s military.
Gettysburg
Even after the failure at Antietam, Lee was willing to try another attack against the North.
Lee knew many people in the North were growing tired of the war. A group of northern Democrats wanted the North to stop fighting and let the South secede. A Confederate victory in the North might convince the North to stop fighting
Even after the failure at Antietam, Lee was willing to try another attack against the North.
Lee knew many people in the North were growing tired of the war. A group of northern Democrats wanted the North to stop fighting and let the South secede. A Confederate victory in the North might convince the North to stop fighting
Gettysburg
90,000 Union and 75,000 Confederate troops clashed on July 1, 1863 in Gettysburg, PA.
At the end of the first day of fighting the Union held a four mile stretch of high ground called Cemetery Ridge.
The Confederates gathered behind the lower and smaller Seminary Ridge.
90,000 Union and 75,000 Confederate troops clashed on July 1, 1863 in Gettysburg, PA.
At the end of the first day of fighting the Union held a four mile stretch of high ground called Cemetery Ridge.
The Confederates gathered behind the lower and smaller Seminary Ridge.
Gettysburg
On July 2nd the Confederate troops repeatedly attacked Union positions from the flank (sides).
Both sides suffered heavy losses as the Union fought off the attacks.
On July 2nd the Confederate troops repeatedly attacked Union positions from the flank (sides).
Both sides suffered heavy losses as the Union fought off the attacks.
Gettysburg
On July 3rd, Lee decided to attack the center of the Union lines.
In what became known as Pickett’s Charge, General George Pickett led 13,000 troops across a mile of open field under heavy Union fire.
Some of Pickett’s men actually made it all the way to the top of Cemetery Ridge, but they were so few in number they were quickly captured.
On July 3rd, Lee decided to attack the center of the Union lines.
In what became known as Pickett’s Charge, General George Pickett led 13,000 troops across a mile of open field under heavy Union fire.
Some of Pickett’s men actually made it all the way to the top of Cemetery Ridge, but they were so few in number they were quickly captured.
The Gettysburg Address
Months after the battle was over President Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery for the soldiers who died there.
His brief speech (only two minutes long) is considered one of the greatest in U.S. history.
Months after the battle was over President Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery for the soldiers who died there.
His brief speech (only two minutes long) is considered one of the greatest in U.S. history.
After Gettysburg
After the defeat at Gettysburg, Lee asked Jefferson Davis to replace him as leader of the Confederate army.
The South never again tried to invade the North.
The War continued for two more years, but the South never fully recovered from the loss at Gettysburg.
After the defeat at Gettysburg, Lee asked Jefferson Davis to replace him as leader of the Confederate army.
The South never again tried to invade the North.
The War continued for two more years, but the South never fully recovered from the loss at Gettysburg.
Vicksburg
Most of the fighting was along the east coast, but several key battles took place at sea and in the West.
The Civil War featured the first military use of ironclad ships
Most of the fighting was along the east coast, but several key battles took place at sea and in the West.
The Civil War featured the first military use of ironclad ships
Vicksburg
The siege of Vicksburg gave the North control of the Mississippi, a key part of the Anaconda Plan.
The siege lasted six weeks, during which residents resorted to living in caves and eating horses, mules and dogs for food.
The Confederate army finally surrendered the city of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863.
The siege of Vicksburg gave the North control of the Mississippi, a key part of the Anaconda Plan.
The siege lasted six weeks, during which residents resorted to living in caves and eating horses, mules and dogs for food.
The Confederate army finally surrendered the city of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863.
The Massachusetts 54th
After much prodding by abolitionists, in 1862 Congress voted to allow African American troops to fight for the Union.
186,000 enlisted in the army and 30,000 joined the navy.
The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was one of the first regiments of black troops.
Two members of the regiment were sons of Frederick Douglass.
After much prodding by abolitionists, in 1862 Congress voted to allow African American troops to fight for the Union.
186,000 enlisted in the army and 30,000 joined the navy.
The 54th Massachusetts Infantry was one of the first regiments of black troops.
Two members of the regiment were sons of Frederick Douglass.
African Americans at War
The bravery shown by the Massachusetts 54th won them widespread respect throughout the Union.
During the war, 166 different regiments fought in over 500 battles, often for less pay and with worse supplies than white soldiers
The bravery shown by the Massachusetts 54th won them widespread respect throughout the Union.
During the war, 166 different regiments fought in over 500 battles, often for less pay and with worse supplies than white soldiers
The End of the War
After years of searching for a general who was willing to fight, Lincoln placed Ulysses Grant in charge of the Union army.
Grant attacked Virginia with a force of 100,000 soldiers in May of 1864.
They fought Lee’s army through two straight days of heavy casualties.
The fighting continued through several battles as the Union advanced toward Richmond.
After years of searching for a general who was willing to fight, Lincoln placed Ulysses Grant in charge of the Union army.
Grant attacked Virginia with a force of 100,000 soldiers in May of 1864.
They fought Lee’s army through two straight days of heavy casualties.
The fighting continued through several battles as the Union advanced toward Richmond.
Total War
Grant believed in the concept of total war - war that attacks not only the enemy troops, but also supplies, cities, and anything that supports the enemy.
While he was moving toward Richmond, Grant sent General William Tecumseh Sherman to cause as much damage as possible to the deep South.
Grant believed in the concept of total war - war that attacks not only the enemy troops, but also supplies, cities, and anything that supports the enemy.
While he was moving toward Richmond, Grant sent General William Tecumseh Sherman to cause as much damage as possible to the deep South.
Surrender at Appomattox
As their army weakened, the South’s last chance for victory was for somebody to defeat Lincoln in the election of 1864.
Northern Democrats nominated George McClellan, the former Union general, to run against Lincoln.
Many people were tired of the war and in favor of McClellan’s promise to stop the war immediately if elected.
As their army weakened, the South’s last chance for victory was for somebody to defeat Lincoln in the election of 1864.
Northern Democrats nominated George McClellan, the former Union general, to run against Lincoln.
Many people were tired of the war and in favor of McClellan’s promise to stop the war immediately if elected.
Surrender at Appomattox
Key Union victories in Virginia and Georgia convinced voters that the North was about to win the war.
This allowed Lincoln to win enough votes to be re-elected as president.
After Sherman’s destruction of Atlanta and Grant’s capture of Richmond, Lee had no choice but to surrender.
Key Union victories in Virginia and Georgia convinced voters that the North was about to win the war.
This allowed Lincoln to win enough votes to be re-elected as president.
After Sherman’s destruction of Atlanta and Grant’s capture of Richmond, Lee had no choice but to surrender.
Legacy of the War
The end of the war came at a terrible cost.
Over 620,000 soldiers were killed. Thousands more had arms or legs amputated.
Much of the South was destroyed during the war.
Lessons learned in the first “modern” war changed the way future wars would be fought.
The end of the war came at a terrible cost.
Over 620,000 soldiers were killed. Thousands more had arms or legs amputated.
Much of the South was destroyed during the war.
Lessons learned in the first “modern” war changed the way future wars would be fought.
