The Case Book for Russian

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Contents

SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ............................................................................... xii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................... xvi

PRELIMINARIES ...................................................................................................................... 2PRELIMINARIES 1 — THE MISSION OF THIS BOOK ................................................................ 3PRELIMINARIES 2— HOW INFORMATION IS PRESENTED IN THIS BOOK .................................... 5

NOMINATIVE: A NAME ............................................................................................................. 8PROLOGUE....................................................................................................................... 9NOMINATIVE: A NAME 1 — NAMING AND CALLING ............................................................. 9NOMINATIVE: A NAME 2 — THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE .................................................. 10NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY 1 — THE Y IN AN X = Y SENTENCE ........................................... 12NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY 2 — FIXED X = Y EXPRESSIONS ............................................... 14NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY 3— X = Y REDUCED TO X, Y .................................................... 15EPILOGUE ...................................................................................................................... 15

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS...................................................................................................... 18PROLOGUE..................................................................................................................... 19INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 1—A map of the mental leaps involved ................................ 20INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 2—Paths through space ......................................................... 20INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 3—Paths through time .......................................................... 22INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 4—Expanses of time and space ............................................ 23INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 5—Path > facilitator/instrument ........................................... 24INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 6—Actions facilitated by instruments .................................. 26

TABLE: Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS ..................................................................................... 26

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 7—Questions, adverbs, groups ............................................. 28INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 8—Person or object under control ........................................ 30

TABLE: Expressions of governance and leadership associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS ..................................................................................... 30

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 9—Person or object possessed .............................................. 31TABLE: Expressions of possession associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS ....... 31TABLE: Expressions of exchange associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS ......... 32TABLE:Expressions of filling and occupying associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS ..................................................................................... 32

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 10—Positive/negative evaluation ......................................... 32TABLE: Expressions of enjoyment and strong emotion associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS ..................................................................................... 33

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 11—The passive agent .......................................................... 33

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INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 12—An agent with no subject ............................................... 35INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL 1—Being, becoming, seeming ............................................... 36

TABLE: INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL with words meaning ‘be’, ‘become’ ................... 37TABLE: INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL with words meaning ‘be’, ‘become’ (continued) 38TABLE: Words meaning ‘apply a label to an item’ associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL ...................................................................................... 40

INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT 1 — Accompaniment ....................................................... 40TABLE: Expressions of engagement associated with INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT ................................................................................ 41

INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT 2 — Idioms and other uses ............................................... 42INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 1—¥Å∂≈ƒ ‘in front of’ ..................................................... 43INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 2—⁄¡ ‘beyond, behind’ ................................................... 45INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 3—Œ¡ƒ ‘above’ ............................................................... 47INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 4—¥œƒ ‘under’ ................................................................ 49INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 5—ÕÅ÷ƒπ ‘between’ ...................................................... 50EPILOGUE ...................................................................................................................... 51

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION ................................................................................................. 52PROLOGUE..................................................................................................................... 53

TABLE: Distribution of prepositions among the meanings of the accusative case ...................................................................................... 54

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 1—◊ ‘in, into’ ................................................................... 54ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 2—Œ¡ ‘to, on, onto’ .......................................................... 58ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 3—⁄¡ ‘beyond, behind’ .................................................... 59ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 4—œ ‘against’ ................................................................... 61ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 5—¥œ ‘up to’ .................................................................... 61ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 6—¥œƒ ‘under’ ................................................................. 62ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 7—Destinations in time ................................................... 62ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 8—The direct object ......................................................... 64ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 9—Objects without subjects ............................................ 66ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 10—Destinations of purpose ............................................ 67ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 1—Distance and duration ................................................... 69ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 2—Size and capacity .......................................................... 72ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 3—Comparison ................................................................... 73ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 4—Activities in various domains ....................................... 74ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT 1—Space as opposed to time ............................................. 77ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT 2—TIME AS OPPOSED TO SPACE .............................................. 78

TABLE: Time expressions associated with ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT ................... 79EPILOGUE ...................................................................................................................... 80

DATIVE: A RECEIVER ............................................................................................................. 82PROLOGUE..................................................................................................................... 83DATIVE: A RECEIVER 1—The indirect object ................................................................. 84

TABLE: Expressions of giving associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER ..................... 85

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DATIVE: A RECEIVER 2—Indirect objects without direct objects ................................... 87TABLE: Expressions of communication associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER ....... 87TABLE: Expressions of communication associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER (continued) ......................................................................... 88TABLE: Expressions of giving money associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER.......... 89

DATIVE: A RECEIVER 3—Giving the self ........................................................................ 89TABLE: Expressions of appearance and manifestation associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER............................................................................................. 89TABLE: Expressions of appearance and manifestation associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER............................................................................................. 89

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 1—Benefit ............................................................................ 91TABLE: Expressions of benefit associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER ............. 91TABLE: Expressions of benefit associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER ............. 92

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 2—Harm ............................................................................... 93TABLE: Expressions of harm associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER ................ 93TABLE: Expressions of harm associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER ................ 94

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 3—Having and needing ........................................................ 95TABLE: Expressions of having and needing associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER ..................................................................................... 95TABLE: Expressions of having and needing associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER (continued) .................................................................. 96

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 4—Age, environment, and emotions .................................... 98DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 5—Modal meanings ............................................................. 99

TABLE: Expressions of feeling like or having to associated with DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER ................................................................................... 100

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 6—Victims and beneficiaries .............................................. 101DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 1—Matching forces ............................................................... 101

TABLE: Expressions of equal or matching forces associated with DATIVE: A COMPETITOR ...................................................................................... 102

DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 2—Submission to a greater force ........................................... 103TABLE: Expressions of submission associated with DATIVE: A COMPETITOR ....... 103

DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 3—À ‘to, toward’ .................................................................... 104DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 4—¥œ ‘along’ ......................................................................... 107EPILOGUE .................................................................................................................... 109

GENITIVE: A SOURCE .......................................................................................................... 110PROLOGUE................................................................................................................... 111GENITIVE: A SOURCE 1—Going to > coming from ...................................................... 112GENITIVE: A SOURCE 2—…⁄ ‘from’ ............................................................................... 113GENITIVE: A SOURCE 3—∑ ‘from’ ................................................................................. 115GENITIVE: A SOURCE 4—œ∏ ‘from’ ............................................................................... 116GENITIVE: A SOURCE 5—Withdrawal ........................................................................... 118

TABLE: Expressions of fear and avoidance associated with GENITIVE: A SOURCE .......................................................................................... 118

GENITIVE: A GOAL 1—ƒœ ‘to’ ...................................................................................... 118

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GENITIVE: A GOAL 2—‘For’ and ‘against’ .................................................................... 121GENITIVE: A GOAL 3—Actual approach ...................................................................... 122

TABLE: Words meaning ‘get’, ‘approach’, ‘desire’ associated with GENITIVE: A GOAL ............................................................................................. 122

GENITIVE: A GOAL 4—Hypothetical approach ............................................................ 123TABLE: Words that can govern GENITIVE: A GOAL or ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION . 124TABLE: Comparison of GENITIVE: A GOAL and ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION ........... 124

GENITIVE: A WHOLE 1—‘Of’, possession, and color .................................................... 125GENITIVE: A WHOLE 2—Events, idioms, and chains .................................................... 126GENITIVE: A WHOLE 3—Prepositions and prepositional phrases ................................. 128

TABLE: Prepositional phrases meaning ‘of’ associated with GENITIVE: A WHOLE 128TABLE: Prepositional phrases meaning ‘of’ associated with GENITIVE: A WHOLE (continued) ........................................................................ 129

GENITIVE: A WHOLE 4—Numerals and quantifiers ...................................................... 129GENITIVE: A WHOLE 5—‘Some’ ................................................................................... 130

TABLE: Words expressing quantities associated with GENITIVE: A WHOLE .......... 131GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 1—Dates and other reference points ..................................... 132

TABLE: Prepositions associated with GENITIVE: A REFERENCE ............................. 133GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 2—π ‘by’ ............................................................................... 134GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 3—Lack ................................................................................ 135

TABLE: Expressions of lacking associated with GENITIVE: A REFERENCE............. 136GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 4—Comparison ..................................................................... 136EPILOGUE .................................................................................................................... 137

LOCATIVE: A PLACE ............................................................................................................ 138PROLOGUE................................................................................................................... 139LOCATIVE: A PLACE 1—◊ ‘in’ ....................................................................................... 139LOCATIVE: A PLACE 2—Words that trigger ◊; the 2nd locative ................................... 142

TABLE: Words that can trigger ◊ + LOCATIVE: A PLACE ....................................... 142LOCATIVE: A PLACE 3—Œ¡ ‘on’ .................................................................................... 144

TABLE: A categorization of common “Œ¡ words” ............................................. 145TABLE: Words that can use both Œ¡ and ◊ + LOCATIVE: A PLACE ......................... 145TABLE: Œ¡ + LOCATIVE: A PLACE in time expressions .......................................... 146

LOCATIVE: A PLACE 4—Words that trigger Œ¡; the 2nd locative ................................. 147TABLE: Words that can trigger Œ¡ + LOCATIVE: A PLACE ..................................... 147TABLE: Œ¡ + LOCATIVE: A PLACE in idiomatic expressions .................................. 148

LOCATIVE: A PLACE 5—¥∂… ‘at’ ................................................................................... 149LOCATIVE: A PLACE 6—œ ‘about’ ................................................................................. 150LOCATIVE: A PLACE 7—¥œ ‘after’ ................................................................................ 151

TABLE: ¥œ + LOCATIVE: A PLACE in the domain of time ...................................... 151EPILOGUE .................................................................................................................... 152

APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 153Russian Spelling Rules ............................................................................................. 153Declension of Nouns ................................................................................................ 154

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Feminine Declension Nouns ..................................................................................... 156Masculine Declension Nouns ................................................................................... 156Neuter Declension Nouns ......................................................................................... 158Adjectives ................................................................................................................. 159Pronouns ................................................................................................................... 160Numerals ................................................................................................................... 161Prepositions .............................................................................................................. 162Names ....................................................................................................................... 163

FURTHER READING............................................................................................................. 165

SOURCES ........................................................................................................................... 167

EXERCISES ........................................................................................................................ 169NOTES ON THE EXERCISES ............................................................................................ 169

LEVEL I EXERCISES ............................................................................................................ 170Nominative Exercise 1, Level I ................................................................................ 171Nominative Exercise 2, Level I ................................................................................ 172Nominative Exercise 3, Level I ................................................................................ 173Instrumental Exercise 1, Level I ............................................................................... 174Instrumental Exercise 2, Level I ............................................................................... 175Instrumental Exercise 3, Level I ............................................................................... 176Accusative Exercise 1, Level I ................................................................................. 178Accusative Exercise 2, Level I ................................................................................. 179Accusative Exercise 3, Level I ................................................................................. 180Dative Exercise 1, Level I ........................................................................................ 181Dative Exercise 2, Level I ........................................................................................ 182Dative Exercise 3, Level I ........................................................................................ 183Genitive Exercise 1, Level I ..................................................................................... 184Genitive Exercise 2, Level I ..................................................................................... 185Genitive Exercise 3, Level I ..................................................................................... 186Locative Exercise 1, Level I ..................................................................................... 188Locative Exercise 2, Level I ..................................................................................... 189Locative Exercise 3, Level I ..................................................................................... 190Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level I ................................................................................ 191Mixed Case Exercise 2, Level I ................................................................................ 192Mixed Case Exercise 3, Level I ................................................................................ 193Mixed Case Exercise 4, Level I ................................................................................ 194Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level I .............................................................. 194Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 2, Level I .............................................................. 196Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 3, Level I .............................................................. 197

LEVEL II EXERCISES .......................................................................................................... 199Nominative Exercise 1, Level II ............................................................................... 200Nominative Exercise 2, Level II ............................................................................... 201

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Nominative Exercise 3, Level II ............................................................................... 202Instrumental Exercise 1, Level II ............................................................................. 204Instrumental Exercise 2, Level II ............................................................................. 205Instrumental Exercise 3, Level II ............................................................................. 206Accusative Exercise 1, Level II ................................................................................ 208Accusative Exercise 2, Level II ................................................................................ 209Accusative Exercise 3, Level II ................................................................................ 210Dative Exercise 1, Level II ....................................................................................... 212Dative Exercise 2, Level II ....................................................................................... 213Dative Exercise 3, Level II ....................................................................................... 214Genitive Exercise 1, Level II .................................................................................... 215Genitive Exercise 2, Level II .................................................................................... 217Genitive Exercise 3, Level II .................................................................................... 218Locative Exercise 1, Level II .................................................................................... 219Locative Exercise 2, Level II .................................................................................... 221Locative Exercise 3, Level II .................................................................................... 222Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level I ................................................................................ 223Mixed Case Exercise 2, Level I ................................................................................ 224Mixed Case Exercise 3, Level I ................................................................................ 226Mixed Case Exercise 4, Level I ................................................................................ 227Mixed Case Exercise 5, Level I ................................................................................ 228Mixed Case Exercise 6, Level I ................................................................................ 229Mixed Case Exercise 7, Level I ................................................................................ 230Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level I .............................................................. 230Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 2, Level I .............................................................. 232Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 3, Level I .............................................................. 233Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 4, Level I .............................................................. 234

LEVEL III EXERCISES ......................................................................................................... 236Nominative Exercise 1, Level III ............................................................................. 237Nominative Exercise 2, Level III ............................................................................. 238Nominative Exercise 3, Level III ............................................................................. 240Instrumental Exercise 1, Level III ............................................................................ 242Instrumental Exercise 2, Level III ............................................................................ 243Instrumental Exercise 3, Level III ............................................................................ 245Accusative Exercise 1, Level III ............................................................................... 247Accusative Exercise 2, Level III ............................................................................... 248Accusative Exercise 3, Level III ............................................................................... 250Dative Exercise 1, Level III ...................................................................................... 252Dative Exercise 2, Level III ...................................................................................... 253Dative Exercise 3, Level III ...................................................................................... 255Genitive Exercise 1, Level III ................................................................................... 257Genitive Exercise 2, Level III ................................................................................... 259Genitive Exercise 3, Level III ................................................................................... 260Locative Exercise 1, Level III .................................................................................. 262

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Locative Exercise 2, Level III .................................................................................. 264Locative Exercise 3, Level III .................................................................................. 266Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level I ................................................................................ 268Mixed Case Exercise 2, Level I ................................................................................ 269Mixed Case Exercise 3, Level I ................................................................................ 271Mixed Case Exercise 4, Level I ................................................................................ 272Mixed Case Exercise 5, Level I ................................................................................ 274Mixed Case Exercise 6, Level I ................................................................................ 275Mixed Case Exercise 7, Level I ................................................................................ 277Mixed Case Exercise 8, Level I ................................................................................ 278Mixed Case Exercise 9, Level I ................................................................................ 278Mixed Case Exercise 10, Level I .............................................................................. 279Mixed Case Exercise 11, Level I .............................................................................. 280Mixed Case Exercise 12, Level I .............................................................................. 281Mixed Case Exercise 13, Level I .............................................................................. 282Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level I .............................................................. 283Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 2, Level I .............................................................. 284Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 3, Level I .............................................................. 286

ENGLISH INDEX ................................................................................................................. 289

RUSSIAN INDEX ................................................................................................................. 295

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SUGGESTIONS ON HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

The Case Book for Russian is unusual because it focuses on a single important issue con-fronting learners of Russian: the use of grammatical cases. Rather than targeting a specificaudience (for example, second-year students) and giving a smattering of information on avariety of topics, this book is a thorough, comprehensive analysis of a single, but absolutelyessential feature of Russian grammar, empowering learners to achieve complete mastery ofcase usage. The Case Book for Russian departs from standard textbook approaches in otherways as well. It demonstrates that proficiency-based materials can be successfully imple-mented while actually enhancing rather than compromising the acquisition of grammar.This book and its analysis draw upon a large database of naturally-occurring Russian sen-tences, presenting the reader with real native Russian rather than stripped-down textbookexamples. Just as The Case Book for Russian refuses to feed its users unnaturally simplifiedsamples of Russian, it also avoids offering sterile rules. This book focuses instead on ex-plaining coherent groupings of motives that drive case use, on the understanding that Rus-sian uses its six cases to produce a potentially infinite number of sentences, and learnerswill need to recognize novel as well as commonplace uses. Because The Case Book forRussian is so unlike most textbooks, a guide for its use might be of value to readers. Thefollowing suggestions for integrating this book into Russian language programs are offeredin the confidence that readers will make their own more specific (and possibly more cre-ative!) adjustments.

NO SPECIAL KNOWLEDGE IS ASSUMED FOR TEACHERS OR STUDENTS

Aside from the names of the cases (nominative, instrumental, etc.), there is virtually nolinguistic terminology used in The Case Book for Russian , and no knowledge of linguisticsor semantics is assumed. Users are not expected to master any special formalism or tomemorize new terms, and students who have used this book report that it is written in anaccessible style. Most instructors with a good working knowledge of Russian will recog-nize the value of this book and feel comfortable with the explanations it contains.

FOR USE AT A VARIETY OF LEVELS IN A VARIETY OF SETTINGS

The material presented here is most valuable to students who have already been exposed tothe Russian case system, and now need to cement what they have learned about the caseendings to a thorough understanding of how they are used. This point will be reached bylearners at different times, depending upon their strengths and the structure of the programthey are in. It is perhaps most likely that The Case Book for Russian will be used in second-or third-year Russian courses, although it is certainly not limited to any given time slot orenvironment. The Case Book for Russian is designed to be sufficiently self-explanatory tobe used for self-study, while maintaining enough rigor to be useful also in highly structuredlearning situations such as military and foreign service language instruction. One couldalternatively envision integrating this book into a course on the structure of Russian; all of

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the talented graduate students who worked on this project reported learning facts aboutRussian case usage that were valuable to their work as teaching assistants in our Russiancourses.

FOR USE BY ITSELF OR WITH ANY OTHER TEXTBOOKS OR READINGS

The Case Book for Russian is entirely self-contained and can be used alone or in combina-tion with any other materials. Most college-level Russian courses will develop conversa-tion, reading, writing, and grammar skills simultaneously, and the use of this book cansupport all of these endeavors, regardless of what other materials and approaches are used.At one extreme, an instructor could simply assign The Case Book for Russian , and requirestudents to work through it on their own (a process that can be monitored by collectingperiodic homework assignments or asking students to hand in printed logs of their progressfrom the electronic version of this book). At the other extreme, this book could be theprimary focus of a course that could include intensive analysis of case usage in variousmedia (texts, audio, video, etc.). It is more likely, however, that The Case Book for Russianwill be used in conjunction with other grammar and reading materials, and that part of oneclass per week will be devoted to discussing this book and applying its explanations to othermaterials covered in the course (i.e., intensive analysis only of excerpts that students findhard to understand). Since the meaning of every sentence in Russian is partially a functionof case usage, virtually any source of Russian language material provides ample opportuni-ties to enlarge upon what students will learn from this book.

CHAPTERS MAY BE USED IN ANY ORDER

Each chapter in The Case Book for Russian is a separate, stand-alone module, designed tobe used in any order. There is no need to follow the order presented in the book. The tablegives four plans for using The Case Book for Russian , depending upon whether the goal isto complete it in one semester or over a whole year, and upon whether the user chooses tofollow the order of the book (nominative, instrumental, accusative, dative, genitive, loca-tive) or another order (this model presents the cases in an alternative order of nominative,accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, locative, although absolutely any order can beaccommodated). The table presumes standard semesters of 14-15 weeks, but of course thisplan can be contracted or expanded to meet the needs of users on trimester or quarter sys-tems or on more extended schedules such as at the Defense Language Institute. The CaseBook for Russian contains several other features that contribute to its overall flexibility andease of navigation. The appendix is a comprehensive review of all the case endings fornouns, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, and all the endings relevant to a given caseappear in a table at the beginning of that chapter. The Table of Contents is highly detailed.There are both Russian and English indices, as well as margin notes on every page to enableusers to find the exact section of the book they seek. It is hoped that even after users haveworked through all the text and exercises, they will continue to find The Case Book forRussian a handy reference book, to be consulted for all their case needs.

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THE SEMESTER PLANThe Case Book for Russian in one semester (14 weeks; if you have a 15-week semester, youcan add a second week of review with exercises)

Assuming order in book(NIADGL)

Assuming different order(NAGDIL)

Week 1Preliminaries; Nominative case and

exercisesPreliminaries; Nominative case and

exercises

Week 2 Instrumental Prologue Instrumental:a means

Accusative PrologueAccusative: a destination

Week 3Instrumental: a label Instrumental:

an adjunctInstrumental: a landmark

Accusative: a dimensionAccusative: an endpoint

Week 4Instrumental Epilogue Instrumental

exercisesAccusative EpilogueAccusative exercises

Week 5 Accusative PrologueAccusative: a destination

Genitive PrologueGenitive: a sourceGenitive: a goal

Week 6Accusative: a dimensionAccusative: an endpoint

Genitive: a wholeGenitive: a reference

Week 7Accusative EpilogueAccusative exercises

Genitive EpilogueGenitive exercises

Week 8Dative Prologue

Dative: a receiverDative: an experiencer

Dative PrologueDative: a receiver

Dative: an experiencer

Week 9Dative: a competitor

Dative EpilogueDative exercises

Dative: a competitorDative EpilogueDative exercises

Week 10Genitive PrologueGenitive: a sourceGenitive: a goal

Instrumental Prologue Instrumental:a means

Week 11Genitive: a whole

Genitive: a reference

Instrumental: a label Instrumental:an adjunct

Instrumental: a landmark

Week 12Genitive EpilogueGenitive exercises

Instrumental Epilogue Instrumentalexercises

Week 13 Locative: a placeLocative exercises

Locative: a placeLocative exercises

Week 14Multiple case review

and exercisesMultiple case review

and exercises

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THE YEAR PLANThe Case Book for Russian in two semesters (14 weeks each)

Assuming order in book (NIADGL) Assuming different order (NAGDIL)FALL SPRING FALL SPRING

Week 1 PreliminariesDative PrologueDative: receiver

PreliminariesDative PrologueDative: receiver

Week 2Nominative:name

Nominative:identityNominative exercises

Dative: experiencerNominative:name

Nominative:identityNominative exercises

Dative: experiencer

Week 3 Instrumental PrologueInstrumental:means 1-6

Dative: competitorAccusative Prologue

Accusative:destination 1-5Dative:competitor

Week 4 Instrumental:means 7-12Dative EpilogueDative exercises

Accusative:destination 6-10Dative EpilogueDative exercises

Week 5Instrumental:label

Instrumental:adjunctGenitive PrologueGenitive: source

Accusative:dimensionInstrumental Prologue

Instrumental:means 1-6

Week 6 Instrumental:landmark Genitive:goal Accusative:endpoint Instrumental:means 7-12

Week 7Instrumental Epilogue

Instrumental exercises IGenitive:whole

Accusative EpilogueAccusative exercises I

Instrumental:labelInstrumental:adjunct

Week 8 Instrumental exercises II Genitive:reference Accusative exercises II Instrumental:landmark

Week 9Accusative Prologue

Accusative:destination 1-5Genitive Epilogue

Genitive exercises IGenitive PrologueGenitive: source

Instrumental EpilogueInstrumental exercises I

Week 10 Accusative:destination 6-10

Genitive exercises II Genitive:goal Instrumental exercises II

Week 11 Accusative:dimensionLocative Prologue

Locative:placeGenitive:whole

Locative PrologueLocative:place

Week 12 Accusative:endpointLocative EpilogueLocative exercises

Genitive:referenceLocative EpilogueLocative exercises

Week 13Accusative Epilogue

Accusative exercises IMultiple case review

exercisesGenitive Epilogue

Genitive exercises IMultiple case review

exercises

Week 14 Accusative exercises IIMultiple case review

exercisesGenitive exercises II

Multiple case reviewexercises

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book derives from over a decade of work on case semantics, and we are grateful tomany people and grant funds that have made it possible for us to complete this work. Firstthere are the people who helped to administer funds for the project: Meredith Clason andGlenda Thompson. There were a number of graduate students who worked on collection ofdata and discussions of how they would be presented: Mi-hi Lee, George Stackpole, andMaria Stalnaker. Sebastian Kempgen created a beautiful font custom-designed for the project.We are especially thankful to Eleonora Magomedova who helped us edit the Russian ex-amples and lent us her fabulous voice for the audio recordings. A number of colleagueshave made comments and suggestions that have enhanced the project, including: EdnaAndrews, Larry Feinberg, Ron Feldstein, George Fowler, Robert Greenberg, Tore Nesset,George Rubinstein, Charles Townsend, and Nadia Zilper. In the summer of 1999, we testedan earlier version of these materials with two brave undergraduate volunteers at UNC, whogave us valuable feedback from the perspective of student users, they are: Ramona Careyand Claire Horn. Grants from a number of sources have helped to keep the case book firesburning over the years, including: a Fulbright award to conduct the original research oncases in 1987, an American Council of Learned Societies/Social Science Research Councilgrant in 1992 and 1994 to work on a book on the role of analogy in Slavic historical linguis-tics (which gave us a good perspective on certain aspects of the Russian case system that arepresented in this book, such as the second genitive and locative, the distribution of genitiveplural endings, and the development of animacy), a Chancellor’s Instructional Technologygrant in 1997-1998 to launch the actual case book project, a University Research Councilgrant in 1998-1999 to fund further work on audio recordings and digitization of the project,course development money from a Title VI National Resource Center grant to prepare thetext for implementation in courses, and funds from a Title VI Language Resource Centergrant helped complete the project. An IREX short-term travel grant in 1999 made it pos-sible to compare notes with our Russian colleagues.

Finally, we are grateful to all the students in many language courses who appreciatedpresentations on case meaning in various Slavic languages and encouraged us to undertakethis project. We are also thankful to all of our colleagues who have listened to papers andpresentations on the subject of case semantics at conferences for so many years.

1

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book derives from over a decade of work on case semantics, and we are grateful tomany people and grant funds that have made it possible for us to complete this work. Firstthere are the people who helped to administer funds for the project: Meredith Clason andGlenda Thompson. There were a number of graduate students who worked on collection ofdata and discussions of how they would be presented: Mi-hi Lee, George Stackpole, andMaria Stalnaker. Sebastian Kempgen created a beautiful font custom-designed for the project.We are especially thankful to Eleonora Magomedova who helped us edit the Russian ex-amples and lent us her fabulous voice for the audio recordings. A number of colleagueshave made comments and suggestions that have enhanced the project, including: EdnaAndrews, Larry Feinberg, Ron Feldstein, George Fowler, Robert Greenberg, Tore Nesset,George Rubinstein, Charles Townsend, and Nadia Zilper. In the summer of 1999, we testedan earlier version of these materials with two brave undergraduate volunteers at UNC, whogave us valuable feedback from the perspective of student users, they are: Ramona Careyand Claire Horn. Grants from a number of sources have helped to keep the case book firesburning over the years, including: a Fulbright award to conduct the original research oncases in 1987, an American Council of Learned Societies/Social Science Research Councilgrant in 1992 and 1994 to work on a book on the role of analogy in Slavic historical linguis-tics (which gave us a good perspective on certain aspects of the Russian case system that arepresented in this book, such as the second genitive and locative, the distribution of genitiveplural endings, and the development of animacy), a Chancellor’s Instructional Technologygrant in 1997-1998 to launch the actual case book project, a University Research Councilgrant in 1998-1999 to fund further work on audio recordings and digitization of the project,course development money from a Title VI National Resource Center grant to prepare thetext for implementation in courses, and funds from a Title VI Language Resource Centergrant helped complete the project. An IREX short-term travel grant in 1999 made it pos-sible to compare notes with our Russian colleagues.

Finally, we are grateful to all the students in many language courses who appreciatedpresentations on case meaning in various Slavic languages and encouraged us to undertakethis project. We are also thankful to all of our colleagues who have listened to papers andpresentations on the subject of case semantics at conferences for so many years.

2 Preliminaries

Mrs. Glass ... went over to the medicine cabinet. It was stationed above the washbowl,against the wall. She opened its mirror -faced door and surveyed the congested shelves withthe eye — or , rather , the masterly squint — of a dedicated medicine-cabinet gardener .Before her , in overly luxuriant rows, was a host, so to speak, of golden pharmaceuticals,plus a few technically less indigenous whatnots. The shelves bore iodine, Mercurochrome,vitamin capsules, dental floss, aspirin, Anacin, Buf ferin, Argyrol, Musterole, Ex-Lax, Milkof Magnesia, Sal Hepatica, Asper gum, two Gillette razors, one Schick Injector razor , twotubes of shaving cream, a bent and somewhat torn snapshot of a fat black-and-white catasleep on a porch railing, three combs, two hairbrushes, a bottle of Wildroot hair ointment,a bottle of Fitch Dandruf f Remover , a small, unlabeled box of glycerin suppositories, VicksNose Drops, Vicks Vapo Rub, six bars of castile soap, the stubs of three tickets to a 1946musical comedy (±Call Me Mister≤), a tube of depilatory cream, a box of Kleenex, two sea-shells, an assortment of used-looking emery boards, two jars of cleansing cream, threepairs of scissors, a nail file, an unclouded blue marble (known to marble-shooters, at leastin the twenties, as a ±purey≤), a cream for contracting enlar ged pores, a pair of tweezers,the strapless chassis of a girl¢s or woman¢s gold wristwatch, a box of bicarbonate of soda,a girl¢s boarding-school class ring with a chipped onyx stone, a bottle of Stopette — and,inconceivably or no, quite a good deal more.

—from Franny and Zooey , J. D. Salinger

3

PRELIMINARIES 1—The mission of this book

Open a Russian-English dictionary and you will find the meanings of every kind ofword. Many dictionaries will even list translations for prefixes. But you won¢t find mean-ings for cases in your trusty dictionary. If you are lucky, you might have a reference gram-mar with an entry for each case, but chances are these entries will look rather like thecontents of Mrs. Glass¢ medicine cabinet, and be just as appealing. Take the dative case, forexample. Your reference grammar might tell you that the dative is used in the followingcontexts: for the indirect object; with the prepositions À °toward¢ and ¥œ °along¢; with cer-tain verbs such as œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ °answer¢, ¡¥¥ÃœƒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ °applaud¢, ¥Ã¡∏Ç∏ÿ °pay¢, ¥œƒ∂¡÷Ä∏ÿ°imitate¢, ¥œÕœ«Ä∏ÿ °help¢, ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ °belong to¢, ◊Å∂…∏ÿ °believe¢, Õ∑∏…∏ÿ °avenge¢,π«œ÷ƒÄ∏ÿ °please¢, ⁄¡◊Çƒœ◊¡∏ÿ °envy¢; in impersonal expressions of age and comfort suchas ÕŒ≈ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏/»ÉÃœƒŒœ [me-DAT twenty-NOM years-GEN/cold] °I am twenty yearsold/cold¢. There¢s no obvious pattern in such an explanation, and it doesn¢t prepare you topredict what other words might be associated with the dative, or to interpret a sentence likeÔŒÄ Œ¡∑∏π¥ÇÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ Œ¡ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃÿ [She-NOM stepped him-DAT on briefcase-ACC] °Shestepped on his briefcase¢. The incoherent assortments of case usage offered up in this fash-ion are incomplete and suggest no logical motive. There is also no logical motive for thestudent to try to learn them, since they don¢t make sense. The only choice seems to be tomemorize lists of case uses, and this proves to be a formidable if not impossible task, sinceit is exceedingly difficult to assimilate information if it looks to you like just so muchnonsense.

The goal of this text and accompanying exercises is to show you that there are patternsto case usage that make sense and can be learned fairly easily. This book can be used bystudents at any level of study, from beginner through advanced. Ideally a student could readthrough the basic text in the first year of study and then work through the examples andexercises in the second or third year. The margin notes and extensive indexing make itpossible to access and use the text in any order, and for a variety of purposes, from generalorientation to troubleshooting specific case meanings.

The meanings of the grammatical cases are probably the biggest obstacle faced by En-glish-speaking students trying to learn Russian. Even advanced learners will often run intosentences they can¢t interpret. Students often know plenty of vocabulary and how to findunfamiliar words in the dictionary, and maybe they can even figure out what cases all thenouns, pronouns, and adjectives are in, but if they cannot figure out what the cases mean,the meaning of the sentence remains a mystery.

The meaning of a sentence is a product of two interdependent forces: the words it con-tains, and the relationships those words have to each other. In English these relationshipsare usually expressed by means of word order and prepositions, but in Russian this job isdone by case. The words are fairly self-contained and concrete, since they can exist bythemselves, outside of any sentence. The relationships that hold between words are rela-tively abstract and largely dependent upon context. The relationships themselves can belikened to a bare conceptual structure that is fleshed out by the actual words chosen. Youcan compare this to the concept sandwich , which indicates a set of relationships betweenbread, spreads, and fillings. By itself, sandwich is abstract, and if somebody asked you to

Traditionalexplanations ofRussian casesusually look likelists of randomitems.

This text explainsthe coherentpatterns of casemeanings and canbe used at anylevel of study.

Preliminaries 1

Learning themeanings ofRussian cases isan obstacle tostudents.

Russian casesshow therelationshipbetween wordsin a sentence.

4 Preliminaries

±make a sandwich,≤ you would probably ask for more information. If instead the requestsounded something like ±give me an open-faced turkey sandwich on rye with lettuce, to-mato, and mustard, hold the mayo,≤ you would find that more satisfactory, because youwould know both the relationship (sandwich) and the specific items in that relationship(one slice of rye, mustard [not mayonnaise] for spread, filling of turkey, lettuce, and to-mato).

Our culture has some abstract relationships that can¢t be expressed in a single word, oreven in a common expression. Take for example the various types of games that involvetwo teams of people, each of which tries to control the movement of a round object into aspace belonging to another team. Variations in the type of object, parts of body or imple-ments used to move it, playing environments, rules, etc. yield specific games such as bas-ketball, football, soccer, volleyball, field hockey, ice hockey, lacrosse, rugby, water-polo,tennis, and ping-pong. The abstract relationship that holds between all the players, objects,playing environments, and rules is so familiar that it is transparent to us. We don¢t eventhink about it, and we apply it effortlessly even when we encounter a new game we haven¢tseen before. Now, imagine that there are some people who live in a radically differentculture, where there are no such sports. If you led them onto a lacrosse field and handedthem some sticks and a ball, they would be utterly clueless. Without any extra help, it¢sextremely unlikely that these people would start playing anything remotely like lacrosse.The sticks might seem handy for gathering apples from some nearby trees, and maybe theball could serve as the head of a child¢s doll or ritual effigy. Goodness knows what theywould make of the goals.

Nobody ever explained to you the principle relationship behind lacrosse or all the othergames that work the same way. They didn¢t have to. You saw plenty of examples all aroundyou and internalized the principle without even thinking about it. In order to gain the kindof understanding you have for such games, newcomers who have never been exposed tosuch an idea will need an explanation, not just of the principle itself, but of how it functionsin various actual games. The situation of a student learning Russian is very similar to theculture-shock of these outsiders. Until you get acculturated to the games Russians play withtheir cases, it is impossible for you to interpret and manipulate Russian sentences the waythat Russians do. The objective is to make you into effective players of the case game.There are challenges to face, as in any game, but they are part of the sport, and the rewardsof really mastering the language far outweigh the difficulties.

If a Russian asked you to explain the meaning of the English preposition for , you mightbe surprised and frustrated by the difficulty of this task. Even if you couldn¢t give yourRussian friend a satisfactory answer, that wouldn¢t mean that for doesn¢t mean anything orthat there are lots of different for s that are not related to each other in any systematic way.Intuitively you sense that for does mean something and that all uses of for relate to thatmeaning. The same goes for Russians and cases: they may not be able to tell you why allthose different verbs take the dative case, but they have an intuitive sense that the dativecase does mean something and the contexts in which the dative appears has to do with thatmeaning.

UnderstandingRussian cases islike understand-ing how a gamestructures play.

Every casehas a coherent

meaning.

5

PRELIMINARIES 2—How information is presented in this book

This book will present to you the basic meaning of each case, and it will also show youall the specific uses and how they relate to the basic meaning. To help you focus on thecases and their meanings, all examples are presented with both a word-by-word gloss and asmooth translation. The cases will be marked with abbreviated tags in the word-by-wordgloss: NOM for nominative, INST for instrumental, ACC for accusative, DAT for dative,GEN for genitive, and LOC for locative (also known in some textbooks as ±prepositional≤).Each case will further be associated with two labels, one of which is a word and the other adiagram. For example, the instrumental will look like this:

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

I

A force (arrow) passes through INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS (circle labeled I)

Both the word and the diagram are meant to suggest the basic meaning of the case, to giveyou a handle to grip your memory to. They are not definitions, nor do they imply thatRussians have such labels or think in pictograms or anything of that sort. They are merelyreference points for the process of working through the meanings. Both the word and thediagram focus only on the meaning of the case itself, which is usually embedded in a sen-tence that uses several cases. For example, a sentence like the following could be repre-sented by a larger diagram in which INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS would be only a component:

Ú≈÷…∑£∂ ¥∂œ∏£∂ œfiÀÇ ¥Ã¡∏ÀÉÕ.[Director-NOM wiped glasses-ACC handkerchief-INST.]The director wiped his glasses with a handkerchief .

AIN

A force from a NOMINATIVE: A NAME (circle labeled N)passes through an INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS (circle labeled I) and

arrives at an ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION (circle labeled A)

However, such diagrams would quickly become clumsy and distracting. We will focus ononly one case at a time instead of diagramming entire sentences this way.

Preliminaries 2

The notation andpresentation ofcase in this book.

6 Preliminaries

Most cases have submeanings related to the basic meaning:

INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL

I

INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL

(circle labeled I) is juxtaposedwith another item (other circle)

When there are submeanings, they will be arranged in a network to show how they arerelated like this:

A LANDMARK

AN ADJUNCT

A LABEL

A MEANS

INSTRUMENTAL Network

The object of this text is not to teach you the case endings for nouns, adjectives, pro-nouns, and numerals. Working through these materials will certainly reinforce your knowl-edge of what these paradigms look like, but there are many other books and materials forachieving that goal. Drilling the endings would distract you from concentrating on the mean-ings. However, if you want to review the case endings at any time, there are tables in theappendix giving complete declensions for your reference, and shortened tables specific toeach given case are at the beginning of each chapter.

In addition to basic meanings and submeanings, metaphor plays an important role incase meaning. Case meaning takes as its point of departure the relationships that hold be-tween physical objects placed or moving in space. These relationships can be metaphori-cally transferred to other domains such as time or social interaction, just as we see in En-glish:

on in space: I already have dinner on the table.on in time: I have a doctor¢s appointment on Monday.toward in space: The troops are advancing toward the border.toward in social interaction: That director is favorably inclined toward English ac-tresses.

This bookfocuses on case

meaning, notendings; tables

of endingsappear in every

chapter and inthe appendix.

Spatial relationsand metaphormotivate case

meaning.

7

In these examples, time and social interaction are treated as if they were physical spaces.For the most part, Russians use these metaphors in ways very similar to those familiar fromEnglish, though some uses might surprise you. Throughout the text mention is made ofmeanings that are extended to domains other than space. These metaphorical extensions, inconjunction with items specific to certain contexts, such as negation, numerals, certain verbsand prepositions, are responsible for the more specific meanings that you will find nestedunder the basic meanings and submeanings.

There are also relations that hold between the cases. It is not essential for you to memo-rize or appreciate these relations at this point, but since these relations motivate the order inwhich the cases are presented and to some extent the descriptions they are given, a briefoverview is in order. This overview is purely for purposes of general orientation; the state-ments it makes are abstract and will probably make more sense to you after you have com-pleted all the text and exercises.

Preliminaries 2

The relationshipsbetween cases.

The examples inthis book arereal, notconcocted.

The nominative basically names an item, and has no particular designation. The instrumen-tal is relatively peripheral to the nominative, and names an item through which somethinghappens; it is a mere conduit, envelope, or accompaniment for something else. Both theaccusative and the dative signal direction; the accusative is the destination for some item oractivity, and the dative, relatively more peripheral, is a receiver or experiencer of some itemor activity, usually capable of producing some further action in response. The sectioning ofa part from its source is expressed by the genitive; more abstractly such sectioning caninvolve background elements of the setting, expressed by the locative.

You will notice that the examples in both the text and exercises are very different fromthe examples you have seen in other textbooks. That is because these are not textbookexamples; not a single one of them was cooked up for this book. Most of the examples inhere have been taken from literature or periodicals printed in the past decade. Trying tolearn Russian cases from traditional textbook examples is a little like trying to learn aboutthe water cycle by studying the steam in your bathroom. It leads to the syndrome describedat the beginning of this chapter, where you know all the words and endings, but still can¢tmake sense of the sentence. Many people hit this plateau in their third year of study, but ifyou¢re a fast learner, you risk getting stuck there even sooner. Rather than being contrivedand antiseptic, the examples in this book and exercises will expose you to the cases as theyreally are, raw and unadulterated. This means that the examples will be somewhat messierthan the ones you are used to seeing. But hopefully this guided tour of case realia will helpto make your transition from language study to language use a confident, seamless striderather than a desperate leap into a void.

no direction direction section

center NOMINATIVE: A NAME ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION GENITIVE: A SOURCE

periphery INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS DATIVE: A RECEIVER LOCATIVE: A PLACE

8 The Nominative Case

Femininedeclension

nouns

Masculinedeclension

nouns

Neuterdeclension

nouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

Possessives

Numerals

NOMINATIVE Forms

hard type: °room¢ soft type: °week¢singular plural singular pluralÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ Œ≈ƒÅÃµ Œ≈ƒÅÃ…

-ÿ: °talent¢singular plural∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏…

hard type: °courtyard¢ soft type: °nail¢singular plural singular pluralƒ◊É∂ ƒ◊œ∂á «◊É⁄ƒÿ «◊É⁄ƒ…

hard type: °body¢ soft type: °schedule¢singular plural singular plural∏ÅÃœ ∏≈ÃÄ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…≈ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µ

hard type: °first¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥Å∂◊¡µ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈

-É™ if stressedsoft type: °last¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒµµ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈

°I¢ °we¢ °you¢ informal °you¢µ ÕŸ ∏Ÿ ◊Ÿ

°she¢ °he¢ °it¢ °they¢œŒÄ œŒ œŒÉ œŒÇ

°who¢ °what¢À∏œ fi∏œ

°this¢feminine masculine neuter pluralÜ∏¡ Ü∏œ∏ Ü∏œ Ü∏…

°all, every¢feminine masculine neuter plural◊∑µ ◊≈∑ÿ ◊∑£ ◊∑≈

feminine masculine neuter plural°my¢ÕœÖ Õœ™ Õœ£ ÕœÇ

°our¢ŒÄ¤¡ ŒÄ¤ ŒÄ¤≈ ŒÄ¤…

°one¢feminine masculine neuter pluralœƒŒÄ œƒÇŒ œƒŒÉ œƒŒÇ

‘two¢ °three¢ °four¢ °five¢ƒ◊e (fem) ∏∂… fi≈∏á∂≈ ¥Ö∏ÿƒ◊¡ (masc/neut)

9

An overview ofthe nominativecase.

N A NAMENOMINATIVE:

The nominative network:

A NAME AN IDENTITY

PROLOGUE

As you probably suspect, the nominative case is relatively simple and straightforward.It is the logical starting point both for our survey of the cases and for many sentences. Inaddition to its basic meaning, NOMINATIVE: A NAME, this case has just one submeaning, NOMI-NATIVE: AN IDENTITY. Whereas NOMINATIVE: A NAME has a very broad naming function, NOMINA-TIVE: AN IDENTITY has a more narrow function, targeting a characteristic of something thathas already been named. You can think of NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY as being a specializedversion of NOMINATIVE: A NAME, used when we want to convey more information.

NOMINATIVE: A NAME 1—Naming and calling

Because it does not have any other more specific meaning, the nominative is ideal evenfor use outside of a sentence, such as: pointing to an object and naming it; signs, tags,

labels, titles, and similar naming devices. The fact that dictionar-ies cite nouns in the nominative case is a symptom of thenominative¢s function as the primary name for an item or idea;the other case forms are all variations on the nominative, second-ary and derived. There are two ways in which Russian uses thisnaming function just like a sign: either by setting it off with acomma, or by using a comma and À¡À °like’. In both situations thenominative item is set apart from the rest of the sentence; it ismerely a parenthetical piece of commentary:

ÙŸ Œ≈ ◊ Ìœ∂ƒÉ◊……,fiÑfi≈Ãœ![You-NOM not in Mordovia-LOC, scarecrow-NOM!]You¢re not in Mordovia, you scarecrow !

Ó≈ ∏∂œ÷ÿ Úœ∑∑Ç¿, …Œœ∂Éƒ≈√![Not touch Russia-ACC, foreigner-NOM!]Don¢t touch Russia, you foreigner !

N

NOMINATIVE: A NAME

(circle labeled N)

The namingfunction ofNOMINATIVE: ANAME.

NOMINATIVE: ANAME used to callsomeone a nameor to get theirattention.

Nominative: a name 1


The specialvocative form of

NOMINATIVE: ANAME drops final

-¡/-µ.

ÙÉÃÿÀœ ∑À¡÷Ñ — ÕœÃœƒá≈, Œ≈ «π∫Ç∏≈ ∑≈∫Ö, Œ≈ ¥∂É∫π™∏≈.[Only say — young people-NOM, not destroy self-ACC, not try.]I have only one thing to say — young people , don’t destroy yourselves, don’t try it.

In the first two examples above, the naming function is being used to call someone a name.As the third example shows (a plea for young people not to use drugs), you can similarlyuse the nominative case to call out to someone to get their attention. Some languages havea separate vocative case with its own endings where Russian uses NOMINATIVE: A NAME.Russian does have some special vocative case forms with people’s names and names offamily members. If a name (usually a diminutive form) ends in -¡ or -µ it is not uncommonto hear Russians drop the last vowel when calling to a friend or relative. Thus you mighthear ÔÃÿ! as well as ìÃµ!, ·Ã£¤! as well as ·Ã£¤¡!, and ÕÄÕ! as well as ÕÄÕ¡! Here’s anexample of this truncated use of the NOMINATIVE: A NAME with the name ‰ÇÕ¡:

‰…Õ, À¡À ∏Ÿ ƒÑÕ¡≈¤ÿ, Ã¿∫É◊ÿ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ÕÑ÷≈Õ … ÷≈ŒÉ™ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ◊ÅfiŒœ™?[Dima-NOM, how you-NOM think, love-NOM between husband-INST and wife-INST can be eternal-INST?]Dima, what do you think, can the love between a husband and a wife last forever?

There are two special naming forms (historical leftovers from a vocative case long ago lostin Russian) that can be used to appeal for divine assistance: ßÉ÷≈! ‘O God!’ (from ßœ«‘God’) and ÁÉ∑¥œƒ… ‘O Lord ’ (from Áœ∑¥Éƒÿ ‘Lord’).

As mentioned above, NOMINATIVE: A NAME can be introduced by the word À¡À ‘like’. Hereare two examples of the parenthetical use of À¡À with the NOMINATIVE: A NAME:

ÔÀ¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ … ∏¡Œ√≈◊Ä∏ÿ Œ≈ πÕÅÃ¡ … ∑…ƒÅÃ¡ ∏Ç»œ, À¡À ÕŸ¤ÿ.[Turned-out, that even dance not knew and sat quietly, like mouse-NOM.]It turned out that she didn’t even know how to dance, and she sat quietly, like amouse .

È µ, À¡À ÄŒƒ≈∂∑≈Œœ◊∑À…™ Àœ∂ÉÃÿ, …⁄ ◊∑≈» ∑…Ã ∑∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ ∂¡⁄«ÃµƒÅ∏ÿ Ü∏πÉ∫Ã¡fiŒœ∑∏ÿ … ¥∂œ⁄∂ÄfiŒœ∑∏ÿ, Ü∏π ÕÑ⁄ŸÀπ ∫≈⁄ ∑Ãœ◊.[And I-NOM, like Andersen¢s king-NOM, from all strengths-GEN tried to see-through this cloudiness-ACC and transparency-ACC, this music-ACC without words-GEN.]And I, like Andersen¢s king (in the tale “The Emporer’s New Clothes”), tried with allmy strength to see through this cloudiness and transparency, this music withoutwords.

NOMINATIVE: A NAME 2—The subject of a sentence

In the expression of any more complex thought, the nominative names the subject, theactive head of most sentences. Because words are marked with cases, there is no need for anominative subject to be the first item in a sentence, as in English. The thing that identifiesthe subject is its nominative case, not its position; no matter where it is, it can be identified

NOMINATIVE: ANAME with À¡À.

NOMINATIVE: ANAME as thesubject of a

sentence isn’talways at the

beginning.

11

as nominative and therefore subject. As we will see, the same goes for the other cases aswell: since each item in a sentence is flagged with a case ending indicating its role, the orderof words doesn¢t matter as much. The word order we are familiar with from English isprobably the most common one used in Russian, but there are many other possibilities,thanks to the fact that speakers of Russian can read the case flags no matter where they arewaving. Here are some examples of nominative subjects, both at the beginnings of sen-tences and elsewhere:

Ó…À¡ÀÉ≈ ƒ∂π«É≈ ÇÕµ ◊ ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ™ ¥∂É⁄≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈«œ ƒ≈∑µ∏…ÃÅ∏…µ Œ≈ ⁄◊πfiÇ∏ ∏¡À«∂ÉÕÀœ … ◊ŒÖ∏Œœ …, «ÃÄ◊Œœ≈, — ¥∂…◊Ã≈ÀÄ∏≈ÃÿŒœ.[No other name-NOM in Russian prose-LOC last decade-GEN not sound as loudlyand distinctly and, mainly, — appealingly.]No other name in Russian prose of the last decade sounds as loud and distinct and,most importantly, — as appealing.

Ô∑É∫≈ŒŒœ ∑Àœ∂∫Ç∏ Ä◊∏œ∂ ¥œ ¥∂…∑Œœ¥ÄÕµ∏ŒŸÕ ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄÕ ÛÛÛÚ ∏∂…ƒ√Ä∏Ÿ» -¥µ∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ» «œƒÉ◊.[Especially laments author-NOM along memorable times-DAT USSR-GEN thir-ties-GEN - fities years-GEN.]The author particularly laments the memorable times of the USSR of the 1930¢s -1950¢s.

˛≈Õ œ∫≈∂Œ£∏∑µ ƒÃµ Úœ∑∑Ç… ¥œ∏Å∂µ ∑∏∂¡∏≈«Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ ∑Å◊≈∂Œœ«œ ∆œ∂¥É∑∏¡.[What-INST turn-into for Russia-GEN loss-NOM strategic northern outpost-GEN.]What the loss of a strategic northern outpost will mean for Russia.

˜ÇƒŒœ, Œ¡ ¥Éfi∏≈ fi∏É-∏œ ¥≈∂≈¥Ñ∏¡Ã…. Ó≈∏, Œ¡ ¥¡ÀÅ∏≈ ∏ÉfiŒœ ⁄ŒÄfi…Ã∑µ Õœ™ Äƒ∂≈∑.[Clearly, at post-office-LOC something-ACC mixed-up. No, on package-LOC pre-cisely appeared my address-NOM.]Clearly they had made a mistake at the post office. No, it was precisely my addressthat appeared on the package.

˜œ ÕŒÅ, ≈∑∏Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ, Œ¡ÀÄ¥Ã…◊¡Ã∑µ ¥∂œ∏Å∑∏ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊ …» ±¥∂Ä◊ƒŸ≤.[In me-LOC, naturally, welled-up protest-NOM against their ±truth-GEN≤.]A feeling of protest against their ±truth≤ naturally welled up in me.

œÜ∏œÕπ-∏œ … ∂¡⁄◊…∏É™ ∑œ√…¡ÃÇ⁄Õ ∂Ñ»ŒπÃ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ …⁄-⁄¡ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ≈«É◊œ⁄«Ã¡◊ÃÖÃ… ƒ∂Ö»ÃŸ≈ ∑∏Ä∂√Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ» ¥∂…◊œƒÇÃ… Œ¡ ⁄¡∑≈ƒÄŒ…≈ ÀœÃÃÅ«… ¥Éƒ∂πÀπ...[For that reason even mature socialism-NOM collapsed not just because that-GEN,that it-ACC headed decrepit elders-NOM, whom-ACC led at meeting-ACC col-leagues-NOM under hand-ACC...]That¢s why even mature socialism collapsed, not just because it was headed bydecrepit elders whom colleagues led by the hand to the meeting...

Nominative: a name 2


NOMINATIVE: AN

IDENTITY with theverb ‘be’.

The first example has the NOMINATIVE: A NAME subject at the beginning, the second exampleplaces it after the verb. The third example (the title of a newspaper article) shows the NOMI-NATIVE: A NAME subject deeply embedded in the sentence, and the same goes for the last threeexamples. Notice that the last example here has three clauses, all with nominative subjects;the second one is actually active (°decrepit elders headed it¢), but we used the passive voicein the smooth translation because English word order is not as flexible as Russian. Theactive phrase °decrepit elders headed it¢ would have put °decrepit elders¢ too far away from°whom¢. You will often encounter Russian sentences that cannot be said in the same way inEnglish, and this will be reflected in our translations.

The subject of a sentence need not engage in any real action in order to serve as thesource of energy for a verb; it can merely exist. Here is an example of NOMINATIVE: A NAME

serving as the subject for the verb ∫Ÿ∏ÿ °be¢:

˜ √ÅŒ∏∂≈ ¥≈∂≈«œ◊É∂œ◊ — ◊œ¥∂É∑Ÿ …∂ÄŒœ-∂œ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ«œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊¡.[In center-LOC negotiations-GEN — questions-NOM Iranian-Russian collabora-tion-GEN.]Questions about Iranian-Russian collaboration are at the center of the negotiations.

This example follows the pattern of “at a location [center of negotiations ] there is an item(subject) [questions ]”. Russian uses a specialized version of this construction to express‘have’, employing π ‘by’ + GEN to describe the location. Thus π Õ≈ŒÖ (≈∑∏ÿ) ÀŒÇ«¡ [by me-GEN (is) book-NOM], literally ‘by me there is a book ’, is the most usual way of saying ‘Ihave a book ’. The following example contains a metaphorical assertion of having familialattachments (roots being ancestors and shoots being offspring), followed by an assertion ofexistence (expressed by an archaic form of the verb ∫Ÿ∏ÿ °be¢):

ı Õ≈ŒÖ ≈∑∏ÿ ÀÉ∂Œ… … ≈∑∏ÿ ∂œ∑∏ÀÇ. ˙ŒÄfi…∏, µ ≈∑Õÿ.[By me-GEN are roots-NOM and are shoots-NOM. Means, I-NOM am.]I have roots and I have shoots . Therefore, I exist.

NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY 1—The Y in an X = Y sentence

Even when you have already givensomething a name, you might want togive more information about the item,to tell us that it is big or unusual or what-ever. The basis of this submeaning is asimple equation of the type x = y, wherey is NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY. The bondbetween x and y is typically the verb∫Ÿ∏ÿ °be¢ (which usually has a zero formin the present tense). The other item, x,is typically NOMINATIVE: A NAME (just like the examples with ∫Ÿ∏ÿ °be¢ immediately above).This use of NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY is traditionally known as the “predicate nominative”.

NOMINATIVE: ANAME as the

subject of ∫Ÿ∏ÿ‘be’.

N

NOMINATIVE:: AN IDENTITY (circle labeled N)is associated with another item (other circle)

NOMINATIVE: ANAME as the

subject of ∫Ÿ∏ÿ‘be’, when used

to express ‘have’.

13

Ó¡™ÕÄŒ — …Œ∏≈ÃÃ≈À∏πÄÃÿŒŸ™ Àœ◊∫É™.[Naiman-NOM — intellectual cowboy-NOM.]Naiman is an intellectual cowboy .

˜œœ∫›Å, ∂Ñ∑∑À…™ ÛÅ◊≈∂ — ≈›£ Œ≈∂¡⁄«Äƒ¡ŒŒ¡µ ∏Ä™Œ¡ Úœ∑∑Ç….[In-general, Russian North-NOM — still unsolved mystery-NOM Russia-GEN.]In general, the Russian North is Russia’s as yet unsolved mystery .

‰ÉÃ÷≈Œ ¥∂…⁄ŒÄ∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ µ Œ≈ ∑œ◊∑ÅÕ ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏.[Must admit, that I-NOM not completely journalist-NOM.]I must admit that I am not exactly a journalist .

ÓÄƒœ …ÕÅ∏ÿ ◊ ◊…ƒÑ, fi∏œ œŒÄ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ «Ãπ∫œÀÉ ◊Å∂π¿›…™.[Necessary have in view-LOC, that she-NOM person-NOM deeply faithful-NOM.]One has to keep in mind the fact that she is a person of profound faith .

Since both terms in the equation refer to the same thing, the item marked as NOMINATIVE:AN IDENTITY can be just an adjective, adding extra information, as in:

Îœ◊∂Ç«…Œ ∑∏∂Ä¤Œœ ∂¡ŒÇÕŸ™ … ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ fiÑ∏À…™.[Kovrigin-NOM terribly woundable-NOM and painfully sensitive-NOM.]Kovrigin is terribly easy to wound and painfully sensitive .

NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY in sentences with the x = y structure also marks the place whereshort-form adjectives appear in Russian; indeed when you have only an adjective in thisposition, it is usually short-form, and short-form adjectives can only appear in the nomina-tive case. Here are some examples:

œ∫Åƒ¡ ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡ Œ≈∑œÕŒÅŒŒ¡.[Victory-NOM Dovlatov-GEN indisputable-NOM.]Dovlatov¢s victory is indisputable .

ı∫Ç™√Ÿ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ◊œ÷ƒÖ ¥œÀÄ Œ≈ ŒÄ™ƒ≈ŒŸ.[Murderers-NOM our leader-GEN as-yet not found-NOM.]The people who murdered our leader have not yet been found .

È⁄◊Å∑∏Œœ, âŒœ∑∏ÿ ƒœ◊Å∂fi…◊¡ … Ã¿∫œ¥á∏Œ¡, ¡ ¥œ∏œÕÑ … ∫≈∑∑∏∂Ä¤Œ¡.[Known, youth-NOM trusting-NOM and curious-NOM, and for-that-reason alsofearless-NOM.]It is well known that youth is trusting and curious and for that reason also fearless .

In reality there are two kinds of x = y expressions, the relatively simple identity de-scribed here, and a different one that involves labeling x as a member of category y, inwhich case y is marked as INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL. Here is one example for comparison:

NOMINATIVE: AN

IDENTITY withshort-formadjectives.

NOMINATIVE: AN

IDENTITY withadjectives.

Contrast betweenNOMINATIVE: AN

IDENTITY andINSTRUMENTAL: ALABEL with theverb ‘be’.

Nominative: an identity 1


Ò ∫ŸÃ œƒŒœ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒœ »Ç›Œ…ÀœÕ … ÷Å∂∏◊œ™.[I-NOM was simultaneously predator-INST and victim-INST.]I was simultaneously a predator and a victim .

The use of INSTRUMENTAL: A LABELwill become clearer in the discussion of the instrumentalcase in the following chapter. For now it is enough to note that although both the nomina-tive and the instrumental cases can be used to describe an item, NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY

tends to describe inherent, unchanging properties, whereas INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL tends todescribe temporary, changing properties. Remember that an identity is something that ispermanent, whereas a label can be taken off and exchanged.

Word order can be rearranged for this use of the nominative as well, as in this example:

Ó¡Ç◊ŒŸ≈ ÕŸ ◊∑£ ÷≈ Ãâƒ…![Naive-NOM we-NOM after all people-NOM]We are after all naive people !

The normal word order, corresponding to the other examples we have seen, would of coursebe ÕŸ ◊∑£ ÷≈ Œ¡Ç◊ŒŸ≈ Ãâƒ…, but the word Œ¡Ç◊ŒŸ≈ has been moved to the beginning foremphasis.

NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY 2—Fixed X = Y expressions

There are a couple of fixed expressions that use NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY. One is thephrase fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÉ≈ + NOM ‘what is Y?’, which asks the hearer to identify the meaning of aword that the speaker does not know. Here is an example of how this simple question can beembedded in a sentence for rhetorical effect:

˙ƒ≈∑ÿ, Àœ«ƒÄ ∑∏∂µ∑ÃÉ∑ÿ π Õ≈ŒÖ ∫œÃÿ¤É≈ «É∂≈, µ ¥œ⁄ŒÄÃ¡ … fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÉ≈ Œ¡∑∏œÖ›…≈ƒ∂π⁄ÿÖ.[Here, when shook-off by me-GEN big grief-NOM, I-NOM found-out also what-NOM such-NOM real friends-NOM.]Here, when I shook off the burden of grief, I also found out what true friends reallyare.

The use of NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY with the preposition ⁄¡ °behind¢ to mean ‘what kind ofY is that?’ is not uncommon in spoken Russian:

ÙŸ ÕŒ≈ ÃÑfi¤≈ œ∫flµ∑ŒÇ, fi∏œ Ü∏œ ⁄¡ Ãâƒ…![You-NOM me-DAT better explain, what-NOM that-NOM for people-NOM!]Then you explain to me what kind of people those are!

ñ∏œ ≈›£ fi∏œ ⁄¡ ŒÉ◊œ∑∏…?[That-NOM still what-NOM for news-NOM?]What kind of news is that now?

fi∏œ ⁄¡ +NOMINATIVE:AN IDENTITY

expresses ‘whatkind of Y is

that?’

fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÉ≈ +NOMINATIVE: AN

IDENTITY

expresses ‘whatis Y?’

NOMINATIVE:AN IDENTITY maymark permanent

identities,INSTRUMENTAL: ALABEL may mark

temporarylabels.

15Epilogue

˛∏œ ⁄¡ œ¥¥œ⁄…√…ÉŒŒ¡µ ¥Ä∂∏…µ — ∫áÃœ ≈›£ Œ≈ ∑œ◊∑ÅÕ Ö∑Œœ.[What-NOM for opposition party-NOM — was still not entirely clear.]What kind of opposition party — that was still not entirely clear.

NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY 3—X = Y reduced to X, Y

The construction associated with NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY can appear in an abbreviatedform, without any verb to connect the two entities (perhaps not such a big loss, since themost common verb is ‘to be’, which is usually not expressed in the present tense, as shownin most of the examples in the preceding two sections). In this construction we see a wordthat refers to a generic category (like ‘state’ or ‘novel’) followed by the specific name or titleof something in that category (like ‘Nevada’ or ‘The White Guard’), as in these two ex-amples:

1992 «. — ◊ ¤∏Ä∏≈ Ó≈◊Äƒ¡ ¥∂œ…⁄◊≈ƒ£Œ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ Öƒ≈∂ŒŸ™ ◊⁄∂Ÿ◊.[1992 year-NOM — in state-LOC Nevada-NOM produced-NOM last nuclear ex-plosion-NOM.]The year 1992 — in the state of Nevada the last nuclear explosion is produced.

ë∑Ã… ◊ “ÌÄ∑∏≈∂≈ … Ì¡∂«¡∂Ç∏≈” …∂∂≈ÄÃÿŒœ≈ … ∆¡Œ∏¡∑∏Çfi≈∑Àœ≈ œ¥∂≈ƒ≈Ã≈ŒÉ⁄ÄÕŸ∑ÃœÕ, ∏œ œ∏ ∂œÕÄŒ¡ “ßÅÃ¡µ «◊Ä∂ƒ…µ” Œ…À∏É Œ≈ œ÷…ƒÄÃ Õ…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…»¥∂…ÀÃ¿fiÅŒ…™.[If in “Master-LOC and Margarita-LOC” unreal-NOM and fantastic-NOM deter-mined-NOM design-INST, then from novel-GEN “White Guard-NOM” no-one-NOM not expected mystical adventures-GEN.]Whereas in The Master and Mar garita unreal and fantastic elements were deter-mined by design, no one expected mystical adventures from the novel The WhiteGuard .

Notice that the word for the generic category can be in any case (in these examples, ¤∏Ä∏≈‘state’ is in the locative, and ∂œÕÄŒ¡ ‘novel’ is in the genitive), but the actual name (com-monly known as an appositive) is in the nominative. The second example provides us withan opportunity to compare the effect of this use of the NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY with itsabsence. When the generic category is not stated, the title of the first book mentioned (TheMaster and Mar garita ) is declined, but when the generic term meaning ‘novel’ is used, thetitle (The White Guard ) appears in the nominative case.

EPILOGUE

To recap: the nominative case can be used to call someone or something by name, toname the subject of a sentence, and also to indicate the identity of an item. The nominativeis all about naming, and it should not surprise you that the very term “nominative” is relatedto our English word name. Though not all Russian sentences have nominative subjects, thevast majority do, and your strategy should be to look first for a nominative subject and its

NOMINATIVE: AN

IDENTITY can beused to givespecific names toexamples ofcategories.


verb; once you find these two items, the rest of the sentence becomes easier to unpack. Theremaining chapters of this book will reveal the meanings of the other cases and demonstratetheir functions. Russian operates on an austere and powerful little system, using only sixcases to describe all the possible relationships that human beings encounter in their lives.As the pieces fall into place, you will gradually become acculturated to the logic of Russiansentences and you will find that each case takes on a life of its own.

17

18 The Instrumental Case

Femininedeclension

nouns

Masculinedeclension

nouns

Neuterdeclension

nouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

Possessives

Numerals

INSTRUMENTAL Forms

hard type: °room¢ soft type: °week¢singular plural singular pluralÀÉÕŒ¡∏œ™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡Õ… Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈™ Œ≈ƒÅÃµÕ…

-ÿ: °talent¢singular plural∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ¿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏µÕ…

hard type: °courtyard¢ soft type: °nail¢singular plural singular pluralƒ◊œ∂ÉÕ ƒ◊œ∂ÄÕ… «◊œ⁄ƒ£Õ «◊œ⁄ƒÖÕ…

hard type: °body¢ soft type: °schedule¢singular plural singular plural∏ÅÃœÕ ∏≈ÃÄÕ… ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…≈Õ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕ…

hard type: °first¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ…

soft type: °last¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ…

°I¢ °we¢ °you¢ informal °you¢ÕŒœ™ ŒÄÕ… ∏œ∫É™ ◊ÄÕ…

°she¢ °he¢ °it¢ °they¢(Œ)≈™ (Œ)…Õ (Œ)…Õ (Œ)ÇÕ…

°who¢ °what¢ °oneself¢À≈Õ fi≈Õ ∑œ∫É™

°this¢feminine masculine neuter pluralÜ∏œ™ Ü∏…Õ Ü∏…Õ Ü∏…Õ…

°all, every¢feminine masculine neuter plural◊∑≈™ ◊∑≈Õ ◊∑≈Õ ◊∑ÅÕ…

feminine masculine neuter plural°my¢ÕœÅ™ ÕœÇÕ ÕœÇÕ ÕœÇÕ…

°our¢ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤…Õ ŒÄ¤…Õ ŒÄ¤…Õ…

°one¢feminine masculine neuter pluralœƒŒÉ™ œƒŒÇÕ œƒŒÇÕ œƒŒÇÕ…

‘two¢ °three¢ °four¢ °five¢ƒ◊πÕÖ ∏∂≈ÕÖ fi≈∏Ÿ∂ÿÕÖ ¥µ∏ÿâ

19Prologue

I A MEANSINSTRUMENTAL:

The instrumental network:

A LANDMARK

AN ADJUNCT

A LABEL

A MEANS

PROLOGUE

The instrumental is one of the most complex Russian cases, but the idea behind it isfairly simple. You can think of it as an accessory for something else. Rather than serving asa source for energy (which is the primary task of NOMINATIVE: A NAME), the instrumental is aperipheral attachment for something else. The peripheral accessory named by the instru-mental can be associated either with an activity or with an item. When an item in the instru-mental case is associated with an activity, we have INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS, and the instru-mental item is a conduit for the activity. When an item in the instrumental case is attached toanother item, it serves as an address for that item; this can be done by tagging it in someway, in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL, by identifying something to which it isjoined, in which case we have INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT (here we use the Russian preposi-tion ∑ °with¢), or by locating it in reference to a landmark, in which case we have INSTRUMEN-TAL: A LANDMARK (used with the prepositions Œ¡ƒ °above¢, ¥œƒ °under¢, ¥Å∂≈ƒ °in front of¢, ⁄¡°behind¢, and ÕÅ÷ƒπ °between¢).

Your first task when confronted with an item in the instrumental case will be to figureout which part of the network it is using. If any of the prepositions (∑, Œ¡ƒ, ¥œƒ, ¥Å∂≈ƒ, ⁄¡,ÕÅ÷ƒπ) are present, you can put this task behind you, since you will have INSTRUMENTAL: AN

ADJUNCT with the preposition ∑, and INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK with the remaining preposi-tions. If not, you will need to think about whether the instrumental is being used to augmenta description of an activity (INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS) or a thing (INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL). Theexplanations and examples below should help you get used to looking for this difference.

An overview ofthe instrumentalcase.

The instrumentalcase marks anitem associatedwith an activityor another item.


I

A force (arrow) passes throughINSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

(circle labeled I)

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 1—A map of the mental leaps involved

Though INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS always designates a conduit for action, there is an intri-cate web of specific uses, and it is worth mapping them out ahead of time before divingright into them. INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS can be divided into two smaller groups: one takesthe concept of a path as its point of departure (sections 2-9), and the other focuses on theagents of actions (sections 10-11). The following diagram might help you to think abouthow the ideas in the first group (the path group) are organized:

path >facilitator/instrument/means >

person/object under control >person/object possessed >

person/object evaluated positively/negatively

A path, because it facilitates movement, can also be conceived of as a facilitator for action,an instrument, or a means (think of our English expression of a way to do things , where wealso understand means and instruments in terms of a path by using the word way ). The factthat instruments are objects under our control motivates the use of the instrumental withverbs expressing domination, facilitating a mental leap from instrument to person or objectunder control. Since having control is a special kindof having, some verbs of possession also have in-strumental objects, and this brings us to person orobject possessed. Finally, an item under control canbe variously evaluated and as a result we use theinstrumental with certain verbs meaning ‘enjoy’ and‘despise’. The next eight sections will take youthrough all these mental leaps, with enough ex-amples and explanations to ensure a safe landingfor every jump.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 2—Paths through space

When an instrumental item is associated with a verb, its purpose is to tell us somethingabout the means by which the verbal activity takes place. It can be thought of as a channelfor realizing the activity of the verb. The instrumental item thus serves as a conduit for theflow of energy named by the verb. This can involve simply passing through a space orfollowing a path, as in:

ÌŸ ∑◊≈∂ŒÑÃ… À ŒÄ∫≈∂≈÷Œœ™ … ¥∂œ¤ÃÇ ƒœ›Ä∏ŸÕ ∏∂Ä¥œÕ Œ¡ƒ ÀœÃÅ∫Ã¿›≈™∑µ◊œƒÉ™.[We-NOM turned toward embankment-DAT and walked planked ladder-INST abovequavering water-INST.]We turned toward the embankment and walked along the planked ladder above thequavering water.

Overview ofconduit

meanings ofINSTRUMENTAL: A

MEANS.

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS as a

conduit for anactivity.

4INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS as a path

(conduit)through space.

21Instrumental: a means 2

ÔŒ ∂Å⁄Àœ ∑◊≈∂ŒÑÃ ◊ ∑∏É∂œŒπ … ¥œ¤£Ã ∑π»œƒÉÃœÕ ŒÄ…∑Àœ∑ÿ.[He-NOM sharply turned to side-ACC and went riverbed-INST diagonally.]He turned sharply to the side and walked diagonally across the riverbed .

Å«…™ ¥£∑, ∫≈«Ñ›…™ À∂Ä≈Õ ÕÉ∂µ[Skewbald dog-NOM, running-NOM edge-INST sea-GEN]A skewbald dog, running along the edge of the sea

In the above examples, the planked ladder, the riverbed, and the edge of the sea are all pathsfor movement.

A path can of course be conceived of abstractly, giving us examples like this one:

ÌŸ ◊∑≈ œ∫œ÷Ä≈Õ ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡ ⁄¡ ∏œ, À¡À œŒ ÷…Ã, Œœ ÕŸ-∏œ ¥œ™ƒ£Õ ƒ∂π«ÇÕ ¥π∏£Õ.[We all-NOM adore Dovlatov-ACC for that-ACC, how he-NOM lived, but we-NOM will-go another way-INST.]We all adore Dovlatov for how he lived, but we will go another way .

In both English and Russian we think of life as a journey along a path; this makes it possiblefor us to talk of the path of life and life¢s obstacles . Because life is a path, a Russian cansubstitute life for path to get:

Ò ÷…Ã ∏œ™ ÷≈ ÷Ç⁄Œÿ¿, fi∏œ … ◊∑≈, … ◊œÃŒœ◊ÄÃœ Õ≈ŒÖ ∏œ ÷≈, fi∏œ … ◊∑≈».[I-NOM lived same life-INST, that and everyone-NOM, and upset me-ACC that-NOM, that and everyone-ACC.]I lived the same life as everyone and got upset by the same things as everyone.

In this example, life is the path along which living is realized. Living goes down the path oflife.

If the verb describes a state rather than a movement, the space marked in the instrumen-tal is a container for the state. You can think of this as a stationary path. The connection ofpaths of movement with stationary routes is one that is very well motivated, since repeatedmotion along a given route carves stationary paths through meadows and forests, and nowa-days we often ensure the stability of these stationary paths with layers of asphalt. Here is anexample of a stationary path along another kind of terrain, namely a woman’s face:

ÔŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ∫Ã≈ƒŒÄ Ã…√ÉÕ.[She-NOM was pale-NOM face-INST.]She was pale in the face .

Paleness extends along the face just as movement extends along a path. A common exampleof this meaning is found in the idiom ◊◊≈∂» Œœ«ÄÕ… [up legs-INST] °upside-down¢; the legsare the place where “up” is happening. The same principle is at work, albeit more abstractly,with the instrumental item naming a domain that can be measured, in the following ex-ample:

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS as anabstract path.

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS as astationary path,the container of astate of being.


ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ ∑ÃœŒÉ◊ — ∏∂£»ÃÅ∏Œ…™ Ú¡ƒ÷Ä ◊Å∑œÕ ◊ 850 À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕœ◊ —◊œ∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡Ã∑µ ¥∂œ«ÑÃÀœ™, fi∏É∫Ÿ ⁄¡«ÃµŒÑ∏ÿ ◊ ¥œ∑ÑƒŒπ¿ ÃÄ◊Àπ.[One-NOM of elephants-GEN — three-year-old Rajah-NOM weight-INST in 850-ACC kilograms-GEN — took-advantage outing-INST, to peek to china shop-ACC.]One of the elephants — three-year-old Rajah, weighing 850 kilograms — took ad-vantage of the outing to take a peek into a china shop.

Thus, in the case of Rajah the elephant, the parameter of weight is the instrumental con-tainer for a measurement of 850 kilograms.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 3—Paths through time

As we saw in Preliminaries, time can often behave in a way similar to space, or at leastwe think of it as behaving similarly and talk about it as if it did. Stretches of time can alsoserve as paths for activity. Duration is essential, since a point that is instantaneous does nothave enough dimension to be conceived of as a path. You are probably already familiar withthe use of the instrumental case with the names of seasons of the year and parts of the day;here is a list of them:

seasons of the year parts of the day◊≈∑ŒÉ™ in the spring Ñ∏∂œÕ in the morningÃÅ∏œÕ in the summer ƒŒ£Õ in the afternoonÉ∑≈Œÿ¿ in the fall ◊Åfi≈∂œÕ in the evening⁄…ÕÉ™ in the winter ŒÉfiÿ¿ at night

The use of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS with these words is so well entrenched in Russian thatdictionaries commonly list them as adverbs. These words can, however, be modified, as in:

ÓáŒ≈¤Œ≈™ ⁄…ÕÉ™ Àœ ◊∑≈Õ ∫Åƒ¡Õ ˜Ã¡ƒ…◊œ∑∏ÉÀ¡ ƒœ∫Ä◊…∏∑µ ≈›£ … œ∏∑Ñ∏∑∏◊…≈◊œƒá.[Current winter-INST to all misfortunes-DAT Vladivostok-GEN is-added still andabsence-NOM water-GEN.]This winter , in addition to all of Vladivostok’s misfortunes, there is also a watershortage.

ê◊«π∑∏œ◊∑Àœ™ ŒÉfiÿ¿ ÕŸ ÕÅƒÃ≈ŒŒœ ¤Ã… ¥œ ∏∂œ∏πÄ∂π, Ç⁄∂≈ƒÀ¡ œ∫ÕÅŒ…◊¡µ∑ÿ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ….[August night-INST we-NOM slowly walked along sidewalk-DAT, rarely exchang-ing words-INST.]In that August night we walked slowly down the sidewalk, rarely exchanging words.

And other words for durations of time can also be used:

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS as a path

through time.


˜≈ÃÇÀ…Õ ¥œ∑∏ÉÕ Õ≈ŒÖ ⁄¡∑∏Ä◊…Ã… «œ◊Å∏ÿ.[Great Lent-INST me-ACC forced fast.]During Great Lent they forced me to fast.

ÄÕµ∏ŒŸÕ ¥¡∂Ç÷∑À…Õ ÕÄ≈Õ ¤≈∑∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ◊œ∑ÿÕÉ«œ, Àœ«ƒÄ ◊ Ï¡∏ÇŒ∑ÀœÕÀ◊¡∂∏ÄÃ≈ ◊œ⁄◊œƒÇÃ…∑ÿ ∫¡∂∂…ÀÄƒŸ ∫πŒ∏Ñ¿›…» ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏œ◊, ¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂¡∏Çfi≈∑À…™¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏Ÿ™ À◊¡∂∏ÄÃ Œ¡∑Ã¡÷ƒÄÃ∑µ ¥œÀÉ≈Õ … ∏…¤…ŒÉ™.[Memorable Paris May-INST sixty eighth-GEN, when in Latin quarter-LOC were-raised barricades-NOM rioting students-GEN, aristocratic sixteenth quarter-NOMenjoyed peace-INST and quiet-INST.]During that memorable May in Paris in 1968, when the rioting students’ barricadeswere going up in the Latin quarter, the aristocratic sixteenth quarter was enjoyingpeace and quiet.

The previous four examples prove that the use of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS for durations oftime is a productive phenomenon in Russian.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 4—Expanses of time and space

Expanses of both time and space can appear in the plural, creating either continuous (as in◊≈ÀÄÕ…, fi¡∑ÄÕ… below) or discontinuous (as in ŒœfiÄÕ…, Õ≈∑∏ÄÕ…) locations for objectsand events. This use of the instrumental builds on the notion of a stationary path throughspace or time (the latter interpreted as duration, as we saw in section 3), but multiplies thesestationary paths. If the paths connect neatly end-to-end, we simply have a very long stretchof time, as in the first two examples below. If the paths do not connect, then the activity isdistributed along a patchwork of stationary paths, as in the second two examples.

ñ∏œ — ∏∂¡ƒ…√…ÉŒŒœ≈ ¥∂…◊Å∏∑∏◊…≈, ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕœ≈ fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑∏◊π ◊≈ÀÄÕ….[It-NOM — traditional greeting-NOM, known-NOM humankind-DAT centuries-INST.]It is a traditional greeting, known to humankind for centuries .

Ó≈…⁄ÕÅŒŒœ ◊á¥…◊¤…™, œŒ fi¡∑ÄÕ… ∫∂œƒÇÃ ¥œ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂π.[Invariably drunk-NOM, he-NOM hours-INST wandered along corridor-DAT.]Invariably drunk, he wandered for hours along the corridor.

ÔŒÄ ¥œƒ÷…ƒÄÃ¡ ÕÑ÷¡ ŒœfiÄÕ….[She-NOM waited-up husband-ACC nights-INST.]She waited up for her husband during the nights .

˜ Ã≈∑Ñ Õ≈∑∏ÄÕ… ≈›£ Ã≈÷ÄÃ ∑ŒÅ«.[In forest-LOC places-INST still lay snow.]In the forest there was still snow lying in places .

Plural paths—INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS in placesand at times.


INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 5—Path > facilitator/instrument

Let¢s go back again to that idea of a path. In an abstract sense, a path is something thatfacilitates movement; the existence of a way to go makes it possible for you to go. We canget more mileage out of the concept of facilitation by doing some substitutions. Instead oflooking only at movement, we can expand our view to include any activity named by averb. And instead of looking only at paths as facilitators, we can look at anything that makesactivity possible. By taking the original concept of path for movement and extending it tofacilitator for activity we open up a wide horizon of ideas. All other uses of INSTRUMENTAL:A MEANS take advantage of this horizon, empowering the instrumental case to signify a widevariety of instruments and agents of actions.

We will start with instruments facilitating action. Examples of concrete physicalinstruments are fairly common:

ÉÕŒ¿ ≈«É ÕœÃœƒÉ«œ, œ«∂ÉÕŒœ«œ, ◊ ÕÖ∏œ™ ∑Å∂œ™ ¤…ŒÅÃ…, ¥≈∂≈¥œÖ∑¡ŒŒœ™∂≈ÕŒ£Õ ∑ ÕÅƒŒœ™ ∫ÃÖ»œ™.[Remember him young, huge-ACC, in wrinkled grey overcoat-LOC, girded-LOCbelt-INST with brass buckle-INST.]I remember him young, huge, in a wrinkled grey overcoat, girded with a belt with abrass buckle.

È À¡À ∂¡⁄ ◊ Ü∏œ∏ ÕœÕÅŒ∏ ∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√Ÿ ∑∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ÀÃ¿fiÉÕ.[And like once in that moment-ACC from stairway-GEN began our room-ACCopen key-INST.]And right at that moment they started to open our room from the stairway with a key .

ÛÕÅ» π«Ãπ∫ÃÖ≈∏ ƒŸ»ÄŒ…≈, œ∫œ«¡›Ä≈∏ À…∑Ãœ∂ÉƒœÕ À∂œ◊ÿ … ◊≈Œ∏…ÃÇ∂π≈∏ Ã£«À…≈.[Laughter-NOM deepens breathing-ACC, enriches oxygen-INST blood-ACC andventilates lungs-ACC.]Laughter deepens the breathing, enriches the blood with oxygen , and ventilates thelungs.

These next three examples are fairly typical metaphorical extensions of the idea of aphysical instrument:

Ò Õœ« Ã≈∏Å∏ÿ ƒœÕÉ™ ∫Ã…÷Ä™¤…Õ ∂Å™∑œÕ.[I-NOM could fly home next flight-INST.]I could fly home on the next flight .

ÔŒÄ «∂œ⁄ÇÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ ∂¡⁄◊ÉƒœÕ.[She-NOM threatened him-DAT divorce-INST.]She threatened him with divorce .

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS with

metaphoricalinstruments.


physicalinstruments.

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS as afacilitator,

instrument, ormeans.


œ∫ÅƒŸ Ûπ◊É∂œ◊¡ … ¥œ∂¡÷ÅŒ…µ Îπ∂œ¥Ä∏À…Œ¡ œ¥∂≈ƒ≈ÃÖÃ…∑ÿ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ …»ÃÇfiŒŸÕ… ∏¡ÃÄŒ∏¡Õ…, Œœ … …∑∏œ∂Çfi≈∑À…Õ ÀœŒ∏ÅÀ∑∏œÕ …» ◊œ™Œ … ¥œ»Éƒœ◊.[Victories-NOM Suvorov-GEN and defeats-NOM Kuropatkin-GEN were-deter-mined not only their personal talents-INST, but also historical context-INST theirwars-GEN and campaigns-GEN.]Suvorov¢s victories and Kuropatkin¢s defeats were determined not only by theirpersonal talents , but also by the historical context of their wars and campaigns.

The next flight is a way to realize a trip home, a divorce is wielded as a threat, and talentsand context serve to determine military successes and failures. In the next example thespeaker declares that he was ready to pay any price as an instrument to dispel his depressingthoughts:

Ï¿∫É™ √≈ŒÉ™ µ ⁄¡»œ∏ÅÃ …⁄∫Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ œ∏ Ü∏…» ∏Ö÷À…» Õá∑Ã≈™.[Any price-INST I-NOM wanted get-rid from these grave thoughts-GEN.]I wanted to get rid of these grave thoughts at any price .

Now let¢s try something a bit more challenging:

ÉÕŒ¿ ∫Ã…∑∏Ä¿›…™, œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ, ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ Î∂á¤¡.[Remember shining-ACC, especially people-INST, restaurant-ACC Krysha.]I remember the Krysha restaurant, shining especially by means of the people there.

The restaurant shines in the memory of the speaker, and the reason it shines is because itwas filled with brilliant people. The people caused the brilliance that made the restaurantshine. Or to follow the logic of the example, the restaurant shone by means of the people .This use of the instrumental is very much parallel to English with in phrases like the air wasbuzzing with bees , the yard was crawling with ants , the sky was glittering with stars . Here’sa more typical Russian example:

É∑Ã≈ ¥œÅ⁄ƒÀ… À ÕÄ∏≈∂… … ƒœ ◊≈fiÅ∂Œ≈™ ∂¡∫É∏Ÿ ◊ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ≈ œŒÄ π∑¥ÅÃ¡ π∫∂Ä∏ÿ◊ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂≈, … ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ÀÑxŒµ ∑…ÖÃ¡ fi…∑∏œ∏É™.[After trip-GEN to mother-DAT and before evening work-GEN in restaurant-LOCshe-NOM managed clean-up in apartment-LOC, and now kitchen-NOM shone clean-liness-INST.]After visiting her mother and before her evening shift in the restaurant she managedto clean up the apartment, and now the kitchen shone with cleanliness .

You¢ll also need some imagination to tackle an example like:

Ò ∏π∏ ¥∂œÅ⁄ƒœÕ.[I-NOM here trip-INST.]I¢m here on a trip / I¢m just stopping through here.


The journey has facilitated the fact that the speaker is here; it has brought about his pres-ence. The verbal activity in this example is ±being≤, and it is still valid even when thepresent tense forms of the verb ∫Ÿ∏ÿ are omitted.

The instrument used can be very close to home, including a part of one¢s own person:

‚Ñƒπfi… ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ√≈Õ, œŒ ◊∑≈™ ƒπ¤É™ Õ≈fi∏ÄÃ ∂¡⁄∫œ«¡∏Å∏ÿ.[Being American-INST, he-NOM all soul-INST dreamed get-rich.]Being an American, he dreamed of getting rich with all his soul .

In this case the soul serves to facilitate dreams of riches.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 6—Actions facilitated by instruments

Expressions using INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS of the type ‘produce an action by means of X’are quite common. Here is an example:

˜œŒ! — À∂ÇÀŒπÃ¡ ∆∂¡π Œ≈œ÷Çƒ¡ŒŒœ ⁄◊ÉŒÀ…Õ «ÉÃœ∑œÕ.[Out! — shouted frau-NOM unexpectedly sonorous voice-INST.]Out! — shouted the frau unexpectedly in a sonorous voice .

Often the instrumental item represents something necessary to the performance of the ac-tion. The following combinations are standard fare:

∫∂œ∑Ä∏ÿ∑µ ÀÄÕŒµÕ… ‘throw stones ’ƒ◊Ç«¡∏ÿ/ƒ◊ÇŒπ∏ÿ ∂πÀÉ™/Œœ«É™ ‘move one’s

hand/foot ’À∂π∏Ç∏ÿ/⁄¡À∂π∏Ç∏ÿ ∂πÃ£Õ ‘turn a steering wheel ’Õ¡»Ä∏ÿ/⁄¡Õ¡»Ä∏ÿ ∂πÀÉ™ ‘wave one¢s hand ’

Expressions of moving an item associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

¥œ÷Ä∏ÿ ¥Ã≈fiÄÕ… ‘shrug one¢s shoulders ’¥œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ ¥ÄÃÿ√≈Õ ‘point one’s finger ’¥œÀ∂á∏ÿ ∑∏ÉÃ ∑ÀÄ∏≈∂∏ÿ¿ ‘cover a table

with a tablecloth ’»ÃÉ¥Œπ∏ÿ ƒ◊Å∂ÿ¿ ‘slam a door ’

These collocations, many of which involve body parts, function to some extent as fixedphrases in Russian. Here are a few of them presented in context:

ÔŒÇ ÕÄ¤π∏ ∂πÀÄÕ…: ƒ¡ ÃÄƒŒœ ∏≈∫Å![They-NOM wave hands-INST: well all-right you-DAT!]They wave their hands : that’s enough!

ÔŒ ∑∏œÖÃ ÀaÀ ¥¡∂¡ÃÇ∏…À, Œ≈ Õœ« ƒ◊ÇŒπ∏ÿ Œ… ∂πÀÉ™ Œ… Œœ«É™.[He-NOM stood like paralytic-NOM, not was-able move neither arm-INST neitherleg-INST.]He stood like a paralytic, unable to move either an arm or a leg .

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS can

express the itemnecessary for an

action.

27

ÔŒÄ ¥œÀ¡⁄ÄÃ¡ ¥ÄÃÿ√≈Õ Œ¡ ◊⁄Ã£∏Œπ¿ ¥Ãœ›ÄƒÀπ, œ∏ Àœ∏É∂œ™, À∂π∏Ö ¥∂œ¥ÅÃÃ≈∂œÕ,œ∏ƒ≈ÃÖÃ∑µ ◊≈∂∏œÃ£∏.[She-NOM showed finger-INST on take-off pad-ACC, from which-GEN, spinningpropeller-INST, separated helicopter-NOM.]She pointed her finger at the helipad, from which the helicopter, spinning its propel-ler , was taking off.

The last example above contains two instances of this type of instrumental, one a fixedcollocation (¥œÀ¡⁄ÄÃ¡ ¥ÄÃÿ√≈Õ ‘pointed her finger ’), and one a relatively novel use (À∂π∏Ö¥∂œ¥ÅÃÃ≈∂œÕ ‘spinning its propeller ’). Whether in a fixed collocation or in a more novel useof INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS to identify an item necessary to an action, the instrumental marksthe object through which the action is realized. Slamming takes place by means of a door ,turning is actualized on the steering wheel , waving is done with the hand , etc. Here are afew more examples to demonstrate the versatility of this meaning of the instrumental case:

ÔŒÇ …Œœ«ƒÄ ◊Ÿ»Éƒµ∏ ◊œ ƒ◊œ∂ … ∑¡ƒÖ∏∑µ Œ¡ ÃÄ◊œfiÀπ ¥œƒŸ¤Ä∏ÿ ∑◊Å÷…Õ◊É⁄ƒπ»œÕ.[They-NOM sometimes go-out in yard-ACC and sit on bench-ACC breathe freshair-INST.]They sometimes go out in the yard and sit on the bench to breathe the fresh air .

‰Å◊œfiÀ¡ ∫Å«¡Ã¡ ◊ Àœ∂É∏≈ŒÿÀœ™ â∫œfiÀ≈, ∏∂µ∑ÃÄ ∑Õ≈¤ŒáÕ… Àœ∑ÇfiÀ¡Õ…, À¡fiÄÃ¡ÀÑÀÃπ.[Girl-NOM ran in short skirt-LOC, shook cute braids-INST, rocked doll-ACC.]The girl ran in a short little skirt, shook her cute little braids , and rocked her doll.

ÔŒÄ ∑÷…ÕÄ≈∏ ⁄π∫ÄÕ… ∑…«¡∂Å∏π, ›£ÃÀ¡≈∏ ⁄¡÷…«ÄÃÀœ™ … ⁄¡∏Ö«…◊¡≈∏∑µ.[She-NOM presses teeth-INST cigarette-ACC, flicks lighter-INST and takes-drag.]She grips the cigarette with her teeth , flicks the lighter , and takes a drag.

In this next example, the nose indicates a direction for action in such a vivid way that noverb (hold, point, move?) is needed:

ÛÃÅƒπ¿›…≈ ¥µ∏ÿ ƒŒ≈™ ƒÖƒµ ÎÉÃµ Ã≈÷Ç∏ ∫≈⁄ÕÉÃ◊ŒŸ™, ŒÉ∑œÕ ◊ ¥œ∏œÃÉÀ.[Following five-ACC days-GEN uncle Kolya-NOM lies silent-NOM, nose-INSTin ceiling-ACC.]For the next five days uncle Kolya lies silently, with his nose pointing toward theceiling.

When Russians play chess, they of course move by means of the playing pieces, so it isnormal to use an expression like …ƒ∏Ç ∆≈∂⁄£Õ [walk queen-INST] °move the queen ¢. Hereis an example of this type of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS in sentences describing a woman apply-ing cosmetics:

Instrumental: a means 6


ÔŒÄ ¥∂œ◊≈ÃÄ ∂É⁄œ◊œ™ ÀÇ∑∏œfiÀœ™ ÉÀœÃœ «ÃÄ⁄.[She-NOM drew pink brush-INST around eyes-GEN.]She drew a pink brush around her eyes.

An item can also use its own self as an instrument to realize an action:

ñ∏œ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ≈∏ ∑œ∫É™ …∑ÀÃ¿fiÅŒ…≈.[That-NOM represents self-INST exception-ACC.]That in itself represents an exception.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 7—Questions, adverbs, groups

Often an activity is not facilitated by an instrument, but it is brought about more abstractlyby some means. Here¢s a simple, very common example; you can think of it as meaning ‘Bywhat means can I help you?’ There is no actual instrument involved, but there is somethingthat should serve as a catalyst for action:

˛≈Õ µ Õœ«Ñ ◊¡Õ ¥œÕÉfiÿ?[What-INST I-NOM can you-DAT help?]How can I help you?

Note that in this and many of the examples of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS, it is possible to applythe question How? Similar to the adverbs of time and À∂π«ÉÕ listed above, the use of theinstrumental to describe how an action is performed has become so conventional that forsome words the instrumental case form is considered an adverb of manner; here are someexamples:

πÀ∂ÄƒÀœ™ stealthily∫≈«ÉÕ at a run¤Ä«œÕ at a walk¥≈¤ÀÉÕ on foot¥œÃ⁄ÀÉÕ at a crawl◊≈∂»ÉÕ on horseback∂Ä⁄œÕ at once∏¡™ÀÉÕ secretlyÀ∂π«ÉÕ around

In this example, the adverb ∫≈«ÉÕ ‘at a run ’ depicts motion so vividly that the speakerdoesn’t even bother using a verb to describe her movements:

ß≈«ÉÕ ƒœ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ, »◊¡∏Ä¿ ∑ÑÕÀπ … ∫≈«ÉÕ ÷≈ ƒœ ∂¡⁄ƒ≈◊ÄÃÀ….[Run-INST to room-GEN, grab purse-ACC and run-INST also to cloak-room-GEN.]I run to the room, grab my purse, and run again to the cloak-room.

Adverbsexpressing

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS.

29

It is worth noting that this meaning of manner also motivates the use of fi≈Õ [what-INST]°how, by what means; than’ and ∏eÕ [that-INST] °by that means’ with adverbs and com-parative forms, as we see in the following common phrases:

ÏÑfi¤≈ ¥É⁄ƒŒœ, fi≈Õ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ.[Better late, what-INST never.]Better late than never.

˛≈Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈, ∏≈Õ ÃÑfi¤≈.[What-INST more/bigger, that-INST better.]The more/bigger, the better.

One way of describing how something is done is by measuring the quantities involved; anumber or unit of measurement gives us this use of the instrumental, which is similar to theEnglish use of by with numerals:

ı÷Å Œ≈ ƒ≈∑Ö∏À¡Õ…, À¡À ¥∂Å÷ƒ≈, ∑É∏ŒµÕ… ⁄¡ Œ≈⁄¡ÀÉŒŒŸ™ ¥≈∂≈»Éƒ «∂¡ŒÇ√Ÿ⁄¡ƒÅ∂÷…◊¡¿∏ Œ¡∂π¤Ç∏≈Ã≈™ ¥œ«∂¡ŒÇfiŒ…À….[Already not tens-INST, like before, hundreds-INST for illegal crossing-ACC bor-der-GEN detain violators-ACC border-guards-NOM.]Border guards are not detaining violators for illegal border crossing by the tens anymore like they used to, but by the hundreds .

This use of the instrumental is common in the metaphorical domain of mathematics, whereone multiplies one number by another, as in (note unusual stress):

˚Å∑∏ÿ¿ ¥µ∏ÿ — ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿ.[Six-INST five-NOM — thirty-NOM.]Six times five is thirty.

The same quantification of participants in an action can be expressed with words naminggroups marked by INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS. A common phrase based on this idea is ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿfi∏É-∏œ ◊∑≈™ ∑≈Õÿ£™ [do something-ACC all family-INST] ‘do something all together , as afamily ’. Here’s an example to demonstrate this usage:

ÔŒ Œ≈ ¥≈∂≈Œœ∑ÇÃ Å⁄ƒ…∏ÿ ◊ ÃÇ∆∏≈ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…≈™, œ∑∏¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ⁄ÄÕÀŒπ∏œÕ¥∂œ∑∏∂ÄŒ∑∏◊≈ ∑ Œ≈⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ.[He-NOM not endure ride in elevator-LOC group-INST, stay in closed space-LOCwith unfamiliar person-INST.]He couldn’t stand riding in an elevator with other people (as part of a group) , stay-ing in a closed space with an unfamiliar person.


INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS withcomparatives.

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS withquantities.


INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 8—Person or object under control

Textbooks often give lists of verbs that govern the instrumental case, like ÀœÕÄŒƒœ◊¡∏ÿ°command¢ and ∂πÀœ◊œƒÇ∏ÿ °lead, direct¢. Now it should be easy for you to see why verbswith these meanings have instrumental objects. Just as the chess pieces are instruments ofplayers, so too can human beings serve as pawns to their leaders. Indeed government andleadership cannot happen without there being someone to govern. The underlings are theconduit for domination, which is realized through them. The very fact that we can use thewords pawns, conduit, through in the sentences above should prove to you that the conceptis not impossibly foreign. Russian has taken this fairly natural concept of power requiring arelationship to the powerless and made it a convention. This covers verbs with meaningssuch as °manipulate¢ as well. Here are more words you should expect to see with INSTRUMEN-TAL: A MEANS:

The concept of governing and having control works for both people and things. Here are acouple of sentences so that you can see these words in action:

ê∂Õ…… ∫Ÿ◊Ä¿∏ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈; ◊∑£ ⁄¡◊Ç∑…∏ œ∏ ∏œ«É, À∏œ ÇÕ… ÀœÕÄŒƒπ≈∏.[Armies-NOM are various-NOM; everything-NOM depends from that-GEN, who-NOM them-INST commands.]There are different kinds of armies; everything depends on who commands them.

˜Ä¤≈ ∆…ŒÄŒ∑œ◊œ≈ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈ π¥∂Éfi…∏∑µ, Å∑Ã… Œ¡Ñfi…∏≈∑ÿ ÃÑfi¤≈ π¥∂¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ◊Ä¤…Õ ∫¿ƒ÷Å∏œÕ.[Your financial situation-NOM becomes-stronger, if learn better manage your bud-get-INST.]Your financial situation will become stronger if you learn how to manage your bud-get better.

‘lead’◊≈∂»œ◊Éƒ…∏ÿ

‘manage’⁄¡◊Åƒœ◊¡∏ÿ⁄¡◊Åƒœ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘managing, manage-ment’⁄¡◊Åƒπ¿›…™ ‘manager’

‘abuse’⁄Ãœπ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÖ∏ÿ/⁄Ãœπ¥œ∏∂≈∫Ç∏ÿ⁄Ãœπ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘abuse’

‘command’ÀœÕÄŒƒœ◊¡∏ÿÀœÕÄŒƒœ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘commanding’

Âxpressions of governance and leadership associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

‘conduct (a musical group)’ƒ…∂…÷Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿƒ…∂…÷Ç∂œ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘conducting’

‘use’¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/◊œ∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘use’

‘govern’¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘governing, government’

‘lead’¥∂≈ƒ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ¥∂≈ƒ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘leading’

‘manage’∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷Ä∏ÿ∑µ/∂¡∑¥œ∂µƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈ ‘managing, manage-ment’

‘lead, direct’∂πÀœ◊œƒÇ∏ÿ∂πÀœ◊Éƒ∑∏◊œ ‘leadership, guidance’

‘govern, administer, manage’π¥∂¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿπ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘governing, govern-ment’


words meaningdomination.

31

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 9—Person or object possessed

If items governed are the instruments of their governors, then it does not take a largemental leap to view them as possessions. The connection between ±having≤ and ±havingcontrol over≤ is a natural one. And indeed, there are a number of Russian words that expresspossession and require the use of the instrumental case for the object possessed. Here aresome examples:

Of course not all words meaning °possess¢ have instrumental objects. The verb …ÕÅ∏ÿ °have’uses the accusative, and the most normal way to say °have’ in Russian is by using the π +GEN ≈∑∏ÿ + NOM construction, which literally means °by someone there is’. However, allof the words that use the instrumental imply a possession that involves more than just ±hav-ing”; they actually equate ±having” with ±having control over”. Here are some examples sothat you can see how these words are used in the context of sentences:

ÌŸ Œ≈ ∂¡∑¥œÃ¡«Ä≈Õ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡Õ….[We-NOM not have-at-disposal such means-INST.]We don’t have the means at our disposal. / We don’t have that kind of money .

ìŒ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄÃ À∂¡∑Ç◊ŸÕ ŒÇ⁄À…Õ ∫¡∂…∏ÉŒœÕ πƒ…◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ«œ ∏ÅÕ∫∂¡.[He-NOM possessed a beautiful deep baritone-INST surprising timbre-GEN.]He possessed a beautiful deep baritone of surprising timbre.

È ◊œ∏ Ì¡∂Ñ∑≈™ œ◊Ã¡ƒÅÃœ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ∏∂≈◊É«….[And then Marusya-INST took-possession feeling-NOM alarm-GEN.]And then a feeling of alarm took possession of Marusya .

Sharing is a special kind of possession, and certainly involves power and control. The Rus-sian word ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ °share’ also uses the instrumental case, as we see in thisexample:

˜∑≈ ÕŸ ¥œ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ… ƒ≈ÃÇÃ…∑ÿ ŒÉ◊œ™ …Œ∆œ∂ÕÄ√…≈™.[All we-NOM along line-DAT shared new information-INST.]We all in turn shared new information .


INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS withwords meaningpossession.

Expressions of possession associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

‘possess’◊Ã¡ƒÅ∏ÿ◊Ã¡ƒÅŒ…≈ ‘possession’

‘have control of’◊œ∂Éfi¡∏ÿ◊œ∂Éfi¡Œ…≈ ‘controlling’

‘possess’œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ∏ÿœ∫Ã¡ƒÄŒ…≈ ‘possession’

‘take possession of’œ◊Ã¡ƒ≈◊Ä∏ÿ/œ◊Ã¡ƒÅ∏ÿœ◊Ã¡ƒ≈◊ÄŒ…≈ ‘taking possession of’

‘have at one’s disposal’∂¡∑¥œÃ¡«Ä∏ÿ


There are a few other words involving the manipulation of possessions which you shouldexpect to see with the instrumental, among them:


words meaningpositive and

negativeevaluation.

Filling and occupying are also a kind of manipulation, and can involve the body and themind as well:

‘be/get sick with’∫œÃÅ∏ÿ/⁄¡∫œÃÅ∏ÿ∫ÉÃ≈Œ ‘sick’

Expressions of filling and occupying associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

‘be occupied with, study’⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…≈ ‘occupation, studies’

‘be filled with’…∑¥œÃŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/…∑¥ÉÃŒ…∏ÿ∑µ¥ÉÃœŒ ‘full of’

‘get filled up with’Œ¡¥œÃŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/Œ¡¥ÉÃŒ…∏ÿ∑µ

‘suffer from’∑∏∂¡ƒÄ∏ÿ

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 10—Positive/negative evaluation

We will need to make one more mental leap in order to finish out our tour of the conduitmeaning of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS, and we can rely on what we know about English to helpus once again. Remember that in English we can use the word enjoy as a synonym for have(at one’s disposal) . So we can say things like Judy Garland enjoyed tremendous popularity or Ihope to enjoy good health for many years to come or Bill Gates enjoys both fame andfortune. In a certain sense, one has to have something in order to appreciate it. However,this evaluation can be both positive or negative, and Russian takes advantage of both ofthese options. Here are some words that use the instrumental in this meaning:

‘be indignant at’◊œ⁄Õπ›Ä∏ÿ∑µ/◊œ⁄Õπ∏Ç∏ÿ∑µ◊œ⁄Õπ›£Œ ‘indignant at’◊œ⁄Õπ›ÅŒ…≈ ‘indignation at’

Expressions of enjoyment and strong emotion associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

‘be delighted with’◊œ∑∏œ∂«Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘be carried away by, admire’◊œ∑»…›Ä∏ÿ∑µ/◊œ∑»…∏Ç∏ÿ∑µ◊œ∑»…›ÅŒ…≈ ‘delight, admiration’

‘abhor, disdain’«Œπ¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ«Œπ¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘be proud of’«œ∂ƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ«œ∂ƒ ‘proud of’

‘trade’∏œ∂«œ◊Ä∏ÿ∏œ∂«É◊≈√ ‘merchant, trader’∏œ∂«É◊Ãµ ‘trade, commerce’

Expressions of exchange associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

‘sacrifice, give up’÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œ÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡Œ…≈/¥œ÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡Œ…≈‘sacrificing/sacrifice’

‘waive, forgo’¥œ∑∏π¥Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏π¥Ç∏ÿ∑µ

‘supply, provide’∑Œ¡∫÷Ä∏ÿ/∑Œ¡∫ƒÇ∏ÿ∑Œ¡∫÷ÅŒ…≈ ‘supply, supplying’

‘exchange’Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ

33

These examples will give you an idea of how these words are used:

ˆÇ⁄Œÿ¿ ∑◊œÅ™ µ ◊ É∫›≈Õ-∏œ ƒœ◊ÉÃ≈Œ.[Life own-INST I-NOM in general-LOC satisfied-NOM.]In general I am satisfied with my life .

Ç¤π›…≈ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ ƒœ∂œ÷Ä∏ ∑◊œÅ™ ∂¡∫É∏œ™.[Writing-NOM not very value own work-INST.]People who write do not really value their work .

ÔŒ π◊Ã£À∑µ ◊Ÿ∂Ä›…◊¡Œ…≈Õ «∂…∫É◊.[He-NOM became-mad-about cultivating-INST mushrooms-GEN.]He became mad about cultivating mushrooms.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 11—The passive agent

The examples we have seen of the conduit meaning of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS are basedon this model: a nominative subject + an active verb form + an instrumental conduit +whatever else is in the sentence. The crucial item here is the active verb; this doesn’t neces-sarily mean that any real activity is going on, it just means that the verb is not passive. Youcan think of active as being the default mode for most verbs, where the nominative subjectserves as the energy source for the verb. When you have a passive verb, the nominativesubject is not the energy source for the verb. Active is about doing something. Passive isabout something being done, by someone or something else, the passive agent . Given whatwe already know about the instrumental case, it is no surprise that Russians use it to markthe passive agent, since it is the someone or something by means of which the verbal actiontakes place. The construction that we are going to be looking at now contains the followingelements: a nominative subject + a passive verb form + an instrumental passive agent +whatever else is in the sentence.

Instrumental: a means 1 1

INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS can marka passive agent.

Expressions of enjoyment and strong emotion associated with INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS

‘be satisfied with’ƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µƒœ◊ÉÃ≈Œ ‘satisfied with’ƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊œ ‘satisfaction with’

‘value’ƒœ∂œ÷Ç∏ÿ

‘be interested’…Œ∏≈∂≈∑œ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘enjoy’Œ¡∑Ã¡÷ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µŒ¡∑Ã¡÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ‘enjoyment’

‘be fascinated by’¥Ã≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ

‘despise’¥∂≈Œ≈∫∂≈«Ä∏ÿ

‘be mad about, get carried away with’π◊Ã≈ÀÄ∏ÿ∑µ/π◊ÃÅfiÿ∑µπ◊Ã≈fiÅŒ…≈ ‘passion for, enthusiasmfor’

‘boast of’»◊¡ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ»◊¡ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ


Russian has two ways to express passive verbal action: either by adding -∑µ/-∑ÿ to theverb or by using passive participles (past passive participles are the most common and areformed from verbs by adding -Œ or -∏ and act like adjectives; here are some examples:∑ƒÅÃ¡ŒŒŸ™ °done¢, ÀÑ¥Ã≈ŒŒŸ™ °bought¢, œ∏À∂á∏Ÿ™ °opened¢). Unfortunately -∑µ/-∑ÿ isnot a reliable indicator of passive verb forms, but it can alert you to the possibility that youmight be looking at a passive verb. When you have a past passive participle, on the otherhand, you can be certain that you have a passive verb form. In general, -∑µ/-∑ÿ will be usedwith imperfective verbs, whereas the past passive participle will be used with perfectiveverbs.

Sometimes there is an obvious correspondence between the active and passive voices.For example, we can talk about students reading books in a variety of ways: Û∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿfi…∏Ä¿∏ Ü∏… ÀŒÇ«… [Students-NOM read these books-ACC] °Students read these books’, orñ∏… ÀŒÇ«… fi…∏Ä¿∏∑µ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ… [These books-NOM are-read students-INST] °Thesebooks are read by students ¢, or ñ∏… ÀŒÇ«… ∫áÃ… ¥∂œfiÇ∏¡ŒŸ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ… [These books-NOM were read students-INST] °These books were read by students ¢, or even ñ∏… ÀŒÇ«…,fi…∏Ä≈ÕŸ≈ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ… [These books-NOM, read students-INST] °These books, read bystudents ¢. In examples like this it is clear that the instrumental passive agent plays the samerole as the nominative subject in the corresponding active sentence. This correspondencewill not always be so clear, but it is the conceptual motive for the use of the instrumentalwith passive verb forms. Here are some typical examples employing passive verb forms:

È ƒÄÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑£ Ü∏œ ◊œ∑¥∂…Œ…ÕÄÃœ∑ÿ ŒÄÕ… Ã…¤ÿ …⁄ƒ≈◊Ä∏≈Ãÿ∑À….[And further all this-NOM was-perceived us-INST only scoffingly.]And what¢s more, all this was perceived by us only scoffingly.

ñ∏… ƒ≈ÀÃ¡∂Ä√…… Œ≈ ¥œƒ∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…∑ÿ À¡ÀÇÕ…-Ã…∫œ ∆ÄÀ∏¡Õ….[These declarations-NOM not were-confirmed any facts-INST.]These declarations were not confirmed by any facts whatsoever .

· ∏≈Ã≈◊Ç⁄œ∂ π Œ¡∑ ≈∑∏ÿ — ∑∏Ä∂Ÿ™ <<Î˜Ó-49>>, ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸ™ ∏£∏≈™ ÛÉŒ≈™.[But television-NOM by us-GEN is — old KVN-49-NOM, thrown-NOM aunt Sonya-INST.]But we do have a television — an old KVN-49 thrown out by aunt Sonya .

˜¥≈∂◊á≈ “œ⁄ÉŒœ◊¡µ ƒŸ∂Ä” Œ¡ƒ ·Œ∏Ä∂À∏…Àœ™ ∫ŸÃÄ œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈Œ¡ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏¡Õ…◊ 1981 «œƒÑ.[First “ozone hole”-NOM above Antarctica-INST was discovered-NOM special-ists-INST in 1981 year-LOC.]The “ozone hole” above Antarctica was first discovered by specialists in 1981.

ÚÑ∫≈Œ∑ ∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ ∫≈⁄ÑÕŒŸ» ∑◊œ≈«É ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ…, ÌπŒÀ ∑¡Õ ∫áÃ œƒ≈∂÷ÇÕÕ¡Œ…¡ÀÄÃÿŒœ™ ƒ≈¥∂Å∑∑…≈™.[Rubens-NOM drew madmen-ACC own time-GEN, Munch himself-NOM was af-flicted-NOM manic depression-INST.]Rubens drew the madmen of his time, and Munch was himself afflicted by manicdepression .

-∑µ/-∑ÿ some-times indicates

passive, passiveparticiples

always indicatepassive.

Comparison ofpassive and

active.

35

There are a few ways in which the conduit and passive agent type of instrumental overlap.On the one hand, it is fairly common for adjectives to be used to express being in a certainstate, and this is something that they share with past passive participles (which are, after all,adjectives derived from verbs) and many -∑µ/-∑ÿ verbs. Take an example like:

£∏∂ ∑…Õ¥¡∏Çfi≈Œ ∑◊œÅ™ Ç∑À∂≈ŒŒœ∑∏ÿ¿.[Pyotr-NOM likeable-NOM own sincerity-INST.]Pyotr is likeable for his sincerity .

Is Pyotr using his sincerity as a tool to make himself likeable, or is sincerity the agent inbringing about his state of likeableness? It probably doesn¢t matter. On the other hand,sometimes even when you have a passive verb form, an instrumental item can identifyeither an instrument or an agent, and sometimes you can¢t tell for sure.

Ó¡ ∑À¡ÕÿÅ ∑…ƒÇ∏ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ¡, œÀÑ∏¡ŒŒ¡µ fi£∂Œœ™ ¤ÄÃÿ¿.[On bench-LOC sits woman-NOM, wrapped-NOM black shawl-INST.]On the bench sits a woman wrapped in a black shawl .

Here the shawl is almost certainly not the agent, but an instrument, the conduit for an act ofwrapping carried out by the woman herself or someone else. But what about this example:

ÔŒÇ œ∫fl≈ƒ…Œ≈Œá É∫›…Õ «É∂≈Õ.[They-NOM united-NOM shared grief-INST.]They are united by shared grief .

Have they (or someone else) performed the uniting by using shared grief (as a conduit ), oris shared grief the agent that has united them? Once again, it doesn¢t really matter. One ofthe beauties of language is that there is room for ambiguity and overlap.

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS 12—An agent with no subject

You may have noticed that Russian can form sentences without subjects. With the rawforce use of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS, you get sentences based on the model of ±somethinghappened by means of X ≤, where X is the instrumental item, but there is no agent in sight.The effect is rather similar to the conduit reading of the example with shared grief justabove, but raw force uses active instead of passive verb forms, and the verb forms areneuter singular, the ±default mode≤ for verbs that have no subject. Raw force is typicallyused to express the production of smells, movements of air, and other agentless (and fre-quently disastrous) acts of God. The most common verb to use the instrumental this way is¥Ä»Œπ∏ÿ °smell¢, as in:

Ä»Ãœ «œ∂Öfi…Õ »ÃÅ∫œÕ …⁄ ∏É∑∏≈∂¡.[Smelled hot bread-INST from toaster-GEN.]There was a smell of hot bread from the toaster.


INSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS canexpress rawforce in an eventwith no agent.

Ambiguitybetween conduitand passiveagent uses ofINSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS.

Smells and draftsas raw forcesexpressed byINSTRUMENTAL: AMEANS.


The verbs Œ≈∑∏Ç and œ∏ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ can both mean °reek, stink¢ and work the same way; so onecould say œ∏ Œ≈£ Œ≈∑£∏/œ∏ƒ¡£∏ ◊ÉƒÀœ™ [from her-GEN reeks/stinks vodka-INST] °she reeks/stinks of vodka ¢. This construction also works for drafts of air, as in: œ∏ ∂≈ÀÇ ¥œ∏µŒÑÃœ¥∂œ»ÃÄƒœ™ [from river-GEN wafted chill-INST] °a chill came off the river¢ and can be usedmetaphorically as in the common expression ◊Å≈∏ ◊≈∑ŒÉ™ [blows spring-INST] °spring is inthe air¢.

Perhaps the most peculiar use of the raw force meaning is the one that expresses the±acts of God≤ referred to above. These subjectless sentences can have an accusative object,and are usually translated into English with passive forms. Here are some examples:

ÌÄÃÿfi…À¡ ⁄¡ƒ¡◊ÇÃœ ‹Ã≈À∏∂ÇfiÀœ™.[Boy-ACC ran-over commuter-train-INST.]The boy was run over by a commuter train .

Ëœ∏Ç∏≈ ⁄Œ¡∏ÿ, fi∏œ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, Àœ«ƒÄ ≈«É ¥≈∂≈÷…«Ä≈∏ ¤¡∂œ◊É™ ÕÉÃŒ…≈™?[Want know, what-ACC feels person-NOM, when him-ACC burns ball lightning-INST?]Do you want to know what a person feels when he is burned by ball lightning ?

ÏÉƒÀπ ¥≈∂≈◊≈∂ŒÑÃœ ◊œÃŒÉ™.[Boat-ACC overturned wave-INST.]The boat was overturned by a wave .

INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL 1—Being, becoming, seeming

INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS is devoted to em-powering Russians to express how an itemcan cause or facilitate the action of a verb.The remaining uses of the instrumental, IN-STRUMENTAL: A LABEL, INSTRUMENTAL: AN AD-JUNCT, and INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK, re-late the instrumental item not to a verb, butto another item. The type of relationship,however, remains the same. The instrumen-tal is something peripheral in relation to something else: an accessory, a companion, or abackgrounded landmark.

Although a label can be permanent, it doesn¢t have to be, and is often associated with acertain period of time for which it is valid. A label tells you how to categorize something,what set of things it belongs to. Very often INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL is used with verbs mean-ing °be¢ or °become¢ to describe labels with a varying degree of impermanence:

Ó≈ ∑œÕŒ≈◊Ä¿∑ÿ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ∏œ∏ ∂œÕÄŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥¡∂Éƒ…≈™.[Not doubt in that-LOC, that that novel-NOM was parody-INST.]I do not doubt that that novel was a parody .

INSTRUMENTAL: ALABEL with non-

permanentlabels.

I

INSTRUMENTAL:: A LABEL (circle labeled I)is juxtaposed with another item (other circle)

Acts of God asraw forces

expressed byINSTRUMENTAL: A

MEANS.

Relation ofINSTRUMENTAL: A

MEANS to theother uses of the

instrumental.

37

‚Ñƒπfi… ∂≈◊œÃ¿√…œŒÅ∂œÕ, œŒ Õ≈fi∏ÄÃ ƒœ∫Ç∏ÿ∑µ ∑¥∂¡◊≈ƒÃÇ◊œ∑∏….[Being revolutionary-INST, he-NOM dreamed achieve justice-GEN.]Being a revolutionary , he dreamed of achieving justice.

‚≈ƒÄ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ »œ∂É¤…™ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãÿ, ∂≈¤Ç◊ ∑∏¡∏ÿ ◊≈ÃÇÀ…Õ, ¥≈∂≈∑∏¡£∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ»œ∂É¤…Õ.[Trouble-NOM in that-LOC, that good writer-NOM, having-decided become great-INST, stops be good-INST.]The trouble is that a good writer, once he has decided to become great , stops beinggood .

ÔŒ ∑∏¡Ã ∆¡ŒÄ∏…ÀœÕ ¥πŒÀ∏πÄ√…….[He-NOM became fanatic-INST punctuation-GEN.]He became a punctuation fanatic .

Note that even oneself can behave like a label. In English we can say things like Just beyourself or He¢s not acting like himself this morning , and Russians also use this concept ofa self that can be viewed from various perspectives:

Ó≈ ÕÉ÷≈∏ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ œƒŒœ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒœ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ∑œ∫É™ … Œ¡»œƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ ∂ÖƒœÕ.[Not can person-NOM simultaneously be self-INST and be-located beside.]A person cannot simultaneously be himself and be outside of himself.

We also have the sense that when something is true to its label (rather than using it as adisguise), then it is a genuine article. The Russian saying ƒ∂Ñ÷∫¡ ƒ∂Ñ÷∫œ™, ¡ ∑ÃÑ÷∫¡∑ÃÑ÷∫œ™ [friendship-NOM friendship-INST, but service-NOM service-INST] °friendshipis friendship , but work is work ¢ captures the idea that friendship is all about friendship, justas work is all about work; the two items are pure and cannot be mixed together. Perhaps theclosest English equivalent would be Let’s not mix business with pleasure .

There are many words that serve more or less as synonyms of °be¢ and °become¢ andshare this construction of NOMINATIVE: A NAME + verb + INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL, and all roughlymean °X is a Y¢, where X is a specific item, and Y is the category used to label it. Here aresome of these words:

‘behave oneself as’◊≈∑∏Ç ∑≈∫Ö

‘look like’◊á«Ãµƒ≈∏ÿ

‘grow up to be’◊á∂¡∑∏…

Expressions of being and becoming associated with INSTRUMENTAL:: A LABEL

‘appear, be mentioned as’⁄ŒÄfi…∏ÿ∑µ

‘seem, appear’À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘be named’Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Œ¡⁄◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘turn into’œ∫œ∂Äfi…◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/œ∫≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ

‘turn out to be’œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘stay, remain, continue to be’œ∑∏¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/œ∑∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ

Instrumental:: a label 1

INSTRUMENTAL: ALABEL withwords meaning‘be’, ‘become’.


Here are a few examples of these verbs being used to apply the INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL:

˙¡ ∑Ñ∏À… ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…≈ ∫œÃÿŒÉ«œ Œ≈⁄Œ¡fiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ Õ≈ŒÖ≈∏∑µ ∏œ ◊ ÃÑfi¤π¿, ∏œ ◊»Ñƒ¤π¿ ∑∏É∂œŒπ, Œœ É∫›¡µ À¡∂∏ÇŒ¡ œ∑∏¡£∏∑µ Œ≈…⁄ÕÅŒŒœ ∏µ÷£Ãœ™.[Beyond day-ACC condition-NOM patient-GEN imperceptibly changes that in bet-ter-ACC, that in worse side-ACC, but general picture-NOM remains invariably se-rious-INST.]In the course of a day the patient’s condition changes imperceptibly alternately forthe better and for the worse, but the general picture remains invariably serious .

œfi≈ÕÑ µ ∑ ∏¡ÀÇÕ ◊œ∏ Ã…√ÉÕ Œ≈ ∂œƒ…ÃÄ∑ÿ Õπ÷fiÇŒœ™?[Why I-NOM with such-INST here face-INST not born man-INST?]With a face like this, why wasn’t I born a man?

‚Ä™∂œŒ ¥œ«Ç∫ ∑∂¡◊ŒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ ÕœÃœƒáÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ.[Byron-NOM died relatively young person-INST.]Byron died a relatively young man .

When a label is applied metaphorically, INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL has the power to invokea comparison, stating that °X is like a Y¢, in cases where we know that X cannot literally bea Y. The next two examples were inspired by a visit to the zoo, where the author found thatthe animals reminded him of various people:

Ù…«∂ ∫ŸÃ ¥∂…πÀ∂Ä¤≈ŒŒœ™ ÀÉ¥…≈™ Û∏ÄÃ…Œ¡.[Tiger-NOM was made-over copy-INST Stalin-GEN.]The tiger was a made-over copy of Stalin.

INSTRUMENTAL: ALABEL used tomean ‘is like.’

Expressions of being and becoming associated with INSTRUMENTAL:: A LABEL (continued)

‘die (as)’¥œ«Ç∫Œπ∏ÿ

‘pretend to be’¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ

‘pretend to be’¥∂…∏◊œ∂Ö∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂…∏◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ∑µ

‘work (as)’∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ

‘be born (as)’∂œƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ

‘proclaim, report oneself (as)’∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘serve (as)’∑Ãπ÷Ç∏ÿ

‘be known (as), pass for’∑ÃŸ∏ÿ/¥∂œ∑Ãá∏ÿ

‘be’∑œ∑∏œÖ∏ÿ

‘be considered’∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘get a job (as)’π∑∏∂Ä…◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/π∑∏∂É…∏ÿ∑µ

‘be listed (as)’fiÇ∑Ã…∏ÿ∑µ

‘feel (like)’fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œfiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∑≈∫Ö

‘be’µ◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ

39

Ô∂¡Œ«π∏ÄŒ« ◊á«Ãµƒ≈Ã ∑∏¡∂Å¿›…Õ ¡À∏£∂œÕ, ⁄¡ ¥Ã≈fiÄÕ… π Àœ∏É∂œ«œ ∫Ñ∂Œ¡µ÷…⁄Œÿ.[Orangutang-NOM looked-like aging actor-INST, behind shoulders-INST by whom-GEN stormy life-NOM.]The orangutang looked like an aging actor with a stormy life behind him.

INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL can be applied even when there is no triggering word. Note itsuse in the following two examples, where it has a meaning similar to English ‘like’ or ‘as’:

˜œÀ∂Ñ« Œ≈«É ⁄á∫À…Õ «œÃπ∫áÕ ∏πÕÄŒœÕ ¥ÃŸ◊£∏ ƒŸÕ.[Around him-GEN quivering blue cloud-INST floats smoke-NOM.]Smoke floats around him in the form of a quivering blue cloud .

ÔƒŒœ∑≈ÃÿfiÄŒ≈ Œ¡¤ÃÇ ≈«É Õ£∂∏◊ŸÕ.[Fellow-villagers-NOM found him-ACC dead-INST.]His fellow villagers found him dead .

Consistent with the construction in the last example above, it is common for verbs withmeanings like °consider¢, °choose¢, °make¢ to apply the INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL to the itemsmarked as their accusative direct objects. Here are a few examples to show you how thisworks:

ÌÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ œŒ ◊œ⁄ÿÕ£∏ ∏≈∫Ö Œ¡ ∂¡∫É∏π Àœ∂∂ÅÀ∏œ∂œÕ.[May be he-NOM will-take you-ACC on work-ACC proof-reader-INST.]Maybe he will give you a job as a proof-reader .

Ù≈Ã≈◊Çƒ≈Œ…≈ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏ ÕÇ∂ ¥ÃÉ∑À…Õ … ¥∂…Õ…∏Ç◊ŒŸÕ.[Television-NOM makes world-ACC flat-INST and primitive-INST.]Television makes the world flat and primitive .

˜∂¡fi Œ¡⁄◊ÄÃ fiÑƒœÕ ∏œ, fi∏œ ∑≈Õ…ƒ≈∑µ∏…¤≈∑∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ¥≈∂≈Œ£∑¤…™40-Õ…ŒÑ∏Œπ¿ ÀÃ…ŒÇfi≈∑Àπ¿ ∑Õ≈∂∏ÿ, ÷…◊£∏ π÷Å ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃ….[Doctor-NOM named miracle-INST that-ACC, that seventy-six-year-old man-NOM,experienced-NOM 40-minute clinical death-ACC, lives already two weeks-ACC.]The doctor called it a miracle that a seventy-six-year-old man who had been clini-cally dead for 40 minutes, has survived for two weeks thus far.

ÛÃÑfi¡™ Ü∏œ∏ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏ Œ≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃŸÕ.[Case this-ACC specialists-NOM to this time-GENT consider unprecedented-INST.]Specialists consider this case to be unprecedented .

Among the words that use this structure of [NOMINATIVE: A NAME + verb + ACCUSATIVE: A

DIRECTION + INSTRUMENTAL: A LABEL], you will find the following:

Instrumental:: an label 2

INSTRUMENTAL: ALABEL with

words meaning‘apply a label’.


INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT 1 — Companions

It is no accident that the two relationships expressed in English bythe word with can both be translated using the instrumental case inRussian. È◊ÄŒ ∂Å⁄¡Ã »ÃÅ∫ Œœ÷ÉÕ [Ivan-NOM cut bread-ACC knife-INST] °Ivan cut bread with a knife ¢ is of course an example of INSTRU-MENTAL: A MEANS, whereas Û≈∑∏∂Ä «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ¡ ∑ È◊ÄŒœÕ [Sister-NOMtalked with Ivan-INST] °Sister was talking with Ivan ¢ is an example ofINSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT. Russian is more fastidious than English,reserving the use of the preposition ∑ °with¢ only for INSTRUMENTAL: AN

ADJUNCT to introduce an accomplice, companion, or other peripheraladjunct to an item of more central importance.

Just about any activity that a person engages in can become a jointproject when there is someone else to share it with, as we see in theseexamples:

ÔŒÄ ¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi…∏ÄÃ¡ ∏Ç»π¿ ÷…⁄Œÿ ∑ ÕÑ÷≈Õ … ƒ◊πÕÖ ƒ≈∏ÿÕÇ.[She-NOM preferred quiet life-ACC with husband-INST andtwo children-INST.]She preferred a quiet life with her husband and two children .

œƒfi£∂À…◊¡≈∏∑µ, fi∏œ ∑π›≈∑∏◊Ñ¿∏ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏… ƒÃµÕŒœ«œ∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ≈«œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊¡ ∑ Ìœ∑À◊É™ … ƒÃµ∂¡⁄◊Ç∏…µ ∏œ∂«É◊Ÿ» ÀœŒ∏ÄÀ∏œ◊.[Emphasizes, that exist opportunities-NOM for multi-lateral collaboration-GEN withMoscow-INST and for development-GEN commercial contacts-GEN.]It should be emphasized that there exist opportunities for multi-lateral collaborationwith Moscow and for the development of commercial contacts.

Many activities that are part of interpersonal relationships require a partner to engage with .All of the words below can use ∑ °with¢ to name such a partner:

‘imagine (as)’◊œœ∫∂¡÷Ä∏ÿ/◊œœ∫∂¡⁄Ç∏ÿ

‘select (as)’◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ/◊á∫∂¡∏ÿ

‘make’ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ/∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ

‘find (as)’⁄¡∑∏¡◊Ä∏ÿ/⁄¡∑∏Ä∏ÿ

Words meaning ‘apply a label to an item’ associated with INSTRUMENTAL:: A LABEL

‘elect (as)’…⁄∫…∂Ä∏ÿ/…⁄∫∂Ä∏ÿ

‘depict, portray, represent (as)’…⁄œ∫∂¡÷Ä∏ÿ/…⁄œ∫∂¡⁄Ç∏ÿ

‘appoint, nominate (as)’Œ¡⁄Œ¡fiÄ∏ÿ/Œ¡⁄ŒÄfi…∏ÿ

‘name’Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ/Œ¡⁄◊Ä∏ÿ

‘declare, announce’œ∫flµ◊ÃÖ∏ÿ/œ∫flµ◊Ç∏ÿ

‘recognize (as)’¥∂…⁄Œ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/¥∂…⁄ŒÄ∏ÿ

‘consider’∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ

I

INSTRUMENTAL:: AN

ADJUNCT (circlelabeled I) is an

adjunct of anotheritem (other circle)

INSTRUMENTAL: AN

ADJUNCT with ∑‘with’.

∑ + INSTRUMEN-TAL: AN ADJUNCT

with companions.

∑ + INSTRUMENTAL:AN ADJUNCT with

interpersonalrelationships.

41

The following examples illustrate the use of INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT with these words:

Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ◊Åfi≈∂ ¥Ö∏Œ…√Ÿ: ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥œ∑…ƒÅ∏ÿ ¥œƒÉÃÿ¤≈ ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃÉÕ, ¥œ◊œ⁄Ç∏ÿ∑µ∑ ∂≈∫Ö∏¡Õ…, πÃœ÷Ç∏ÿ …» Œ¡ ¥œÃfi¡∑Ä ¥É⁄÷≈.[I-NOM love evening-ACC Friday-GEN: possible sit longer behind table-INST,play with kids-INST, put-to-bed them-ACC on half-hour-ACC later.]I love Friday evening: I can sit a while longer at the table, play with the kids , and putthem to bed a half hour later.

œ ∂Éƒπ ∑◊œÅ™ ∂¡∫É∏Ÿ µ À¡÷ƒœƒŒÅ◊Œœ ∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡¿∑ÿ ∑ Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ, ¥œ∑∏∂¡ƒÄ◊¤…Õ…œ∏ πÀÑ∑œ◊ ÷…◊É∏ŒŸ».[Along nature-DAT own work-GEN I-NOM daily encounter with people-INST,suffered-INST from bites-GEN animals-GEN.]Due to the nature of my work I daily encounter people who have suf fered animalbites.

Instrumental:: an adjunct 1

Expressions of engagement associated with INSTRUMENTAL:: AN ADJUNCT

‘converse’∫≈∑Åƒœ◊¡∏ÿ ∑∫≈∑Åƒ¡ ∑ ‘conversation’

‘struggle, fight’∫œ∂É∏ÿ∑µ ∑∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ∑ ‘struggle, fight’

‘see (each other)’◊Çƒ≈∏ÿ∑µ ∑

‘wage war’◊œ≈◊Ä∏ÿ ∑◊œ™ŒÄ ∑ ‘war’

‘romp, play’◊œ⁄Ç∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ◊œ⁄Ç∏ÿ∑µ ∑◊œ⁄ŒÖ ∑ ‘romp(ing), play(ing)’

‘meet’◊∑∏∂≈fiÄ∏ÿ∑µ/◊∑∏∂Å∏…∏ÿ∑µ ∑◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ∑ ‘meeting’

‘share’ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ ∑

‘come to an agreement, make an ar-rangement’ƒœ«œ◊Ä∂…◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/ƒœ«œ◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ∑µ ∑ƒœ«œ◊É∂ ∑ ‘agreement, arrangement’

‘fight’ƒ∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œƒ∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑ƒ∂ÄÀ¡ ∑ ‘fight’

‘become acquainted’⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕ…∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕ…∏ÿ∑µ ∑⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕ ∑ ‘acquainted’(short forms only)⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕ∑∏◊œ ∑ ‘acquaintance’

‘associate, be friendly’œ∫›Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑œ∫›ÅŒ…≈ ∑ ‘associating, association’

‘correspond (exchange letters)’¥≈∂≈¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ∑¥≈∂≈¥Ç∑À¡ ∑ ‘correspondence (ex-change of letters)’

‘say farewell’¥∂œ›Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂œ∑∏Ç∏ÿ∑µ ∑¥∂œ›ÅŒ…≈ ∑ ‘saying farewell’

‘converse’∂¡⁄«œ◊Ä∂…◊¡∏ÿ ∑∂¡⁄«œ◊É∂ ∑ ‘conversation’

‘settle accounts’∂¡∑∑fiÇ∏Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/∂¡∑∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑

‘communicate, get in contact, beassociated’∑◊Ö⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/∑◊µ⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑∑◊Ö⁄ÿ ∑ ‘association, contact’

‘agree’∑œ«Ã¡¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ/∑œ«Ã¡∑Ç∏ÿ∑µ ∑∑œ«ÃÄ∑…≈ ∑ ‘agreement’

‘compete’∑œ∂≈◊Œœ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑∑œ∂≈◊Œœ◊ÄŒ…≈ ∑ ‘competition’

‘argue’∑∑É∂…∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∑É∂…∏ÿ∑µ ∑∑∑É∂¡ ∑ ‘argument’

‘collide with, run into, encounter’∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/∑∏œÃÀŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ ∑∑∏œÃÀŒœ◊ÅŒ…≈ ∑ ‘collision’


Îœ«ƒÄ Ó¡¥œÃ≈ÉŒ ¥∂œ∑ŒÑÃ∑µ … ∂≈¤ÇÃ ¥∂œƒœÃ÷Ä∏ÿ ∫œ™, ∏œ π◊Çƒ≈Ã, fi∏œ ◊œ≈◊Ä∏ÿŒ≈ ∑ À≈Õ.[When Napoleon-NOM woke-up and decided continue battle-ACC, then saw, thatwage-war not with who-INST.]When Napoleon woke up and decided to continue the battle, then he saw that therewas no one to wage war with.

INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT 2 — Idioms and other uses

Russian uses the idiom ÕŸ ∑ + INST (literally °we with so-and-so ¢) to express °so-and-so and I¢. This seems to involve a politeness strategy similar to that imposed in English,where we consider it improper to say I and Anna, but are supposed to say Anna and I in-stead. In Russian, instead of inverting to be polite, you include the partner by saying °we¢ inplace of °I¢: ÕŸ ∑ êŒŒœ™ [we-NOM with Anna-INST] ‘Anna and I’. Here is an example ofthe ÕŸ ∑ + INST idiom where ÕŸ appears in the dative case as Œ¡Õ:

ÔƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ÌÑ∑µ ⁄¡«ÃµŒÑÃ¡ À Œ¡Õ ∑ ÷≈ŒÉ™.[Once Musya-NOM glanced-in to us-DAT with wife-INST.]Once Musya stopped by to see my wife and me.

One idiomatic use of ∑ + INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT has an exact parallel in English:

˛∏œ ∑ ∏œ∫É™?[What-NOM with you-INST?]What’s with you?

The phrase ¥œ⁄ƒ∂¡◊ÃÖ¿ ◊¡∑/∏≈∫Ö ∑ + INSTRUMENTAL: AN ADJUNCT, literally ‘I congratu-late you with’, motivates another idiomatic construction used for greetings on the occasionof holidays and events. The first part of the phrase is rarely heard, leaving just the preposi-tion ∑ + INST. Here is a table of common greetings:

Û ƒŒ£Õ ÄŒ«≈Ã¡! Happy Name’s Day!Û ƒŒ£Õ ∂œ÷ƒÅŒ…µ! Happy Birthday!Û Ã£«À…Õ ¥Ä∂œÕ! Have a nice bath !Û ŒÉ◊ŸÕ «ÉƒœÕ! Happy New Year !Û ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…ÀœÕ! Happy Holiday !Û ¥∂…fi¡›ÅŒ…≈Õ! Congratulations on receiving Holy Communion !Û Úœ÷ƒ≈∑∏◊ÉÕ! Merry Christmas !

As the idioms with holidays above show, the use of the preposition ∑ °with¢ is not lim-ited to human companions; it can be used with objects, abstractions, and attributes, much aswith is used in English. Here are some examples:

Idiomatic uses of∑ + INSTRUMEN-

TAL: AN ADJUNCT.

43

ÔŒÄ fi∏œ-∏œ ¥∂œƒÅÃ¡Ã¡ ∑ ◊œÃœ∑ÄÕ….[She-NOM something-ACC with hair-INST.]She did something with her hair .

ÔƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ œŒ ◊œ⁄◊∂¡›ÄÃ∑µ …⁄ œ◊œ›ŒÉ«œ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ¡ ∑œ ∑◊£ÀÃœ™ ◊ ¡◊É∑ÿÀ≈ —À∂Ñ¥Œœ™ … À∂Ñ«Ãœ™, À¡À ∆π∏∫ÉÃÿŒŸ™ Õµfi.[Once he-NOM returned from grocery store-GEN with beet-INST in shopping-bag-LOC — big-INST and round-INST, like soccer ball-NOM.]Once he came back from the grocery store with a beet in his shopping bag — bigand round like a soccer ball.

Óœ ◊ Œ≈™ ◊∑£ Ü∏œ À¡ÀÇÕ-∏œ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ ∑œ◊Õ≈›ÄÃœ∑ÿ — Œ¡Ç◊Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑ √…ŒÇ⁄ÕœÕ,πÕ ∑ «ÃÑ¥œ∑∏ÿ¿ … fiÅ∑∏Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑ ∏µ«œ∏ÅŒ…≈Õ À ◊∂¡Œÿâ.[But in her-LOC all this-NOM some manner-INST was-combined — naivete-NOMwith cynicism-INST, intelligence-NOM with stupidity-INST and honesty-NOM withtendency-INST to lying-DAT.]But somehow all these things were combined in her — naivete with cynicism , intel-ligence with stupidity , and honesty with a tendency to lie.

∂…∂Éƒ¡ ∑ Ç∑∏…ŒŒœ ¥œ∑Ã≈◊œÅŒŒœ™ ›Åƒ∂œ∑∏ÿ¿ ∂¡⁄«πÃÖÃ¡∑ÿ.[Nature-NOM with truly post-war generosity-INST blossomed-forth.]Nature was blossoming forth with true post-war generosity .

Ú¡∫É∏¡Ã¡ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ œƒŒÄ ÀÄ∑∑¡, … ◊ƒœÃÿ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ¡ ∏≈ÀÃÄ Éfi≈∂≈ƒÿ, À¡À ∂≈ÀÄ ∑…⁄«Ç∫¡Õ… … …⁄ÃÑfi…Œ¡Õ… … œ∏◊≈∏◊Ã£ŒŒŸÕ… ∂πfi≈™ÀÄÕ….[Worked only one cash-register-NOM, and along store-GEN flowed line-NOM, likeriver-NOM with twists-INST and turns-INST and branched streams-INST.]Only one cash register was open, and a line flowed around the store, like a river withtwists and turns and little branching streams .

INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 1—¥Å∂≈ƒ ‘in front of, before’

Five Russian prepositions are used with the INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK to describe theperipheral location of one item in alignment with another item or items. Two of these prepo-sitions view this alignment in a horizontal plane: ¥Å∂≈ƒ ‘in front of’ and ⁄¡ ‘behind’. Twomore are exactly parallel to these, but view the alignment in a vertical plane: Œ¡ƒ ‘above’and ¥œƒ ‘below’. The fifth preposition, ÕÅ÷ƒπ ‘between, among’ uses two or more items toestablish the alignment independent of any geographic orientation.

In terms of physical location, ¥Å∂≈ƒ ‘in front of’ + INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK identifiesan item that serves as a peripheral landmark for another item. In this example, the adminis-tration building serves as a peripheral landmark for the square where students’ passions areseething:

Instrumental:: a landmark 1


with objects.


with abstrac-tions.


with attributes.

Overview ofINSTRUMENTAL: ALANDMARK.

¥Å∂≈ƒ +INSTRUMENTAL: ALANDMARK ‘infront of, before’in the domain ofspace.


‰◊¡ ƒŒµ Œ¡ ¥ÃÉ›¡ƒ… ¥Å∂≈ƒ ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈Õ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…… «É∂œƒ¡ À…¥ÅÃ… ∑∏∂Ä∑∏… —ƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ç∂œ◊¡Ã… ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿ.[Two days-ACC on square-LOC in-front-of build-ing-INST administration-GEN city-GEN seethedpassions-NOM — demonstrated students-NOM.]For two days passions seethed on the square infront of the municipal administration building —the students were demonstrating.

In the domain of time, ¥Å∂≈ƒ means ‘before, until suchtime as’, and can be used directly with the landmark timein the instrumental, or with the fixed phrase ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∏≈Õ,À¡À [before that-INST, how] ‘before’, as illustrated in thesetwo examples, where the meeting and the loss of contactserve as temporal landmarks for the announcement ofhealth and for wandering in the Alaskan hinterland:

“Ó…À¡ÀÇ» œ∑∏Ä∏Àœ◊ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ… Œ≈∏”, œ∏ÕÅ∏…Ã◊fi≈∂Ä ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥Å∂≈ƒ ◊∑∏∂Åfi≈™ ∑ ¥∂≈ÕÿÅ∂-Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ.[“No remains-GEN illness-GEN no”, remarked yesterday president-NOM beforemeeting-INST with prime-minister-INST.]“I show no signs of illness,” remarked the president yesterday before his meetingwith the prime minister.

Óœ∂◊Å÷∑À…™ ¥π∏≈¤Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…À ƒ◊¡ ÕÅ∑µ√¡ ¥∂œ◊£Ã ◊ √≈Œ∏∂ÄÃÿŒŸ» ∂¡™ÉŒ¡»·ÃÖ∑À…, ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∏≈Õ, À¡À ∑◊µ⁄ÿ ∑ Œ…Õ Œ≈œ÷Çƒ¡ŒŒœ ¥∂≈∂◊¡ÃÄ∑ÿ.[Norwegian traveler-NOM two months-ACC spent in central regions-LOC Alaska-GEN, before that-INST, how contact-NOM with him-INST unexpectedly was-bro-ken-off.]The Norwegian traveler spent two months in the central regions of Alaska beforecontact with him was suddenly broken off.

Å∂≈ƒ is frequently deployed in the domain of morality and justice, where it designates aposition in terms of merits and obligations. The first example below describes a moralachievement, the following ones refer to legal and financial obligations, respectively.

˜ ∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…… ¥∂≈∑∑-∑ÃÑ÷∫Ÿ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏∑µ, fi∏œ «œ∑¥œƒÇŒ ÎπÃ…ÀÉ◊“πƒœ∑∏É≈Œ ◊Ÿ∑ÉÀœ™ Œ¡«∂ÄƒŸ ⁄¡ ⁄¡∑ÃÑ«… ¥Å∂≈ƒ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊œÕ”.[In report-LOC press-service-GEN president-GEN says, that Mr. Kulikov-NOM“awarded-NOM high award-GEN for services-ACC before state-INST.”]In the president’s press report it says that Mr. Kulikov “has received an exaltedaward for his service to the state .”

I

I

INSTRUMENTAL:: A LANDMARK

(circle or circles labeled I) is in aproximate relationship to

another item (small circle)

¥Å∂≈ƒ +INSTRUMENTAL: A

LANDMARK ‘infront of, before’

in the domain oftime.

¥Å∂≈ƒ +INSTRUMENTAL: A

LANDMARK in thedomain of

morality andjustice.

45

ÔÃ…Õ¥Ç™∑À…™ fi≈Õ¥…ÉŒ ◊ «∂Å∫Ã≈ Œ¡ À¡ŒÉ‹ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÀ ÌÇ»¡Ã ÌÄ∂∏…À¡Œ ◊ ∑ÀÉ∂œÕ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏ÄŒ≈∏ ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∑πƒÉÕ.[Olympic champion-NOM in rowing-LOC on canoe-LOC Slovak Michal Martikan-NOM in soon time-LOC appear before court-INST.]Olympic canoeing champion Slovak Michal Martikan will soon appear in court .

∂≈ÕÿÅ∂-Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂ œ∏ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ ◊ Œ¡∑∏œÖ›≈≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∆Ç∂Õ¡ “Ù¡∏ŒÅ∆∏ÿ” Œ≈…ÕÅ≈∏ ƒœÃ«É◊ ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∆≈ƒ≈∂ÄÃÿŒŸÕ ∫¿ƒ÷Å∏œÕ.[Prime-minister-NOM noted, that in present time-ACC company “Tatneft’”-NOMno have debts-GEN before federal budget-INST.]The prime-minister noted that at the present time the “Tatneft’” company is notindebted to the federal budget .

Here is an example of a self-imposed obligation:

˜á∑∏¡◊À¡ ÛÃœ◊Ä√Àœ™ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… ∑∏Ä◊…∏ ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∑œ∫É™ √≈Ãÿ œ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕ…∏ÿ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ∏≈Ã≈™ ∑ ÜÀ∑¥œ∂∏ŒŸÕ… ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏µÕ… ÛÃœ◊ÄÀ…….[Exhibition-NOM Slovak Republic-GEN places before self-INST goal-ACC acquaintRussian entrepreneurs-ACC with export opportunities-INST Slovakia-GEN.]The Slovak Republic’s exhibit is setting itself the goal of acquainting Russian entre-preneurs with Slovakia’s export opportunities.

INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 2—⁄¡ ‘beyond, behind’

˙¡ + INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK indicates a spatial alignment that is the opposite of¥Å∂≈ƒ. The landmark is an item that is between us and another item which is ‘behind’ or‘beyond’ it. Here are a couple of examples of ⁄¡ used to locate items in space.

ÓÄ¤≈Õπ ∑œ∑Åƒπ ¥œœ∫≈›ÄÃ… ⁄¡ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂π ◊∑≈«É Ã…¤ÿ ƒÅ◊µ∏ÿ Õ…ÃÃ…ÉŒœ◊∂π∫ÃÅ™, ⁄¡∏É ◊⁄¡ÕÅŒ ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÇÃ… ÷…∏ÿ ◊ ∑◊œ£ πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…≈ Œ¡ ƒÄfi≈ ⁄¡«É∂œƒœÕ.[Our neighbor-DAT promised for apartment-ACC all-GEN only nine-ACC millions-GEN rubles-GEN, but in-exchange offered live in own pleasure-ACC at dacha-LOC beyond city-INST.]They promised our neighbor only nine million rubles for his apartment, but in returnthey offered him a life of pleasure in a dacha outside of town .

˙¡ ◊œ∂É∏¡Õ… ÷ÅŒ›…Œπ ◊á∏œÃÀŒπÃ… …⁄ Õ¡¤ÇŒŸ … ∑À∂áÃ…∑ÿ.[Beyond gate-INST woman-ACC pushed-out from car-GEN and hid.]On the other side of the gate they pushed the woman out of the car and hid.

The notion that ⁄¡ identifies a barrier between us and another item is capitalized on in theRussian translation of ‘You can’t see the forest for the trees ’, ˙¡ ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿµÕ… Œ≈ ◊…ƒÄ∏ÿ ÃÅ∑¡[Beyond trees-INST not see forest-GEN].


⁄¡ + INSTRUMEN-TAL: A LANDMARK

‘beyond, behind’.


There are two spatial uses of ⁄¡ that are especially worth noting. One is ⁄¡ ∂πÃ£Õ [be-hind wheel-INST] ‘behind the (steering) wheel ’, and the other is ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃÉÕ [behind table-INST] ‘at the table (while eating a meal) .’

˛Ñ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡Ãœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ ⁄¡ ∂πÃ£Õ ∑…ƒÅÃ ∑π¥≈∂ÕÅŒ, ◊Ã¡ƒÅ¿›…™ Õ¡¤ÇŒœ™, À¡ÀÀœ◊∫É™ Õπ∑∏ÄŒ«œÕ.[Felt, that behind wheel-INST sat superman-NOM, commanding-NOM car-INST,like cowboy-NOM mustang-INST.]One got the feeling that there was a superman sitting behind the wheel who wascontrolling the car like a cowboy controls a mustang.

˙¡ ∑∏œÃÉÕ ∑…ƒÇÕ ƒÉÃ«œ, ≈ƒÇÕ Œ≈ ∑¥≈¤Ä.[Behind table-INST sit long, eat not hurrying.]We sit for a long time at the table , eating without hurrying.

The ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃÉÕ construction above motivates ⁄¡ œ∫ÅƒœÕ [behind lunch-INST] ‘during lunch ’,where the spatial location is juxtaposed with a given time.

Just as we use ‘behind’ with the word ‘follow’, so do Russians associate ⁄¡ + INSTRUMEN-TAL: A LANDMARK with following. The following examples demonstrate this use in physicalmovement through space, in sequential action along the dimension of time, and in the meta-phorical domain of verification:

Ûœ∫ÄÀ… ∫≈«Ñ∏ ⁄¡ ⁄◊Å∂≈Õ.[Dogs-NOM run following beast-INST.]The dogs are running after the beast .

ÔŒ ÀÑ∂…∏ ∑…«¡∂Å∏π ⁄¡ ∑…«¡∂Å∏œ™.[He-NOM smokes cigarette-ACC following cigarette-INST.]He smokes one cigarette after another .

·∫œŒ≈ÕÅŒ∏Œπ¿ ¥ÃÄ∏π ⁄¡ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡Œ…≈ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒœÕ ◊ŒÉ∑µ∏ Œ≈ ¥œ⁄ƒŒÅ≈ ƒ≈∑Ö∏œ«œfi…∑ÃÄ ÕÅ∑µ√¡, ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›≈«œ ⁄¡ ÕÅ∑µ√≈Õ ¥∂≈ƒœ∑∏¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ π∑ÃÑ«….[Subscription fee-ACC for use-ACC telephone-INST enter not later tenth number-GEN month-GEN, following-GEN behind month-INST rendering-GEN service-GEN.]They enter the subscription fee for telephone use no later than the tenth of the monthfollowing the month in which the service was rendered.

Û 1 µŒ◊¡∂Ö ◊œ ◊∑£Õ ∂≈«…ÉŒ≈ ◊◊Éƒ…∏∑µ ÷£∑∏À…™ ÀœŒ∏∂ÉÃÿ ⁄¡ ÀÄfi≈∑∏◊œÕ¡ÃÀœ«ÉÃÿŒœ™ ¥∂œƒÑÀ√……, ≈£ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ∑∏◊œÕ, »∂¡ŒÅŒ…≈Õ, … ∂≈¡Ã…⁄Ä√…≈™.[From first-GEN January-GEN in all region-LOC is-introduced strict control-NOMfollowing quality-INST alcohol production-GEN, its manufacture-INST, storage-INST, and sale-INST.]Throughout the region beginning January 1, strict control is being introduced on thequality of alcohol production, its manufacture , storage , and sale .


‘following after’.

47

In English ‘following’ is synonymous with ‘going after’ something, and we can ‘go after’something in order to get it; in Russian ⁄¡ + INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK can likewise be usedto mean ‘fetch’:

Ú≈¤ÇÃ… ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ …Õ≈ŒÇŒ…Àπ ¥∂…Ö∏ŒŸ™ ∑¿∂¥∂Ç⁄ … ¥œÅ»¡Ã… ⁄¡ ƒÅ◊œfiÀ¡Õ… …ƒœ¥œÃŒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ ◊á¥…◊Àœ™.[Decided make birthday-boy-DAT pleasant surprise-ACC and rode fetch girls-INSTand supplementary drink-INST.]They decided to give the birthday boy a nice surprise and went to get some girls andsomething more to drink .

Ò ⁄¡™ƒÑ ⁄¡ ∏œ∫É™ ◊ ¤ÀÉÃπ.[I-NOM go-by fetch you-INST in school-ACC.]I’ll come to pick you up at school.

INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 3—Œ¡ƒ ‘above’

In the vertical plane, Œ¡ƒ locates an item ‘above’ another item. The use of this preposi-tion in the doman of space is just what we would expect:

Ô⁄ÉŒœ◊¡µ ƒŸ∂Ä Œ¡ƒ ·Œ∏Ä∂À∏…Àœ™ ƒœ∑∏Ç«Ã¡ ∂≈ÀÉ∂ƒŒŸ» ∂¡⁄ÕÅ∂œ◊.[Ozone hole-NOM above Antarctica-INST reached record proportions-GEN.]The ozone hole above Antarctica has reached record proportions.

˜ ŒÅ∫≈ Œ¡ƒ Ïœ∑-êŒƒ÷≈Ã≈∑œÕ ≈ƒ◊Ä Œ≈ ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ…∑ÿ ƒ◊¡ ∑¡ÕœÃ£∏¡.[In sky-LOC above Los-Angeles-INST barely not collided two airplanes-NOM.]Two airplanes almost collided in the sky above Los Angeles .

∂œ ∑≈Õÿâ ÁÄŒƒ… «œ◊œ∂Ö∏, fi∏œ Œ¡ƒ Œ≈™ «œ∂Ç∏ Œ≈∑fi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊¡µ ⁄◊≈⁄ƒÄ.[About family-ACC Gandhi say, that above it-INST burns unlucky star-NOM.]They say about the Gandhi family that an unlucky star burns above it.

As with English ‘above’, Œ¡ƒ identifies a vantage point that has certain implications. It is alocation from which one can make observations:

Îœ∂∂≈∑¥œŒƒÅŒ∏ ¥œ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂¡ Ï≈◊…Œ∑ÉŒ¡ ¥œƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ ∑◊œÇÕ…Œ¡∫Ã¿ƒÅŒ…µÕ… Œ¡ƒ ¥œ◊≈ƒÅŒ…≈Õ «œ∂œƒ∑ÀÉ«œ Œ¡∑≈ÃÅŒ…µ ◊ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ «ÉƒŸ, ‹¥É»…… ∂≈÷ÇÕŸ.[Correspondent-NOM asked professor Levinson-ACC share own observations-INSTabove behavior-INST city population-GEN in various years-ACC, epochs-ACC andregimes-ACC.]The correspondent asked Professor Levinson to share his observations of the behav-ior of the city’s population in various years, epochs, and regimes.



‘fetch’.

Œ¡ƒ + INSTRU-MENTAL: ALANDMARK

‘above’.


In English we can ‘look down at someone’ from a higher vantage point of superiority; Rus-sian uses this idea to motivate the expression ∑Õ≈Ö∏ÿ∑µ Œ¡ƒ + INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK

‘laugh at’, as illustrated in this example:

ÛŒ¡fiÄÃ¡ Œ¡ƒ Œ…Õ ∑Õ≈ÖÃ…∑ÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ∑∏ÄÃ… œ∏Õ≈fiÄ∏ÿ π∑¥Å»… ◊ …∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊≈, ¡ ◊ÀœŒ√Å ÀœŒ√É◊ ¥œ⁄◊ÉÃ…Ã… œ∏À∂á∏ÿ “‰œÕ »πƒÉ÷Œ…Àœ◊”.[At-first above him-INST laughed, then started notice successes-ACC in art-LOC,and in end-LOC ends-GEN allowed open “House-ACC artists-GEN”.]At first they laughed at him, but then they started to notice his successes in art, andfinally they allowed him to open a “House of Artists.”

A position ‘above’ an item facilitates manipulation and control. Notice the parallels tovertical relationships in English translations of ∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ Œ¡ƒ ‘work on’ and ÀœŒ∏∂ÉÃÿ Œ¡ƒ‘control over’ in these examples:

∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¡À∏Ç◊Œœ ∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ Œ¡ƒ ∆œ∂Õ…∂œ◊ÄŒ…≈Õ ∑∏∂πÀ∏Ñ∂Ÿ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊¡.[President-NOM actively works above formation-INST structure-GEN government-GEN.]The president is actively working on the formation of the structure of the govern-ment.

˜ ¡¥∂ÅÃ≈ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Å ∑œ∑∏œÇ∏∑µ Ì≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒ¡µ ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√…µ ¥œ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊π ∑ Úœ∑∑Ç≈™ ◊ É∫Ã¡∑∏… ÀœŒ∏∂ÉÃµ Œ¡ƒ Œ¡∂ÀÉ∏…À¡Õ….[In April-LOC in Moscow-LOC takes-place International conference-NOM alongcollaboration-DAT with Russia-INST in area-LOC control-GEN above narcotics-INST.]In April in Moscow there is an International Conference on Collaboration with Rus-sia in the area of narcotics control.

Control over an item can likewise be wielded by legal or governmental authority, as inthe following two examples:

˜fi≈∂Ä ◊ ‰ÅÃ… Œ¡fi¡Ã∑Ö ∑πƒ Œ¡ƒ ∫á◊¤…Õ ¥∂≈Õÿ≈∂-Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ íŒƒ…….[Yesterday in Delhi-LOC began legal-proceedings-NOM above former prime-min-ister-INST India-GEN.]Legal proceedings against the former prime minister of India began in Delhi yester-day.

ß¡ÃÿÕÉŒ∏ √ÅÃœ≈ ƒ≈∑µ∏…ÃÅ∏…≈ ∫≈⁄∂¡⁄ƒÅÃÿŒœ √¡∂ÇÃ Œ¡ƒ ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ™ ¥œÜ⁄…≈™.[Balmont-NOM whole decade-ACC indivisibly was-tsar above Russian poetry-INST.]For a whole decade, Balmont reigned over Russian poetry unchallenged.

Œ¡ƒ + INSTRU-MENTAL: A

LANDMARK canexpress derision.

Œ¡ƒ + INSTRU-MENTAL: A

LANDMARK canexpress work

‘on’ and control‘over’.

49

INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 4—¥œƒ ‘under’

Opposing Œ¡ƒ in the vertical plane is ¥œƒ ‘under’. Once again we will look first atexamples of how this preposition indicates physical locations:

Ù…«∂ ¥œ«Ç∫ ¥œƒ ÀœÃ£∑¡Õ… Ã≈∑œ◊É⁄¡.[Tiger-NOM died under wheels-INST lumber-truck-GEN.]The tiger died under the wheels of the lumber truck.

œ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂ŸÕ ∑◊Åƒ≈Œ…µÕ, ¥œƒ œ∫ÃÉÕÀ¡Õ… ⁄ƒÄŒ…™ ◊∑£ ≈›£ Œ¡»Éƒµ∏∑µ ÉÀœÃœƒ◊¡ƒ√¡∏Ç ∑≈ÕÅ™.[Along certain reports-DAT, under wreckage-INST buildings-GEN all still are-lo-cated about twenty families-GEN.]According to certain reports, there are still about twenty families under the wreck-age of the buildings.

Because cities were traditionally built on hills and locations outside them were at lowerelevations, the preposition ¥œƒ with the name of a city indicates a position outside or on theoutskirts of town:

˛≈∏á∂≈ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡ ¥œ«Ç∫Ã… ◊ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏≈ ¡◊…¡À¡∏¡∑∏∂É∆Ÿ, ¥∂œ…⁄¤Åƒ¤≈™ ◊fi≈∂Ä¥œƒ ÙÑÃœ™.[Four people-NOM died in result-LOC aviation-catastrophe-GEN took-place-GENyesterday under Tula-INST.]Four people died as a result of the aviation catastrophe which took place outside ofTula yesterday.

Just as Œ¡ƒ gave us the perspective of control ‘over’, ¥œƒ can conversely describe being‘under’ control:

ÛœÃƒÄ∏Ÿ ¥œƒ ÀœÕÄŒƒœ◊¡Œ…≈Õ ¥œÃÀÉ◊Œ…À¡ œ◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ… ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ π«œÃÀÉÕ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… ·∫»Ä⁄……, Œ¡»œƒÇ◊¤…Õ∑µ ¥œƒ ÀœŒ∏∂ÉÃ≈Õ «∂π⁄ÇŒ∑À…»∆œ∂Õ…∂œ◊ÄŒ…™.[Soldiers-NOM under command-INST lieutenant-GEN took-possession last corner-INST republic-GEN Abkhazia-GEN located-INST under control-INST Georgianunits-GEN.]Soldiers under the command of the lieutenant took possession of the last corner ofthe Republic of Abhxazia that was under the control of Georgian military units.

˜ Œ¡∑∏œÖ›≈≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∫¡ŒÀÇ∂ œ∑∏¡£∏∑µ ¥œƒ ƒœÕÄ¤Œ…Õ ¡∂Å∑∏œÕ.[In present time-ACC banker-NOM remains under house arrest-INST.]At the present time the banker remains under house arrest .

Being ‘under’ an item can have its benefits, since this location implies a relationship ofprotection, as in these examples:


¥œƒ + INSTRU-MENTAL: ALANDMARK

‘under’.

¥œƒ + INSTRU-MENTAL: ALANDMARK canexpresssubordination,protection, andboth covert andovert identities.


Ô∏ŒáŒ≈ Õπ⁄Å™ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ Œ¡»œƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ ¥œƒ ¥œÀ∂œ◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡.[From-henceforth museum-NOM will be-located under protection-INST president-GEN.]From henceforth the museum will be under the protection of the president.

˜á∑∏¡◊À¡ ¥∂œ»Éƒ…∏ ¥œƒ ¥¡∏∂œŒÄ÷≈Õ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ◊…√≈-¥∂≈ÕÿÅ∂¡ ßœ∂Ç∑¡Ó≈Õ√É◊¡.[Exhibit-NOM takes-place under patronage-INST first vice-premier Boris Nemtsov-GEN.]The exhibit is taking place under the patronage of the first vice-premier BorisNemtsov.

One can also go ‘under’ cover by taking on a disguise:

Á∂π⁄ÇŒ∑À¡µ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄ ∑∑ŸÃÄ≈∏∑µ Œ¡ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏ÿ ¥≈∂≈ƒ◊…÷ÅŒ…µ ¥œƒ ◊ÇƒœÕ◊œ≈ŒŒœ∑ÃÑ÷¡›…» ŒÅÀ…» ∫¡ŒƒÇ∏∑À…» «∂Ñ¥¥.[Georgian side-NOM cites on possibility-ACC travel-GEN under guise-INST ser-vicemen-GEN certain bandit groups-GEN.]The Georgian side cites the possibility that some groups of bandits are travelingunder the guise of military servicemen.

More innocently ¥œƒ can indicate the name given to buildings, organizations, and events,as in this example:

˜fi≈∂Ä ◊ ß≈∂ÃÇŒ≈ œ∏À∂áÃ∑µ ∆≈∑∏…◊ÄÃÿ ¥œƒ Œ¡⁄◊ÄŒ…≈Õ “˜œÃ¤Å∫ŒŸ™ Ã≈∑”.[Yesterday in Berlin-LOC opened festival-NOM under title-INST “Magical forest”-NOM.]A festival entitled “Magical Forest” opened yesterday in Berlin.

INSTRUMENTAL: A LANDMARK 5—ÕÅ÷ƒπ ‘between, among’

The preposition ÕÅ÷ƒπ ‘between, among’ is used in spatial and metaphorical domainsin ways very similar to its English counterparts. Here are a few examples:

œ ∆≈ƒ≈∂ÄÃÿŒŸÕ ¡◊…¡√…ÉŒŒŸÕ ¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡Õ, ∂¡∑∑∏œÖŒ…≈ ÕÅ÷ƒπ Ã≈∏Ä∏≈ÃÿŒŸÕ…œ∫flÅÀ∏¡Õ… ƒœÃ÷ŒÉ ∑œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ 6,5 ÀÕ.[Along federal aviation rules-D·Ù, distance-NOM between flying objects-INSTmust be not less 6.5 km-GEN.]According to federal aviation rules, the distance between flying objects must not beless than 6.5 km.

ñÀ∑¥œ∂∏Œœ-ÇÕ¥œ∂∏ŒŸ™ ∫¡ŒÀ Ò¥ÉŒ…… ◊áƒ≈Ã…Ã 200 Õ…ÃÃ…ÉŒœ◊ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊ ƒÃµ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…µ Õ…À∂œ◊œÃŒÉ◊œ™ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒŒœ™ ∑◊Ö⁄… ÕÅ÷ƒπ Ìœ∑À◊É™ … Ë¡∫Ä∂œ◊∑ÀœÕ.[Export-import bank-NOM Japan-GEN allocated 200-ACC million-GEN dollars-

ÕÅ÷ƒπ +INSTRUMENTAL: A

LANDMARK

‘between’.

51

GEN for creation-GEN microwave telephone link-GEN between Moscow-INSTand Khabarovsk-INST.]The export-import bank of Japan allocated 200 million dollars to create a micro-wave telephone link between Moscow and Khabarovsk .

Á≈∂ÕÄŒ∑À…™ ∫πŒƒ≈∑∏Ä« ∂¡∏…∆…√Ç∂œ◊¡Ã ◊fi≈∂Ä ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ œ ¥¡∂∏Œ£∂∑∏◊≈ …∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊≈ ÕÅ÷ƒπ Â◊∂œ¥Å™∑À…Õ ∑œâ⁄œÕ … Úœ∑∑Ç≈™.[German Bundestag-NOM ratified yesterday agreement-ACC about partnership-LOC and collaboration-LOC between European Union-INST and Russia-INST.]Yesterday the German Bundestag ratified an agreement on partnership and collabo-ration between the European Union and Russia .

This last example demonstrates both an idiomatic usage, ÕÅ÷ƒπ ∏≈Õ [between that-INST] ‘meanwhile’, and the ‘among’ meaning that is present when the preposition refers tomore than two items:

ÌÅ÷ƒπ ∏≈Õ, ∂¡∑¥∂≈ƒ≈ÃÅŒ…≈ œ∫Ö⁄¡ŒŒœ∑∏≈™ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ⁄¡Õ≈∑∏Ç∏≈ÃµÕ…∂πÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ãµ ¡¥¥¡∂Ä∏¡ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊¡ ≈›£ Œ≈ ⁄¡◊≈∂¤ÇÃœ∑ÿ.[Between that-INST, assignment-NOM responsibilities-GEN among deputies-INSTleader-GEN apparatus-GEN government-GEN still not completed.]Meanwhile the assignment of responsibilities among the deputy leaders of the or-gans of government has not yet been completed.

EPILOGUE

The meaning of the word instrumental is transparent to us, and it’s a good name for thiscase because Russians use it not only for instruments, but for a variety of items that areinstrumental to whatever a sentence describes: a path for motion, a way to do something, atime to do it, the agent or cause of an event, the category something falls in, a companion oropponent, a landmark for locating something. As promised in the Preliminaries, we haveseen that time is understood as a kind of metaphorical space, and so are many other abstractdomains. We will explore similar extensions of our experience from physical space to otherrealms in all the remaining chapters. This survey of the instrumental case has also given usa peek into the conceptual world of Russian. It is a world where life is a journey, wherepower is wielded by manipulating those who are subject to it, where possession is a specialtype of control, where enjoyment and disdain are special types of possession, where disas-ter can have a means without having a cause, where obligations are something people standin front of, where power is up and submission is down. Most of these ideas are familiarfrom the conceptual structure of English; even the ideas that strike us as foreign make sensein the overall structure of the instrumental case, because even though the instrumental isquite complex, all the parts fit together to make a coherent whole. Understanding the wholehelps you orient to the individual meanings of the instrumental because you have a struc-ture to relate those meanings to. Even if you don’t memorize all the meanings right off, youwill now have a “feel” for the instrumental, and you’ll be surprised how well your new-found intuitions will serve you.

Epilogue

52 The Accusative Case

ACCUSATIVE Forms

hard type: °room¢ soft type: °week¢singular plural singular pluralÀÉÕŒ¡∏π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ…

= GEN if animate = GEN if animate-ÿ: °talent¢singular plural∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏…

hard type: °courtyard¢ soft type: °nail¢singular plural singular pluralƒ◊œ∂ ƒ◊œ∂á «◊œ⁄ƒÿ «◊É⁄ƒ…= GEN if animate = GEN if animate = GEN if animate = GEN if animate

hard type: °body¢ soft type: °schedule¢singular plural singular plural∏ÅÃœ ∏≈ÃÄ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…≈ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µ

hard type: °first¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥Å∂◊π¿ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈

= GEN if animate = GEN if animate

soft type: °last¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ¿¿ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈

= GEN if animate = GEN if animate

°I¢ °we¢ °you¢ informal °you¢Õ≈ŒÖ Œ¡∑ ∏≈∫Ö ◊¡∑°she¢ °he¢ °it¢ °they¢(Œ)≈£ (Œ)≈«É (Œ)≈«É (Œ)Ç»°who¢ °what¢ °oneself¢Àœ«É fi∏œ ∑≈∫Ö°this¢feminine masculine neuter pluralÜ∏π Ü∏œ∏ Ü∏œ Ü∏…

Ü∏œ«œ if animate Ü∏…» if animate°all, every¢feminine masculine neuter plural◊∑¿ ◊e∑ÿ ◊∑£ ◊∑≈

◊∑≈«É if animate ◊∑≈» if animate

feminine masculine neuter plural°my¢Õœâ Õœ™ Õœ£ ÕœÇ

Õœ≈«É if animate ÕœÇ» if animate°our¢ŒÄ¤π Œ¡¤ ŒÄ¤≈ ŒÄ¤…

ŒÄ¤≈«œ if animate ŒÄ¤…» if animate

°one¢feminine masculine neuter pluralœƒŒÑ œƒÇŒ œƒŒÉ œƒŒÇ

œƒŒœ«É if animate œƒŒÇ» if animate‘two¢ °three¢ °four¢ °five¢ƒ◊≈/ƒ◊¡ ∏∂… fi≈∏á∂≈ ¥µ∏ÿƒ◊π» if animate ∏∂£» if animate fi≈∏Ÿ∂£» if animate

Femininedeclension

nouns

Masculinedeclension

nouns

Neuterdeclension

nouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

Possessives

Numerals

53

A A DESTINATIONACCUSATIVE:

The accusative network:

A DESTINATION

AN ENDPOINT

A DIMENSION

PROLOGUE

An apt subtitle for this chapter would be “Toward, down, and at the bottom of a slipperyslope.” The accusative case can do all three things: it can take you to a place (toward aslippery slope = ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION), it can take you along a place (down a slipperyslope = ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION), and it can take you to the end of a place (to the bottom ofa slippery slope = ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT). Just as running up to, sliding down, and gettingto the bottom of a slippery slope can be all folded into one continuous action, the threemeanings of the accusative are really all parts of a continuum without precise boundariesbetween them. And the accusative is itself a slippery slope.

Above all else, the accusative describes a destination, and this is equally true for all ofits meanings. The relations between the three meanings of the accusative are noticeablydifferent from those that we see in the other cases with multiple meanings (the nominative,instrumental, dative, and genitive). Rather than being relatively discrete and independent(but related), the meanings of the accusative are like the nesting parts of a Õ¡∏∂£¤À¡ doll.The basic meaning of ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION is the biggest, least specific meaning; itdoes not analyze its object in any way2. An item marked by ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION is justa destination, its structure is of no particular interest. ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION, however,focuses on a destination extended through time, space, or some other dimension. ACCUSA-TIVE: AN ENDPOINT takes this concept even further, focusing specifically on the endpoint of adestination extended through some dimension; you might think of it as a destination (end-point) within a destination. Overall, you can visualize the accusative meanings as a mega-phone or a telescope, with ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION at the wide end, ACCUSATIVE: AN END-POINT at the narrow end, and ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION in between. The accusative operates on

Prologue

An overview ofthe accusativecase.

The meanings ofthe accusativecase areincreasinglyspecific,identifying first adestination ingeneral, thenextension along adimension, andthen an endpoint.


a scale from general to specific, and the boundaries between submeanings are rather dif-fuse.

Another hallmark of the accusative case is the way it deploys prepositions. With allother cases, each preposition is associated with only one submeaning. Not so the accusa-tive. It is not uncommon for prepositions to use two or even all three meanings of theaccusative. This table will give you some idea of how versatile prepositions are in the accu-sative case, and the individual uses of each will be discussed below.

Distribution of prepositions among the meanings of the accusative caseACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION ACCUSATIVE:: A DIMENSION ACCUSATIVE:: AN ENDPOINT

◊ ‘to, in, into; on, at; for’ ◊ ‘in, during; like’ ◊ ‘in, at; at the end of’Œ¡ ‘to, on, onto; on, at; for’ Œ¡ ‘for, lasting; to’⁄¡ ‘behind; for’ ⁄¡ ‘during’ ⁄¡ ‘away; by the end of’œ ‘against’ œ ‘with’¥œ ‘up to; after, to get’ ¥œ ‘through; each’¥œƒ ‘under, toward; for use as’ ¥œƒ ‘like; to the tune of’¥∂œ ‘for’ ¥∂œ ‘about’

∑ ‘approximately’∑À◊œ⁄ÿ ‘through’fiÅ∂≈⁄ ‘through’ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ‘across, after; in, at the end of’

We often spend so much time learning the prepositions in Russian that we neglect the factthat it also has postpositions. Just as a preposition is a word that comes before other words,a postposition is a word that comes after other words. All the postpositions associated withthe accusative case are used to express time with ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT, and appear in thelast section of this chapter.

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 1—◊ ‘in, into’

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION operates in four domains:space, time, action, and purpose. In the spatial domain AC-CUSATIVE: A DESTINATION is ¡ destination of physical motion;in terms of time it is a temporal destination, a time whensomething happens; in the domain of action it is the desti-nation of a verbal activity — what we usually call the directobject; and in the domain of purpose its meaning is roughlyequivalent to the English word for .

In the domain of space, ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION al-ways requires a preposition to tell us what sort of trajectoryis envisioned. The prepositions that can appear here are: ◊ ‘to, into’, Œ¡ ‘to, onto’, ⁄¡ ‘to thefar/back side of’, œ ‘against’, ¥œ ‘up to; after, to get’, ¥œƒ ‘to the underside of, approaching’,and ¥∂œ ‘for’. We will look at each preposition, including its metaphorical uses, in turn.

Physical movement through space in the direction of or entering something is the mostbasic use of ◊ expressing ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION.

The distributionof prepositions

among themeanings of theaccusative case.

ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION with

space, time,action, and

purpose.

ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION inthe domain of

space is exploredin sections 1-6.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION inthe domain of

space means ‘in,into’.

A

A force (arrow) arrives at anACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION

(circle labeled A)

55

Ï…¤ÿ 7 ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ Ã¿ƒÅ™ ◊á∂¡⁄…Ã… ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈ ◊á≈»¡∏ÿ ◊ ƒ∂π«Ç≈ Õ≈∑∏Ä.[Only 7-NOM percent-GEN people-GEN expressed desire-ACC move to otherplaces-ACC.]Only 7 percent of the people expressed a desire to move to other places .

ñ∏¡ ƒÅ◊π¤À¡ ∂ÄŒÿ¤≈ πfiÇÃ¡∑ÿ ◊ …» ÀÃÄ∑∑≈, ¡ ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥≈∂≈¤ÃÄ ◊ ƒ∂π«Ñ¿ ¤ÀÉÃπ.[That girl-NOM earlier studied in their class-LOC, but later transferred to anotherschool-ACC.]That girl used to study in their class, but later she transferred to another school .

ÌÄÕ¡ ¥œ¥ÄÃ¡ ◊ ∑πÕ¡∑¤Åƒ¤…™ ƒÉÕ.[Mama-NOM wound-up in lunatic asylum-ACC.]Mama wound up in a lunatic asylum .

The last example shows that Russian will often express the idea of moving toward a desti-nation even when the equivalent English doesn’t. Here’s another typical example:

Ò ∂¡⁄ƒÅÃ¡∑ÿ … Ã≈«ÃÄ ◊ ¥œ∑∏ÅÃÿ.[I-NOM got-undressed and lay-down in bed-ACC.]I got undressed and lay down in bed .

Many kinds of motion, large and small, may be conceived of as showing direction. Here aresome examples that you might not expect to use the accusative, given the way we think ofthem in English. Still, they do show directed motion, and thus the logic of using ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION is justified.

πƒÄ∂ ◊ «∂πƒÿ, ∑∏πfiÄ∏ÿ ◊ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ[blow-NOM to chest-ACC, knock to door-ACC]a blow to the chest , to knock on a door

Ò À¡À ∑πÕ¡∑¤Åƒ¤…™ ⁄¡»ÃÉ¥¡Ã ◊ Ã¡ƒÉ¤….[I-NOM like crazy-person-NOM began-clapping to palms-ACC.]I started clapping my hands like a crazy person.

Of course, in addition to moving oneself, one can also move other objects to accusativedestinations, as in the following example:

˜¡Œ Áœ« œ∏∂Å⁄¡Ã ∑≈∫Å Ñ»œ … œ∏ƒÄÃ ◊ ∫œ∂ƒÅÃÿ.[Van Gogh-NOM cut-off self-DAT ear-ACC and sent to brothel-ACC.]Van Gogh cut off his ear and sent it to the brothel .

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION is also used when the motion is more imaginary than actual, as inthe following to examples:

Accusative: a destination 1

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION withmotion inRussian,conceived of aslocation inEnglish.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION withmetaphoricalmotion.


˜ Ò¥ÉŒ…… ◊∑£ fiÄ›≈ ⁄◊πfiÇ∏ ÃÉ⁄πŒ«: Ô∏∫∂É∑…Õ Â◊∂É¥π, ◊≈∂Œ£Õ∑µ ◊ ê⁄…¿.[In Japan-LOC all more-frequently sounds slogan-NOM: Cast-away Europe-ACC,return to Asia-ACC.]In Japan one more and more frequently hears the slogan: Let’s cast off Europe andreturn to Asia .

ñ∏œ ƒœÃ÷ŒÉ ∑Œµ∏ÿ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉ≈ ¥∂≈¥Ö∏∑∏◊…≈ Œ¡ ¥π∏Ç ⁄Ä¥¡ƒŒŸ» …Œ◊≈∑∏Ç√…™ ◊ŒÄ¤π ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…Àπ.[This-NOM should remove primary barrier-ACC on path-LOC western investments-GEN to our economy-ACC.]This should remove the primary barrier on the path leading western investmentsinto our economy .

Vision is conceived of as moving along a path from the eyes to what they perceive. Wetherefore look at something using ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION.

ÔŒ ≈™ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ ◊ «Ã¡⁄Ä.[He-NOM her-DAT looked into eyes-ACC.]He looked into her eyes .

Just as light travels, so do sound and telephone signals, motivating the use of the accusativewith verbs like ⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ ‘call’:

ÔŒ ⁄◊œŒÇÃ ◊ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ≈ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…….[He-NOM called to various organizations-ACC.]He called various organizations .

There are also some idiomatic uses of ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION; here are some commonexamples:

ñ∏œ ◊ ¥Å∂◊π¿ Éfi≈∂≈ƒÿ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡.[This-NOM in first line-ACC problem-NOM president-GEN.]In the first place this is the president’s problem.

ñ∏œ ÕÉ÷≈∏ π∑ÇÃ…∏ÿ À∂Ç∏…Àπ ◊ Äƒ∂≈∑ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡.[This-NOM can intensify criticism-ACC in address-ACC president-GEN.]This can intensify the criticism directed toward the president.

‰◊¡ «Éƒ¡ Œ¡⁄Äƒ µ ¥œ∑≈∏ÇÃ Ü∏œ∏ «É∂œƒ … ∫πÀ◊ÄÃÿŒœ ◊Ã¿∫ÇÃ∑µ ◊ Œ≈«É.[Two years-ACC ago I-NOM visited that city-ACC and literally fell-in-love to it-ACC.]Two years ago I visited that city and literally fell in love with it.

Sometimes movement can also cause a change in the object itself, as in hair, which viamovement goes from a free state to one in which it forms a braid:

Idiomatic uses of◊ + ACCUSATIVE:

A DESTINATION.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION

expresseschanges of state.

57

ı Å∏… ∫áÃ… ƒÃÇŒŒŸ≈ ∫ÅÃŸ≈ ◊ÉÃœ∑Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ œŒ ⁄¡¥Ã≈∏ÄÃ ∑⁄Äƒ… ◊ ÀÉ∑π.[By Petya-GEN were long white hairs-NOM, which-ACC he-NOM wove in-backto braid-ACC.]Petya had long white hair which he wove into a braid in back.

This sort of movement as a transformation inspires a metaphorical usage of ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION in which objects move from one state of existence to another, as in the follow-ing three examples:

ÈŒœ«ƒÄ Ã¿∫É◊ÿ ¥≈∂≈»Éƒ…∏ ◊ ŒÅŒ¡◊…∑∏ÿ.[Sometimes love-NOM passes to hatred-ACC.]Sometimes love turns into hatred .

Ú≈ƒÄÀ∏œ∂ ¥≈∂≈…Õ≈Œœ◊ÄÃ ∑◊œ£ …⁄ƒÄ∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ ◊ “Ó≈◊Çƒ…Õπ¿ ÀŒÇ«π”.[Editor-NOM renamed his publishing-house-ACC to “Invisible book”-ACC.]The editor renamed his publishing house “The Invisible Book.”

Û ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ¿ ∑◊≈∏œ◊á» ‹∆∆ÅÀ∏œ◊ ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ ÌÁı ¥∂≈◊∂¡∏ÇÃœ∑ÿ ◊ ∫Ä¤Œ¿ Î∂≈ÕÃÖ.[With help-INST light effects-GEN building-NOM MGU-GEN turned to tower-ACC Kremlin-GEN.]With the help of light effects the MGU building turned into a tower of the Kremlin.

In the abstract domain of mathematics, a “destination” is a factor involved in multiplica-tion, motivating this common use of ◊ + ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION:

˙¡ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ ¥µ∏ÿ Ã≈∏ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œœ∑∏ÿ π◊≈ÃÇfi…Ã¡∑ÿ ¥œfi∏Ç ◊ fi≈∏á∂≈ ∂Ä⁄¡.[In past five-ACC years-GEN crime-rate-NOM increased nearly in four times-ACC.]In the past five years the crime rate has nearly quadrupled .

There is one use of the preposition ◊ with ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION that refers exclusivelyto people who are taking on an identity or joining a group. The most common example is…ƒ∏Ç/Å»¡∏ÿ ◊ «É∑∏… [go to guests-ACC] ‘go on a visit ’ (where the subject takes on theidentity of a guest); but you will encounter other examples like ◊áƒ◊…Œπ∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ∂πÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã…[be-promoted to managers-ACC] ‘be promoted to manager ’, and …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ÀÉ¤À…-Õá¤À…[play to cats-mice-ACC] ‘play cat-and-mouse ’. What is very strange about this use of theaccusative is that even though the items marked with the accusative tend to be plural andanimate, there is no use of the genitive-accusative. That is because this use of ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION is a historical throw-back — it dates from a time before the genitive-accusativespread to the plural, back when all plural accusatives looked like the inanimate accusativesof today. So that is why you see «É∑∏… instead of «œ∑∏Å™, ∂πÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… instead of∂πÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™, and ÀÉ¤À…-Õá¤À… instead of ÀÉ¤≈À-Õá¤≈À. Here is a contextualizedexample:

ÏÉ∂¡ ¥œ∑∏π¥ÇÃ¡ ◊ πfi≈ŒÇ√Ÿ À Õ¡Œ…Àâ∂¤≈.[Lora-NOM entered to apprentices-ACC to manicurist-DAT.]Lora joined (became one of) the manicurist’s apprentices .


◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION

expressesmultiplication.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION

expresses joininga group — notethat animates arenot marked withthe genitive-accusative form.


ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 2—Œ¡ ‘to, on, onto’

The behavior of Œ¡ is very similar to that of ◊. The only difference is that ◊ can implyentering the accusative object, whereas Œ¡ treats it like a two-dimensional surface. See thechapter on the locative case for a list of common “Œ¡ words”, including ones we wouldn’tthink of as surfaces in English. Like ◊, Œ¡ is often used to describe the destination to whichobjects move or are moved:

ÌÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ¡µ ⁄Õ≈Ö ◊Ã≈⁄ÄÃ¡ Œ¡ «œ∂Öfi…™ ÀÄÕ≈Œÿ … ¥œƒŒ…ÕÄÃ¡ «ÉÃœ◊π.[Small snake-NOM crawled-up on hot stone-ACC and lifted head-ACC.]The small snake crawled up on the hot stone and lifted its head.

Ò ¥∂…fi£∑Ÿ◊¡¿∑ÿ, ¥œÃœ÷Ç◊ ¤¥ÇÃÿÀ… Œ¡ πÕŸ◊ÄÃÿŒ…À ¥œƒ ⁄Å∂À¡ÃœÕ.[I-NOM brush-hair, having-laid hairpins-ACC on sink-ACC under mirror-INST.]I brush my hair, having laid the hairpins on the sink under the mirror.

ÔŒ π∑ÅÃ∑µ Œ¡ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ≈ œfiÀÇ.[He-NOM sat-down on own glasses-ACC.]He sat down on his own glasses .

Sometimes the motion involved is more imaginary than real:

ÛÃÇ¤ÀœÕ ∂ÄŒœ œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ≈∏ œŒ Úœ∑∑Ç¿ Œ¡ ƒŒœ Õœ∂∑ÀÉ≈![Too early sends he-NOM Russia-ACC to bottom sea-ACC!]It’s too early for him to be sending Russia to the bottom of the sea !

As we saw above, vision is understood as directed motion, motivating the use of Œ¡ withthings that can be looked upon or at:

Ò ∑Õœ∏∂â Œ¡ ≈£ ÃÇfi…Àœ, «ÃÄƒ≈ŒÿÀœ≈ … œ◊ÄÃÿŒœ≈, À¡À µÇfiÀœ.[I-NOM look on her face-ACC, smooth and oval-ACC, like an egg-NOM.]I look at her face, smooth and oval like an egg.

The fact that there is a direction indicated, even if there is no actual motion, is often suffi-cient to trigger the ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION meaning:

∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥∂œ◊Éƒ…∏ ¥œÃÇ∏…Àπ, Œ¡¥∂Ä◊Ã≈ŒŒπ¿ Œ¡ ¥œƒƒ≈∂÷ÄŒ…≈ ∏Å∑ŒŸ» ∑◊Ö⁄≈™∑ Î…∏Ä≈Õ.[President-NOM conduct policy-ACC, directed-ACC on support-ACC close ties-GEN with China-INST.]The president is setting policy aimed at supporting close ties with China.

This idea of energy rather than actual objects moving toward a destination inspires furtheruses of Œ¡, which function to some degree as fixed phrases. Here are a few typical ex-amples:

Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION in

the domain ofspace means ‘to,

on, onto’.

Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION

with metaphori-cal motion.

Idiomatic uses ofŒ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:

A DESTINATION.

59

ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…™ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ¥∂≈∏≈Œƒœ◊ÄÃ Œ¡ ∂œÃÿ “◊≈∂»É◊Œœ«œ ∑πƒÿÇ” Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂Ÿ.[Gorky-NOM never not aspired/claimed on role-ACC “supreme judge”-GEN lit-erature-GEN.]Gorky never claimed to be the “supreme judge” of literature.

˜≈∂œÖ∏Œœ, ◊≈ÃÇÀ…≈ Ãâƒ… …ÕÅ¿∏ ¥∂Ä◊œ Œ¡ œ∑É∫Ÿ≈ ¥∂…∑∏∂Ä∑∏…µ …¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi∏ÅŒ…µ.[Probably great people-NOM have right-ACC on peculiar passions-ACC and pref-erences-ACC.]Great people probably have a right to their peculiar passions and preferences .

˜ œ∏◊Å∏ Œ¡ ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈ ÁÉ∂ÿÀœ«œ ¥∂…Å»¡∏ÿ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊¡ Œ¡¥…∑ÄÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ ◊∏œ∂É≈¥…∑ÿÕÉ.[In answer-ACC on suggestion-ACC Gorky-GEN come Tsvetaeva-NOM wrote him-DAT second letter-ACC.]In answer to Gorky’s suggestion to come, Tsvetaeva wrote him a second letter.

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 3—⁄¡ ‘beyond, behind’

The preposition ⁄¡ takes an object beyond or behind its destination; this is clearly ex-pressed in concrete examples:

˜≈fi≈∂ÅÃœ … ∑ÉÃŒ√≈ ⁄¡ÀÄ∏Ÿ◊¡Ãœ∑ÿ ⁄¡ «œ∂…⁄ÉŒ∏.[Night-fell and sun-NOM rolled-away behind horizon-ACC.]Night was falling and the sun was rolling away behind the horizon .

Ï£∏fi…À ∑»◊¡∏ÇÃ ≈«É, ⁄¡◊£Ã ≈ÕÑ ∂ÑÀπ ⁄Ä ∑¥…Œπ, ¥œ◊¡ÃÇÃ Œ¡ ⁄ÅÕÃ¿, ¡ ∑¡Õ ∑≈Ã∑◊Å∂»π.[Pilot-NOM grabbed him-ACC, put him-DAT arm-ACC behind back-ACC, threw-down on ground-ACC, and self-NOM sat on-top.]The pilot grabbed him, put his arm behind his back , threw him to the ground and saton top of him.

Sitting down is of course also a movement toward a destination, and there are importantidioms associated with this idea, such as: ∑≈∑∏ÿ ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃ [sit-down behind table-ACC] ‘sitdown at the table ’ and ∑≈∑∏ÿ ⁄¡ ∂πÃÿ [sit-down behind steering-wheel-ACC] ‘take the wheel ’.The first one seems odd because in English we talk about being at, not behind , tables. Theinsistence on mentioning sitting when assuming control of a car will likewise strike us asodd, though the logic behind it is clear. Less clear is the idiomatic use of ⁄¡ to expressmarriage for women; a man “marries on” a woman at the altar (using the construction÷≈ŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ Œ¡ — see the chapter on the locative case), but a woman “goes behind” her man(since this book is about grammar, let’s leave the explanation to the cultural historians):


⁄¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION inthe domain ofspace means‘behind, to thefar/back side of’.

Idiomatic uses of⁄¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION.


Ù£∏µ í∂¡ ◊á¤Ã¡ ⁄ÄÕπ÷ ⁄¡ ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ√¡.[Aunt Ira-NOM went-out married behind American-ACC.]Aunt Ira got married to an American .

Another common idiomatic use is ⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√π [behind border-ACC] ‘abroad ’, as in thisexample:

Â›£ Àœ«ƒÄ µ ◊ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ∂¡⁄ ¥œÅ»¡Ã¡ ∑œ ∑◊œÇÕ… ∆ÇÃÿÕ¡Õ… ⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√π, ∫ŸÃÄ¥œ∂¡÷≈ŒÄ Œ≈¡ƒ≈À◊Ä∏Œœ∑∏ÿ¿ ◊œ∑¥∂…Ö∏…µ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷Œœ™ ¡πƒ…∏É∂…≈™.[Still when I-NOM in first time-ACC rode with own films-INST behind border-ACC, was shocked-NOM inadequacy-INST perception-GEN foreign audience-INST.]Even the first time I went abroad with my films, I was shocked at the inadequatereception of foreign audiences.

When one object goes behind another it can get caught there or use that position to restrainthe other object (remember the pilot in the example above). You will often see ⁄¡ plusACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION used to mean grabbing or holding. Common examples involvehands, as in ◊⁄Ö∏ÿ∑µ ⁄Ä ∂πÀπ [take behind hand-ACC] ‘join hands ’ and ◊≈∑∏Ç ⁄Ä ∂πÀπ [leadbehind hand-ACC] ‘lead by the hand’, but grabbing and holding can be invoked in a varietyof situations, as illustrated in the following two examples:

ÔŒ ¥œƒœ¤£Ã À Õ¡¤ÇŒ≈, ◊⁄µÃ ⁄¡ ⁄ÄƒŒ…™ ∫ÄÕ¥≈∂, œ∏œ∂◊ÄÃ ⁄ÄƒŒ…≈ ÀœÃ£∑¡ œ∏⁄≈ÕÃÇ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥œ∑∏Ä◊…Ã … π¤£Ã.[He-NOM approached to car-DAT, took behind back bumper-ACC, tore-away backwheels-ACC from ground-GEN, then placed and left.]He walked up to the car, took it by the back bumper , tore the back wheels off theground, then put it down and walked away.

œÃ…√Å™∑À…≈ À∂Å¥Àœ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ… ≈«É ⁄¡ ¥ÃÅfi….[Policemen-NOM firmly held him-ACC behind shoulders-ACC.]The policemen held him firmly by the shoulders .

Placing one thing behind another can also be the first step in replacing or exchanging items;the most common transaction of this kind is the receipt of goods or services in exchange formoney (here the use of ⁄¡ is very similar to its use meaning ‘for’ in the domain of purpose):

·Œ«Ã…fiÄŒ≈ ¥∂…œ∫∂≈ÃÇ ƒÉfiÀπ ⁄¡ ÕÇ⁄≈∂Œπ¿ ¥ÃÄ∏π π 17-ÃÅ∏Œ≈™ √Ÿ«ÄŒÀ….[English-people-NOM obtained daughter-ACC for wretched sum-ACC by 17-year-old gypsy-GEN.]The English [couple] obtained a daughter from a 17-year-old gypsy girl for a wretchedsum.

Finally, in the metaphorical space of numbers, ⁄¡ can name a number that is exceeded, as in:Œ¡∫∂¡ÃÉ∑ÿ ⁄¡ ∑É∏Œ¿ ÷≈ÃÄ¿›…» [gathered beyond hundred-ACC interested-parties-GEN]‘more than a hundred interested parties gathered’.

⁄¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION

expressesgrabbing or

holding.


expressesreplacing orexchanging.


means ‘morethan’.

61

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 4—œ ‘against’

The preposition œ, like Œ¡, treats the accusative object as a surface, but it requires thatcontact be made and that there be some kind of force or pressure, usually involving leaningon or striking the object.

ß∂¡ÃÄ …» ⁄¡ ƒÃÇŒŒŸ™ ∂É⁄œ◊Ÿ™ »◊œ∑∏ … ∑ ∂¡⁄ÕÄ»π ∫ÇÃ¡ «œÃœ◊É™ œ √≈ÕÅŒ∏ŒŸ™¥œÃ.[Took them-ACC beyond long pink tail-ACC and from sweep-GEN beat head-INSTagainst cement floor-ACC.]She took them by their long pink tail and with all her might beat their head againstthe cement floor .

¸Ã≈À∏∂œÕ≈»ÄŒ…À ∂¡∑∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, fi∏œ ÉÀœÃœ fi≈∏Ÿ∂£» fi¡∑É◊ π∏∂Ä ¥œ∑Ãá¤¡Ã…∑ÿ∑ÇÃÿŒŸ≈ πƒÄ∂Ÿ œ ÀÉ∂¥π∑ Àœ∂¡∫ÃÖ.[Electromechanic-NOM said, that around four hours-GEN morning-GEN were-heardstrong blows-NOM against hull-ACC ship-GEN.]The electromechanic said that heavy blows against the hull of the ship were heard atabout four in the morning.

Ô + ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION also provides the structure for the idiom ∫œÀ É ∫œÀ [side-NOM against side-ACC] ‘side by side ’.

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 5—¥œ ‘up to’

Most frequently ¥œ with the accusative means ‘up to’ a certain point. Some activity isprogressing through some space, and the accusative item is its destination, the place whereit stops.

‚áÃœ œfi≈◊ÇƒŒœ, fi∏œ ≈«É ƒ≈ƒ ¥∂…◊áÀ ∑∏œÖ∏ÿ ¥œ ÀœÃÅŒœ ◊ Œ¡◊É⁄≈ … ¤π∂œ◊Ä∏ÿÃœ¥Ä∏œ™.[Was obvious, that his grandfather-NOM accustomed stand up-to knee-ACC inmanure-LOC and stoke shovel-INST.]It was obvious that his grandfather was used to standing up to his knees in manureand heaving a shovel.

The next two examples demonstrate metaphorical extensions: the arranging of meet-ings is an activity which has six as its stopping point/destination, and writing is an activitywhich has eighty pages as its destination (note that this meaning overlaps with the use of ¥œ+ ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION meaning ‘each’).

‰…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂π Œ¡⁄Œ¡fiÄÃ… ≈÷≈ƒŒÅ◊Œœ ¥œ ¤≈∑∏ÿ ƒ≈Ãœ◊á» ∑◊…ƒÄŒ…™.[Director-DAT arranged daily up-to six-ACC business meetings-GEN.]They were arranging up to six business meetings a day for the director.


œ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION inthe domain ofspace means‘against’.

¥œ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION inthe domain ofspace means ‘upto; after, to get’.


ñ∏œ∏ ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏ ¥…∑ÄÃ ¥œ ◊É∑≈Õÿƒ≈∑µ∏ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√ ◊ ƒ≈Œÿ.[That journalist-NOM wrote up-to eighty-ACC pages-GEN in day-ACC.]That journalist wrote up to eighty pages a day.

The use of ¥œ to mean ‘after, to get’ is fairly infrequent, and sounds archaic to most Rus-sians. It can also be paraphrased as ‘to fetch’, as in …ƒ∏Ç ¥œ Ö«œƒŸ [to-go after/to get/tofetch strawberries-ACC] ‘to go get strawberries ’.

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 6—¥œƒ ‘under’

The preposition ¥œƒ expresses a destination ‘under’ an item. Here’s a concrete illustra-tion of how it is used:

Ó¡ ∏¡£÷Œœ™ ∏∂Ä∑∑≈ ¥œ«Ç∫ ∏…«∂, ¥œ¥Ä◊¤…™ ¥œƒ ÀœÃ£∑¡ ¥∂œ≈⁄÷Ä◊¤≈«œ Ã≈∑œ◊É⁄¡.[On taiga route-LOC died tiger-NOM, fallen-NOM under wheels-ACC passed log-ging-truck-GEN.]A tiger that fell under the wheels of a passing logging truck died on the taiga road.

More frequently ¥œƒ is used to describe the creation of metaphorical relationships, ofteninvolving power, as in this newspaper headline:

ÚÑ∑∑À…≈ ¥œ«∂¡ŒÇfiŒ…À… ◊ Á∂Ñ⁄…… ◊⁄Ö∏Ÿ ¥œƒ Œ¡∫Ã¿ƒÅŒ…≈[Russian border-guards-NOM in Georgia-LOC taken-NOM under observation-ACC]Russian border guards are put under observation in Georgia

This last example is of ‘under’-handed financing, involving the attraction of investmentswith a promise of state-owned stocks:

∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ «œ∏É◊œ ∂¡∑∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ ◊œ¥∂É∑ ¥∂…◊Ã≈fiÅŒ…µ …Œ◊≈∑∏Ç√…™ ¥œƒ«¡∂ÄŒ∏…¿ ÄÀ√…™ Û∫≈∂≈«Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ«œ ∫ÄŒÀ¡, ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä›…» «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊π.[Government-NOM prepared-NOM examine question-ACC attraction-GEN invest-ments-GEN under guarantee-ACC shares-GEN Savings bank-GEN, belonging-GENstate-DAT.]The government is prepared to examine the question of how investments were so-licited by means of a guarantee of Savings Bank shares that belong to the state.

Similar to ¥œƒ «¡∂ÄŒ∏…¿ is the common phrase ¥œƒ ⁄¡ÃÉ« [under pledge-ACC] ‘on thesecurity of’.

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 7—Destinations in time

If a destination in space is the point where something goes, then a destination in time isthe point when something happens.

¥œƒ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DESTINA-

TION in thedomain of space

means ‘under’.


time.

63

Both ◊ and Œ¡ are deployed for this meaning, which is very common, especially fordays and times of day:

Îπ∂∑ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂¡ ◊ ¥Ö∏Œ…√π ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ∑ŒÇ⁄…Ã∑µ.[Exchange-rate-NOM dollar-GEN to Friday-ACC somewhat declined.]The exchange rate for the dollar declined somewhat on Friday .

˜ ∑≈Õÿ fi¡∑É◊ ◊Åfi≈∂¡ œŒÄ ∑∏œÖÃ¡ ◊É⁄Ã≈ ≈«É ƒÉÕ¡ ◊ fi£Õ-∏œ ÕÉƒŒœÕ, Ö∂ÀœÕ …Àœ◊Ä∂ŒœÕ.[To seven-ACC hours-GEN evening-GEN she-NOM stood next-to his house-GENin something fashionable, bright and insidious-LOC.]At seven o’clock in the evening she was standing next to his house in somethingfashionable, bright, and insidious.

Ó¡ ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›…™ ƒ≈Œÿ ¥É∑Ã≈ ¥œƒ¥…∑ÄŒ…µ ÀœŒ∏∂ÄÀ∏¡ Œ¡fi¡ÃÄ∑ÿ œ∏¥∂Ä◊À¡ «∂Ñ⁄œ◊.[On next day-ACC after signing-GEN contract-GEN began shipment-NOM freight-GEN.]Shipment of freight began the day after the contract was signed.

Both ◊ and Œ¡ are used with ∂¡⁄ [time-ACC] in time expressions such as: ◊ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ∂¡⁄ ‘thefirst time ’, ◊ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ ∂¡⁄ ‘the last time ’, Œ¡ Ü∏œ∏ ∂¡⁄ ‘this/that time ’. Here’s an example:

∂≈ƒ◊á∫œ∂ŒŸ™ ¤∏¡∫ ¥œ∑∏¡∂Ä≈∏∑µ œ¥∂œ∏≈∑∏œ◊Ä∏ÿ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏Ÿ ◊á∫œ∂œ◊, ∏≈Õ∫ÉÃ≈≈ fi∏œ Œ¡ Ü∏œ∏ ∂¡⁄ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡∆…À∑Ç∂œ◊¡Œœ Œ≈ÕÄÃœ Œ¡∂π¤ÅŒ…™.[Election staff-NOM tries protest results-ACC elections-GEN, that-INST more thaton this time-ACC was recorded-NOM not-few violations-GEN.]The election staff will try to protest the election results, especially since this timequite a number of violations were recorded.

The preposition ¥œ preserves its meaning of ‘up to’ in the domain of time, as these examplesdemonstrate:

Ùá∑µfi… Ã¿ƒÅ™ ¥œÀœÃÅŒ…µ ŒÄ¤…» ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™ ¥œ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ Ã≈∏ ÷ÇÃ… ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈,Œœ ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ Œ≈∂ÅƒÀœ ∫áÃ… ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ fiπ÷ÇÕ… ƒ∂π« ƒ∂Ñ«π Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ.[Thousands-NOM people-GEN generation-GEN our parents-GEN up-to fifty-ACCyears-GEN lived together, but at this-LOC not-infrequently were aboslutely alien-INST friend-NOM friend-DAT people-INST.]Thousands of people of our parents’ generation lived together for up to fifty years,but still were not infrequently absolutely estranged from each other.

Û ∑≈∂≈ƒÇŒŸ µŒ◊¡∂Ö ¥œ ÀœŒÅ√ ∆≈◊∂¡ÃÖ ◊œœ∂π÷£ŒŒŸÕ… œ∏∂Öƒ¡Õ… …∑Ã¡ÕÇ∑∏œ◊πŒ…fi∏É÷≈Œœ ∑◊á¤≈ 600 ÕÇ∂ŒŸ» «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ, ◊ÀÃ¿fiÄµ ∑∏¡∂…ÀÉ◊ … ƒ≈∏Å™.[From middle-GEN January-GEN up-to end-ACC February-GEN armed divisions-INST Islamists-GEN destroyed-NOM more 600 peaceful citizens-GEN, includingold-people-GEN and children-GEN.]From the middle of January through the end of February more than 600 peacefulcitizens, including children and the elderly, were killed by armed divisions of Islam-ists.


¥œ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION inthe domainof time means‘up to’.

◊ and Œ¡ +ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION inthe domainof timemeans ‘on, at’.


Parallel to its spatial uses, ¥œƒ can indicate a time approaching another set time (note howwe also express directed motion in English by using toward in this way):

˜œ⁄◊∂¡›Äµ∑ÿ ¥œƒ Ñ∏∂œ, œŒÄ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ¡ ∑≈∫Å: ÃÄƒŒœ, œ∫œ™ƒ£∏∑µ. ˛∏É-Œ…∫πƒÿ¥∂…ƒÑÕ¡¿ ◊ ∏¡À∑Ç.[Returning under morning-ACC, she-NOM said self-DAT: okay, work-out. Some-thing-ACC think-up in taxi-LOC.]Returning toward morning , she said to herself: okay, things will work out. I’ll thinksomething up in the taxi.

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 8—The direct object

Thus far we have traveled through the domains of space and time in search of destina-tions. What happens if we enter the domain of action? Where will we find the destination ofthe activity expressed by the verb in a sentence? The answer is something traditionallycalled the direct object. Here is the logic that ties it to the ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION. Imagineany sentence with both an agent (something that does something) and a patient (somethingthat has something done to it). The patient is the direct object, and it is in the accusative casebecause the action moves along a path from the agent to the patient. For example, let’s takeI for the agent, pushed for the action, and button for the patient. Result: I pushed the button ,where the button is the direct object of the verb. Of course in Russian it will appear in theaccusative case, and here is what it looks like:

Ò Œ¡÷ÄÃ ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿ À∂Ñ«Ãπ¿ ÀŒÉ¥Àπ ÃÇ∆∏¡.[I-NOM pressed big round button-ACC elevator-GEN.]I pressed the elevator’s big round button .

This formula will work for just about any verb (except the ones that govern the instrumen-tal, dative, or genitive for some special reason explained in those chapters), even verbs thatdon’t involve any real “action”.

˜≈∂∏œÃ£∏ ¥œ¤£Ã ◊◊Å∂», π◊Ã≈ÀÄµ ⁄¡ ∑œ∫É™ ßÉŒƒ¡.[Helicopter-NOM went up, dragging behind self-INST Bond-ACC.]The helicopter went up, dragging Bond behind it.

ÎÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∏∂πƒÖ›…™∑µ ∑œƒÅ∂÷…∏ ∏∂œÇ».[Each worker-NOM supports three-ACC.]Each worker supports three people .

ÓÉ◊Ÿ™ ƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏ ¥∂≈ƒ¥œÃa«Ä≈∏ œ∏À∂á∏…≈ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒŸ» … Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒŸ»∂áŒÀœ◊.[New document-NOM proposes opening-ACC national and international markets-GEN.]The new document proposes the opening of national and international markets.

¥œƒ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DESTINA-

TION in thedomain of timemeans ‘toward’.


action expressesthe direct object.

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˛≈∏á∂≈ ∑¥É∂ŒŸ» É∑∏∂œ◊¡ …ÕÅ¿∏ ◊Ä÷Œœ≈ ⁄Œ¡fiÅŒ…≈ ƒÃµ ∫≈⁄œ¥Ä∑Œœ∑∏… Úœ∑∑Ç….[Four disputed islands-NOM have important meaning-ACC for security-GEN Rus-sia-GEN.]The four disputed islands are important for Russia’s security.

Ò ◊£Ã ƒ◊œ™ŒÑ¿ ÷…⁄Œÿ.[I-NOM led double life-ACC.]I led a double life .

Ùhanks to the fact that the direct object is marked with the accusative case (and thus distinctfrom the nominative agent/subject), the subject, verb, and direct object can be presented injust about any order. Here are a few examples of word orders that won’t usually work inEnglish (at least not with active verbs):

˜…∏ÄÃ…À¡ Ã¿∫ÇÃ… É∫¡ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ãµ, ƒ◊≈ ∫Ä∫π¤À…, ¥∂¡∫Ä∫π¤À¡, … ƒ◊¡ ƒÅƒπ¤À….[Vitalik-ACC loved both parents-NOM, two grandmothers-NOM, great-grand-mother-NOM, and two grandfathers-NOM.]Vitalik was loved by both parents, two grandmothers, a great-grandmother, and twograndfathers.

Û◊œâ ƒ◊π»ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Œπ¿ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂π œŒÄ ∑ƒ¡ÃÄ ◊Œ¡£Õ.[Own two-room apartment-ACC she-NOM let-out to-rent.]She rented out her two-room apartment .

˙¡◊Ç∑∏Œ…À… ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏, fi∏œ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ ¥∂…◊Ã≈ÀÄ¿∏ ◊ ∫œ«¡fiÄ» …» ƒÅŒÿ«….[Envious-people-NOM think, that women-ACC attract in rich-men-LOC theirmoney-NOM.]Envious people think that what attracts women about rich men is their money.

It is possible to have an accusative direct object even when we tamper a bit with the rest ofthe sentence structure. For example, sometimes the subject might appear in the dative case(for more about such datives, see the following chapter):

Î¡∫…ŒÅ∏π Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œ◊ ¥œ∂Ñfi≈Œœ ∂¡⁄∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ ∏Å»Œ…Àœ-‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑Àœ≈œ∫œ∑Œœ◊ÄŒ…≈ ¥∂œÅÀ∏¡.[Cabinet-DAT ministers-GEN charged work-out technical-economic basis-ACCproject-GEN.]The cabinet of ministers has been charged with working out the technical and eco-nomic basis of the project.


ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION asthe direct objectdoesn’t alwayscome after theverb.

ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION asthe direct objectcan appearwithout anominativesubject.


Often in Russian we simply use a plural verb with no subject to express a generic “they”.Here the subject is implied even though we can’t see it, and the direct object stays in theaccusative case, just as we would expect it to:

≈fiÄÃÿŒœ, Œœ ∏≈», À∏œ ∑fiÄ∑∏Ã…◊ ◊ ∫∂ÄÀ≈, ¥ÉÃŒœ∑∏ÿ¿ …«Œœ∂Ç∂π¿∏.[Sadly, but those-ACC, who-NOM happy-NOM in marriage-LOC, completely ig-nore.]It’s unfortunate, but people who are happy in marriage are utterly ignored.

˜œ∏ π÷ ¥œÇ∑∏…Œ≈ ∂Å÷π∏ ÀÑ∂…√π, Œ≈∑Ñ›π¿ ⁄œÃœ∏á≈ Ö™√¡![Well already indeed slaughter hen-ACC, laying-ACC golden eggs-ACC!]Well now they really are killing the goose that lays the golden eggs !

The first of these two sentences is based on the structure …«Œœ∂Ç∂π¿∏ ∏≈» ‘[they] ignorethose [people] ’; these two words are inverted and the clause about who is happy in marriageis inserted to explain what ∏≈» refers to. The second sentence contains two examples ofACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION in the domain of action: one is the hen (with no subject), and theother is the golden eggs (with the hen as the subject).

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 9—Objects without subjects

It is possible to have sentences without even an implied subject, in which case the verbshows “default” agreement of neuter singular. This is required for certain verbs (usuallyinvolving feeling sick), and some examples (like the one with the barn below) are clearlyparallel with the “raw force” type of INSTRUMENTAL: A MEANS (minus the instrumental itself;note that the accusative items in the “raw force” instrumental examples are all direct ob-jects, too). The verbs most frequenty encountered in this construction are ⁄Œœ∫Ç∏ÿ ‘havethe chills’, ∂◊¡∏ÿ ‘vomit’, ∏œ¤ŒÇ∏ÿ ‘feel nauseated’, and ∏∂µ∑∏Ç ‘shake, have the shivers’.The following examples demonstrate how these verbs are used in context:

È Àœ«ƒÄ ⁄¡⁄◊≈ŒÅÃ ⁄◊œŒÉÀ Œ¡ œ∫Åƒ … ◊∑≈ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∑∏œÃ¥ÇÃ…∑ÿ π ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√Ÿ, œŒ¥ÉŒµÃ, fi∏œ Ü∏œ ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, … ≈«É ∑∏ÄÃœ ∂◊¡∏ÿ ∫π∏≈∂∫∂ÉƒœÕ.[And when rang bell-NOM on lunch-ACC and all parents-NOM crowded by stair-case-GEN, he-NOM understood, what-ACC this-NOM means, and him-ACC be-gan vomit sandwich-INST.]And when the lunch bell rang and all the parents crowded around the staircase, heunderstood what it meant and he began to throw up his sandwich.

˜¡∑ Œ≈ ∏œ¤ŒÇ∏ œ∏ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ˛≈fiŒÖ ∑fi…∏Ä≈∏∑µ ∏≈∂∂…∏É∂…≈™ Úœ∑∑Ç…, ¡ ∏¡Õ∂≈«πÃÖ∂Œœ ¥œ»…›Ä¿∏ … π∫…◊Ä¿∏ Ã¿ƒÅ™?[You-ACC not feel-nauseated from that-GEN, that Chechnya-NOM is-consideredterritory-INST Russia-GEN, but there regularly capture and kill people-ACC?]It doesn’t make you sick that Chechnya is considered a Russian territory, but peopleare being captured and killed there?

ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION as

the direct objectcan appear

without anysubject at all.

67

¡∑∑¡÷Ç∂œ◊ ∏∂µ∑£∏ ÕÅŒÿ¤≈, fi≈Õ ◊ ƒ∂π«Ç» Õ¡¤ÇŒ¡».[Passengers-ACC shakes less, than in other vehicles-LOC.]Passengers get shaken less than in other vehicles.

As the last example with the shaken passengers above suggests, it is also possible just toname the patient of some (usually damaging) action, and leave the agent anonymous, as inthis statement of arson:

Û¡∂Ä™ ⁄¡÷«ÃÉ.[Barn-ACC set-on-fire.]The barn was set on fire.

Another variant is to leave the verb in the infinitive form, again without a subject, as in:

Îπ∂∑ …Œ∏≈Œ∑Ç◊Œœ™ ∏≈∂¡¥Ç… ∂≈¤≈ŒÉ ¥∂œƒÉÃ÷…∏ÿ.[Course-ACC intensive therapy-GEN decided continue.]It was decided to continue the course of intensive therapy.

Finally, one can even dispense with the verb entirely, provided it can be retrieved fromcontext, as in this expression which you might hear when someone offers their hand to helpyou up a steep path (where Œ¡ is an interjection, not a preposition):

Ó¡ ∂ÑÀπ![Here hand-ACC!]Here, take my hand!

ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION 10—Destinations of purpose

Now we move to a more nebulous realm, that of the wishes, wants, and hopes that makeup the human will. Moving the will in a certain direction means using it as a cause toproduce a desired effect. Here we see ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION fleshed out as an objecttoward which an agent is directing its will, its sense of purpose. Usually this takes the formof somebody doing something for something or somebody (and perhaps for a reason ). Thiskind of ‘for’ is most commonly expressed by the preposition Œ¡, though ◊, ⁄¡, and lessfrequently ¥œƒ and ¥∂œ are deployed for this purpose.

In this first example, the purpose of Moscow’s taking action is the defense of one of itscitizens; Moscow is obliged to do something for him:

Úœ∑∑Ç™∑À…™ «∂¡÷ƒ¡ŒÇŒ ¥∂≈∑∏π¥ÃÅŒ…µ Œ≈ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÇÃ, … Ìœ∑À◊Ä œ∫Ö⁄¡Œ¡◊á∑∏π¥…∏ÿ ◊ ≈«É ⁄¡›Ç∏π.[Russian citizen-NOM crime-GEN not committed, and Moscow-NOM obliged-NOMact for his defense-ACC.]The Russian citizen has not committed any crime, and Moscow is obliged to act inhis defense .


ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION inthe domain ofpurpose.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADESTINATION inthe domain ofpurpose means‘for’.


The next two examples illustrate the use of Œ¡ in this domain. In the first one the purpose ofaction is destruction. The second example is actually two examples in one, containing abudget designated for the following year , as well as money allocated for the purposes ofpublic well-being .

ÓÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿ≈ Õ¡ŒÿÖÀ… Œ≈ ¥≈∂≈ŒÉ∑µ∏ fiπ÷É«œ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒ∑∏◊¡ … ƒÅ™∑∏◊π¿∏ Œ¡ ≈«É…∑∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…≈.[Certain maniacs-NOM not endure strange perfection-GEN and act for its destruc-tion-ACC.]Certain maniacs cannot endure others’ perfection and work to destroy it .

˜ ∫¿ƒ÷Å∏≈ Œ¡ ∫Ñƒπ›…™ «œƒ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÉ∏∂≈Œœ π◊≈Ã…fiÅŒ…≈ ∂¡∑»Éƒœ◊ Œ¡ ∑œ√…ÄÃÿŒŸ≈ŒÑ÷ƒŸ, ⁄ƒ∂¡◊œœ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…≈ … œ∫∂¡⁄œ◊ÄŒ…≈.[In budget-LOC for future year-ACC envisaged increase-NOM expenses-GEN forsocial needs-ACC, public health-ACC and education-ACC.]An increase in the expenses for social needs , public health , and education is envis-aged in next year ’s budget.

A common use of Œ¡ expresses the purposeful act of answering a question. There is a con-struction in which both Œ¡ and ◊ act in this domain, namely ◊ œ∏◊Å∏ Œ¡ + ACC [in answer-ACC to + ACC] ‘in answer to’, and we also commonly see just Œ¡ + ACC following theverb œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ/œ∏◊Å∏…∏ÿ, as in this example:

Ó≈ Õœ«Ñ œ∏◊Å∏…∏ÿ Œ¡ ≈«É ◊œ¥∂É∑.[Not can answer on his question-ACC.]I cannot answer his question .

On occasion you may see examples with Œ¡ that involve a transaction similar to that de-scribed under ⁄¡ below:

Ó¡ ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ µ¥ÉŒ∑Àœ«œ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊¡ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ¥œ∑∏∂É≈Œœ ŒÉ◊œ≈ ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ ¤ÀÉÃŸ∫Ç⁄Œ≈∑¡.[For funds-ACC Japanese government-GEN will-be built-NOM new building-NOMschool-GEN business-GEN.]A new building for the business school will be built with funds from the Japanesegovernment.

The use of ⁄¡ can mean ‘for’ in the sense of ‘in support of’; in asking for a vote one mightsay À∏œ ⁄¡, ¡ À∏œ ¥∂É∏…◊? [who-NOM for and who-NOM against?] ‘who’s in favor andwho’s opposed?’, where ⁄¡ implies Œ¡¤ ¥Ã¡Œ, ŒÄ¤≈«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ [our plan-ACC, presi-dent-ACC] ‘our plan, our president ’, etc. One can also express other emotional or moralrelationships in this way, as in feeling shame for, on account of something or someone:

ÌŒ≈ ∑∏áƒŒœ ⁄¡ ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ≈ œ∂Ñ÷…≈![Me-DAT shameful for Russian weaponry-ACC!]I’m ashamed of Russian weaponry !


in the domainof purpose

means ‘for’.

Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DESTINATION in

the domain ofpurpose means

‘for’.

69

Very frequently, however, ⁄¡ inspires the concept of exchange, getting this for that, fightingfor something , being punished for something , or paying for something . We have alreadyseen ⁄¡ play this role in expressing transactions when we looked at the spatial destinationsabove.

ÎÄ÷≈∏∑µ Õ¡Ãœ◊≈∂œÖ∏ŒŸÕ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ∏¡ÀÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ¥Ã¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡Ã ∫œ∂É∏ÿ∑µ ⁄¡¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏∑Àœ≈ À∂Å∑Ãœ.[Seems unlikely-INST, that such person-NOM planned fight for president’s seat-ACC.]It seems unlikely that such a person would plan to fight for the president’ s seat .

ßÑƒπ∏ Ã… π Œ¡∑ Àœ«ƒÄ-Œ…∫πƒÿ Œ¡ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ ⁄¡ ◊∂¡fiÅ∫ŒŸ≈ ¥∂≈∑∏π¥ÃÅŒ…µ … œ¤Ç∫À…?[Will whether by us-GEN someday punish for medical crimes-ACC and errors-ACC?]Will people someday be punished in our country for medical crimes and errors ?

ˆπ∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ⁄¡¥Ã¡∏ÇÃ… ¤∏∂¡∆ ⁄¡ Œ≈⁄¡ÀÉŒŒœ≈ ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄŒ…≈ ◊ ¥œ«∂¡ŒÇfiŒœ™¥œÃœ∑Å.[Journalists-NOM paid fine-ACC for illegal stay-ACC in border zone-LOC.]The journalists paid a fine for staying illegally in the border zone.

When the preposition ¥œƒ is used in the domain of purpose, it means ‘for use as’, andinvolves designing or redesigning something to serve a given function, as in this example:

ÔƒŒÄÀœ ¥É∑Ã≈ ∂≈◊œÃâ√…… √Å∂Àœ◊ÿ ¥≈∂≈ƒÅÃ¡Ã… ¥œƒ À∂≈Õ¡∏É∂…™.[However after revolution-GEN church-ACC remade under crematorium-ACC.]However after the revolution they remodeled the church to serve as a crematorium .

The use of the preposition ¥∂œ is also relatively restricted in the domain of purpose. It ispart of the fixed phrase ∑œ»∂¡ŒÇ∏ÿ ¥∂œ fi£∂ŒŸ™ ƒ≈Œÿ [save for black day-ACC] ‘save for arainy day ’ and often occurs in the negative with the pronoun Œ¡∑ ‘us’, as in this example:

ñ∏… ÃÄÀœÕ∑∏◊¡ — Œ≈ ¥∂œ Œ¡∑.[These delicacies-NOM — not for us-ACC.]These delicacies aren’t for us.

ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 1—Distance and duration

The hallmark of the ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION is that theaction of the verb extends over some dimension. Thedomains invoked by ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION can begrouped as follows: distance and duration, size and ca-pacity, comparison, and perfomance of activities. Eachgrouping will be examined in turn below.

Accusative: a dimension 1

¥œƒ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DESTINA-TION in thedomain ofpurpose means‘for use as’.

¥∂œ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DESTINA-TION in thedomain ofpurpose means‘for’.

A

A force (arrow) moves through an ACCUSATIVE:: A DIMENSION

(circle labeled A)

ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION isinvoked in thedomains ofdistance andduration, sizeand capacity,comparison, andperformance ofactivities.


There’s a Russian proverb that nicely illustrates the distance and duration uses of AC-CUSATIVE: A DIMENSION:

ˆ…⁄Œÿ ¥∂œ÷Ç∏ÿ Œ≈ ¥ÉÃ≈ ¥≈∂≈™∏Ç.[Life-ACC live-through not field-ACC walk-across.]Living through life isn’t like walking across a field /Life ’s no bed of roses.

Here life is understood as a stretch of time with a beginning and an end (and punctuated bytrials and tribulations), and living is an activity that stretches all along this time period. Thefield is a bounded space, and walking extends along the distance from one edge of it to theother. Both the life and the field provide dimensions that guide activities.

Although examples of distance are by no means rare, you will encounter many moreexamples of duration, which can be expressed both without prepositions and with them: ◊,⁄¡, Œ¡, and ¥œ.

The following four sentences illustrate duration without prepositions. The first two con-tain obvious cues, such as the idiomatic expression ¥∂œ◊≈∑∏Ç ◊∂ÅÕµ ‘spend time’ and theverb ƒÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ ‘last’. The other two show that duration can be expressed for any activity(walking) or state (being).

ÌŸ ∑ Œ…Õ œ∫µ⁄Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ ≈›£ ∂¡⁄ ∑»Éƒ…Õ ◊ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ … œ¥Ö∏ÿ ¥∂≈À∂Ä∑Œœ¥∂œ◊≈ƒ£Õ ◊∂ÅÕµ ◊ƒ◊œ£Õ.[We-NOM with him-INST surely still one-time-ACC go to restaurant-ACC and againsplendidly conduct time-ACC together.]Surely he and I will go once more to a restaurant and again have a splendid timetogether.

Ó¡∂ÀœÕÄŒ…µ ¥œfi∏Ç Œ≈…⁄Ã≈fiÇÕ¡, … Å∑Ã… ∂≈ÕÇ∑∑…µ ƒÃÇ∏∑µ ƒ◊¡-∏∂… «Éƒ¡, ∏œÜ∏œ π÷Å »œ∂É¤…™ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏.[Drug-addiction-NOM almost incurable-NOM and if remission-NOM lasts two-three years-ACC, then that-NOM already good result-NOM.]Drug addiction is almost incurable, and if a remission lasts two or three years , thenthat’s a pretty good result.

·Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ≈√ Àπ¥ÇÃ Ü∏… ∑¡¥œ«Ç ◊ ∑¥œ∂∏Ç◊ŒœÕ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ≈ … »œƒÇÃ ◊ Œ…» ¥œ«œ∂ÄÕ Ã≈∏ ¥µ∏ÿ ÇÃ… ¤≈∑∏ÿ.[American-NOM bought these boots-ACC in sport store-LOC and walked in them-LOC along mountains-DAT years-GEN five-ACC or six-ACC.]An American bought these boots in a sporting goods store and walked around themountains in them for about five or six years.

µ∏ÿ ƒ≈∑µ∏…ÃÅ∏…™ Ò¥ÉŒ…µ ∫ŸÃÄ ◊Å∂ŒŸÕ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏≈Ã≈Õ Û˚·.[Five-ACC decades-GEN Japan-NOM was loyal follower-INST USA-GEN.]For five decades Japan was the USA’s loyal follower.

ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in the

domain ofdistance and

duration.

71

Sometimes the duration is made up of small discontinuous pieces of time, usually indicatedby the use of words like ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ‘every’ and ∂¡⁄ ‘time’, as in «œ◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ ∑∏œ ∂¡⁄ [sayhundred-ACC times-GEN] ‘say a hundred times’, and as in this example:

ë∑Ã… ∏Ÿ Ãâ∫…¤ÿ Õ≈ŒÖ, ∏œ«ƒÄ ⁄¡fiÅÕ ÕŸ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ƒ≈Œÿ ∂¡∑∑∏¡£Õ∑µ?[If you-NOM love me-ACC, then why we-NOM every day-ACC break-up?]If you love me, then why do we break up every day ?

With the preposition ◊, duration is usually expressed in terms of ◊∂ÅÕµ/◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄ ‘time(s)’or «ÉƒŸ ‘years’, as in the following two examples:

Û¡∏Ç∂¡ ◊œ ◊∑≈ ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄ …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡Ã¡ Œ≈ƒœ∫∂œ÷≈ÃÄ∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ ◊Ã¡∑∏Å™ … ◊œ ◊∑≈◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄ ¥…∏ÄÃ¡∑ÿ «œ∂Öfi≈™ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷Àœ™ ¥Ñ∫Ã…À….[Satire-NOM in all times-ACC experienced disfavor-ACC authorities-GEN and inall times-ACC been-nourished ardent support-INST public-GEN.]Satire has at all times experienced the disfavor of the authorities and at all timesbeen nourished by the ardent support of the public.

˜ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ ◊∑≈Õ Œ≈ »◊¡∏ÄÃœ Œ¡ÃÇfiŒŸ» ƒÅŒ≈«.[In those years-ACC all-DAT not sufficed available money-GEN.]In those years everyone had a shortage of available money.

Probably the most common use of ◊ + ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION in the domain of time is withthe word ∂¡⁄ ‘time’ to express frequency, as in ∂¡⁄ ◊ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ [time-ACC in week-ACC]‘once a week ’, ∏∂… ∂Ä⁄¡ ◊ ÕÅ∑µ√ [three times-ACC in month-ACC] ‘three times a month’.

Like ◊, Œ¡ can also identify a duration, specifically one during which something is done,or how long the results should last, usually translatable into English as ‘for’ or ‘lasting’.Thus in Russian you can come on a visit Œ¡ œƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ [for one week-ACC] ‘for oneweek ’, and one can also engage in an activity for a specified period of time, as in this ex-ample:

˜∂¡fiÇ Œ¡∑∏Ä…◊¡¿∏ Œ¡ ∑Àœ∂Å™¤≈Õ π»Éƒ≈ ◊ É∏¥π∑À Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ fi≈Õ Œ¡ ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿƒŒ≈™.[Doctors-NOM insist on fastest departure-LOC in vacation-ACC not less than last-ing thirty days-ACC.]The doctors insist that he immediately take a vacation lasting at least thirty days.

The preposition ⁄¡ can mean ‘during, in the course of’, as we see in these two examples:

˙¡ Ü∏œ∏ ÕÅ∑µ√ Œ…Àœ«É ◊ ŒÄ¤≈Õ ƒÉÕ≈ Œ≈ »œ∂œŒÇÃ….[During that month-ACC no one-ACC in our house-LOC not buried.]During that month no one in our house was buried.

Accusative:: a dimension 1

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in thedomain ofduration means‘in, during’.

Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DIMENSION inthe domain ofduration means‘for, lasting’.

⁄¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DIMENSION inthe domain ofduration means‘during’.


˙¡ ∑Ñ∏À… ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…≈ ∫œÃÿŒÉ«œ Œ≈⁄Œ¡fiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ Õ≈ŒÖ≈∏∑µ ∏œ ◊ ÃÑfi¤π¿, ∏œ ◊»Ñƒ¤π¿ ∑∏É∂œŒπ.[During twenty-four-hours-ACC condition-NOM patient-GEN imperceptiblychanges now to better-ACC, now to worse side-ACC.]In the course of twenty-four hours the patient’s condition changes imperceptibly,getting better and worse by turns.

The meaning of ¥œ in this context is usually best translated as ‘through’:

Û µŒ◊¡∂Ö ¥œ Õ¡™ ◊Ÿ ∫Ñƒ≈∏≈ ◊ œÃ…Õ¥Ç™∑Àœ™ ∆É∂Õ≈.[From January-GEN through May-ACC you-NOM will-be in olympic form-LOC.]From January through May you will be in olympic form.

ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 2—Size and capacity

In the domain of size and capacity, some feature of an object is measured against astandardized scale (often units of weight and measure) or against another object or objects.You will usually have a preposition here (◊ is most frequent, Œ¡ and ¥œ are possible, and œis rather rare), followed by the ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION marking the scale, units, or objectalong which size or capacity are measured.

Here are typical examples expressing weight and size:

ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ ∑ÃœŒÉ◊ — ∏∂£»ÃÅ∏Œ…™ Ú¡ƒ÷Ä ◊Å∑œÕ ◊ 850 À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕœ◊ —◊œ∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡Ã∑µ ¥∂œ«ÑÃÀœ™, fi∏É∫Ÿ ⁄¡«ÃµŒÑ∏ÿ ◊ ¥œ∑ÑƒŒπ¿ ÃÄ◊Àπ.[One-NOM of elephants-GEN — three-year-old Rajah-NOM weight-INST in 850-ACC kilograms-GEN — took-advantage outing-INST, to take-peek to china shop-ACC.]One of the elephants — three-year-old Rajah, weighing 850 kilograms — took ad-vantage of the outing to take a peek into a china shop.

Û∂Ä⁄π ∫∂œ∑Ä≈∏∑µ ◊ «Ã¡⁄Ä ◊¡«ÉŒfi…À ◊ ƒ◊¡ ‹∏¡÷Ä, ∑ƒÅÃ¡ŒŒŸ™ ◊ êŒ«Ã……Œ≈⁄¡ƒÉÃ«œ ƒœ ¥Å∂◊œ™ Õ…∂œ◊É™ ◊œ™Œá.[Immediately throws in eyes-ACC wagon-NOM in two stories-ACC, made-NOMin England-LOC not-long before first world war-GEN.]Suddenly there appears a two-story wagon, made in England not long before thefirst World War.

The preposition ◊ can also be used to tell us the amount by which things differ:

Û∏Ä∂Ÿ™ ÀÑ∂∑ œ∏ ŒÉ◊œ«œ œ∏Ã…fiÄ≈∏∑µ ∂É◊Œœ ◊ ∏á∑µfiπ ∂¡⁄.[Old rate-NOM from new-GEN differs exactly in thousand-ACC times-GEN.]The old rate is exactly a thousand times more than the new one.

¥œ + ACCUSATIVE:A DIMENSION inthe domain of

duration means‘through’.


domain of sizeand capacity

usually requiresa preposition.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in the

domain of sizeand capacityexpresses a

numberof units.

73

In this domain, Œ¡ can tell us how big an item is in phrases like: ∏≈Ä∏∂ Œ¡ ¥µ∏ÿ∑É∏ Õ≈∑∏[theater-NOM on five-hundred-ACC places-GEN] ‘a five-hundred -seat theater’, œ∫Ã…«Ä√…µŒ¡ ∑∏œ ∂π∫ÃÅ™ [obligation-NOM on hundred-ACC rubles-GEN] ‘a one-hundred -ruble ob-ligation’, ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ Œ¡ ƒ◊œÇ» [room-NOM on two-ACC] ‘a room for two ’.

Like ◊, Œ¡ can measure the amount by which it differs from some other object. Here youwill usually see a comparative adjective (like ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ‘bigger’, ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ‘smaller’, Àœ∂Éfi≈‘shorter’) or a verb indicating exceeding or failing to reach some mark, plus the prepositionŒ¡:

˜ ¥œŒ≈ƒÅÃÿŒ…À Àπ∂∑ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂¡ ⁄¡∆…À∑Ç∂œ◊¡Œ Œ¡ Ñ∂œ◊Œ≈ 2017 ∂π∫ÃÅ™, fi∏œ Œ¡¥µ∏ÿ ∂π∫ÃÅ™ ◊á¤≈ ¥∂≈ƒŸƒÑ›≈«œ ¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏≈Ãµ.[To Monday-ACC exchange-rate-NOM dollar-GEN fixed-NOM on level-LOC 2017rubles-GEN, what-NOM to five-ACC rubles higher previous indicator-GEN.]On Monday the exchange rate for the dollar is fixed at the level of 2017 rubles,which is five rubles higher than the previous indicator.

Ò œ¥œ⁄ƒÄÃ¡ Œ¡ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Õ…ŒÑ∏.[I-NOM got-late on fifteen-ACC minutes-GEN.]I was fifteen minutes late.

In this domain the preposition ¥œ refers to a distribution such that each of a series of itemsis assigned the same amount. In the following example the value of two rubles is assignedto each kilo of mimosa:

˜ ÛÉfi… Õ…ÕÉ⁄π ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥∂œƒÄ∏ÿ ¥œ ƒ◊¡ ∂π∫ÃÖ ⁄¡ œƒÇŒ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ.[In Sochi-LOC mimosa-ACC possible sell along two rubles-ACC for one kilogram-ACC.]In Sochi you can sell mimosa for two rubles a kilo.

The use of the preposition œ in the domain of size and capacity is rare and archaic, but hereare two phrases to give you an idea of what it looks like: …⁄∫Ñ¤À¡ œ∫ œƒŒÉ œÀœŒ√Å [hut-NOM with one window-ACC] ‘a hut with just one little window ’, À∂ŸÃÿ√É œ ∏∂… ∑∏π¥ÅŒÿÀ…[porch-NOM with three steps-ACC] ‘a porch with just three little steps ’.

A very common use of ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION deals with financial rather than physicaldimensions, here the cost of an item is presented in the accusative with no preposition. Thismeaning of the accusative is most frequently associated with the verb ∑∏É…∏ÿ ‘cost’, al-though, as this example illustrates, other verbs can occasionally serve this purpose:

Ô∫áfiŒœ ¥≈∂≈◊á¥π∑À ÀÄ∂∏œfiÀ… ∑∏É…∏ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊, ∑Å∂◊…∑Œ¡µ ¥ÃÄ∏¡∑œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ≈∏ ∑∏œ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[Usually reissue-NOM card-GEN costs fifty-ACC dollars, service fee-NOM comes-to hundred fifty-ACC dollars-GEN.]Usually the reissue of a card costs fifty dollars, and the service fee comes to onehundred and fifty dollars.


Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DIMENSION inthe domain ofsize and capacityexpresses anumber of units.

¥œ + ACCUSATIVE:A DIMENSION inthe domain ofsize and capacityexpresses anamount per item.

œ + ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in thedomain of sizeand capacitymeans ‘with’.

ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in thedomain of sizeand capacityexpresses cost.


ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 3—Comparison

The measurement of one thing against another in and of itself implies a comparison ofthe thing measured with some standard. It is perhaps no surprise that comparison is animportant component of the ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION, and that comparison can be made inmany different ways.

The use of ◊ in the domain of comparison is rather marginal, but one does come acrossexamples such as ∫πÕÄ«¡ ◊ ÀÃÅ∏œfiÀπ [paper-NOM like square-ACC] ‘graph paper’ andâ∫À¡ ◊ ¥œÃÉ∑Àπ [skirt-NOM in stripe-ACC] ‘a striped skirt.

In comparing objects according to their various characteristics to determine whetherthey are similar to each other, the accusative object is used as a standard, along whichanother object is measured in a metaphorical sense. The most common example of this useof ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION is the phrase ¥œ»É÷ Œ¡ ‘looks like, resembling’:

Ëœ∏Ç∏≈ ⁄Œ¡∏ÿ, Œ¡ Àœ«É ◊Ÿ ¥œ»É÷…? Ó¡ ∂¡⁄∫Ç∏π¿ ¥¡∂¡Ã…fiÉÕ «œ∂ÇÃÃπ, Àœ∏É∂π¿ƒÅ∂÷¡∏ ◊ ⁄œœ¥Ä∂À≈ …⁄ ÷ÄÃœ∑∏….[Want know, to whom-ACC you-NOM resemble? To stricken-ACC paralysis-INSTgorilla-ACC, which-ACC keep in zoo-LOC from pity-GEN.]Do you want to know what you look like? Like a paralyzed gorilla that they keep ina zoo out of pity.

With the preposition ¥œƒ, comparison has the connotation of imitation, as in this bit ofconversation from a beauty parlor, where a woman is being offered a haircut ‘like a boy’s’:

Ûœ«ÃÄ∑Œœ ◊Ä¤≈Õπ Ã…√Ñ, ¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä¿ ¥œƒ ÕÄÃÿfi…À¡ — Œ≈ ◊œ⁄∂¡÷Ä≈∏≈?[In-harmony your face-DAT, suggest under boy-ACC — not object?]To suit your face, I suggest giving you a boy’s haircut — is that okay with you?

A specialized type of comparison is approximation, and this use has its own preposition: ∑‘about the size/length of, approximately’. This is the only meaning that ∑ ever has when it isused with the accusative case. An easy way to recognize this use is to remember the Russianrhyme for ‘Tom Thumb’, which is ÌÄÃÿfi…À ∑ ¥ÄÃÿfi…À, literally [Boy-NOM approximatelyfinger-ACC] ‘A boy about the size of your finger ’. Here are some contextualized examples:

Ó¡¤ ¥œ¥π«Ä™ ∫ŸÃ ∂É∑∏œÕ ∑ ÀÑ∂…√π.[Our parrot-NOM was size-INST approximately chicken-ACC.]Our parrot was about the size of a chicken .

ÔŒ ∑ Õ…ŒÑ∏π ¥œƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ ÷≈ŒÑ ◊ œ∫flÖ∏…µ».[He-NOM approximately minute-ACC held wife-ACC in embraces-LOC.]He held his wife in his arms for about a minute .

◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in the

domain ofcomparisonindicates a

characteristic.

∑ + ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in the

domain ofcomparison

means ‘approxi-mately’.

¥œ»É÷ Œ¡ +ACCUSATIVE: A

DIMENSION in thedomain of

comparisonmeans ‘resem-

bling’.

¥œƒ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DIMENSION

in the domain ofcomparison

means ‘like’.


domain ofcomparison

always requires apreposition.

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ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION 4—Activities in various domains

Measurement and comparison are not the only activities that can extend along the di-mensions of an object marked as ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION. Almost any kind of activity canbehave this way, being guided or limited by the features or dimensions of the accusativeobject. The concept of activity extending along some defining space is abstract and meta-phorical; considering some concrete examples will help you to see how this works.

A very common use of this meaning is in the phrase …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ [play to] which is usedwhen we talk about playing games and sports. The name of the game or sport follows in theaccusative. Let’s think for a minute about the relationship between a game or sport andplaying. Playing in itself is a relatively loosely defined activity. A game or sport, however,brings all kinds of concrete parameters with it: rules, implements used, techniques, etc. Inthis sense the game or sport lends specific dimensions to the playing activity (otherwise leftundefined).

Ó¡ ŒÉ◊œÕ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ≈ ÕÉ÷Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ∂Å«∫…, ∫≈™∑∫ÉÃ, ∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃ...[At new stadium-LOC possible play in rugby-ACC, baseball-ACC, softball-ACC...]At the new stadium one can play rugby , baseball, softball ...

The distinction we make in English between ‘believe’ (say, ‘a story’) and ‘believe in’ (say,‘God’) has an exact parallel in Russian. Whereas ◊Å∂…∏ÿ is usually followed by a DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR (parallel to ‘believe’), when speaking of strong convictions Russians use ◊Å∂…∏ÿ/◊Å∂¡ ◊ + accusative: a dimension, as in ◊Å∂…∏ÿ/◊Å∂¡ ◊ ßÉ«¡ [believe/belief in God-ACC]‘believe/belief in God’.

Here’s another example using ◊, where the activity is crying, defined by the dimensionof one voice (unison).

Óœ ¥ÃÄÀ¡∏ÿ ◊ œƒÇŒ «ÉÃœ∑ ∑ Œ…Õ Œ≈ »Éfi≈∏∑µ.[But cry to one voice-ACC with him-INST not want-self.]But one doesn’t feel like crying in unison with him.

The extension of an activity along a dimension can be variously expressed by all of thefollowing prepositions: Œ¡, ¥œƒ, ¥∂œ, ∑À◊œ⁄ÿ, and fiÅ∂≈⁄. Ó¡ is usually the place wheresomething is or happens. In this example being beautiful is something that extends alongthe face, but being fat extends along the figure:

ÔŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ À∂¡∑Ç◊¡µ Œ¡ Ã…√É, Œœ ∏ÉÃ∑∏¡µ Œ¡ ∆…«Ñ∂π.[She-NOM was beautiful-NOM to face-ACC, but fat-NOM to figure-ACC.]She had a beautiful face , but a fat figure .

A more abstract, but very common example is the phrase Œ¡ Õœ™ (∏◊œ™, ≈£, ≈«É...) ◊⁄«Ãµƒ [tomy (your, her, his...) view-ACC] ‘in my (your , her, his...) view/opinion ’. The proposition(whatever it is that the person believes) extends along that person’s view; in other words, itis true for the domain of that person’s opinion. In the following example, the belief thattaking such steps will be beneficial is true for the domain of the ambassador’s opinion:


◊ + ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION canexpress games,beliefs, andmanner ofaction.

Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE:A DIMENSION inthe domains ofvarious activitiesexpresseslocations andopinions.

ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in thedomains ofvarious activitiesalways requiresa preposition.


Ó¡ ◊⁄«Ãµƒ ¥œ∑ÃÄ, ∏¡ÀÇ≈ ¤¡«Ç ∑œ⁄ƒ¡â∏ ∫Ã¡«œ¥∂…Ö∏Œπ¿ ¡∏Õœ∑∆Å∂π ƒÃµ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…µ∏≈∂∂…∏œ∂…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕŸ.[To view-ACC ambassador-GEN, such steps-NOM create favorable atmosphere-ACC for solution-GEN territorial problem-GEN.]In the ambassador’s opinion , such steps create a favorable atmosphere for solvingthe territorial problem.

The preposition ¥œƒ indicates an activity that accompanies another one, most commonlyinvolving music, as in ∏¡Œ√≈◊Ä∏ÿ ¥œƒ ÕÑ⁄ŸÀπ [dance under music-ACC] ‘dance to themusic ’, ¥≈∏ÿ ¥œƒ «…∏Ä∂π [sing under guitar-ACC] ‘sing along with the guitar ’. This idea ofmusical accompaniment can be extended to other activities involving rhythmic sounds, asin this example:

œƒ ∑◊…∂Å¥π¿ ◊œ∂Àœ∏Œâ «¡∂ƒ≈∂É∫›…À¡ œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ¿ ∑◊œÇ ∑ÑÕÀ… Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ,¥œƒŒ…ÕÄ¿∑ÿ Œ¡◊Å∂» … ∑∂Ä⁄π ∑¡÷Ñ∑ÿ ◊ À∂Å∑Ãœ.[Under fierce growling-ACC coat-check-man-GEN leave own bags-ACC on floor-LOC, raise up and immediately sit in chair-ACC.]To the tune of the coat-check man’s fierce growls I leave my bags on the floor, goupstairs, and sit right down in a chair.

The preposition ¥∂œ designates dimensions for activities like thinking, talking, and writing.The domain of these cognitive and communicative activities is their topic, literally the thingthat you think, talk, or write about .

ÌŸ ◊∑£ ⁄ŒÄ≈Õ ƒ∂π« ¥∂œ ƒ∂Ñ«¡.[We-NOM all-ACC know other-NOM for other-ACC.]We know everything about each other .

Ò ⁄¡∫áÃ ¥∂œ √¡∂Å◊Œπ-Ãµ«Ñ¤Àπ.[I-NOM forgot for queen-frog-ACC.]I forgot about the frog-queen .

ÛÀ◊œ⁄ÿ refers to something that has dimensions, ‘through’ which something else (usuallylight or sound or the perception of something seen or heard) passes, often with some diffi-culty or alteration, as we see in these two examples:

˙¡∂¡⁄Ç∏≈ÃÿŒ¡µ ¥œÜ∏…À¡ ◊≈ÃÇÀœ™ ÀŒÇ«… ⁄¡∑∏¡◊ÃÖ≈∏ ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ ∑À◊œ⁄ÿ ≈£ É¥∏…ÀπŒ¡ ÕŒÉ«…≈ œ∫áƒ≈ŒŒŸ≈ ◊Å›….[Infectious poetics-NOM great book-GEN force look through its lens-ACC on manyordinary things-ACC.]This great book’s captivating poetry forces us to look at a multitude of everydaythings through its lens .

¥œƒ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DIMENSION

in the domainsof various

activities means‘to the tune of’.

¥∂œ + ACCUSA-TIVE: A DIMENSION

in the domainsof various

activities means‘about’.

∑À◊œ⁄ÿ +ACCUSATIVE: A

DIMENSION in thedomains of

various activitiesmeans ‘through’.

77

Ò ≈›£ ∑Ãá¤π ∑À◊œ⁄ÿ ∑œŒ, À¡À Ãœ÷Ç∏∑µ ‰ÇÕ¡, Œœ Œ≈ Õœ«Ñ œ∏À∂á∏ÿ «Ã¡⁄Ä.[I-NOM still hear through sleep-ACC, how goes-to-bed Dima-NOM, but not canopen eyes-ACC.]Through the veil of sleep , I can still hear Dima going to bed, but I can’t open myeyes.

We should also note the common Russian expression ∑Õ≈» ∑À◊œ⁄ÿ ∑Ã£⁄Ÿ [laughter-NOMthrough tears-ACC] ‘laughter through tears ’, a metaphorical extension of the use of ∑À◊œ⁄ÿto the domain of the emotions, where one can bring forth a smile despite the trials andtribulations of life.

˛Å∂≈⁄ likewise identifies a dimension through which something passes. The first ex-ample describes a money-laundering scheme where funds are being cycled through a firmin order to make it look like they have a legitimate origin. The firm provides the dimensionsfor this cycling activity:

ÔŒÇ ¥∂œÀ∂Ñfi…◊¡Ã… fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∆Ç∂Õπ ∑É∏Œ… ∏á∑µfi ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[They-NOM cycled through firm-ACC hundreds-ACC thousands dollars-GEN.]They cycled hundreds of thousands of dollars through the firm .

People can also serve this purpose when they act as go-betweens. Here Russian journalistsprovide a medium for the act of conveying:

Ï…¤ÿ Œ≈ÕŒÉ«…Õ ∫œ™√ÄÕ πƒ¡£∏∑µ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄ∏ÿ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑ÃπfiÄ™Œœ ◊∑∏∂Åfi≈ŒŒŸ»∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊ ⁄¡¥Ç∑Àπ ƒÃµ ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊.[Only few soldiers-DAT manage convey through by-chance met Russian journal-ists-ACC note-ACC for relatives-GEN.]Only a few soldiers manage to convey a note for their relatives via Russian journal-ists that they meet by chance.

ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT 1—Space as opposed to time

ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT is very similar to the ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION, except that itfocuses just on one part of the accusative object, namely the one furthest away. The accusa-tive object is thus reduced to its logical endpoint. ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT functions in only

two domains, that of space and time; how-ever, space and time actually function ratherdifferently from each other. Imagine your-self standing on a certain spot at a certaintime. Space stretches out from your spot inall directions equally. Since all directions areequal, they are all the same in some sense.In other words, if some object is one meteraway from you, that fact is essentially thesame regardless of the direction in which theobject lies: it will always be one meter away

Accusative:: an endpoint 1

A

A force (arrow) arrives at theACCUSATIVE:: AN ENDPOINT

(circle labeled A) of a domain

fiÅ∂≈⁄ +ACCUSATIVE: ADIMENSION in thedomains ofvarious activitiesmeans ‘through’.

ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT isinvoked in thedomains of spaceand time.

An interval ofspace indicates adistance away.


from you. Time is different. It stretches away from you in exactly two directions, and thosedirections are distinct from each other. One goes forward, into the future. And one goesbackward, into the past. If an event is an hour away from you, it does matter which directionit lies in. The event will either happen in an hour or it will have happened an hour ago . Wedon’t have any one way to say (in normal English) that an event is an hour away withoutindicating that it is future or past. The same goes for Russian. In terms of space, the ACCUSA-TIVE: AN ENDPOINT locates something as being a certain distance away (at the end of thatdistance), whereas in terms of time this meaning locates things as happening later, at theend of a certain period, or has having happened before, at or prior to the beginning of acertain period. In this way Russian shows a par¡llelism between the two concepts that wewould express in English as I’ll see him in a week and I saw him a week ago. In either caseyou have to reach one week away from where you are now to get to the point where theaction is; you are always looking at something that happens at the far end of a week.

In the domain of space, there are three prepositions that identify endpoints: ◊, ⁄¡, andfiÅ∂≈⁄. ˜ is relatively infrequently used to locate items at a given distance, but here is oneexample:

˜ œƒÇŒ ∑À¡fiÉÀ œŒ œfiπ∏ÇÃ∑µ π ƒ◊Å∂….[In one leap-ACC he-NOM found-self by door-GEN.]In one leap he was at the door.

When ⁄¡ ‘away’ is used in the domain of space, it usually occurs in conjunction with œ∏‘from’ or ƒœ ‘to’ (which also means ‘from’ in this context), as in this example:

˙¡ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ À…ÃœÕÅ∏∂œ◊ ƒœ «É∂œƒ¡ ¡◊∏É∫π∑ ∑œ∂◊ÄÃ∑µ ∑ œ∫∂á◊¡ ◊ ∂ÅÀπ.[Beyond several-ACC kilometers-GEN to city-GEN bus-NOM fell from precipice-GEN in river-ACC.]Several kilometers before reaching the city the bus fell off the precipice into theriver.

In its most simple manifestation, fiÅ∂≈⁄ ‘across’ locates something at the opposite edge of anitem as in ÀÃπ∫ — fiÅ∂≈⁄ ƒœ∂É«π [club-NOM — across street-ACC] ‘the club is across thestreet ’. Usually, however, fiÅ∂≈⁄ refers to something that is repeated in a series, such thatyou wind up skipping over every other object, as in the common teacher’s instruction ¥…∑Ä∏ÿfiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑∏∂ÉfiÀπ [write away line-ACC] ‘skip lines /write double-spaced ’, which could beliterally interpreted as ‘go one line away and then write, and then repeat that pattern’. Here’san example to show how this works in context:

È fiÅ∂≈⁄ ÀÄ÷ƒπ¿ ∆∂Ä⁄π ∑ÃÉ◊Œœ ¥œƒfi£∂À…◊¡Ã…: ı Úœ∑∑Ç… ◊ ÀÉ∑Õœ∑≈ ◊∑£ »œ∂œ¤É.[And across every phrase-ACC as-if emphasized: By Russia-GEN in space-LOCall-NOM good.]And it was as if every other sentence they were emphasizing: Everything is okay withthe Russian space program.

◊ + ACCUSATIVE:AN ENDPOINT inthe domain of

space means ‘in’.

ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT in thedomain of space.

⁄¡ + ACCUSATIVE:AN ENDPOINT inthe domain of

space means‘away’.

fiÅ∂≈⁄ +ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT in thedomain of space

means ‘across,after’.

An interval oftime indicates a

point in thefuture or past.

79

time running forward: in, after , later◊ œƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ [to one week-ACC] in/ by the end of a week⁄¡ œƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ [to one week-ACC] in/ by the end of a weekfiÅ∂≈⁄ (œƒŒÑ) Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ [across (one) week-ACC] after a week, a week later;

every other weekœƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ¥œ«œƒÖ [one week-ACC later] one week laterœƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ¥É∑Ã≈ ∏œ«É [one week-ACC after that-GEN] one week after thatœƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ∑¥π∑∏Ö [one week-ACC later] one week later

time running backward: ago, beforeœƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ƒœ ∏œ«É/¥Å∂≈ƒ ∏≈Õ [one week-ACC until that-GEN/before that-INST] one week before that⁄¡ œƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ƒœ ∏œ«É/¥Å∂≈ƒ ∏≈Õ[to one week-ACC until that-GEN/before that-INST] one week before thatœƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ [one week-ACC ago] one week ago

Time expressions associated with ACCUSATIVE:: AN ENDPOINT

ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT 2—Time as opposed to space

As we saw above, time differs in important ways from space. There are furthermoresome special peculiarities about the way Russian uses ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT in time ex-pressions. In addition to the usual use of prepositions (◊, ⁄¡, fiÅ∂≈⁄) followed by the accusa-tive case, you will also see the accusative case preceding words indicating direction of time(these words act as postpositions triggering the accusative). This table gives an overview ofthe uses, using œƒŒÑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ [one week-ACC] ‘one week ’ as our unit of time:

Accusative:: an endpoint 2

ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT in thedomain of time.

◊, ⁄¡, and fiÅ∂≈⁄+ ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT in thedomain of timerunning forwardmeans ‘in, at, bythe end of’.

The preposition ◊ is often used in reference to the ages of people to say ‘at the age of X thisperson did Y’; literally it means ‘at the end of so many years this person did Y’:

Ó¡¤ ƒ…∂…÷£∂ ∂œƒÇÃ∑µ ◊ ∑≈ÕÿÅ Õπ⁄ŸÀÄŒ∏œ◊ … π÷Å ◊ ¥µ∏ÿ Ã≈∏ Œ¡πfiÇÃ∑µ …«∂Ä∏ÿŒ¡ ∆œ∂∏≈¥…ÄŒœ.[Our conductor-NOM was-born in family-LOC musicians-GEN and already to five-ACC years-GEN learned play on piano-LOC.]Our conductor was born in a family of musicians and already at the age of five helearned to play the piano.

The meaning of the preposition ⁄¡ is very similar here. You will notice that when ⁄¡ is usedwith an accusative time expression, if the sentence refers to a completed action (usuallywith a perfective verb), you get focus on the endpoint, whereas if a process or state isinvolved, then you have a duration (ACCUSATIVE: A DIMENSION). Here is an example of ⁄¡expressing ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT:

˙¡ ÕÅ∑µ√ ‰ÇÕ¡ ¥∂≈◊∂¡∏ÇÃ∑µ ◊ œ∫ŸÀŒœ◊ÅŒŒœ«œ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡.[To month-ACC Dima-NOM transformed to ordinary person-ACC.]By the end of a month Dima had become an ordinary person.


˛Å∂≈⁄ typically indicates a time period that elapses before something else happens:

ÔŒ ¥œ∑∏Ä◊…Ã …Õ πÃÿ∏…ÕÄ∏πÕ: ∑ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ fiÅ∂≈⁄ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿.[He-NOM set them-DAT ultimatum-ACC: give-up across week-ACC.]He set an ultimatum for them: give up by the end of a week .

ßπÀ◊ÄÃÿŒœ fiÅ∂≈⁄ fi¡∑ À Œ≈™ ¥∂…Åƒ≈∏ ∂¡∑∑∏∂ÅÃÿŒ¡µ ∫∂…«Äƒ¡.[Literally across hour-ACC to her-DAT arrives firing squad-NOM.]Literally in one hour a firing squad will arrive at her place.

When the context calls for periodic repetition (often by means of ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ‘every’), thenyou get the temporal equivalent of what we saw with fiÅ∂≈⁄ and intervals of space: thingsthat happen at regular intervals of time:

˛Å∂≈⁄ ÀÄ÷ƒπ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ — Õ≈ƒ…√ÇŒ∑À…™ œ∑ÕÉ∏∂.[Across every week-ACC — medical examination-NOM.]There’s a medical examination every other week .

The postposition ∑¥π∑∏Ö ‘later’ (which can also be used as a preposition) gives Russian yetanother way to say ‘later’ (just as we can also say thereafter and after that ); here’s an ex-ample:

˛≈∏á∂≈ «Éƒ¡ ∑¥π∑∏Ö, ◊ 1904 «œƒÑ Œ¡ Ç«∂¡» ◊ Û≈Œ∏-ÏÑ…∑≈, ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ ∑∏ÄÃ…ÕÅ∂…∏ÿ∑µ ∑ÇÃ¡Õ… ◊ ∑∏∂≈Ãÿ∫Å …⁄ ÃÑÀ¡.[Four years-ACC later, in 1904 year-LOC at games-LOC in Saint Louis-LOC,women-NOM started compare strengths-INST in shooting-LOC from bow-GEN.]Four years later, in 1904 at the games in Saint Louis, women started to comparetheir abilities in archery.

The postposition Œ¡⁄Äƒ is probably the most common Russian equivalent for ‘ago’. Hereare a couple of examples to show how it works:

ÌÅ∑µ√ Œ¡⁄Äƒ µ ⁄¡∫áÃ¡ π Œ≈«É œfiÀÇ œ∏ ∑ÉÃŒ√¡.[Month-ACC ago I-NOM forgot by him-GEN glasses-ACC from sun-GEN.]A month ago I forgot my sunglasses at his place.

Ó≈ƒÅÃ¿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ µ ∑Ãá¤¡Ã¡ ¥œ ∂Äƒ…œ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfiπ œ ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ≈.[Week-ACC ago I-NOM heard along radio-DAT program-ACC about happiness-LOC.]A week ago I heard a program on the radio about happiness.

By the way, Œ¡⁄Äƒ has a variant, ∏œÕÑ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, which also means ‘ago’ and is also precededby ACCUSATIVE: AN ENDPOINT.

ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT +∑¥π∑∏Ö in the

domain of timerunning forward

means ‘later’.

ACCUSATIVE: AN

ENDPOINT +Œ¡⁄Äƒ/∏œÕÑŒ¡⁄Äƒ in the

domain of timerunning

backward means‘ago’.

81

EPILOGUE

The word accusative is not very helpful in summing up this case, although you canthink of the parallel between the force of an accusation being released upon the accused andthe force of a verb being released upon an object. Accusation is indeed one kind of directedactivity, and the accusative case is all about directed activity, particularly motion. Directedmotion occupies a prominent place in the linguistic imagination of Russians, and they makea much crisper distinction between motion and location than we do in English. It doesn’tmatter how short the trip is: even the travel of our backside to a seat or the travel of hairpinsto the place we lay them on the sink is described as a movement with a destination. Justlooking at something constitutes a visual voyage. Once again our understanding of time ispatterned after how we perceive space, motivating the conclusion that if a journey has aspatial destination, then an event has a temporal destination as well. Time is clearly con-ceived of in Russian as a unidimensional line stretching away from us in two directions.Change to a new state is comprehended as movement to a new location. Going to a destina-tion behind an item can be interpreted as catching hold, replacing, or exceeding that item.Feeling nauseated or shaken up are not activities people engage in; these are things that justhappen to us without any apparent agent. The dative case will continue this theme of forcesdirected at targets, albeit in a less immediate way.

Epilogue

82 The Dative Case

Femininedeclension

nouns

Masculinedeclension

nouns

Neuterdeclension

nouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

Possessives

Numerals

DATIVE Forms

hard type: °room¢ soft type: °week¢singular plural singular pluralÀÉÕŒ¡∏e ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡Õ Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃµÕ

-ÿ: °talent¢singular plural∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏µÕ

hard type: °courtyard¢ soft type: °nail¢singular plural singular pluralƒ◊œ∂Ñ ƒ◊œ∂ÄÕ «◊œ⁄ƒâ «◊œ⁄ƒÖÕ

hard type: °body¢ soft type: °schedule¢singular plural singular plural∏ÅÃπ ∏≈ÃÄÕ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…¿ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕ

hard type: °first¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊œÕπ ¥Å∂◊œÕπ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ

soft type: °last¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õπ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õπ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ

°I¢ °we¢ °you¢ informal °you¢ÕŒ≈ Œ¡Õ ∏≈∫Å ◊¡Õ

°she¢ °he¢ °it¢ °they¢(Œ)≈™ (Œ)≈ÕÑ (Œ)≈ÕÑ (Œ)…Õ

°who¢ °what¢ °oneself¢ÀœÕÑ fi≈ÕÑ ∑≈∫Å

°this¢feminine masculine neuter pluralÜ∏œ™ Ü∏œÕπ Ü∏œÕπ Ü∏…Õ

°all, every¢feminine masculine neuter plural◊∑≈™ ◊∑≈ÕÑ ◊∑≈ÕÑ ◊∑ÅÕ

feminine masculine neuter plural°my¢ÕœÅ™ Õœ≈ÕÑ Õœ≈ÕÑ ÕœÇÕ

°our¢ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤≈Õπ ŒÄ¤≈Õπ ŒÄ¤…Õ

°one¢feminine masculine neuter pluralœƒŒÉ™ œƒŒœÕÑ œƒŒœÕÑ œƒŒÇÕ

‘two¢ °three¢ °four¢ °five¢ƒ◊πÕ ∏∂£Õ fi≈∏Ÿ∂£Õ ¥µ∏Ç

83

D A RECEIVERDATIVE:

The dative network:

A COMPETITOR

AN EXPERIENCER

A RECEIVER

PROLOGUE

Imagine for a moment that you are playing Mad Libs, and you are asked to supply somewords, so you suggest flowerpot , mud puddle , and refrigerator . Then the leader of the gamereads the story: “Philanthropists are people who like to help flowerpots. Some of them arevery gullible and will believe every mud puddle they meet. These do-gooders will evengive a refrigerator their last dime.” Although they are all grammatically correct, these sen-tences are not representative of the ordinary repertoire of English. The fun of this game infact consists in creating nonsensical sentences such as these. The three Mad Libs sentencescreated here are strange because there is a clash between the expectations of constructionscontaining help , believe , and give and words like flowerpot , mud puddle , and refrigeratorwhich fail to meet these expectations. All three constructions presume that the object ismost likely to be a human being. Help is meaningless to a flowerpot because it cannotappreciate the benefit it receives. A mud puddle doesn’t have a story to tell and cannotinspire belief. A refrigerator cannot do anything with money, so there is no point in giving itany. The reason that inanimate objects don’t work in these contexts is that they are inca-pable of serving as the subjects of further action. If you were to play this round of Mad Libsin Russian, you would put all three words in the dative case because the verbs ¥œÕœ«Ä∏ÿ‘help’, ◊Å∂…∏ÿ ‘believe’, and ƒ¡∏ÿ ‘give’ would require you to do so, but they still wouldn’tmake any more sense in Russian than in English. The dative case shows that all three con-texts have something in common, and as we saw above, they all share the expectation thatthe dative item is capable of being a subject. This doesn’t mean that all dative items aregoing to be human or even animate, but it does mean that when you are dealing with adative item, it is likely to be able to react or at least to exert forces of its own.

There are three meanings to the dative, all of which involve the dative’s capacity tointeract with its surroundings. The first two meanings are relatively passive, involving re-ceiving objects (DATIVE: A RECEIVER) and absorbing experiences (DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER),whereas the third one is relatively active, involving exerting equal or superior strength inrelation to something else (DATIVE: A COMPETITOR).

Prologue

A dative item isone that canreact or exertforces of its own.

An overview ofthe dative case.

84 The Dative Case

DATIVE: A RECEIVER 1—The indirect object

DATIVE: A RECIEVER involves the transfer of anobject from one thing or person to another, as in Sallygave the book to John . The thing or person on thereceiving end (John) is marked with the dative. Youmight recognize this as the indirect object (the di-rect object, of course, is the book, marked in the ac-cusative). As we will see, the tricky thing about Rus-sian is that you can sometimes have an indirect ob-ject (DATIVE: A RECEIVER) without an obvious directobject (ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION). But let’s start withsome straightforward examples.

Giving is a universal experience of human interaction, and it serves as the logical start-ing point for the meanings of the dative. Russian has two verbs for ‘give’: ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/ƒ¡∏ÿ(which can have many prefixes) and ƒ¡∂Ç∏ÿ/¥œƒ¡∂Ç∏ÿ, and the following examples illus-trate their use with the dative:

‰œ∂…ÄŒ œ∫»Éƒ…∏ ∑◊œÇ» πfi≈Œ…ÀÉ◊, ∂¡⁄ƒ¡£∏ …Õ ŒÉ∏Ÿ.[Dorian-NOM walk-around own pupils-ACC, gives-out them-DAT music-ACC.]Dorian makes the rounds of his pupils, handing out music to them .

ÈƒÅµ ∫ŸÃÄ ÕœÖ, µ ∑¡ÕÄ ¥œƒ¡∂ÇÃ¡ ≈£ ∑◊œ≈ÕÑ Œ¡fiÄÃÿŒ…Àπ.[Idea-NOM was mine-NOM, I myself-NOM gave it-ACC own boss-DAT.]The idea was mine, I gave it to my boss myself.

You can see that these sentences have parallel structures, as indicated in this table:

subject verb indirect object direct objectDorian hands out to pupils musicI gave to my boss the idea

You can also see that both the pupils and the boss are much more than passive destinationsfor the music and the idea. In both instances we presume that they are going to do some-thing with what they have received: the pupils are probably going to play the music on theirinstruments, and the boss is probably going to implement the idea. Even if they fail to doanything, the fact that they could do something is crucial here.

Giving need not involve tangible objects. In English we can offer more abstract, meta-phorical “gifts”, such as chances and opportunities, and the same goes for Russian:

ÂÕÑ ƒÄÃ… ¤¡Œ∑ ◊á¥Ã¡∏…∏ÿ ƒœÃ«Ç ¥œ À∂≈ƒÇ∏¡Õ.[Him-DAT gave chance-ACC pay-off debts-ACC along credits-DAT.]They gave him the chance to pay off his debts on credit.

DATIVE: ARECEIVER

expresses theindirect object.

DATIVE: ARECEIVER in the

context ofgiving.

The indirectobject can act asthe subject for a

further action.


context ofmetaphorical

giving.

D

A force (arrow) brings an item(small circle) to a DATIVE: A RECEIVER

(circle labeled D), which has the potentialto exert a force (dotted arrow)

85

ÛÕ≈Ö∑ÿ, ÕŸ ¤…∂œÀÉ œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä≈Õ ∂œ∏, Œ¡¥∂µ«Äµ ◊∑≈ Õá¤√Ÿ Ã…√Ä, … ƒ¡£Õ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏ÿ ¥ÉÃŒœ∑∏ÿ¿ ∂¡∑∑ÃÄ∫…∏ÿ∑µ ƒ∂π«ÇÕ Õá¤√¡Õ.[Laughing, we-NOM widely open mouth-ACC, tensing all muscles-ACC face-GEN,and give opportunity-ACC completely relax other muscles-DAT.]When we laugh, we open wide our mouth, tensing all the muscles in our face, andwe give our other muscles an opportunity to completely relax.

Acts of transferring objects from one party to another are fairly widespread; in Ânglish, forexample we can send , offer , supply , and deliver things to other people. We can even extendthis idea of making something available to someone to words like buy (She bought me aticket) and show (He showed me his report card). These words aren’t really synonyms ofgive , but they share the same basic conceptual structure, and it is no surprise that in Russianwords like these will also have dative indirect objects, as we see in the following table andexamples:

‘return’◊œ⁄◊∂¡›Ä∏ÿ/◊œ⁄◊∂¡∏Ç∏ÿ/◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ

‘deliver, entrust’◊∂πfiÄ∏ÿ/◊∂πfiÇ∏ÿ◊∂πfiÅŒ…≈ ‘delivery’

‘give out, issue’◊Ÿƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/◊áƒ¡∏ÿ◊áƒ¡fi¡ ‘issue’

‘give’ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/ƒ¡∏ÿ

‘give as a gift’ƒ¡∂Ç∏ÿ/¥œƒ¡∂Ç∏ÿƒ¡∂ÅŒ…≈ ‘giving’¥œƒÄ∂œÀ ‘gift’

‘bequeath’⁄¡◊≈›Ä∏ÿ

‘render’œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ/œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ

‘leave (for)’œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ/œ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ

‘send, dispatch’œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ/œ∏¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ

‘pass, convey’¥≈∂≈ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/¥≈∂≈ƒÄ∏ÿ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi¡ ‘passing; broadcast’

‘show’¥œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ¥œÀ¡⁄ÄŒ…≈ ‘testimony, evidence’

‘buy’¥œÀπ¥Ä∏ÿ/Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ

‘entrust’¥œ∂πfiÄ∏ÿ/¥œ∂πfiÇ∏ÿ

‘dedicate’¥œ∑◊µ›Ä∏ÿ/¥œ∑◊µ∏Ç∏ÿ¥œ∑◊µ›ÅŒ…≈, ‘dedication’

‘supply’¥œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ/¥œ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ¥œ∑∏Ä◊À¡ ‘supply, delivery’

‘send’¥œ∑ŸÃÄ∏ÿ/¥œ∑ÃÄ∏ÿ¥œ∑áÃÀ¡ ‘sending; parcel’

‘offer’¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä∏ÿ/¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷Ç∏ÿ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈ ‘offer’

‘grant’¥∂≈ƒœ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ/¥∂≈ƒœ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ¥∂≈ƒœ∑∏¡◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘grant(ing)’

‘bring’¥∂…Œœ∑Ç∏ÿ/¥∂…Œ≈∑∏Ç¥∂…Œœ¤ÅŒ…≈ ‘bringing’

‘sell’¥∂œƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/¥∂œƒÄ∏ÿ¥∂œƒÄ÷¡ ‘sale’

‘hand out, distribute’∂¡⁄ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/∂¡⁄ƒÄ∏ÿ∂¡⁄ƒÄfi¡ ‘distribution’

‘hand over, surrender’∑ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ/∑ƒ¡∏ÿ∑ƒÄfi¡ ‘handing over, surrender’

Dative: a receiver 1

Words meaning‘transfer’ or‘make available’trigger DATIVE: ARECEIVER.

Expressions of giving associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER

86 The Dative Case

Ä∂∏…µ ÕœŒ¡∂»Ç∑∏œ◊ Œ¡¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑ÀœÕπ ¥∂ÇŒ√π ¸ƒ◊Ä∂ƒπ ∑¥∂É∑ÿ∫œ™ ∑∏¡∏ÿ ‹∑∏ÉŒ∑À…Õ Àœ∂œÃ£Õ.[Party-NOM monarchists-GEN sent letter-ACC English prince Edward-DAT withrequest-INST become Estonian King-INST.]The monarchist party sent a letter to the English Prince Edward with a request thathe become King of Estonia.

Î…∏Ä™ ¥œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ È∂ÄŒπ ÀœÕ¥œŒÅŒ∏Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ÕÉ«π∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ …∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡ŒŸƒÃµ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…µ Öƒ≈∂Œœ«œ œ∂Ñ÷…µ.[China-NOM supplied Iran-DAT components-ACC, which-NOM can be used-NOMfor creation-GEN nuclear weapons-GEN.]China supplied components to Iran that can be used to create nuclear weapons.

Transfer of objects with a variety of verbs also lends itself to abstract, metaphorical usage.Granting status and selling your soul involve a transfer that is more fictive than actual, butstill the connection with giving is clear:

ÔŒ ∏ÄÀ÷≈ ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÇÃ ¥∂≈ƒœ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ ◊œ∑∏œfiŒœ≈◊∂œ¥Å™∑À…Õ ∑∏∂ÄŒ¡Õ ∑∏Ä∏π∑Œ¡∫Ã¿ƒÄ∏≈Ã≈™ ¥∂… ˙¡¥¡ƒŒœ≈◊∂œ¥Å™∑ÀœÕ ∑œâ⁄≈.[He-NOM also suggested grant East-European countries-DAT status-ACC observ-ers-GEN at West-European union-LOC.]He also suggested granting the East European countries the status of observers inthe West European union.

˜∑≈ ƒÑ¤π ƒÿÖ◊œÃπ ¥∂œƒ¡â∏, ¡ µ ¥œƒ¡∂ÇÃ ∫≈∑¥ÃÄ∏Œœ.[Everyone-NOM soul-ACC devil-DAT sell, but I-NOM gave for-free.]Everyone sells their soul to the devil , but I gave mine for free.

Another way to give someone something is by creating the gift for the person. If I sayI’ll bake you a cake for your birthday , I’m promising to bring the cake into existence so thatyou will receive it; in Russian you would be the DATIVE: A RECEIVER. All kinds of wordsinvolving making things can be recruited for this purpose, such as building, cooking, sew-ing, etc. Here’s an example:

Û≈∫Å œŒÄ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ¥œ∑∏∂É…Ã¡.[Self-DAT she-NOM nothing-GEN not built.]She didn’t build anything for herself .

The force of the dative case is so strong that the role of DATIVE: A RECEIVER comes throughloud and clear even when there is no word indicating giving at all, as in this example:

Ó¡∑ÃÅƒŒ…À…, ∏∂… ∫∂Ä∏¡ … ∑≈∑∏∂Ä, ¥≈∂≈∂π«ÄÃ…∑ÿ, œ∫∑π÷ƒÄµ fi∏œ — ÀœÕÑ.[Heirs-NOM, three brothers-NOM and sister-NOM cussed-each-other-out, discuss-ing what-NOM who-DAT.]The heirs, three brothers and a sister, cussed each other out while discussing whatwould go/be given to whom .


context oftransfer.


context ofmetaphorical

transfer.


context ofcreation.

DATIVE: ARECEIVER in theabsence ‘give’.

87

Expressions of communication associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER

You will also recognize this verb-less construction in the formulaic phrase ÛÃÄ◊¡ ßÉ«π[Glory-NOM God-D·Ù] ‘Glory to God ’.

DATIVE: A RECEIVER 2—Indirect objects without direct objects

The remaining uses of the DATIVE: A RECEIVER submeaning are not indirect objects in theclassic sense because they don’t have any ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION direct objects. How-ever, they do involve the transfer of something to a receiver, even if that something is notexplicitly named in the accusative case, and for this reason we can think of these uses asbeing very close relatives to the indirect object. Usually the “missing” direct objects can befound in the meaning of the trigger word; for example, verbs of communication all involvethe transfer of a signal to a receiver, and these verbs take the dative case. When you make acontribution to a worthy cause, it is not necessary to specify that you gave them money, westill understand the charitable organization as the receiver even when the money is notmentioned. It is also possible for something to bring itself to a receiver, in which case the“missing” direct object is the subject of the sentence. Each of these types of indirect objectswill be taken up below.

There is quite a selection of words that express delivering signals to receivers. Forconvenience they can be broken down into two groups: those that involve talking and thosethat do not. In most instances you can easily recover the “missing” direct object by restatingthese words as ‘give a signal to X’, where the signal is the direct object and X is the DATIVE:A RECEIVER. Because the signal is already implicit in the word, we can skip right over it andgo directly to the receiver. This table contains some of the communication words associatedwith the dative that you are likely to encounter:

communication: talking‘thanks to’∫Ã¡«œƒ¡∂Ö

‘order’◊≈ÃÅ∏ÿ/¥œ◊≈ÃÅ∏ÿ

‘say ◊Ÿ to’◊áÀ¡∏ÿ◊áÀ¡Œ…≈ ‘saying ◊Ÿ to’

‘speak, tell’«œ◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ/∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ

‘threaten’«∂œ⁄Ç∏ÿ/¥∂…«∂œ⁄Ç∏ÿπ«∂É⁄¡ ‘threat’

‘call’⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ/¥œ⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ⁄◊œŒÉÀ ‘call’

‘flatter’Ãÿ∑∏…∏ÿ/¥œÃÿ∑∏Ç∏ÿ

‘pray’ÕœÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œÕœÃÇ∏ÿ∑µÕœÃÇ∏◊¡ ‘prayer’ÕœÃÅ∫≈Œ ‘prayer service’ÕœÃÖ›…™∑µ ‘person who is praying’

‘remind’Œ¡¥œÕ…ŒÄ∏ÿ/Œ¡¥ÉÕŒ…∏ÿŒ¡¥œÕ…ŒÄŒ…≈ ‘reminder’

‘promise’œ∫≈›Ä∏ÿ

‘explain’œ∫flµ∑ŒÖ∏ÿ/œ∫flµ∑ŒÇ∏ÿ

‘answer’œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ/œ∏◊Å∏…∏ÿœ∏◊Å∏ ‘answer’

‘say yes to’¥œƒƒÄÀ…◊¡∏ÿ/¥œƒƒÄÀŒπ∏ÿ¥œƒƒÄÀ…◊¡Œ…≈ ‘saying yes to’

‘order’¥∂…ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ/¥∂…À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ¥∂…À¡⁄ÄŒ…≈ ‘order’

‘protest’¥∂œ∏≈∑∏œ◊Ä∏ÿ¥∂œ∏Å∑∏ ‘protest’


DATIVE: ARECEIVER canexpress theindirect objectwithout a directobject.

“Missing” directobjects includesignals, moneyand gifts, and theself.

DATIVE: ARECEIVER in thecontext of givingsignals.

88 The Dative Case

The following three examples illustrate how communication words involving talkingare used with the dative:

Û≈«ÉƒŒµ œŒ Œ¡¥œÕ…ŒÄ≈∏ ÕŒ≈: ◊ µŒ◊¡∂Å …∑¥Ÿ∏ÄŒ…µ ŒÉ◊œ«œ ∑∏≈ÀÃœ¥ÃÄ∑∏…À¡ƒœÃ÷Œá ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi≈ŒŸ.[Today he-NOM reminds me-DAT: in January-LOC tests-NOM new plexiglass-GEN should-NOM be finished-NOM.]Today he reminds me: the tests on the new plexiglass should be finished in January.

Ò ¥œ⁄◊œŒÇÃ ⁄¡◊Åƒπ¿›≈Õπ ∑¥œ∂∏Ç◊Œœ™ ÀÄ∆≈ƒ∂œ™.[I-NOM called head-DAT athletic department-INST.]I called the head of the athletic department.

· µ œ∏◊≈fiÄ¿ ≈ÕÑ, fi∏œ µ ∏∂Äfiπ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ¡ ≈ƒÑ.[And I-NOM answer him-DAT, that I-NOM spend only on food-ACC.]And I answer him that I only spend money on food.

There are some communication verbs that do not use the dative case. ßÃ¡«œƒ¡∂Ç∏ÿ/¥œ∫Ã¡«œƒ¡∂Ç∏ÿ ‘thank’ has an accusative direct object, but it used to take the dative, andthe preposition ∫Ã¡«œƒ¡∂Ö ‘thanks to’ still does:

Ó¡∑≈ÃÅŒ…≈ ÛÅ∂∫∑Àœ™ Ú≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… ∫Ã¡«œƒ¡∂Ö ∑◊œÇÕ ¥œÃÇ∏…À¡Õ π÷Å ∂¡∑ÀÉÃœ∏œÕÅ÷ƒπ ÄÃ≈ … ßÄŒµ-ÏÑÀœ™.

Expressions of communication associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER (continued)communication: talking‘report, inform’∑œœ∫›Ä∏ÿ/∑œœ∫›Ç∏ÿ∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…≈ ‘report, communication’

‘advise’∑œ◊Å∏œ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œ∑œ◊Å∏œ◊¡∏ÿ∑œ◊Å∏ ‘advice’

‘say ∏Ÿ to’∏áÀ¡∏ÿ∏áÀ¡Œ…≈ ‘saying ∏Ÿ to’

‘read (out loud) to’fi…∏Ä∏ÿ/¥∂œfi…∏Ä∏ÿ (◊∑Ãπ»)

communication: other signals‘applaud’¡¥ÃœƒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘nod’À…◊Ä∏ÿ/À…◊ŒÑ∏ÿ

‘bow’ÀÃÄŒµ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œÀÃœŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ¥œÀÃÉŒ ‘bow’

‘wave’Õ¡»Ä∏ÿ/¥œÕ¡»Ä∏ÿ

‘blink, wink’Õœ∂«Ä∏ÿ/Õœ∂«ŒÑ∏ÿ

‘write’¥…∑Ä∏ÿ/Œ¡¥…∑Ä∏ÿ¥…∑ÿÕÉ ‘letter’

‘wink’¥œƒÕÇ«…◊¡∏ÿ/¥œƒÕ…«ŒÑ∏ÿ¥œƒÕÇ«…◊¡Œ…≈ ‘winking’

‘message, epistle’¥œ∑ÃÄŒ…≈

‘radio’∂¡ƒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘applaud, clap’∂πÀœ¥Ã≈∑ÀÄ∏ÿ∂πÀœ¥Ã≈∑ÀÄŒ…≈ ‘applause’

‘signal’∑…«ŒÄÃ…∏ÿ∑…«Œ¡Ã…⁄Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ(∑µ)∑…«ŒÄÃ ‘signal’

‘laugh’∑Õ≈Ö∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑Õ≈Ö∏ÿ∑µ

‘telegraph’∏≈Ã≈«∂¡∆Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘smile’πÃŸ∫Ä∏ÿ∑µ/πÃŸ∫ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ

‘grin’π∑Õ≈»Ä∏ÿ∑µ/π∑Õ≈»ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ

89

[Population-NOM Serbian Republic-GEN thanks own politicians-DAT already split-NOM between Pale-INST and Banja-Luka-INST.]Thanks to its politicians the population of the Republic of Serbia is already splitbetween Pale and Banja-Luka.

As you see in the table above, communication through bodily gestures and electricalsignals is likewise directed to DATIVE: A RECEIVER. Here is an example so you can see theparallel with verbs of verbal communication:

ÔŒ ¥œÀÃœŒÇÃ∑µ ¡À∏∂Ç∑≈.[He-NOM bowed actress-DAT.]He bowed to the actress .

In both Russian and English there are some verbs that mean ‘give money or a gift’, suchas pay and donate . Because the idea that money or a gift is involved is already part of theword, it doesn’t need to appear as an accusative direct object, just like the signals above.Here are some of the words you can expect to see with DATIVE: A RECEIVER, along with anexample to illustrate:

‘donate’÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œ÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ¥œ÷Å∂∏◊œ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘donation’

Expressions of giving money associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER

‘compensate’ÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ä√…µ ‘compensation’

Ò ◊ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…… ⁄¡¥Ã¡∏Ç∏ÿ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ¡Õ ⁄¡ «∂≈»Ç ¥∂≈ƒŸƒÑ›…» ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ã≈™.[I-NOM in condition-LOC pay citizens-DAT for sins-ACC previous rulers-GEN.]I am in a position to pay the citizens for the sins of their previous rulers.

DATIVE: A RECEIVER 3—Giving the self

As an alternative to presenting something to a DATIVE: A RECEIVER, the subject can simplypresent itself, and this can impact the receiver in two ways. The subject can physically bringitself to the receiver, or it can bring itself merely to the perception of the receiver, usuallywith verbs meaning ‘appear (in a dream)’, ‘seem’, ‘make an impression’. Here are somewords that commonly indicate the giving of the self to a DATIVE: A RECEIVER:


DATIVE: ARECEIVER in thecontext of givingmoney or gifts.

DATIVE: ARECEIVER in thecontext of givingthe self.

‘pay’¥Ã¡∏Ç∏ÿ/⁄¡¥Ã¡∏Ç∏ÿ¥ÃÄ∏¡, ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡ ‘pay, wages’

‘change (money back)’∑ƒÄfi¡

‘appear to in a dream’«∂Å⁄…∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂…«∂Å⁄…∏ÿ∑µ

‘come to; allow oneself tobe caught by’ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ

‘go to, fall to one’s lot,be inherited by’ƒœ∑∏¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/ƒœ∑∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ

Expressions of appearance and manifestation associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER

90 The Dative Case

Money presents itself to receivers in two situations in this example. In the first instancethe receiver is an individual on a payroll (who pays attention to how much is in his check),whereas in the second one it is an anonymous firm (that will sign off on any amount ofmoney):

˜≈ƒÿ ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡ ƒœ∑∏¡£∏∑µ ÀœŒÅfiŒœÕπ ¥œ∏∂≈∫Ç∏≈Ã¿, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ƒœ¥ÉƒÃ…ŒŒœ⁄ŒÄ≈∏, ¥œÃπfiÇÃ œŒ Õ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ ÇÃ… ¥œÃÕ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ¡, ◊ ∏œ ◊∂ÅÕµ À¡À…Œ◊≈∑∏…√…ÉŒŒŸ≈ ƒÅŒÿ«… π»Éƒµ∏ ∆Ç∂Õ≈, Àœ∏É∂¡µ ⁄Ä¥∂œ∑∏œ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∂¡∑¥…∑Ä∏ÿ∑µ⁄¡ Ã¿∫É≈ ÀœÃÇfi≈∑∏◊œ ƒÅŒ≈«.[After-all salary-NOM goes end user-DAT, who-NOM for-certain knows, receivedhe-NOM million-ACC or half-million-ACC, in that time-ACC as investment money-NOM goes firm-DAT, which-NOM simply can sign for any amount-ACC money-GEN.]After all a salary goes to the end user , who knows for certain whether he received amillion or half a million, whereas investment money goes to a firm which can sim-ply sign for any amount of money.

Ultimately many verbs of motion can be used to bring the subject to a receiver; the preposi-tion Œ¡◊∑∏∂Åfiπ ‘toward, to meet’ is often used to enhance this meaning:

Ó¡◊∑∏∂Åfiπ ÕŒ≈ ∑¥≈¤Ç∏ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑À…™ œ∫œ⁄∂≈◊Ä∏≈Ãÿ.[Toward me-DAT hurries economic reviewer-NOM.]The economic reviewer comes hurrying toward me.

The following three examples are of the metaphoric type. In all cases the subject ispresenting itself to the perception of the receiver, by making an appearance (to waking ordreaming consciousness) or by making an impression.

‰œ ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ¤Œ≈«œ ƒŒµ ÕœÖ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ À¡⁄ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ÕŒ≈ ∑◊µ∏áÕ ÕÅ∑∏œÕ.[Until today’s day-GEN my laboratory-NOM seemed me-DAT holy place-INST.]Up to the present day my laboratory has seemed to me to be a holy place.

Expressions of appearance and manifestation associated with DATIVE: A RECEIVER (contin-

‘become fixed in one’s memory’⁄¡¥ÉÕŒ…∏ÿ∑µ

‘known to’…⁄◊Å∑∏ŒŸ™

‘impress’…Õ¥œŒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘seem to’À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘appear to, haunt’Õ≈∂Å›…∏ÿ∑µ/¥œÕ≈∂Å›…∏ÿ∑µ

‘toward’Œ¡◊∑∏∂Åfiπ

‘introduce oneself to’¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘introduction’

‘go in front of, precede’¥∂≈ƒ¤Å∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘appear to in a dream’∑ŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂…∑ŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ

‘Seeming’ and‘appearing’function as

metaphoricalextensions of

giving the self.

91

Ó≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ≈ÕÑ ∑ŒÇÃ¡∑ÿ ƒÅ◊π¤À¡ …⁄ ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ≈™ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂Ÿ.[Recently him-DAT appeared-in-dream girl-NOM from next-door apartment-GEN.]Recently the girl from the apartment next door appeared to him in a dream.

Ò ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ Œ¡ ÙÄ∑¿ œ∫∂¡›Ä¿∏ ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈. ñ∏œ …Õ¥œŒÇ∂œ◊¡Ãœ ÕŒ≈.[I-NOM noticed, that on Tasya-ACC turn attention-ACC. That-NOM impressedme-DAT.]I noticed that people were paying attention to Tasya. That impressed me.

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 1—Benefit

Something happens to a DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER, and the dative item absorbs that experi-ence. You can think of this as a diluted version of DATIVE: A RECEIVER; here the dative doesn’tget something, instead it gets just an experience of something. Words meaning ‘show’ and

‘appear to’ are transitional examples, demonstrating thelink between DATIVE: A RECEIVER and DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER. We use the dative case for experiences be-cause the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER is capable of appreci-ating the impact of whatever action or state it is ex-posed to. Experiences can be good and bad, thus ben-efiting or harming the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER. Posses-sion and need are also common experiences, and thenthere are many miscellaneous experiences that don’tfit into neat categories. Let’s start with the good expe-riences that bring benefit to the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER.Kindness comes in many forms, and there is a wealth

of ways in which something or someone can bring benefit. Here is a table of words that youcan expect to see accompanied by DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER:

‘thankful to’∫Ã¡«œƒÄ∂ŒŸ™

‘favor’∫Ã¡«œ¥∂…Ö∏∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘be lucky’◊≈⁄∏Ç/¥œ◊≈⁄∏Ç

‘be good for’«œƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ«ÉƒŒŸ™

‘suit, become’…ƒ∏Ç

Expressions of benefit associated with DATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER

‘please’Œ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ/¥œŒ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ

‘allow, permit’¥œ⁄◊œÃÖ∏ÿ/¥œ⁄◊ÉÃ…∏ÿ¥œ⁄◊ÉÃ≈ŒŒŸ™ ‘permitted’

‘patronize, support’¥œÀ∂œ◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ¥œÀ∂œ◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊π¿›…™ ‘patron’¥œÀ∂œ◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ ‘patronage’

‘become attractive to’¥œÃ¿∫Ç∏ÿ∑µ

‘help’¥œÕœ«Ä∏ÿ/¥œÕÉfiÿ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ ‘help’

‘forgive, pardon’¥∂œ›Ä∏ÿ/¥∂œ∑∏Ç∏ÿ

‘sympathize’∑…Õ¥¡∏…⁄Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ∑…Õ¥¡∏Çfi≈Œ ‘nice’∑…Õ¥Ä∏…µ ‘sympathy’∑…Õ¥¡∏…⁄Ç∂π¿›…™ ‘supporter’

Dative:: an experiencer 1

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expresses anitem exposed tobenefit/harm,possession/need,external forces,ease/difficulty, orobligation/desire.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER inthe context ofbenefit.

D

A force (arrow) acts on aDATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER (circle labeled

D), which has the potentialto exert a force (dotted arrow)

92 The Dative Case

Here are some examples of relatively concrete assistance given to a DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER:

ÔŒ ¥œ⁄◊ÉÃ…∏ ŒÄ¤≈™ Œ≈∆∏µŒÉ™ ¥∂œÕá¤Ã≈ŒŒœ∑∏… ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∑◊œÇ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕŸ.[He-NOM will-allow our oil industry-DAT solve own problems-ACC.]He will allow our oil industry to solve its own problems.

Û Ü∏œ«œ ÕœÕÅŒ∏¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥œÀ∂œ◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã ŒÄ¤≈Õπ ÕÜ∂π.[From that moment-GEN president-NOM supported our mayor-DAT.]From that moment on, the president supported our mayor .

The next two examples illustrate ‘serving’ in a relatively metaphorical sense:

ì∫¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Ã¿∫ÇÃ… Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂π … ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ¥œ-∑◊É≈Õπ, Œœ œƒ…ŒÄÀœ◊œ¥∂Åƒ¡ŒŒœ ∑Ãπ÷ÇÃ… ≈™.[Both-NOM more life-GEN loved literature-ACC and each-NOM in-own-way, butequally devotedly served it-DAT.]They both loved literature more than life itself and each one did so in their own way,but they served it with equal devotion.

Ù≈Ã≈◊…⁄…ÉŒŒŸ™ ÀœÕÕ≈Œ∏Ä∏œ∂ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ ƒπ»É◊Œœ«œ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒ∑∏◊¡ ÕÉ÷Œœƒœ∑∏Çfiÿ ¥∂É∑∏œ ◊Å∂œ™ … ∑Ãπ÷ÅŒ…≈Õ ƒœ∫∂Ñ.[Television commentator-NOM remarked, that spiritual perfection-GEN possibleattain simply faith-INST and serving-INST good-DAT.]The television commentator remarked that it is possible to attain spiritual perfectionsimply through faith and by serving good .

To express ‘like’ (any attraction weaker than full-blown love), Russian uses the verbmeaning ‘please’ Œ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ/¥œŒ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ with the dative, and the logical structure of thesentence is the inverse of what we have in English, so you-NOM please me-DAT, reallymeans ‘I like you’. Here’s an example of how this works in Russian:

Expressions of benefit associated with DATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER (continued)

‘serve’∑Ãπ÷Ç∏ÿ/¥œ∑Ãπ÷Ç∏ÿ∑ÃÑ÷∫¡/∑Ãπ÷ÅŒ…≈ ‘service’

‘sympathize, condole’∑œ∫œÃÅ⁄Œœ◊¡∏ÿ∑œ∫œÃÅ⁄Œœ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘sympathy, condo-lence’

‘assist, help’∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈ ‘assistance’

‘sympathize’∑œfiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑œfiÑ◊∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ™ ‘sympathetic’∑œfiÑ◊∑∏◊…≈ ‘sympathy’

‘assist, facilitate’∑¥œ∑É∫∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑¥œ∑É∫∑∏◊œ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘assistance’

‘please’π«œ÷ƒÄ∏ÿ/π«œƒÇ∏ÿ

‘useful’¥œÃÅ⁄ŒŸ™¥ÉÃÿ⁄¡ ‘use’

‘pleasant’¥∂…Ö∏ŒŸ™

‘convenient’πƒÉ∫ŒŸ™

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER withŒ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ/

¥œŒ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ‘like’.

93

ÌŒ≈ Œ∂Ä◊µ∏ÿ∑µ ∏≈, ÀœÕÑ Œ∂Ä◊Ã¿∑ÿ µ.[Me-DAT please those-NOM, who-DAT please I-NOM.]I like people who like me.

The use of the verb …ƒ∏Ç with the dative to mean ‘suit, become’ is idiomatic, but then sois the use of English go in phrases like go well with . In this example, age goes well withShurochka’s looks:

ı ˚Ñ∂œfiÀ… ∫ŸÃ ∏œ∏ ∏…¥ ◊ŒÅ¤Œœ∑∏…, Àœ∏É∂œÕπ …ƒ£∏ ◊É⁄∂¡∑∏.[By Shurochka-GEN was that type-NOM appearance-GEN, which-DAT suits age-NOM.]Shurochka had the type of appearance that is improved by age.

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 2—Harm

Russian has a rich variety of expressions for harm inflicted upon a DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER.Some of the most common ones are in this table. You will notice that «∂œ⁄Ç∏ÿ ‘threaten’shows up both here and under verbs of communication above. This verb is just as ambigu-ous in Russian as it is in English; a threat can be construed either as a message delivered toa DATIVE: A RECEIVER or as a physical reality endured by a DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER.

‘oppose, object’◊œ⁄∂¡÷Ä∏ÿ/◊œ⁄∂¡⁄Ç∏ÿ◊œ⁄∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ‘objection’

‘in spite of, against, contrary to’◊œ¥∂≈ÀÇ

‘hostile’◊∂¡÷ƒÅ∫ŒŸ™

‘injure, harm’◊∂≈ƒÇ∏ÿ/¥œ◊∂≈ƒÇ∏ÿ◊∂ÅƒŒŸ™ ‘harmful’◊∂≈ƒ ‘harm’

‘threaten’«∂œ⁄Ç∏ÿ/¥∂…«∂œ⁄Ç∏ÿ

‘be rude to’«∂π∫Ç∏ÿ/Œ¡«∂π∫Ç∏ÿ

‘be impertinent to’ƒ≈∂⁄Ç∏ÿ/Œ¡ƒ≈∂⁄Ç∏ÿ

Expressions of harm associated with DATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER

‘annoy’ƒœ∑¡÷ƒÄ∏ÿ/ƒœ∑¡ƒÇ∏ÿ

‘envy’⁄¡◊Çƒœ◊¡∏ÿ

‘forbid’⁄¡¥∂≈›Ä∏ÿ/⁄¡¥∂≈∏Ç∏ÿ

‘betray’…⁄Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ/…⁄Õ≈ŒÇ∏ÿ…⁄ÕÅŒ¡ ‘betrayal’

‘hinder, annoy’Õ≈¤Ä∏ÿ/¥œÕ≈¤Ä∏ÿ¥œÕÅ»¡ ‘hinder, annoy’

‘take revenge’Õ∑∏Ç∏ÿ/œ∏œÕ∑∏Ç∏ÿÕ≈∑∏ÿ ‘revenge’

‘get on nerves of’Œ¡ƒœ≈ƒÄ∏ÿ/Œ¡ƒœÅ∑∏ÿ

‘bore’Œ¡∑ÀÑfi…∏ÿ

‘grow hateful to’œ¥œ∑∏áÃ≈∏ÿ

‘bore, repel’œ∑∏œfi≈∂∏Å∏ÿ

‘contradict’¥≈∂Åfi…∏ÿ

‘prefer (something else) over’¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi…∏Ä∏ÿ/ ¥∂≈ƒ¥œfiÅ∑∏ÿ

‘hinder, interfere’¥∂≈¥Ö∏∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘oppose’¥∂œ∏Ç◊…∏ÿ∑µ/ ◊œ∑¥∂œ∏Ç◊…∏ÿ∑µ¥∂œ∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ‘opposite, contrary’¥∂œ∏…◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘opposition’

‘oppose, fight against’¥∂œ∏…◊œ∫É∂∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ


Idiomatic use ofDATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER with…ƒ∏Ç to express‘suit, become’.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER inthe context ofharm.

94 The Dative Case

Here is an example of a physical threat to a DATIVE: EXPERIENCER, that of AIDS:

È Å∑Ã… ◊∑≈ “¥∂ÅÃ≈∑∏…” Œ¡∂ÀœÕÄŒ…… «∂œ⁄Ö∏ ÀœŒÀ∂Å∏ŒœÕπ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀπ, ∑¡ÕœÕÑ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿›≈Õπ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…≈ “∫Ÿ∏ÿ ÇÃ… Œ≈ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ”, ∏œ ÛÈ‰, ∂¡⁄Œœ∑ÇÕŸ™«∂Ö⁄ŒŸÕ… ¤¥∂…√ÄÕ… Ãœ◊√É◊ «∂£⁄, «∂œ⁄Ç∏ Œ¡Õ ◊∑≈Õ.[And if all “charms”-NOM drug-abuse-GEN threaten concrete person-DAT, selfreceiving-DAT decision-ACC “be or not be”, then AIDS-NOM, spread-NOM dirtysyringes-INST catchers-GEN dreams-GEN, threatens us all-DAT.]And if all the “charms” of drug abuse threaten a concrete person who himself makesthe decision “to be or not to be”, then AIDS, spread by dream-seekers’ dirty needles,threatens us all .

In the context of an amorous relationship, …⁄Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ/…⁄Õ≈ŒÇ∏ÿ refers more specifically tobetrayal:

È ∏π∏ ÷≈ŒÄ ∑∏ÄÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ …⁄Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ. ∂…fi£Õ Œ≈∂¡⁄∫É∂fi…◊œ … ∫≈∑¥∂≈∂á◊Œœ.[And here wife-NOM began him-DAT betray. Moreover promiscuously and con-tinually.]And then his wife began to cheat on him. And she did it promiscuously and continu-ally.

Showing a preference for one thing over another causes some harm to that second thing.In Russian the item that is negatively impacted by preference appears in the dative:

Ûœ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒŸ™ ⁄∂Ç∏≈Ãÿ fiÄ∑∏œ ¥á¤ŒœÕπ ⁄∂ÅÃ…›π, «ƒ≈ «≈∂É… ƒ≈ÀÃ¡ÕÇ∂π¿∏ÕœŒœÃÉ«… …⁄ ÀÃ¡∑∑Çfi≈∑À…» ¥ÿ≈∑, ¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi…∏Ä≈∏ ∑ÃÄƒÀœ≈ ¥ÅŒ…≈ ¥œ¥-⁄◊£⁄ƒ …⁄ÁœŒÀÉŒ«¡.[Contemporary viewer-NOM often lavish spectacle-DAT, where heroes-NOM re-cite monologues-ACC from classical plays-GEN, prefers sweet singing-ACC pop-stars-GEN from Hong Kong-GEN.]

Expressions of harm associated with DATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER (continued)

‘oppose, counteract’¥∂œ∏…◊œƒÅ™∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘oppose, contrast’¥∂œ∏…◊œ¥œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ/¥∂œ∏…◊œ¥œ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ¥∂œ∏…◊œ¥œ∑∏¡◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘opposing,contrasting’

‘contradict’¥∂œ∏…◊œ∂Åfi…∏ÿ¥∂œ∏…◊œ∂Åfi…≈ ‘contradiction’

‘resist, oppose’∑œ¥∂œ∏…◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ∑œ¥∂œ∏…◊ÃÖ≈Õœ∑∏ÿ ‘resistance,opposition’

‘threaten’π«∂œ÷Ä∏ÿπ«∂É⁄¡ ‘threat’

‘offensive’œ∫ÇƒŒŸ™

‘difficult’∏∂ÑƒŒŸ™

‘alien’fiÑ÷ƒŸ™

‘opposition’œ¥¥œ⁄Ç√…µ

‘detriment’π›Å∂∫

95

The contemporary viewer often prefers the sweet singing of pop-stars from HongKong over the lavish spectacle of heroes reciting monologues from classical plays.

The following two examples show harm expressed by an adjective and a noun, both trigger-ing the use of the dative:

Â™ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊≈Œ ∑¡Õ ⁄◊πÀ ∏◊œ≈«É «ÉÃœ∑¡.[Her-DAT repulsive-NOM self sound-NOM your voice-GEN.]The very sound of your voice is repulsive to her .

Ù∂¡Õ◊Ä… ∫áÃ… œ∏Õ≈Œ≈Œá ¥œfi∏Ç 40 Ã≈∏ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, ¥œ∑ÀÉÃÿÀπ, ¥œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ◊Ã¡∑∏Å™,œŒÇ ∑œ⁄ƒ¡◊ÄÃ… ¥œÕÅ»… ∏∂ÄŒ∑¥œ∂∏ŒŸÕ ¥œ∏ÉÀ¡Õ.[Trams-NOM were abolished-NOM almost 40-ACC years-GEN ago, since, accord-ing opinion-DAT authorities-GEN, they-NOM created hindrances-ACC transporta-tion streams-DAT.]Trams were abolished almost 40 years ago because according to the authorities theywere a hindrance to the flow of transportation .

The preposition ◊œ¥∂≈ÀÇ ‘in spite of, against, contrary to’ is used with the dative foradversarial relationships; here is an example of how it works:

˜ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ ÕÅ∑µ√Ÿ ◊œ¥∂≈ÀÇ ∑◊œÇÕ …ƒ≈œÃœ«Çfi≈∑À…Õ π∑∏¡ŒÉ◊À¡Õ œŒ ¥œ⁄◊ÉÃ…Ã¥∂œ◊≈∑∏Ç Ã£«Àπ¿ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑Àπ¿ Ã…∫≈∂¡Ã…⁄Ä√…¿ ◊ ∑∏∂¡ŒÅ.[In last months-ACC contrary own ideological aims-DAT he-NOM allowed carry-out light economic liberalization-ACC in country-LOC.]Contrary to his ideological aims , he allowed a mild economic liberalization to becarried out in the country in recent months.

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 3—Having and needing

Remember that we started our discussion of the dative with verbs meaning ‘give’. Thefinal state that the dative ultimately reaches as a result of “giving” is “having”. In this use ofthe DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER, the dative item experiences possession and related states ofhaving, such as availablility, having knowledge of, and need (the state when having is de-sired).

‘belong to’¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ

‘be necessary to’∏∂Å∫œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∏∂Å∫œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ

Expressions of having and needing associated with DATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER

‘suffice’»◊¡∏Ä∏ÿ

‘sufficient’ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒŸ™ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒœ ‘sufficient(ly)’

‘known to’…⁄◊Å∑∏ŒŸ™…⁄◊Å∑∏Œœ ‘known to’

‘possible’ÕÉ÷Œœ


DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER inthe contexts ofpossession,availability, andnecessity.

96 The Dative Case

Here are some examples using the trigger words in the table to express states of having:

˜¡Õ, ∑Àœ∂Å≈ ◊∑≈«É, ¥œ∏∂Å∫π¿∏∑µ ∫ÉÃÿ¤…≈ ∑ÑÕÕŸ, fi≈Õ œ∫áfiŒœ.[You-DAT, rather all-GEN, will-be-needed larger sums-NOM, than usual.]You will probably need larger sums of money than usual.

ÂÕÑ ƒÃµ ∂¡◊Œœ◊Å∑…µ ∑ ÕÇ∂œÕ ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒœ ƒ◊¡-∏∂… ∫ÃÇ⁄À…» fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡.[Him-DAT for balance-GEN with world-INST sufficient two-three close people-NOM.]To keep his balance with the world he needs only two or three people to be close to.

ÂÕÑ …⁄◊Å∑∏ŒŸ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂ŒŸ≈ ∏Ä™ŒŸ ¥∂É¤Ãœ«œ … ∫Ñƒπ›≈«œ.[Him-DAT known-NOM literary secrets-NOM past-GEN and future-GEN.]He knows the literary secrets of the past and the future.

In English we can say that people have it in them or that they have a tendency to do some-thing, and this tendency that they have is a characteristic; here is a Russian example thatuses this kind of logic:

ÏâƒµÕ ∑◊É™∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ Œ¡ƒÅµ∏ÿ∑µ … ◊Å∂…∏ÿ ◊ »œ∂É¤≈≈.[People-DAT characteristically hope and believe in good-ACC.]People tend to hope and to believe in good.

The most common way to express need and necessity is with ŒÑ÷ŒŸ™/ŒÑ÷≈Œ ‘needed’ orŒÑ÷Œœ/ŒÄƒœ ‘need to’, and similar to Œ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ/¥œŒ∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ ‘like’, the grammatical forceof the construction is the opposite of what we have in English. Instead of our needingthings, in Russian things are needed to us:

· ÕÉ÷≈∏, œŒÄ ◊œœ∫›Å Œ≈ Œπ÷ŒÄ ÕŒ≈ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈, Ü∏¡ Ã¿∫É◊ÿ?[And perhaps, it-NOM at-all not needed-NOM me-DAT further, this love-NOM?]And perhaps I don’t need it at all anymore, this love?

Ó¡Õ ŒÄƒœ ∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ ∫ŸÃ Ç⁄∫∂¡Œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏, ∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸ™«¡∂¡Œ∏Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ ∂¡⁄◊Ç∏…≈ Úœ∑∑Ç… ¥œ ƒ≈ÕœÀ∂¡∏Çfi≈∑ÀœÕπ ¥π∏Ç.[Us-DAT needed work thus, so-that was chosen-NOM president-NOM, capable-NOM guarantee development-ACC Russia-GEN along democratic path-DAT.]

Expressions of having and needing associated with DATIVE:: AN EXPERIENCER (continued)

‘impossible’Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ

‘need’ŒÑ÷ŒŸ™/ŒÑ÷≈Œ ‘needed’ŒÑ÷Œœ; ŒÄƒœ ‘need to’

‘required’œ∫µ⁄Ä∏≈ÃÿŒŸ™œ∫µ⁄Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ ‘required’

‘inherent, characteristic’¥∂…∑Ñ›…™

‘characteristic of’∑◊É™∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ™∑◊É™∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ ‘characteristic of’

97

We have to work so that a president is chosen who is capable of guaranteeing Russia’sdevelopment along the path to democracy.

The DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER can express possession even without a trigger word likethose in the table. Most frequently this happens with body parts which (barring catastrophicaccident) belong to the person who inhabits the body. The grammatical logic of the follow-ing three sentences is as follows. Russian ‘the soldier broke to him the head’ is equivalent to‘the soldier broke his head’ because he experiences having the head (and the damage thereto).In the same way, ‘the old woman looks to me into the mouth’ is equivalent to ‘the old womanlooks at my mouth’, and ‘the woman places to me onto shoulder hand’ is equivalent to ‘thewoman places her hand on my shoulder’.

ÛœÃƒÄ∏ ¥∂œÃœÕÇÃ ≈ÕÑ «ÉÃœ◊π ∫ÃÖ»œ™.[Soldier-NOM broke him-DAT head-ACC name-plate-INST.]The soldier broke his head with the name-plate.

(By the way, the soldier broke someone else’s head, not his own. If it had been his own head,we would see ∑≈∫Å [self-DAT] ‘himself ’ instead of ≈ÕÑ.)

Û∏¡∂Ñ»¡ ∑ÕÉ∏∂…∏ ÕŒ≈ ¥∂ÖÕœ ◊ ∂œ∏ … ÷ƒ£∏ ∂¡⁄ÑÕŒœ«œ ∑œ◊Å∏¡.[Old-woman-NOM looks me-DAT straight into mouth-ACC and waits reasonableadvice-GEN.]The old woman looks right at my mouth and waits for reasonable advice.

ˆÅŒ›…Œ¡ ÀÃ¡ƒ£∏ ÕŒ≈ Œ¡ ¥Ã≈fiÉ ∂ÑÀπ »πƒÑ¿, À¡À ¥∏Çfiÿµ ÃÄ¥¡.[Woman-NOM places me-DAT onto shoulder-ACC hand thin-ACC, like bird’s foot-NOM.]The woman places her hand on my shoulder, and it is thin, like a bird’s foot.

˜œƒÇ∏≈Ãÿ œ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÇÃ Õ¡¤ÇŒπ, œ∏∂Å⁄¡Ã ⁄◊Å∂¿ »◊œ∑∏, … πÅ»¡Ã.[Driver-NOM stopped vehicle-ACC, cut-off animal-DAT tail-ACC, and rode-away.]The driver stopped his vehicle, cut off the animal’s tail, and drove away.

The only significant exception to the rule that this kind of possession involves body parts isthe use of the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER with the word ÀœŒÅ√; note that this is parallel to ouruse in English of to with this word as in the translation of this example:

ÎœŒ√Ä ∫≈∑¥œÀÉ™∑∏◊π Œ≈ ◊ÇƒŒœ.[End-GEN upset-DAT not visible.]There’s no end to the upset in sight.

In English when we want to talk about the lack of an opportunity, we can say thatsomeone has no one to turn to, has nowhere to go, has nothing to hope for . Russian canexpress this state of not having a choice by putting the prefix Œ≈- on the missing item andusing the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER, as in these examples:


DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expressespossession ofbody parts.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expresses havingan end withÀœŒÅ√.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expresses nothaving anyoptions with Œ≈-.

98 The Dative Case

Ò ¥∂œ¤Ñ ¥∂œ›ÅŒ…µ ⁄¡ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ…≈ ¥œƒ∂É∫Œœ∑∏… ◊ œ¥…∑ÄŒ……, Œœ ÕŒ≈ ¥∂É∑∏œŒÅÀœÕπ œ∫ Ü∏œÕ ∂¡∑∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ.[I-NOM beg forgiveness-GEN for excessive details-ACC in description-LOC, butme-DAT simply no-one-DAT about this-LOC tell.]I beg your forgiveness for the excessive detail in my description, but I simply don’thave anyone to tell this to.

Ô∫≈›ÄÃ…, fi∏œ fiÅ∑∏ŒŸÕ ÃâƒµÕ ŒÅfi≈«œ ∫œÖ∏ÿ∑µ.[Promised, that honest people-DAT nothing-GEN fear.]They promised that honest people have nothing to fear.

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 4—Age, environment, and emotions

This use is the grab-bag for all kinds of other experiences encountered by a DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER. The logic here is that something is happening in the outside world that iscausing a change or a feeling in the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER. A constant force exerted byexternal reality is the unrelenting march of time. As a result we age, and in Russian weexperience this process in the dative case. This is why we ask ÛÀÉÃÿÀœ ◊¡Õ Ã≈∏? [How-many you-DAT years-GEN?] ‘How old are you?’ and we reply ÌŒ≈ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ [Me-DAT twenty-NOM years-GEN] ‘I am twenty years old’. The verb …∑¥œÃŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/…∑¥ÉÃŒ…∏ÿ∑µ ‘complete’ is also associated with the accumulation of birthdays, as in thisexample:

Ï≈«≈ŒƒÄ∂ŒœÕπ ˜ÄŒπ ÎÃÇ∫≈∂Œπ, ⁄¡◊œ≈◊Ä◊¤≈Õπ ◊ 1958 «œƒÑ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Å ¥Å∂◊π¿¥∂ÅÕ…¿ Œ¡ ÀÉŒÀπ∂∑≈ ÇÕ≈Œ… . È. ˛¡™ÀÉ◊∑Àœ«œ, …∑¥œÃŒÖ≈∏∑µ 60 Ã≈∏.[Legendary Van Cliburn-DAT, won-DAT in 1958 year-LOC in Moscow-LOC firstprize-ACC at competition-LOC name-GEN P. I. Tchaikovsky, completes 60-NOMyears-GEN.]The legendary Van Cliburn, who won first prize at the P. I. Tchaikovsky competitionin Moscow in 1958, is 60 years old.

Environmental conditions can induce feelings of heat and cold, as in e™ »ÉÃœƒŒœ/÷Ä∂Àœ[her-DAT cold/hot] ‘she feels cold/hot’, as well as a host of emotions, as in these examples:

ÌŒ≈ ◊Å∑≈Ãœ œ∏∏œ«É, fi∏œ ƒ≈Œÿ ∑ÉÃŒ≈fiŒŸ™.[Me-DAT happily from-that, that day-NOM sunny-NOM.]I’m happy because it’s a sunny day.

˜ ∏¿∂ÅÕŒŸ» ÀÄÕ≈∂¡» œŒÇ ÷ÇÃ… ƒ∂Ñ÷Œœ. Ó¡ ◊ÉÃ≈ …Õ ∑∏ÄÃœ ∏≈∑Œœ◊Ä∏œ.[In prison cells-LOC they-NOM lived harmoniously. At freedom-LOC them-DATbecame rather-constrained.]They lived harmoniously in their prison cells. In freedom they began to feel con-strained.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER inthe context of

external forces.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expressesexposure to

environmentaland emotional

conditions.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expresses age.

99

A common idiom is the use of ◊∑£ ∂¡◊ŒÉ, literally ‘all equal’, with the dative case to expressthe feeling of indifference, as in this example:

∂≈ƒ¥œÃÉ÷…Õ, µ ≈«É π∫ÿâ, ≈ÕÑ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ◊∑£ ∂¡◊ŒÉ, «ƒ≈ µ … fi∏œ ∑œ ÕŒœ™.[Suppose, I-NOM him-ACC kill, him-DAT will-be all equal, where I-NOM andwhat-NOM with me-INST.]Suppose I kill him, then he won’t care where I am or how I’m doing.

Another idiom for apathy is the use of the dative with Œ≈ ƒœ [not to], meaning ‘isn’t inter-ested in/doesn’t want’:

ßŸ◊Ä≈∏, ∏Ÿ ∂¡⁄«œ◊Ä∂…◊¡≈¤ÿ ∑ ÷ÅŒ›…Œœ™, ¥∂…◊Éƒ…¤ÿ À∂¡∑Œœ∂≈fiÇ◊Ÿ≈ ƒÉ◊œƒŸ… π∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒŸ≈ ¡∂«πÕÅŒ∏Ÿ. · ≈™ Œ≈ ƒœ ¡∂«πÕÅŒ∏œ◊.[Happens, you-NOM converse with woman-INST, present eloquent reasons-ACCand convincing arguments-ACC. But her-DAT not to arguments-GEN.]It happens that you are conversing with a woman, presenting eloquent reasons andconvincing arguments. But she is not interested in/doesn’t care about arguments.

The dative can also be used for feelings of overall well-being, and the verb ∑∏¡Œœ◊Ç∏ÿ∑µ/∑∏¡∏ÿ ‘become’ frequently appears when there is a change in feeling:

Ó¡∂ÉƒŒœÕπ ¡∂∏Ç∑∏π ô∂…¿ ˜Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂œ◊…fiπ Ó…ÀÑÃ…Œπ Ñ∏∂œÕ 20-œ«œ Ä◊«π∑∏¡∑∏ÄÃœ »Ñ÷≈.[National artist Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin-DAT morning-INST 20th-GEN August-GEN became worse.]National artist Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin began feeling worse on the morning ofAugust 20th.

Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ ∑ƒÅÃ¡ŒŒœ™ πÃá∫À… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ Œ≈ ¥œ ∑≈∫Å.[From that artificial smile-GEN me-DAT becomes not along self-DAT.]That artificial smile makes me feel uneasy.

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 5—Modal meanings

Experiences of difficulty or ease, as in Œ¡Õ Ü∏œ ∏∂ÑƒŒœ/Ã≈«ÀÉ [us-DAT that-NOMhard/easily] ‘that’s hard/easy for us ’ belong here, as do experiences of comprehensibility,which overlap somewhat with the concepts of possession and availability discussed above:

˜¡Õ Ü∏œ Œ≈ ¥œŒÖ∏Œœ? · ÕŒ≈ Ü∏œ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ Ö∑Œœ.[You-DAT that-NOM not understandable? But me-D·Ù that-NOM absolutely clear.]You don’t understand it? But it’s absolutely clear to me.

With an infinitive the dative expresses mild compulsion, something on the order of Englishshould or ought . Here is an example to illustrate:


DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expressesindifference with◊∑£ ∂¡◊ŒÉ.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expresses apathywith Œ≈ ƒœ.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expresseschanges in well-being with∑∏¡Œœ◊Ç∏ÿ∑µ/∑∏¡∏ÿ.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

expressesdifficulty, ease,obligation, anddesire.

100 The Dative Case

Ò Œ≈ ⁄Œ¡Ã, …ƒ∏Ç ÕŒ≈ ⁄¡ Œ≈™ ∑ÃÅƒœÕ ÇÃ… ◊ ¥∂œ∏…◊œ¥œÃÉ÷Œπ¿ ∑∏É∂œŒπ.[I-NOM not knew, go me-DAT behind her-INST or in opposite side-ACC.]I didn’t know whether I should follow her or go in the opposite direction.

The various experiences that people can have doing things — feeling like it, having todo it, succeeding at it — can likewise be expressed with the dative case, often by verbs thathave no subject. Here are some common verbs used this way, followed by some examples(note that when these verbs have no subjects, they appear with the “default” agreement ofneuter singular):

Expressions of feeling like or having to associated with DATIVE::AN EXPERIENCER

‘remain, be necessary’œ∑∏¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/œ∑∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘lie ahead, be destined to, have to’¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÖ∏ÿ

‘have to, happen to’¥∂…»œƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥∂…™∏Ç∑ÿ

‘succeed’πƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/πƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ

È ◊∂¡fiÄÕ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ œ∑∏¡£∏∑µ, À¡À ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒ∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∑◊œÇ ¥œ⁄ŒÄŒ…µ ◊ ÕÇ∂≈⁄¡»Ã£∑∏Ÿ◊¡¿›…» ∂áŒœÀ π÷Å ∑œ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒŸ», ∑…Œ∏≈∏Çfi≈∑À…» Œ¡∂ÀÉ∏…Àœ◊.[And doctors-DAT nothing-GEN not remains, how perfect own knowledge-ACC inworld-LOC overflowing markets-ACC already modern synthetic narcotics-GEN.]And doctors have no choice but to perfect their knowledge of the world where mar-kets are overflowing with modern synthetic narcotics.

Úœ∑∑Ç™∑À…≈ … ∆∂¡Œ√Ñ⁄∑À…≈ …Œ÷≈ŒÅ∂Ÿ ¥∂œƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ç∂œ◊¡Ã… ¡◊∏œÕ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…™◊≈⁄ƒ≈»Éƒ, Àœ∏É∂œÕπ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÇ∏ …∑∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏ÿ ¥œ◊Å∂»Œœ∑∏ÿ ÌÄ∂∑¡.[Russian-NOM and French engineers-NOM demonstrated automatic landrover-ACC,which-DAT is-destined explore surface-ACC Mars-GEN.]Russian and French engineers demonstrated an automatic landrover which is des-tined to explore the surface of Mars.

œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ‹À∑¥Å∂∏œ◊, ∂ÄŒœ ÇÃ… ¥É⁄ƒŒœ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊π, ƒÅÃ¡¿›≈Õπ ∑∏Ä◊ÀπŒ¡ ∑∫Ã…÷ÅŒ…≈ ∑ Ó·ÙÔ, ¥∂…ƒ£∏∑µ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ∑µ πŒ…fi∏É÷…∏ÿ ∂¡ÀÅ∏Ÿ ÇÃ… ¥∂œƒÄ∏ÿ…».[Along opinion-DAT experts-GEN, early or late government-DAT, making-DATstake-ACC on rapprochement-ACC with NATO-INST, must decide destroy mis-siles-ACC or sell them-ACC.]According to the experts, sooner or later a government that is counting on rap-prochement with NATO will have to decide either to destroy its missiles or to sellthem.

˜ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈ ∏∂… ÕÅ∑µ√¡ ◊¡Õ πƒÄ∑∏∑µ …∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡∏ÿ ◊≈∑ÿ ∑◊œ™ ¥œ∏≈Œ√…ÄÃ.[In first three months-ACC you-DAT will-succeed use all own potential-ACC.]In the first three months you will succeed in making the most of all your potential.

‘feel like, want to’»œ∏Å∏ÿ∑µ/⁄¡»œ∏Å∏ÿ∑µ

101

˜Ç÷π, fi∏œ ÕÄÃÿfi…Àπ Œ≈ »Éfi≈∏∑µ …ƒ∏Ç ◊ ¤ÀÉÃπ.[See, that boy-DAT not wants go to school-ACC.]I see that the boy doesn’t want to go/doesn’t feel like going to school.

DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER 6—Victims and beneficiaries

In Russian you can add -∑µ/-∑ÿ to many ordinary verbs and use the DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER

to describe how the subject is experiencing an action. The grammatical implication here isthat instead of the subject performing the action, the action is something that is happeningto the subject. So you can say both œŒ …ÀÄ≈∏ [he-NOM hiccups] ‘he is hiccupping’ and ≈ÕÑ…ÀÄ≈∏∑µ [him-DAT hiccups] ‘he has the hiccups’; in the latter case hiccupping is somethingthat is happening to the person. In the next example it would certainly be possible to sayinstead ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿ≈ ‹Õ…«∂ÄŒ∏Ÿ ÷…◊Ñ∏ ¥ÃÉ»œ [some emigrants-NOM live badly] ‘someemigrants live badly’, but by adding -∑µ/-∑ÿ to the verb and putting the logical subject in thedative case, the author of this sentence implies that the emigrants are victims rather thanmasters of their fate:

ÌŸ ∑Ãá¤¡Ã…, fi∏œ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂ŸÕ ‹Õ…«∂ÄŒ∏¡Õ ÷…◊£∏∑µ ¥ÃÉ»œ.[We-NOM heard, that some emigrants-DAT lives badly.]We heard that some emigrants are living badly.

Ultimately anything can happen to us or for us, and the dative case can be inserted intosentences just to explain who was affected by some event. In both of the examples below,the dative items could easily be removed and the sentences would be perfectly normal andgrammatical. The dative items are there to provide some extra information, telling us whowas impacted by the event.

Êπ∏∫ÉÃ … »œÀÀÅ™ ⁄¡Õ≈ŒÖ¿∏ ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ ÃâƒµÕ ∂≈ÃÇ«…¿ … ÀπÃÿ∏Ñ∂π.[Soccer-NOM and hockey-NOM replace Russian people-DAT religion-ACC andculture-ACC.]For Russians , soccer and hockey take the place of religion and culture.

ÌŸ ¥≈∂≈«œ∂œƒÇÃ… ◊∑≈Õ ƒœ∂É«π.[We-NOM blocked everyone-DAT road-ACC.]We blocked everyone’ s way.

DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 1—Matching forces

Remember that the hallmark of the dative isthat a dative item has the potential to do some-thing. Grammatically, this means that it canpotentially be the subject of a sentence, a rolethat is usually marked with the nominative

Dative:: a competitor 1

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

suggests that anactivity ishappening to aperson.

DATIVE: AN

EXPERIENCER

indicates who isaffected by anevent.

DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR

compares theactual nomina-tive subject withthe dative as thepotential subjectof a furtheraction.

D

A force (arrow) arrives at aDATIVE:: A COMPETITOR (circle labeled D), whichhas the potential to exert a force (dotted arrow)

102 The Dative Case

case. The fact that a dative item is potentially a nominative item implies a comparisonbetween the dative and the nominative. The uses of the DATIVE: A COMPETITOR exploit thiscomparison, for here we see the dative item in competition with a nominative item. In someinstances the two items are evenly matched and participate in a symmetrical relationship asequal competitors. In other instances the dative item exerts a force to which the nominativeitem submits, giving the dative an advantage over the nominative.

In identifying an equal competitor, the meaning of the DATIVE: A COMPETITOR overlapssomewhat with the benefit meaning of DATIVE: AN EXPERIENCER, particularly if the two partiesare equally engaged in a harmonious activity. Here are some words that typcially trigger themeaning of roughly equally matched forces, as well as examples of how they are used:

Expressions of equal or matching forces associated with DATIVE:: A COMPETITOR

‘accompany (music)’¡ÀÀœÕ¥¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ¡ÀÀœÕ¥¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘accompani-ment’

‘agreeing with’∑œ«ÃÄ∑Œœ

‘correspond, be responsible to’œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ

‘sing along’¥œƒ¥≈◊Ä∏ÿ¥œƒ¥≈◊ÄŒ…≈ ‘singing along’

‘precede’¥∂≈ƒ¤Å∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ‘precede’¥∂≈ƒ¤Å∑∏◊…≈ ‘precession’

‘withstand; be opposite (of stars)’¥∂œ∏…◊œ∑∏œÖ∏ÿ

‘equal’∂¡◊ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ∂Ä◊ŒŸ™ ‘equal’∂¡◊Œœ∑ÇÃÿŒŸ™ ‘(equally) matched’

‘correspond’∑œœ∏◊Å∏∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑œœ∏◊Å∏∑∏◊π¿›…™ ‘corresponding,appropriate’∑œœ∏◊Å∏∑∏◊…≈ ‘correspondence’

‘accompany’∑œ¥Ñ∏∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ∑œ¥Ñ∏∑∏◊…≈ ‘accompaniment’

‘akin to’∑∂œƒŒÇ

‘identical’…ƒ≈Œ∏ÇfiŒŸ™ ‘identical’…ƒ≈Œ∏ÇfiŒœ∑∏ÿ ‘indenticalness’

‘isomorphic’…⁄œÕÉ∂∆ŒŸ™…⁄œÕÉ∂∆Œœ∑∏ÿ ‘isomorphism’

‘orthogonal’œ∂∏œ«œŒÄÃŒŸ™ ‘orthogonal’

‘similar’¥œƒÉ∫ŒŸ™ ‘similar’

‘in harmony with’∑œ⁄◊ÑfiŒŸ™ ‘in harmony with’

Û…∑∏ÅÕ¡ ∫≈⁄œ¥Ä∑Œœ∑∏… Œ¡ ¡◊…¡ÃÇŒ…µ» Ü∏…» ∑∏∂¡Œ Œ≈ œ∏◊≈fiÄ≈∏ Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒŸÕ∑∏¡ŒƒÄ∂∏¡Õ.[System-NOM security-GEN on airlines-LOC those countries-GEN not correspondsinternational standards-DAT.]The security system used by the airlines of those countries does not correspond tointernational standards .

Ô∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…µ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ∑∏∂ÄŒ¡Õ… Œ≈ ∑œœ∏◊Å∏∑∏◊π¿∏ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏µÕ.[Relations-NOM between countries-INST not correspond possibilities-DAT.]The relations between the countries are not what they could be .

Â«É ‹∑∏Å∏…À¡ ∑œ⁄◊ÑfiŒ¡ ÷≈Ã≈⁄Œœƒœ∂É÷Œœ™ À¡∏¡∑∏∂É∆≈.[His aesthetics-NOM in-harmony-with-NOM railroad catastrophe-DAT.]He has the aesthetics of a train wreck .

DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR

matches orexceeds thenominative

subject in theforce it exerts.

DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR can

indicate an equalcompetitor.

103

DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 2—Submission to a greater force

Submission has many entailments, among them belief and obedience. If you submityourself to someone, you will trust this person, you will fall under the influence of thisperson, being surprised and amazed at their acts, and you will follow where they lead,possibly to the point of imitating them. In Russian, you will surrender yourself to a dativeitem, a competitor with an advantage.

‘believe’◊Å∂…∏ÿ/¥œ◊Å∂…∏ÿ◊Å∂ŒŸ™ ‘loyal’◊Å∂Œœ∑∏ÿ ‘faithfulness, loyalty’

‘marvel at’ƒ…◊Ç∏ÿ∑µ

‘trust’ƒœ◊≈∂Ö∏ÿ(∑µ)/ ƒœ◊Å∂…∏fl(∑µ)ƒœ◊Å∂…≈ ‘trust’

‘owe, be obligated to’ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ

‘obey’¥œ◊…Œœ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ¥œ◊…Œœ◊ÅŒ…≈ ‘obedience’

‘undergo, be subject to’¥œƒ◊≈∂«Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œƒ◊Å∂«Œπ∏ÿ∑µ¥œƒ◊Å∂÷≈ŒŒŸ™ ‘subject to’¥œƒ◊≈∂÷ÅŒ…≈ ‘liability to’

Expressions of submission associated with DATIVE:: A COMPETITOR

‘give in to’¥œƒƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œƒƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ

‘be subject to’¥œƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ¥œƒÃ≈÷Ä›…™ ‘subject to’

‘imitate’¥œƒ∂¡÷Ä∏ÿ¥œƒ∂¡÷ÄŒ…≈ ‘imitation’

‘submit to, obey’¥œƒfi…ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œƒfi…ŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ¥œƒfi…Œ£ŒŒŸ™ ‘subordinate to’¥œƒfi…ŒÅŒ…≈ ‘subordination, subjec-tion’

‘worship’¥œÀÃœŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ¥œÀÃœŒÅŒ…≈ ‘worship’

‘submit to, obey’¥œÀœ∂Ö∏ÿ∑µ/¥œÀœ∂Ç∏ÿ∑µ¥œÀÉ∂ŒŸ™ ‘obedient to’

‘rejoice at’∂Äƒœ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ/œ∫∂Äƒœ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ

‘surrender, yield to’∑ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/∑ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ

‘follow’∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏ÿ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡Œ…≈ ‘movement, proceeding’

‘be surprised at’πƒ…◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ/πƒ…◊Ç∏ÿ∑µ

‘be similar, assimilate’π¥œƒœ∫ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ/π¥œƒÉ∫…∏ÿ∑µ¥œƒÉ∫ŒŸ™ ‘similar’π¥œƒœ∫ÃÅŒ…≈ ‘likening, comparison’

‘yield to’π∑∏π¥Ä∏ÿ/π∑∏π¥Ç∏ÿπ∑∏Ñ¥À¡ ‘concession, compromise’

‘study’πfiÇ∏ÿ∑µ/Œ¡πfiÇ∏ÿ∑µπfiÄ›…™∑µ ‘student’

These first three examples illustrate subordination in its more ordinary aspects:

œÃÇ∏…À¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ ¥œƒ◊Å∂«Ã¡∑ÿ ◊Œœ◊ÿ ∂Å⁄Àœ™ À∂Ç∏…À≈ Œ¡ ¥∂É¤Ãœ™ Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈.[Policy-NOM president-GEN subjected again sharp criticism-DAT on last week-LOC.]The president’s policy was subjected to sharp criticism again last week.

ÙÉÃÿÀœ ⁄ƒœ∂É◊Ÿ≈ Ãâƒ… ◊ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…… ◊á™∏… …⁄ ƒπ¤Å◊Œœ«œ ¥œ∏∂µ∑ÅŒ…µ, ¡¥∑…»Çfi≈∑À… ∫œÃÿŒá≈ ¥œƒƒ¡â∏∑µ Ü∏œÕπ, ƒœ»Éƒµ∏ ƒœ ∫≈⁄ÑÕ…µ … ... ¥∂œµ◊ÃÖ¿∏∑≈∫Ö ◊ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊≈.[Only healthy people-NOM in condition-LOC come-out from emotional shock-GEN,but emotionally ill-NOM give-in this-DAT, reach to insanity-GEN and ... expressself-ACC in artwork -LOC.]


DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR canindicate acompetitor withan advantage.

104 The Dative Case

Only healthy people have the capacity to overcome emotional shock, but the men-tally ill give in to it , go insane, and ... express themselves in works of art.

Ò ¥œƒfi…ŒÇÃ∑µ ≈∑∏Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕπ »Éƒπ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[I-NOM gave-in natural course-DAT life-GEN.]I gave in to the natural course of life.

Yielding one’s beliefs and emotions is specifically illustrated in the following two examples:

ßÄ∫π¤À¡ ∂Äƒœ∑∏Œœ À…◊Ä≈∏, œŒÄ ◊Å∂…∏ ÀÄ÷ƒœÕπ Õœ≈ÕÑ ∑ÃÉ◊π.[Grandmother-NOM joyously nods, she-NOM believes every my word-DAT.]Grandmother nods joyously, she believes my every word .

ÔŒÄ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ πƒ…◊ÃÖÃ¡∑ÿ ∏œÕÑ, fi∏œ œŒ ¥œfi∏Ç Œ≈ Œπ÷ƒÄ≈∏∑µ ◊œ ∑Œ≈.[She-NOM never not surprised that-DAT, that he-NOM almost not need in sleep-LOC.]She was never surprised by the fact that he hardly needed any sleep.

DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 3—À ‘to, toward’

The two prefixes most commonly associated with the dative case, À ‘to, toward’ and ¥œ‘along, according to’, both use the DATIVE: A COMPETITOR. In both instances, the prepositionpoints us toward something that can exert influence, guiding the nominative subject’s ac-tion. Approach, as opposed to arrival, implies some level of subordination. When you reacha destination by means of À + DAT, you will have to interact with it rather than just arrivingat it. Remember that the primary use of À is to indicate an approach to a human destination,as opposed to arrival at a non-human destination, for which we use ◊ or Œ¡ and the accusa-tive case. Compare the three sentences in the table below:

some non-human destinations require ◊ + ACC‰œfiÿ ¥œ¤ÃÄ ◊ ¤ÀÉÃπ.[Daughter-NOM went in school-ACC.]My daughter went to school.

some non-human destinations require Œ¡ + ACC‰œfiÿ ¥œ¤ÃÄ Œ¡ ¥Éfi∏π.[Daughter-NOM went on post-office-ACC.]My daughter went to the post-office.

all human destinations require À + DAT‰œfiÿ ¥œ¤ÃÄ À ◊∂¡fiÑ.[Daughter-NOM went to doctor-DAT.]My daughter went to the doctor .

À and ¥œdescribe motion

subordinate toDATIVE: A

COMPETITOR.

À + DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR ‘to,

toward’.

À + DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR is

used with humandestinations.

105

Here is a naturally-occurring use of À with a human destination:

ÔŒ ƒ≈Ãœ◊Ç∏œ ¥œƒ»œƒÇÃ Àœ ÕŒ≈.[He-NOM in-business-like-manner approached to me-DAT.]He approached me in a business-like manner.

Cities and countries are often personified or used to represent the people that live there, andin these instances they will trigger the use of À as well. Notice how Washington and Russiaserve this purpose in the following two examples:

Úœ∑∑Ç™∑À…™ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ≈›£ ÕÉ÷≈∏ œ∫∂¡∏Ç∏ÿ∑µ À ̃ ¡¤…Œ«∏ÉŒπ ∑ ∏∂Å∫œ◊¡Œ…≈Õƒœ¥Ã¡∏Ç∏ÿ ⁄¡ ·ÃÖ∑Àπ.[Russian president-NOM still can turn to Washington-DAT with demand-INST ad-ditionally-pay for Alaska-ACC.]The Russian president can still turn to Washington and demand further payment forAlaska.

˜œ Ê∂ÄŒ√…… Œ¡∂¡∑∏Ä≈∏ …Œ∏≈∂Å∑ À Úœ∑∑Ç….[In France-LOC grows interest-NOM to Russia-DAT.]In France there is a growing interest in Russia .

One of the important distinctions between a non-human destination and a human one is thatwhen we arrive at a person, we do not enter or otherwise physically encroach upon them,we just come nearer, going in that person’s direction. This idea can be extended to physicallocations in both space and time, as the following two examples attest:

¡ÃÄπ, ¡∂»…¥≈ÃÄ«, ∑œ∑∏œÖ›…™ …⁄ ƒ◊π»∑É∏ ÕÅÃÀ…» œ∑∏∂œ◊É◊, ∂¡∑¥œÃÉ÷≈ŒŒŸ™◊ 800 À…ÃœÕÅ∏∂¡» À ¿«œ-◊œ∑∏ÉÀπ œ∏ Ê…Ã…¥¥ÇŒ, ∑∏¡Ã 185-Õ fiÃÅŒœÕ ÔÔÓ.[Palau-NOM, archipelago-NOM, consisting-NOM from two hundred small islands-GEN, located-NOM in 800 kilometers-LOC to south-east-DAT from Philippines-GEN, became 185th member-INST UN-GEN.]Palau, an archipelago consisting of two hundred small islands located 800 kilome-ters to the southeast of the Philippines, became the 185th member of the UN.

Î œƒÇŒŒ¡ƒ√¡∏… fi¡∑ÄÕ µ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ÇÃ… ÕÅŒ≈≈ ∂¡⁄œ∫∂ÄÃ∑µ ◊ ∑…∏πÄ√…….[To eleven hours-DAT I-NOM more or less understood in situation-LOC.]Toward eleven o’clock I more or less came to understand the situation.

As we have already seen with the accusative case, a destination can be conceived of in themetaphorical realm of purpose, as in this example:

˜ ¥∂≈ƒ…∑ÃÉ◊…… À ≈«É ∑∫É∂Œ…Àπ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ œŒ ∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ ∆∂≈⁄≈∂É◊›…ÀœÕŒ¡ ⁄¡◊Éƒ≈.[In foreword-LOC to his collected-works-DAT said, that he-NOM works milling-machine-operator-INST at factory-LOC.]


Personificationof non-humandestinations withÀ + DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR.

À + DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR withnon-humandestinationsmeans ‘toward,in the directionof’.

The metaphori-cal use of À +DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR withnon-humandestinations toexpress ‘to, for’.

106 The Dative Case

In the foreword to his collected works it said that he works as a milling-machineoperator at a factory.

Events frequently structure our lives, forcing us to interact with them. In the next pair ofexamples, there are two events involved. One is named directly, the examinations, andanother indirectly through its location, the bed, which is where the drama of death is ex-pected to take place.

‰Œ£Õ œŒÄ «œ∏É◊…Ã¡∑ÿ À ‹À⁄ÄÕ≈Œ¡Õ.[Day-INST she-NOM prepared to examinations-DAT.]During the day she prepared for the examinations .

˜ ∏œ∏ ÷≈ ƒ≈Œÿ À ¥œ∑∏ÅÃ… ∫œÃÿŒÉ«œ ¥∂…«Ã¡∑ÇÃ… ∂œƒŒá».[In that very day-ACC to bed-DAT patient-GEN invited relatives-ACC.]That very day they invited relatives to come to the patient’s bedside .

There are many phenomena that likewise order our existence. In the next two examples Àindicates relationships to two particularly powerful phenomena, those of economic forcesand substance abuse:

ßŸÃ œ∏À∂á∏ µ¥ÉŒ∑À…™ √≈Œ∏∂, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ «œ∏É◊…∏ÿ ÀÄƒ∂Ÿ ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈»Éƒ¡À ∂áŒœfiŒœ™ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À≈.[Was opened-NOM Japanese center-NOM, which-NOM will prepare personnel-ACCfor transition-GEN to market economy-DAT.]A Japanese center was opened to prepare personnel for the transition to a marketeconomy .

œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ◊∂¡fiÅ™, π÷Å ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈ ¥∂É∫Ÿ Ã¿∫É«œ Œ¡∂ÀÉ∏…À¡ ÕÉ«π∏ ¥∂…◊≈∑∏Ç À∆œ∂Õ…∂œ◊ÄŒ…¿ ¥∑…»Çfi≈∑Àœ™, ¡ ⁄¡∏ÅÕ … ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑Àœ™ ⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ∑∏….[Along opinion-DAT doctors-GEN, already first trials-NOM any narcotic-GEN canlead to formation-DAT psychological-GEN and thereupon physical dependence-GEN.]In the opinion of doctors, even the first use of any narcotic can lead to the formationof psychological, and thereupon physical, dependence.

Emotions are more abstract, but no less influential forces, and here are two examples ofhow they interact with À. Note that the second one, À ∑œ÷¡ÃÅŒ…¿ ‘unfortunately ’ is soconventional that it is used as an adverb.

Î Ñ÷¡∑π ∏π∂Å√À…» ◊Ã¡∑∏Å™ ÷Å∂∏◊œ™ ◊∑£ fiÄ›≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊µ∏∑µ …Œœ∑∏∂ÄŒ√Ÿ.[To horror-DAT Turkish authorities-GEN victim-INST all more-frequently becomeforeigners-NOM.]To the horror of Turkish authorities, the victims are more and more frequently for-eigners.

107

Ô∏œ∫∂ÄÃ…, À ∑œ÷¡ÃÅŒ…¿, Ã…¤ÿ fi≈∏◊£∂∏π¿ fi¡∑∏ÿ.[Removed, to regret-DAT, only fourth part-ACC.]Unfortunately , they only removed a fourth of it.

DATIVE: A COMPETITOR 4—¥œ ‘along’

The preposition ¥œ triggers the one use of the dative case that is not particularly associ-ated with human beings. ‘Along’ is perhaps the translation of ¥œ that best captures its na-ture, since ¥œ’s job is to indicate paths. When one selects a path, one must then follow it,submitting to its contours; thus the path exerts an influence much like that suggested by theverbs of subordination above. This is why the use of ¥œ is classed under the DATIVE: A

COMPETITOR. Our first example is of the path taken by someone who is so happy she feelslike she is walking on air:

ñ∏œ ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ≈ Œ≈∑ÃÉ ≈£ ¥œ ◊É⁄ƒπ»π.[That good-fortune-NOM carried her-ACC along air-DAT.]That good fortune carried her through the air .

A shorter path is the area of a body part where something happened, often used when aperson is hit by something:

Ûœ∫…∂ÄÃ… ∑◊Åƒ≈Œ…µ œ ¥œ÷…ÃÉ™ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ≈, ∫≈⁄÷ÄÃœ∑∏Œœ π∫Ç∏œ™ fiÅÕ-∏œ∏µ÷£ÃŸÕ ¥œ ⁄¡∏áÃÀπ.[Gathered information-ACC about elderly woman-LOC, ruthlessly murdered-LOCsomething heavy-INST along back-of-head-DAT.]They were gathering information about an elderly woman who was ruthlessly mur-dered when she was hit by some heavy object in the back of the head .

Electronic signals flow across telephone wires, making the telephone a path for communi-cation, as in this example:

ÙÑ∏-∏œ Œ≈⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸ™ ÷ÅŒ∑À…™ «ÉÃœ∑ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÇÃ ¥œ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕ…∏ÿ∑µ.[Suddenly unfamiliar woman’s voice-NOM along telephone-DAT suggested get-acquainted.]Suddenly an unfamiliar woman’s voice on the telephone suggested that they getacquainted.

With plural nouns, ¥œ often indicates a kind of place frequently visited, or something thatregularly happens at a certain time or on a certain day of the week. The following twoexamples demonstrate how this works in the domains of space and time:

˙¡∂¡∫Ä∏Ÿ◊¡≈Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∏á∑µfi… ◊ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿. ˛Å∂≈⁄ ƒ≈Œÿ ¥œ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ¡Õ »Éƒ…Õ.[Earn more thousand-GEN in week-ACC. Across day-ACC along restaurants-DATgo.]We earn more than a thousand a week. Every other day we go to restaurants .


¥œ + DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR

‘along’.

¥œ + DATIVE: ACOMPETITOR withplural places andtimes expressesfrequency.

108 The Dative Case

œ π∏∂ÄÕ œŒ ◊ÕÅ∑∏œ «…ÕŒ¡∑∏Çfi≈∑À…» π¥∂¡÷ŒÅŒ…™ … fiÄ¤À… ÀÉ∆≈ ¥…Ã¥œ∂∏◊Å™Œ.[Along mornings-DAT he-NOM instead-of gymnastic exercises-GEN and cup-GENcoffee-GEN drank portwine-ACC.]In the mornings instead of calisthenics and a cup of coffee he would drink portwine.

Distribution of one to each also describes a path indicated by ¥œ:

Ú¡⁄Õ≈∑∏ÇÃ… Œ¡∑ ◊ «œ∑∏ÇŒ…√≈ ËÇÃ∏œŒ. œ œƒŒœÕÑ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀπ ◊ ŒÉÕ≈∂≈.[Placed us-ACC in hotel-LOC Hilton. Along one person-DAT in room-LOC.]They put us in the Hilton hotel. One person in each room.

There are many possible metaphoric paths. Here are two of the intellect. In the first ex-ample, solution must follow the contours of the issues, and in the second, an answer shouldfollow the logic of the problem.

Ú≈¤ÇÃ… ∑œ⁄ƒÄ∏ÿ Õ≈÷¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊≈ŒŒπ¿ ÀœÕÇ∑∑…¿ ¥œ ∏œ∂«É◊œ-‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑À…Õ ◊œ¥∂É∑¡Õ.[Decided create intergovernmental commission-ACC along market-economy issues-DAT.]They decided to create an intergovernmental commission for market-economy is-sues .

∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ πÀÃœŒÇÃ∑µ œ∏ fi£∏À…» œ∏◊Å∏œ◊ ¥œ Ü∏œ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ≈.[President-NOM avoided from precise answers-GEN along that problem-DAT.]The president avoided giving any precise answers concerning that problem .

When you follow logical paths, you are thinking or acting according to things, and ‘accord-ing to’ is one of the most frequent meanings of the preposition ¥œ. Here are a few examplesto illustrate:

œ ŒÄ¤≈™ …Œ∆œ∂ÕÄ√……, œ∫∑π÷ƒÄÃœ∑ÿ π»πƒ¤ÅŒ…≈ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…µ ∫œÃÿŒÉ«œ.[Along our information-DAT, discussed worsening-NOM state-GEN patient-GEN.]According to our information , they discussed the patient’s worsening state.

œ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒŸÕ ƒÄŒŒŸÕ, ¥∂œ¥ÄÃœ ∫Å⁄ ◊Å∑∏… ÉÀœÃœ 10 ∏á∑µfi fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ.[Along official data-DAT, lost without news-GEN around 10 thousand people-GEN.]According to official data , around 10 thousand people are missing.

œ ⁄¡µ◊ÃÅŒ…¿ ◊∂¡fiÅ™, ÕÄÃÿfi…À ¥∑…»Çfi≈∑À… ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ ⁄ƒœ∂É◊.[Along statement-DAT doctors-GEN, boy-NOM psychologically completely healthy-NOM.]According to the doctors’ statement , psychologically the boy is completely healthy.


expressesdistribution.


expressesmovement

‘along’ meta-phoric paths.


means ‘accord-ing to’ in the

domain ofreason.

109

Following a certain path can also cause things to happen, as we see in this example:Ùœ Ã… ¥œ ÃÅŒ…, ∏œ Ã… ¥œ «≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ∑◊œÅ™ …Œ∏πÇ√……, Œ¡¤ ∂≈÷…∑∑£∂ Ü∏œ«œ…⁄∫≈÷ÄÃ.[That whether along laziness-DAT, that whether along ingenious own intuition-DAT,our director-NOM that-GEN avoided.]Whether it was due to laziness or due to his own ingenious intuition , our directormanaged to avoid that.

œ participates in its share of idioms, such as ¥œ ◊∑≈™ ◊Çƒ…Õœ∑∏… [along all appearance-DAT] ‘to all appearances ’. Two of the most important idioms are ¥œ-∑◊É≈Õπ [along-own-DAT] ‘in one’s own way ’, and ∑¡Õ ¥œ ∑≈∫Å [self-NOM along self-DAT] ‘in itself /on its own ’,illustrated in this example:

Û¡ÕÄ ¥œ ∑≈∫Å »Ä∂∏…µ Œ≈ …ÕÅ≈∏ ¿∂…ƒÇfi≈∑Àœ™ ∑ÇÃŸ.[Self-NOM along self-DAT charter-NOM not has legal force-GEN.]In itself , the charter has no legal force.

EPILOGUE

Our human capacity to perceive, appreciate, and react to the world around us is thefoundation upon which the whole of the dative case is built. It should not surprise you thatthe name dative comes from the Latin word for ‘give’, since giving is the defining conceptof human interaction, be it the presentation of gifts, the giving of good and evil, or the giveand take of competition. We are never entirely passive: we take money, understand mes-sages, interpret dreams, and struggle against the forces imposed upon us, matching or sub-mitting to them. In Russian, as opposed to English, people see themselves as subject toatmospheric, temporal, and emotional factors in their environment, since being hot, twentyyears old, and sad are all things that happen to people as DATIVE: EXPERIENCERS, rather thancharacteristics of them (as in English). Russian insists on treating people differently fromall other items that serve as destinations, since people require the use of À + DATIVE: A COM-PETITOR rather than ◊ or Œ¡ + ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION. Surrender can take place on a vari-ety of levels, entailing yielding one’s behavior, beliefs, intellect, and sense of awe. Thedative case seems to dwell on the negative, for with the dative case we find more wordsexpressing harm than benefit, more words for relationships of submission than harmony,many ways to express imposed obligations, and a tendency for body parts to incur damage.Perhaps as human beings we are more adept at noticing and expressing our fustrations thanour delights.

Epilogue


means ‘due to’ inthe domain ofcausation.

110 The Genitive Case

Femininedeclension

nouns

Masculinedeclension

nouns

Neuterdeclension

nouns

Adjectives

Pronouns

Possessives

Numerals

GENITIVE Forms

hard type: °room¢ soft type: °week¢singular plural singular pluralÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… Œ≈ƒÅÃÿ

-ÿ: °talent¢singular plural∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏≈™

hard type: °courtyard¢ soft type: °nail¢singular plural singular pluralƒ◊œ∂Ä ƒ◊œ∂É◊ «◊œ⁄ƒÖ «◊œ⁄ƒÅ™

hard type: °body¢ soft type: °schedule¢singular plural singular plural∏ÅÃ¡ ∏≈Ã ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…™

hard type: °first¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ»

soft type: °last¢feminine masculine neuter plural¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈«œ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈«œ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…»

°I¢ °we¢ °you¢ informal °you¢Õ≈Œµ Œ¡∑ ∏≈∫Ö ◊¡∑

°she¢ °he¢ °it¢ °they¢(Œ)≈£ (Œ)≈«É (Œ)≈«É (Œ)…»

°who¢ °what¢ °oneself¢Àœ«É fi≈«É ∑≈∫Ö

°this¢feminine masculine neuter pluralÜ∏œ™ Ü∏œ«œ Ü∏œ«œ Ü∏…»

°all, every¢feminine masculine neuter plural◊∑≈™ ◊∑≈«É ◊∑≈«É ◊∑≈»

feminine masculine neuter plural°my¢ÕœÅ™ Õœ≈«É Õœ≈«É ÕœÇ»

°our¢ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ŒÄ¤…»

°one¢feminine masculine neuter pluralœƒŒÉ™ œƒŒœ«É œƒŒœ«É œƒŒÇ»

‘two¢ °three¢ °four¢ °five¢ƒ◊π» ∏∂£» fi≈∏Ÿ∂£» ¥µ∏Ç

111

A SOURCEGENITIVE:G

The genitive network:

A GOAL

A SOURCE

A WHOLE A REFERENCE

PROLOGUE

Let’s start by looking at an example:

Ê…ƒÅÃÿ ÎÄ∑∏∂œ Œ¡ ¥Ö∏œÕ ∑flÅ⁄ƒ≈ ∑◊œÅ™ ÀœÕ¥Ä∂∏…… «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ ∫≈⁄ πÕÉÃÀπ ¤≈∑∏ÿfi¡∑É◊ … ∑É∂œÀ ∏∂… Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ, fi∏œ ƒœ∑∏É™Œœ ∂≈ÀÉ∂ƒœ◊ ÎŒÇ«… ÁÇŒŒ≈∑∑¡.[Fidel Castro-NOM at fifth congress-LOC own communist-party-GEN spoke with-out pause-GEN six-ACC hours-GEN and forty-three minutes-ACC, that worthyrecords-GEN Book-GEN Guinness-GEN.]At the fifth congress of his communist party , Fidel Castro spoke without pause forsix hours and forty-three minutes, an accomplishment worthy of the Guinness Bookof Records .

Here we see six uses of the genitive case in a single sentence, one that is not even particu-larly long or unusual. If there were an entry for Russian case use in the Guinness Book ofWorld Records, the genitive case would walk off with multiple honors, among them:

� The genitive is the most used case in Russian. The likelihood of finding sentenceswith six uses of any other case is relatively small.

� The genitive is used with over one hundred prepositions (about 40 simple preposi-tions and 70 complex ones), vastly more than all the other cases combined.

� The genitive is the only case that forms chains of consecutive uses, as in our ex-ample above: ƒœ∑∏É™Œœ ∂≈ÀÉ∂ƒœ◊ ÎŒÇ«… ÁÇŒŒ≈∑∑¡ [worthy records-GEN Book-GEN Guinness-GEN], literally ‘worthy of the records of the Book of Guinness ’.

� The genitive is probably the most complex case in Russian, and the basic idea of thegentive is perhaps the hardest to grasp.

Prologue

The genitive caseis the mostfrequent case,has the mostprepositions,forms chains,and has the mostcomplexmeaning.


These might look like formidable hurdles, but our strategy is to tackle the last item on thelist, the meaning of the genitive. After that, all the other “problems” will become opportuni-ties for easy success.

The uses of the genitive will be described in terms of four categories: GENITIVE: A SOURCE,GENITIVE: A GOAL, GENITIVE: A WHOLE, and GENITIVE: A REFERENCE. The four labels used herehint at both what the basic meaning of the genitive is and why it is so hard to make sense ofit. The genitive is by nature an elusive beast, a sort of “back-seat driver” that is alwayshanding off the responsibility of focusing attention to something else. When we say thatsomething comes from a source, we generally aren’t as interested in the source as we are inthe something that comes from it. The same goes for goals; while a goal is important, whatwe really care about is the person or thing that is headed for it. In the GENITIVE: A WHOLE use,there is always another item that plays the role of the “part”, and of course when we aretalking about something that is part of a whole, we are focusing our attention on the partmore than on the whole. A reference point is something that we use to locate somethingelse, and in its GENITIVE: A REFERENCE use, the genitive serves as a mental address for otherthings. Rather than turning focus to the item it marks, the genitive deflects our focus awayfrom it. It is this habit of retreating into the background that makes the genitive so hard topin down. Passing the buck, by the way, also makes the chaining of genitives possible,allowing focus to bounce from one item to the next.

Looking at the labels, however, it is at first hard to understand what they have in com-mon. After all, a source and a goal seem to be opposites, and both involve movement,whereas whole and reference are static. If we compare the diagrams of the four uses, we seethat the GENITIVE: A GOAL is really the same as the GENITIVE: A SOURCE, just run in reverse, andfurthermore the GENITIVE: A WHOLE and GENITIVE: A REFERENCE are simply the two endpoints ofGENITIVE: A SOURCE. More abstractly, we could say that all of the diagrams support the fol-lowing definition:

The genitive is a backgrounded item (big circle) that yields focus of attention to some-thing else (small circle) which exists or maneuvers in its proximity.

In order to make sense of this definition we will have to examine the many faces of thegenitive in action.

GENITIVE: A SOURCE 1—Going to > coming from

The GENITIVE: A SOURCE meaning is always triggeredby a preposition or word indicating removal or with-drawal from the genitive item. All three of the preposi-tions particularly important in expressing this meaningare often translated as ‘from’: …⁄, ∑, and œ∏. These threeprepositions reverse the direction of motion describedby the prepositions ◊, Œ¡, À in their meaning ‘to, to-ward’. Here again is the table comparing ◊, Œ¡, À, thistime adding the reverse direction:

An overview ofthe genitive case.

The genitivecase divertsattention to

another item.

An abstractdefinition of the

genitive.

G

An item (small circle) departs from aGENITIVE: A SOURCE

(circle labeled G)

113

GOING TO

some non-human destinations require ◊ + ACC‰œfiÿ ¥œ¤ÃÄ ◊ ¤ÀÉÃπ.[Daughter-NOM went in school-ACC.]My daughter went to school.

some non-human destinations require Œ¡ + ACC‰œfiÿ ¥œ¤ÃÄ Œ¡ ¥Éfi∏π.[Daughter-NOM went on post-office-ACC.]My daughter went to the post-office.

all human destinations require À + DAT‰œfiÿ ¥œ¤ÃÄ À ◊∂¡fiÑ.[Daughter-NOM went to doctor-DAT.]My daughter went to the doctor.

COMING FROM

non-human destinations that require ◊ + ACC use …⁄ + GEN when they are sources‰œfiÿ ¥∂…¤ÃÄ …⁄ ¤ÀÉÃŸ.[Daughter-NOM came from school-GEN.]My daughter came (home) from school .

non-human destinations that require Œ¡ + ACC use ∑ + GEN when they are sources‰œfiÿ ¥∂…¤ÃÄ ∑ ¥Éfi∏Ÿ.[Daughter-NOM came from post-office-GEN.]My daughter came (home) from the post-of fice .

all human destinations require À + DAT and use œ∏ + GEN when they are sources‰œfiÿ ¥∂…¤ÃÄ œ∏ ◊∂¡fiÄ.[Daughter-NOM came from doctor-GEN.]My daughter came (home) from the doctor .

GENITIVE: A SOURCE 2—…⁄ ‘from’

Here are some examples of the use of …⁄ to indicate a container or location from whichsomething is removed:

Ó¡ ∑∏ÑÃÿµ» … À∂œ◊Ä∏… Ã≈÷ÄÃ… ◊Å›…, ◊áŒπ∏Ÿ≈ …⁄ ∑πŒƒπÀÄ.[On chairs-LOC and bed-LOC lay things-NOM, taken-NOM from trunk-GEN.]On the chairs and bed lay things that had been taken out of the trunk .

È⁄ ∑¡∂Äµ ◊á∫≈÷¡Ã ÕÄÃÿfi…À.[From barn-GEN ran-out boy-NOM.]A boy ran out of the barn .

Genitive: a source 2

Comparison ofthree GENITIVE: ASOURCE preposi-tions meaning‘from’: …⁄, ∑, andœ∏.

…⁄ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE ‘from’.


ÔŒ ¡∂»≈ÉÃœ«, Œ≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ◊≈∂ŒÑÃ∑µ …⁄ ÒÀÑ∏…….[He-NOM archeologist-NOM, recently returned from Yakutia-GEN.]He’s an archeologist, and he’s recently returned from Yakutia.

È⁄ can also be used metaphorically to indicate abstract objects and refer to domains otherthan space. In the first of these two examples Hitchcock’s films are the source of horrors,and in the second charity (shown by a very self-important hairdresser) is the source (andthereby the motive) for giving the person a seat in the beauty parlor. Note the use of Englishfrom and out of in these examples; the metaphorical extension of the source concept issomething we share with Russian.

ÈŒœ«ƒÄ ˜Äƒ…À ⁄¡∂…∑É◊Ÿ◊¡Ã ∑◊œÇ ∑ŒŸ, ¥œ»É÷…≈ Œ¡ Ñ÷¡∑Ÿ …⁄ ∆ÇÃÿÕœ◊Ë…fiÀÉÀ¡.[Sometimes Vadik-NOM drew his dreams-ACC, similar-ACC on horrors-ACC fromfilms-GEN Hitchcock-GEN.]Sometimes Vadik drew pictures of his dreams, similar to horrors from Hitchcock’sfilms .

Ò ¥œŒ…ÕÄ¿, fi∏œ ¥œ∑Ä÷≈Œ¡ ◊ À∂Å∑Ãœ …⁄ ÕÇÃœ∑∏… … ◊œœ∫›Å ¥œ ∑∂¡◊ŒÅŒ…¿ ∑¥¡∂…ÀÕÄ»≈∂¤≈™ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑∏É¿.[I-NOM understand, that seated-NOM to chair-ACC from charity-GEN and in-gen-eral along comparison-DAT with hairdresser-INST nothing-GEN not be-worth.]I understand that I have been given a seat out of charity and that in general in com-parison with the hairdresser I am worthless.

È⁄ appears in numerous fixed phrases. Perhaps the two most common ones are …∑»œƒÇ∏ÿ…⁄ ‘proceed from; base one’s assumptions on’ and œƒÇŒ …⁄ ‘one of [a group of things]’. Hereis an example for each of these uses:

È∑»œƒÖ …⁄ ¥∂É¤Ãœ«œ É¥Ÿ∏¡, ƒœ«ÄƒŸ◊¡¿∑ÿ, fi∏œ ...[Proceeding from past experience-GEN, guess, that...]Based on past experience , I guess that...

ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ fiÄ∑∏œ ◊∑∏∂≈fiÄ≈ÕŸ» Õœ∏Ç◊œ◊ ≈«É ¥∂œ…⁄◊≈ƒÅŒ…™ — ∑œŒ.[One-NOM from frequently encountered motifs-GEN his works-GEN — sleep-NOM.]One of the frequently encountered motifs of his work is sleep.

È⁄ forms two secondary prepositions, both of which can be used in concrete and meta-phorical contexts. È⁄-⁄¡, literally means ‘from beyond’. The first example below illustratesa concrete use, …⁄-⁄¡ ∂π∫≈÷Ä [from-beyond border-GEN] ‘from abroad ’, whereas the sec-ond is metaphorical, indicating a cause:

ı Ü∏œ™ ∆Ç∂ÕŸ ∏É÷≈ ≈∑∏ÿ ∂≈∑Ñ∂∑Ÿ …⁄-⁄¡ ∂π∫≈÷Ä.[By this firm-GEN also are resources-NOM from-beyond border-GEN.]This firm also has resources from abroad .

…⁄ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE ‘from’ in

metaphoricaldomains.

…⁄ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE in fixed

phrases…∑»œƒÇ∏ÿ …⁄

‘proceed from’,œƒÇŒ …⁄ ‘one of’.

…⁄-⁄¡ + GENITIVE:A SOURCE ‘from

beyond;because of’.

115

˜∂ÅÕµ œ∏ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… œŒÄ ¥≈∂≈∑∏¡◊ÄÃ¡ À∂Ä∑…∏ÿ∑µ, …⁄-⁄¡ »¡Œƒ∂á, ÇÃ… …⁄-⁄¡ ∏œ«É,fi∏œ ¥∂œ¥¡ƒÄÃ¡ À∂Ä∑À¡, ÇÃ… Ã≈Œÿ ∫áÃœ Å»¡∏ÿ ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ.[Time-NOM from time-GEN she-NOM stopped dye from-beyond depression-GEN,or from-beyond that-GEN, that lost dye-NOM, or laziness-NOM was ride to store-ACC.]From time to time she would stop dyeing her hair, whether from depression , or fromthe fact that there was no dye in the store, or because she just felt too lazy to go to thestore.

È⁄-¥œƒ is the other complex preposition, literally ‘from beneath’. The first example is of aconcrete use, whereas the second is idiomatic:

ÁÃÄ◊Œπ¿ œ¥É∂π ◊Ÿ∫…◊Ä¿∏ π Œ≈«É …⁄-¥œƒ Œœ«.[Main support-ACC knock-out by him-GEN from-beneath feet-GEN.]They are knocking his main support out from under his feet .

ÛÀœ◊œ∂œƒÄ ∑◊¡ÃÇÃ¡∑ÿ Œ¡ ∫π∏áÃÀ… …⁄-¥œƒ À≈∆Ç∂¡, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ∑∏œÖ∏ ◊É⁄Ã≈ ¥Ã…∏á.[Frying pan-NOM fell on bottles-ACC from-beneath kefir-GEN, which-NOM standnext-to burner-GEN.]The frying pan fell onto the kefir bottles that are next to the burner.

GENITIVE: A SOURCE 3—∑ ‘from’

Just as …⁄ takes us on the path reversing the direction of ◊ + ACC for something that isconceived of as a container, so ∑ takes us on the path reversing Œ¡ + ACC for something thatis conceived of as a surface. The bee house was on the tree, the pinecone was on the ground,and the friends were at the language department, all using Œ¡ for locations, and conse-quently ∑ for removal from these locations.

ÔŒ ∑ŒµÃ ¥fi≈ÃÇŒŸ™ ƒÉÕ…À ∑ ƒÅ∂≈◊¡.[He-NOM removed bee house-ACC from tree-GEN.]He removed the bee house from the tree .

ÔŒÄ ¥œƒŒµÃÄ ∑ ⁄≈ÕÃÇ ¤Ç¤Àπ.[She-NOM picked-up from ground-GEN pinecone-ACC.]She picked up a pinecone from the ground .

∂…Ö∏≈Ã… ∑ ∆…Ã∆ÄÀ¡ Œ≈ ◊Œπ¤ÄÃ… ƒœ◊Å∂…µ.[Friends-NOM from language-department-GEN not inspired confidence-GEN.]Our friends from the language department did not inspire confidence.

Although the GENITIVE: A SOURCE preposition that is usually used with human beings is œ∏,we do occasionally see human beings with ∑, particularly when they are viewed as a sourceof money, as in the common phrase ÛÀÉÃÿÀœ ∑ Õ≈ŒÖ? [How-much from me-GEN?] ‘Howmuch do I owe you ?’, or the following example:


…⁄-¥œƒ +GENITIVE: ASOURCE ‘frombeneath’.

∑ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE ‘from’.


∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Œ≈ ∑œ∫…∂Ä≈∏ Œ¡ÃÉ« ∑ ¥∂œ∑∏…∏Ñ∏œÀ.[Government-NOM not collects tax-ACC from prostitutes-GEN.]The government does not collect a tax from prostitutes .

With time expressions, ∑ can be used to indicate the time when something begins. Commonexamples are months and ages, as well as the fixed expression ∑ ∏≈» ¥œ∂ [from those times-GEN] ‘from that time on ’. Here are three examples to illustrate:

Ú¡Ç∑¡ ∑ ¥µ∏Ç Ã≈∏ ÀÃÅ…Ã¡ Àœ∂É∫œfiÀ… ƒÃµ ¥…ÃâÃÿ.[Raisa-NOM from five years-GEN glued boxes-ACC for pills-GEN.]Raisa started gluing pill boxes when she was five years old .

Û µŒ◊¡∂Ö ¥œ Õ¡™ ◊Ÿ ∫Ñƒ≈∏≈ ◊ œÃ…Õ¥Ç™∑Àœ™ ∆É∂Õ≈.[From January-GEN along May-ACC you-NOM will-be in olympic form-LOC.]From January through May you will be in olympic form.

Ò ∑ ƒÅ∏∑∏◊¡ Õ≈fi∏ÄÃ œ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂≈.[I-NOM from childhood-GEN dreamed about literature-LOC.]I have dreamed about literature since childhood .

Like any other preposition, ∑ has its metaphorical uses. Here are a couple of examples towhet your appetite, one involving the source serving as a motive (the hangover causing thegloomy mood), and the other referring to an abstract numerical realm:

ÙŸ µ◊ÃÖ≈¤ÿ∑µ, Àœ«ƒÄ ‰πƒÀÉ ∑ ¥œ»ÕÅÃÿµ — Õ∂ÄfiŒŸ™.[You-NOM appear, when Dudko-NOM from hangover-GEN — gloomy-NOM.]You keep showing up when Dudko is gloomy because he’s got a hangover .

ÛÃÄ◊¡ ßÉ«π, ÕŸ Œ¡fi…ŒÄÃ… Œ≈ ∑ ŒπÃÖ.[Glory-NOM God-DAT, we-NOM started not from zero-GEN.]Thank God we weren’t starting from zero .

GENITIVE: A SOURCE 4—œ∏ ‘from’

As our table above indicates, when a human being serves as GENITIVE: A SOURCE, you canusually expect to see the preposition œ∏. The following example serves to illustrate both theuse of œ∏ with human sources and the fact that œ∏ is frequently used with non-human sourcesas well:

œ ≈«É Ã…√Ñ µ ¥ÉŒµÃ, ∑ À¡ÀÇÕ πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…≈Õ πÅ»¡Ã ∫Ÿ œŒ Œ¡ ¿« œ∏ À∂ÇÀ¡, œ∏∏£›…, … œ∏ ÷≈Œá.[Along his face-DAT I-NOM understood, with what pleasure-INST leave would he-NOM to south-ACC from yell-GEN, from mother-in-law-GEN, and from wife-GEN.]From his face I understood how glad he would be to go south, away from the yell-ing , away from his mother -in-law , and away from his wife .

∑ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE in the

domain of time.

∑ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE in

metaphoricaldomains.

œ∏ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE ‘from’.

∑ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE with

human beingswhen they serveas the source of

funds.

117

Whenever location is expressed in terms of π ‘by’ + GEN (see below under GENITIVE: A

REFERENCE), removal from that place is expressed with œ∏. In Russian a person can stand πœÀŒÄ [by window-GEN] ‘by the window ’, and removal from this position is achieved by œ∏:

œfi∏Ç fi≈∏á∂≈ ¤¡«Ä ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ◊ ¥∂œ«ÑÃÀ≈ œ∏ œÀŒÄ ƒœ ƒ◊≈∂Ç.[Almost four steps-ACC possible do in walk-LOC from window-GEN to door-GEN.]One can take almost four steps in walking from the window to the door.

The use of œ∏ with expressions of time is not particularly common, but here is an example:

˜ œ∏◊Å∏ŒœÕ ¥…∑ÿÕÅ Ïπ∏É»…Œπ œ∏ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ÕÄµ 1926 «. ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…™ ƒ¡Ã ∫ÉÃ≈≈∂¡⁄◊£∂Œπ∏π¿ œ√ÅŒÀπ ¥œÜ⁄…… „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™.[In answer letter-LOC Lutokhin-DAT from first-GEN May-GEN 1926-GEN Gorky-NOM gave more extensive evaluation-ACC poetry-GEN Tsvetaeva-GEN.]In his letter of response written to Lutokhin on the first of May, 1926, Gorky gave amore extensive evaluation of Tsvetaeva’s poetry.

In Russian dependence is expressed using the verb ⁄¡◊Ç∑≈∏ÿ (or the noun ⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ∑∏ÿ orthe adjective ⁄¡◊Ç∑…ÕŸ™) œ∏ + GEN, as in this example:

˙¡¥¡ƒŒœ≈◊∂œ¥Å™∑À…≈ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ∑ÕÉ«π∏ πÕÅŒÿ¤…∏ÿ ∑◊œâ ⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ∑∏ÿ œ∏∑∏∂¡Œ-fiÃÅŒœ◊ ÔÂÎ.[West-European states-NOM can reduce their dependence-ACC from countries-members-GEN OPEC-GEN.]West European states can reduce their dependence on the OPEC member-countries .

Just like …⁄ and ∑, œ∏ can identify a metaphorical source in terms of a cause. In the case ofœ∏, this is usually the cause of illness or death, although other causes can also come intoplay:

Â£ Õπ÷ ÑÕ≈∂ œ∏ ∂¡⁄∂á◊¡ ∑Å∂ƒ√¡.[Her husband-NOM died from rupture-GEN heart-GEN.]Her husband died from a heart attack .

ı∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄ¿∏, fi∏œ Ì…À≈ÃÄŒƒ÷≈Ãœ ∏ÄÀ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ƒÄÃ œ∏ ∫≈⁄ÑÕŒŸ» Õá∑Ã≈™.[Claim, that Michelangelo-NOM also suffered from crazy thoughts-GEN.]They claim that Michelangelo also suffered from crazy thoughts .

Ô∏ ⁄¡÷÷£ŒŒœ«œ ⁄¡ œÀŒÉÕ ∆œŒ¡∂Ö Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ Àœ∑Äµ ⁄á∫À¡µ ∏≈Œÿ ∂ÄÕŸ.[From lighted-GEN beyond window-INST lamp-GEN on floor slanting flickeringshadow-NOM windowframe-GEN.From the lighted lamp outside the window there is a slanting, flickering shadow ofthe windowframe on the floor.


œ∏ indicatesremoval ‘from’ alocation markedas π + GENITIVE: AREFERENCE.

œ∏ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE in thedomain of time.

œ∏ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE in thefixed phrase⁄¡◊Ç∑≈∏ÿ œ∏‘depend on’.

œ∏ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE inmetaphoricaldomains.


GENITIVE: A SOURCE 5—Withdrawal

In addition to prepositions, some other words trigger the use of GENITIVE: A SOURCE. Likethe prepositions, they all indicate motions of withdrawal from the genitive item, whetherdue to fear or disgust. Here is a table of the words you are likely to encounter, followed bya few examples:

Expressions of fear and avoidance associated with GENITIVE: A SOURCE

‘fear’∫œÖ∏ÿ∑µ

‘abhor, have aversion’«Œπ¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ«Œπ¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘shy away from’ƒ…fiÇ∏ÿ∑µ

‘avoid’…⁄∫≈«Ä∏ÿ/…⁄∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ

‘beware’œ∑∏≈∂≈«Ä∏ÿ∑µ/œ∑∏≈∂Åfiÿ∑µ

‘be frightened’¥π«Ä∏ÿ∑µ/…∑¥π«Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘be shy’∑∏≈∑ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏≈∑ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ

‘shun, avoid’∑∏œ∂œŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏œ∂œŒÇ∏ÿ∑µ

‘be ashamed’∑∏ŸƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏ŸƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ

‘shun, stand aloof’fiπ÷ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ

ÔŒÄ ¥∂≈ƒ¡◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…µÕ, ∂¡⁄ÑÕŒœ …⁄∫≈«Äµ Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œœ∑∏≈™.[She yielded pleasures-DAT, judiciously avoiding unpleasant-things-GEN.]She abandoned herself to pleasure, judiciously avoiding unpleasant things .

ÔŒÇ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ Œ≈ ∑∏≈∑ŒÖÃ…∑ÿ ¥∂…∑Ñ∏∑∏◊…µ Ã¿ƒÅ™.[They-NOM completely not were-shy presence-GEN people-GEN.]They were not the least bit shy of the presence of people.

ÔŒÇ Œ≈ ◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ… ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑À…Õ µ⁄ŸÀÉÕ … ∑∏ŸƒÇÃ…∑ÿ Ü∏œ«œ.[They-NOM not commanded English language-INST and were-ashamed this-GEN.]They did not know English and were ashamed of this .

GENITIVE: A GOAL 1—ƒœ ‘to’

As its name suggests, GENITIVE: A GOAL identifies an itemthat is approached. Like GENITIVE: A SOURCE, GENITIVE: A GOAL

is always triggered by a preposition or other word. By far themost common is the preposition ƒœ ‘to’, which can be appliedto the domains of space and time, as well as to metaphoricalrealms. Here are two examples of how ƒœ defines an approachin terms of physical space:

ƒœ + GENITIVE: AGOAL ‘to’.

Words indicatingwithdrawal

trigger the use ofGENITIVE: A

SOURCE.

G

An item (small circle) reaches aGENITIVE:: A GOAL

(circle labeled G)

119

‰œ ∏∂¡Õ◊Äµ µ ƒœ¤£Ã ∫Ã¡«œ¥œÃÑfiŒœ, Œ≈∑Ö fi≈ÕœƒÄŒ ∏œ ◊ ¥∂Ä◊œ™, ∏œ ◊ ÃÅ◊œ™∂πÀÅ.[To tram-GEN I-NOM went successfully, carrying suitcase-ACC that in right-LOC,that in left hand-LOC.]I made my way to the tram successfully, carrying my suitcase first in my right handand then in my left.

Û∏π¥ÅŒÿÀ… Õœ≈«É ◊¡«ÉŒ¡ Œ≈ ƒœ»Éƒµ∏ ƒœ ⁄≈ÕÃÇ.[Steps-NOM my train-car-GEN not go to ground-GEN.]The steps of my train car do not reach the ground .

When used with time expressions, ƒœ can mean ‘before’, as in ƒœ ◊œ™Œá [before war-GEN]‘before the war ’, but more frequently has a meaning very similar to English ‘until’, as in ƒœ∑◊…ƒÄŒ…µ [until seeing-GEN] ‘goodbye (lit: until we see each other again )’. Here are a coupleof examples to show how this works in sentences:

É∑Ã≈ ∏∂…ƒ√¡∏Ç ¤≈∑∏Ç Ã≈∏ ∂¡⁄ÃÑÀ…, œ∏Å√ … ∑ŸŒ ∫≈∑Åƒœ◊¡Ã… ƒœ π∏∂Ä.[After thirty-six years-GEN separation-GEN, father-NOM and son-NOM talked untilmorning-GEN.]After being separated for thirty-six years, father and son talked until morning .

˜áÀπ¥¡◊¤…∑ÿ ◊ ∂≈ÀÅ, oŒ Ãœ÷ÇÃ∑µ Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Ñ … ∑¥ÄÃ ƒœ œ∫Åƒ¡.[Having-swum in river-LOC, he-NOM lay-down on grass-ACC and slept until lunch-GEN.]After taking a swim in the river, he would lie on the grass and sleep until lunch .

In relation to points in time, ƒœ performs the inverse of ∑, treating the point as a surface.Thus, as in the following example, one stretches a time line (of devotion to children’s litera-ture) from one point (the end of the twenties) to another (the end of life) by using ∑ and ƒœin tandem:

‰Å∏∑À¡µ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂¡ ∑ ÀœŒ√Ä 20-» «œƒÉ◊ ƒœ ÀœŒ√Ä ÷Ç⁄Œ… ∫ŸÃÄ ≈«É Ã…√ÉÕ, ≈«É◊…⁄Ç∏Œœ™ ÀÄ∂∏œfiÀœ™, ÇÕ≈Œ≈Õ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√.[Children’s literature-NOM from end-GEN 20’s years-GEN until end-GEN life-GENwas his face-INST, his calling card-INST, name-INST in-the-end.]From the late twenties until the end of his life, children’s literature was his face, hiscalling card, his name really.

This pairing of ∑ and ƒœ motivates the use of ƒœ with the fixed expression ƒœ ∑…»/∏≈» ¥œ∂[up-to this/that time-GEN] ‘until this/that time ’:

Ôfi≈◊ÇƒŒœ, ƒœ ∑…x ¥œ∂ µ À¡⁄ÄÃ∑µ ≈™ ◊œ¥Ãœ›ÅŒ…≈Õ ⁄ƒœ∂É◊ÿµ … Œ¡Ç◊Œœ∑∏….[Obviously, until this time-GEN I-NOM seemed her-DAT incarnation-INST health-GEN and naivete-GEN.]Obviously until then I had seemed to her to be health and naivete incarnate.

Genitive:: a goal 1

ƒœ + GENITIVE: AGOAL means‘until, before’ inthe domain oftime.

∑ + GENITIVE: ASOURCE ... ƒœ +GENITIVE: A GOAL

means ‘from ...to’ in the domainof time.

ƒœ + GENITIVE: AGOAL in the fixedexpression ƒœ∑…»/∏≈» ¥œ∂‘until this/thattime’.


Metaphorically ƒœ can describe movement into various states, such as the politico-eco-nomic states in the first example below, and states of mind in the second one:

Ó≈ ◊Ä÷Œœ, fi∏œ ∂≈÷ÇÕ ƒœ◊£Ã ∑∏∂¡ŒÑ ƒœ Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒœ™ …⁄œÃÖ√……, ƒœ ÕÄ∑∑œ◊œ«œ…∑»Éƒ¡ …Œ∏≈∂Å∑œ◊, ƒœ ∫≈⁄ƒÅŒ≈÷ÿµ.[Not important, that regime-NOM led country-ACC to international isolation-GEN,to mass exodus-GEN interests-GEN, to pennilessness-GEN.]It’s not important that the regime led the country to a state of international isolation ,mass exodus of interests, and pennilessness .

Áœ«ÅŒ¡ ÕÑfi…Ã… ÕÄŒ…µ ¥∂≈∑ÃÅƒœ◊aŒ…µ … ƒ≈¥∂Å∑∑…µ, ƒœ◊≈ƒÖ ≈«É ƒœ Õá∑Ã≈™ œ∑¡Õœπ∫Ç™∑∏◊≈.[Gaugin-ACC tormented mania-NOM persecution-GEN and depression-NOM, lead-ing him-ACC to thoughts-GEN about suicide-LOC.]Gaugin was tormented by persecution mania and depression, leading him to thoughtsof suicide.

Similar to the time line illustrated above, ƒœ can be used to reach points on all kinds ofscales, be they numerical or otherwise (extent of persecution, spectrum of painting styles),as in the following examples:

‰œ ƒ◊π»∑É∏ ∏á∑µfi ∏π∂Ç∑∏œ◊ ≈÷≈«ÉƒŒœ ¥∂…≈⁄÷Ä¿∏ ∑¿ƒÄ ¥œÃ¿∫œ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ Œ¡÷…◊É∏ŒŸ», ÷…◊Ñ›…» ◊ ≈∑∏Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ» π∑ÃÉ◊…µ».[Up-to two hundred thousand tourists-GEN yearly come here admire on animals-ACC, living-ACC in natural conditions-LOC.]Up to two hundred thousand tourists a year come here to admire the animals livingin natural conditions.

Óœ œŒÄ ∂≈¤ÇÃ¡ ¥∂≈∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏ÿ ∑◊œ≈«É ÕÑ÷¡ ƒœ ÀœŒ√Ä.[But she-NOM decided persecute own husband-ACC to end-GEN.]But she decided to persecute her husband to the end .

Î¡∂∏ÇŒŸ œ∏ ∑◊≈∂»∂≈¡ÃÇ⁄Õ¡ ƒœ ƒ≈ÕœŒÇ⁄Õ¡ ∂œ÷ƒÄ¿∏∑µ ∏ÄÕ.[Pictures-NOM from super-realism-GEN to demonism-GEN are-born there.]Pictures from super-realism to demonism are born there.

‰œ also participates in an idiomatic phrase used to indicate that someone is not in the moodfor something, namely DAT + Œ≈ ƒœ + GEN:

Óœ Ñ¤À…Œπ ∫áÃœ Œ≈ ƒœ ƒ≈∏Å™.[But Pushkin-DAT was not up-to children-GEN.]But Pushkin wasn’t in the mood for children .

The idiomŒ≈ ƒœ +

GENITIVE: A GOAL

means ‘not inthe mood for’.

ƒœ + GENITIVE: AGOAL means ‘to,

up to’ inmetaphorical

domains.

121

GENITIVE: A GOAL 2—ƒÃµ ‘for’ and ¥∂É∏…◊ ‘against’

In the domain of purpose, the approach involved in GENITIVE: A GOAL mades a gesture towardthe genitive item, usually offering it some kind of benefit, and this is done with the preposi-tion ƒÃµ ‘for’. Here are some examples to illustrate:

Ò ¥…¤Ñ Œ≈ ƒÃµ ∑Ã¡◊Ç∑∏œ◊. Ò ¥…¤Ñ ƒÃµ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒŸx Ã¿ƒÅ™.[I-NOM write not for Slavists-GEN. I-NOM write for normal people-GEN.]I don’t write for Slavists . I write for normal people .

Û¡Œ¡∏É∂…™ ∫ŸÃ ⁄¡À∂á∏œ«œ ∏Ç¥¡, ƒÃµ ◊Ÿ∑œÀœ¥œ∑∏Ä◊Ã≈ŒŒŸx Ã¿ƒÅ™.[Sanatorium-NOM was closed type-GEN, for highly-placed people-GEN.]It was an exclusive sanatorium, for highly-placed people .

∂…ƒ£∏∑µ œ∫∂¡›Ä∏ÿ∑µ ⁄¡ ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ¿ À ƒ∂π⁄ÿÖÕ … ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸÕ ƒÃµ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…µŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿ» ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ.[Is-necessary turn for help-INST to friends-DAT and acquaintances-DAT for solu-tion-GEN certain problems-GEN.]It is necessary to turn to friends and acquaintances in order to solve certain prob-lems.

Similar to ƒÃµ is the preposition ∂Äƒ…, usually translated as ‘for the sake of’:

˛∏œ ∑ ◊ÄÕ…? Ò ÷≈ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ∂Äƒ… ◊¡∑.[What-NOM with you-INST? I-NOM after-all here for-the-sake-of you-GEN.]What’s with you? After all, I’m here for your sake.

An approach in the immediate vicinity of some person or thing can also be an act ofaggression directed against GENITIVE: A GOAL, and this is expressed by means of the preposi-tion ¥∂É∏…◊ ‘against’:

Îœ«ƒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ À¡Õ¥ÄŒ…µ ¥∂É∏…◊ ◊⁄Ö∏œfiŒ…fi≈∑∏◊¡, í«œ∂ÿ ∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ À∂¡∑Œœ∂É÷≈«œ◊⁄Ö∏œfiŒ…À¡.[When was campaign-NOM against bribery-GEN, Igor-NOM drew red-faced bribe-taker-ACC.]When there was a campaign against bribery , Igor drew a picture of a red-facedbribe-taker.

ÔŒÇ Ç›π∏ ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥∂É∏…◊ ◊Ç∂π∑¡, Œœ … ƒÃµ π¥∂œ›ÅŒ…µ ⁄¡›Ç∏ŒŸ»∆ÑŒÀ√…™ ŒÄ¤≈«œ œ∂«¡ŒÇ⁄Õ¡.[They-NOM seek means-GEN not only against virus-GEN, but also for simplifica-tion-GEN defense functions-GEN our body-GEN.]They are looking for something not only to fight the virus , but also to simplify ourbody’s defense functions.

Genitive:: a goal 2

ƒÃµ + GENITIVE: AGOAL means ‘for’in the domain ofpurpose.

∂Äƒ… + GENITIVE:A GOAL means‘for the sake of’in the domain ofpurpose.

¥∂É∏…◊ +GENITIVE: A GOAL

means ‘against’in the domain ofpurpose.


Less frequently ¥∂É∏…◊ can be interpreted concretely as mere location opposite rather thanactual opposition, as in this example:

∂É∏…◊ ÀÉ∂¥π∑¡ ÷«Ã… Àœ∑∏£∂, Œ¡◊Å∂Œœ≈, ∑÷…«ÄÃ… Œ≈ŒÑ÷ŒŸ™ xÃ¡Õ.[Opposite building-GEN burned bonfire-ACC, probably, burned unneeded trash-ACC.]Opposite the building they burned a bonfire; they were probably burning unneededtrash.

Finally, ÷¡Ãÿ/÷ÄÃÀœ ‘regret, pity’ that can be used in impersonal expressions with thegenitive (or accusative):

Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ƒÅ∏∑À…≈ «œÃœ∑Ä, … ÕŒ≈ ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ ∫Ÿ◊Ä≈∏ Œ≈◊Ÿ∂¡⁄ÇÕœ ÷¡Ãÿ ∑◊œÅ™π»œƒÖ›≈™ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[I-NOM love children’s voices-ACC, and me-DAT at this-LOC is inexpressibly re-gret own slipping-away life-GEN.]I love children’s voices, and when I hear them I feel inexpressible regret for my ownlife which is slipping away .

GENITIVE: A GOAL 3—Actual approach

There are two groups of words associated with GENITIVE: A GOAL. For the first group, thegoal is actual, and it is touched, held to, acquired, desired, or deserved, in which case theuse of the genitive case is obligatory. For the second group, the goal is potential, and it issought, expected, or hoped for, in which case the use of the genitive is optional. We willlook at each group in turn.

Words meaning ‘get’, ‘approach’, ‘desire’ associated with GENITIVE:: A GOAL

‘hold to’ƒ≈∂÷Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘get, obtain’ƒœ∫…◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ/ƒœ∫Ç∏ÿ∑µ

‘attain, reach’ƒœ∑∏…«Ä∏ÿ/ƒœ∑∏Ç«Œπ∏ÿ/ƒœ∑∏Çfiÿ

‘worthy’ƒœ∑∏É™ŒŸ™

‘desire, wish’÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ/¥œ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ

‘deserve, merit’⁄¡∑ÃÑ÷…◊¡∏ÿ/⁄¡∑Ãπ÷Ç∏ÿ

‘touch; concern’À¡∑Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Àœ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ

‘listen to; obey’∑ÃÑ¤¡∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑ÃÑ¤¡∏ÿ∑µ

‘be worth, deserve’∑∏É…∏ÿ

‘receive, be awarded’πƒœ∑∏Ä…◊¡∏ÿ/πƒœ∑∏É…∏ÿ

Here are a few examples to whet your appetite:

Î¡À ◊Ÿ ƒœ∑∏Ç«Ã… ∏¡ÀÉ«œ Œ∂Ä◊∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ«œ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒ∑∏◊¡?[How you-NOM attained such moral perfection-GEN?]How have you attained such moral perfection ?OŒ ◊∑∏¡£∏, œ∏»Éƒ…∏ À œÀŒÑ. ÎÄ÷≈∏∑µ, µ ƒœ∫ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ∑◊œ≈«É — ≈ÕÑ Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œœ.

Words meaning‘get’, ‘approach’and ‘desire’ can

trigger GENITIVE:A GOAL.

¥∂É∏…◊ +GENITIVE: A GOAL

means ‘opposite’in the domain of

space.

÷¡Ãÿ/÷ÄÃÀœ +GENITIVE: A

WHOLE to express‘regret, pity’.

123

[He-NOM gets-up, walks to window-DAT. Seems, I-NOM got own-GEN — him-DAT unpleasant.]He gets up and goes to the window. It seems that I have gotten what I want — he isuncomfortable.

˙¡ƒÄfi¡ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂Ÿ ∑œ∑∏œÇ∏ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ ◊∑≈», Àœ«É œ∫áfiŒœ¥∂≈⁄…∂Ä¿∏, Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ, ƒœ∑∏É™ŒŸÕ… π◊¡÷ÅŒ…µ … ÷ÄÃœ∑∏….[Task-NOM literature-GEN consists in that-LOC, in-order show everyone-ACC,who-ACC usually despise, people-INST, worthy-INST respect-GEN and pity-GEN.]Literature’s task consists of depicting all people who are despised as people who areworthy of respect and pity .

As the table suggests, À¡∑Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Àœ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ can indicate both physical ‘touching’, as in thefirst example below, as well as touching in the intellectual realm, usually rendered in En-glish as ‘concerning’, as in the second example:

ÔŒÇ À¡À ∫Ñƒ∏œ ∏¡Œ√≈◊ÄÃ… À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ÕÅƒÃ≈ŒŒŸ™ ∏ÄŒ≈√ ◊ À∂Ä∑Œœ™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈ …Œ≈ À¡∑ÄÃ…∑ÿ ¥ÉÃ¡.[They-NOM as if danced some slow dance-ACC in red room-LOC and not touchedfloor-GEN.]It was as if they were dancing some slow dance in a red room and were not touchingthe floor .

‰∂π«Ç≈ ¥∂œ∏œÀÉÃŸ À¡∑Ä¿∏∑µ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊¡ ◊ É∫Ã¡∑∏… Öƒ≈∂Œœ™ ‹Œ≈∂«Å∏…À…… ∫≈⁄œ¥Ä∑Œœ∑∏….[Other protocols-NOM touch collaboration-GEN in area-LOC nuclear energy-GENand security-GEN.]Other protocols concern collaboration in the area of nuclear energy and security.

The verb ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ/¥œ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ ‘wish’ is an essential but often invisible ingredient in manysalutations. A complete sentence such as Ò ÷≈ÃÄ¿ ◊¡Õ π∑¥Å»¡ [I-NOM wish you-DATsuccess-GEN] ‘I wish you success ’ shows the underlying structure of these expressions.Usually this formula is abbreviated, leaving only the thing being wished in the genitivecase. Here are some common phrases that are built this way:

˜∑≈«É ƒÉ∫∂œ«œ/ÃÑfi¤≈«œ! [All good/best-GEN!] All the best !∂…Ö∏Œœ«œ ¡¥¥≈∏Ç∏¡! [Pleasant appetite-GEN!] Bon appetit !Û¥œÀÉ™Œœ™ ŒÉfi…! [Calm night-GEN!] Good night !Ûfi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ«œ ¥π∏Ç! [Happy trip-GEN!] Have a good trip !

GENITIVE: A GOAL 4—Hypothetical approach

The difference between the words that require the GENITIVE: A GOAL, and those that canuse either the genitive or the accusative boils down to a difference between the status of theitem that might be marked with the genitive. The verbs that require the genitive also tend to

Genitive:: a goal 4

The invisiblerole of ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ/¥œ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ ‘wish’in salutationsusing GENITIVE: AGOAL.


require that their object be something we know exists or can identify. You cannot attain anon-existent goal, nor can you touch something that isn’t there. But you can look for some-thing or wait for something regardless of whether the object of your quest exists. SnowWhite sang “Some day my prince will come” before she ever met him, and indeed beforeshe even knew that such a person really existed. She was waiting for a dream, and got lucky.The words that can take either the genitive or the accusative leave the door open for thispossibility. When the item being sought is relatively non-specific, the genitive is used; whena specific item is sought, it will appear in the accusative.

Words that can govern GENITIVE:: A GOAL or ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION

‘wait for’÷ƒÄ∏ÿ

‘seek’…∑ÀÄ∏ÿ

‘expect’œ÷…ƒÄ∏ÿ

‘request’¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ/¥œ¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ

‘demand, require’∏∂Å∫œ◊¡∏ÿ/¥œ∏∂Å∫œ◊¡∏ÿ

‘want; feel like’»œ∏Å∏ÿ/⁄¡»œ∏Å∏ÿ»œ∏Å∏ÿ∑µ/⁄¡»œ∏Å∏ÿ∑µ

The following table should give you some insight into how these verbs are used. Boris is adreamer like Snow White; he knows that he wants some things, but doesn’t necessarilyknow exactly what they are. His brother Gleb is after specific items he can positively iden-tify.

Comparison of GENITIVE:: A GOAL and ACCUSATIVE: A DESTINATION

ßœ∂Ç∑ ÷ƒ£∏ ¡◊∏É∫π∑¡. [Boris-NOM waits bus-GEN.] Boris is waiting for a bus .(Boris isn’ t picky. He needs to get away from where he is. He’ll take any bus that comes.)

ÁÃ≈∫ ÷ƒ£∏ ¡◊∏É∫π∑. [Gleb-NOM waits bus-ACC.] Gleb is waiting for the bus.(Gleb knows which bus he wants to take and is waiting for that one.)

ßœ∂Ç∑ Ç›≈∏ ÕÅ∑∏¡. [Boris-NOM seeks place-GEN.] Boris is looking for a job .(Boris is unemployed; any job commensurate with his qualifications will do.)

ÁÃ≈∫ Ç›≈∏ ∑◊œ£ ÕÅ∑∏œ ◊ ⁄ÄÃ≈. [Gleb-NOM seeks own place-ACC in hall-LOC.] Gleb is looking for his seat.(Gleb has a ticket, and he is trying to find the seat that matches the number printed on it.)

Of course, real examples aren’t ordinarily so clear-cut. Here are a couple to illustrate:

˛≈«É µ ÷ƒπ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∂¡⁄, œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡µ∑ÿ ◊ Œ≈⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕœÕ ÕÅ∑∏≈?[What-GEN I-NOM wait every time-ACC, finding-self in unfamiliar place-LOC?]What is it that I wait for every time I find myself in an unfamiliar place?

ˆ…⁄Œÿ, Àœ∏É∂π¿ ÕŸ ◊≈ÃÇ, ∏∂Å∫œ◊¡Ã¡ ⁄Œ¡fiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒŸx ∂¡∑xÉƒœ◊.[Life-NOM, which-ACC we-NOM led, required considerable expenditures-GEN.]The life we led required considerable expenditures .

GENITIVE: A GOAL

is used forhypothetical

items, andACCUSATIVE: A

DESTINATION isused for specific

items.

125

GENITIVE: A WHOLE 1—‘Of’, possession, and color

In this submeaning the genitive is a whole ofwhich something else is a part. This accounts for allthe uses of the genitive that can be translated as ‘of’,as well as numerical quantifications indicatingamounts of things.

By far the most common use of the genitive iswhat we call its “bare case” usage, where it is nottriggered by any other word. In this pristine state thegenitive can indicate possessors, wholes (in relation

to parts), and other kinds of ‘having’ relationships that can motivate a meaning of ‘of’.Perhaps the most basic use of GENITIVE: A WHOLE is to identify wholes that parts belong

to. In the physical realm we have parts of discrete objects (floors of buildings), as in the firstexample below. More abstractly one could say that realities are parts of the world, as in thesecond example. In the domain of time, hours are parts of the morning, day, evening, ornight, motivating the use of π∏∂Ä [morning-GEN] ‘in the morning’, ƒŒµ [day-GEN] ‘in theafternoon’, ◊Åfi≈∂¡ [evening-GEN] ‘in the evening’, and ŒÉfi… [night-GEN] ‘in the night’,as illustrated in the third example.

Ìá ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈Õ √ÅÃŸ™ ‹∏Ä÷ «…«ÄŒ∏∑Àœ«œ Œ≈∫œ∑À∂£∫¡ ±Îœ∂◊Å∏.≤[We-NOM occupy whole floor-ACC giant skyscraper-GEN “Corvette”.]We occupy a whole floor of the giant Corvette skyscraper .

‰¡◊Ä™∏≈ ∏∂Å⁄◊œ ◊⁄«ÃÖŒ≈Õ Œ¡ ∂≈ÄÃ…… ∑œ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒœ«œ ÕÇ∂¡.[Let’s soberly glance on realities-ACC modern world-GEN.]Let’s take a sober look at the realities of the modern world .

˜ ∑≈Õÿ fi¡∑É◊ ◊Åfi≈∂¡ œŒÄ ∑∏œÖÃ¡ ◊É⁄Ã≈ ≈«É ƒÉÕ¡.[In seven-ACC hours-GEN evening-GEN she-NOM stood next-to his house-GEN.]At seven o’clock in the evening she was standing next to his house.

Since a part belongs to a whole, it can also be thought of as a possession of the whole, andGENITIVE: A WHOLE is often used for this meaning, translatable into English with either thepossessive form in ’s, or with of, as in these examples:

Ó≈ ¥œ◊∏œ∂Ç∏≈ œ¤Ç∫Àπ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡.[Not repeat error-ACC president-GEN.]Don’t repeat the president’ s error.

Ò ◊œœ∫›Å Ã¿∫Ãâ πfiÄ∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ… ƒ∂π«Ç» Ã¿ƒÅ™: ∑◊Ä∏¡∏ÿ, ∑œ◊Å∏œ◊¡∏ÿ,Ã≈fiÇ∏ÿ.[I-NOM in-general love participate in life-LOC other people-GEN: do-match-mak-ing, advise, heal.]In general I love to participate in other people’ s lives/in the life of other people :match-making, advising, and healing.

Genitive:: a whole 1

GENITIVE: AWHOLE canexpress ‘of’ andnumericalquantification.

GENITIVE: A WHOLE

expresses parts‘of’ wholes.

G

An item (small circle) is a part of aGENITIVE:: A WHOLE (circle labeled G)

GENITIVE: A WHOLE

expressespossession.


ÔŒ Œ¡¤£Ã ¥œ⁄◊œŒÉÀ ÕÄÕœŒ∏¡ ◊ ∂¡™ÉŒ≈ ◊ÅfiŒœ™ Õ≈∂⁄Ãœ∏á.[He-NOM found vertebra-ACC mammoth-GEN in region-LOC eternal frost-GEN.]He found the vertebra of a mammoth in the permafrost region.

The second use of the genitive in last example above, literally translatable as ‘the region ofeternal frost ’, demonstrates another meaning of ‘of’, namely belonging to a category, beingof a type. Here are some examples:

Ó≈ƒÄ∂œÕ µ …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡Ã fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ∑∏∂Äx¡.[Not-without-reason I-NOM experienced feeling-ACC fear-GEN.]It is not without reason that I experienced a feeling of fear .

Ó¡ƒÅ¿∑ÿ, ∏á ◊á∂¡∑∏≈¤ÿ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ ∫œÃÿ¤É™ ƒπ¤Ç.[Hope, you-NOM grow-up person-INST big soul-GEN.]I hope that you grow up to be a person with a big soul .

‚áÃ ⁄Ä¥¡x ƒœ∂œ«É«œ œƒ≈ÀœÃÉŒ¡ ◊ ÃÇ∆∏≈.[Was smell-NOM expensive eau-de-cologne-GEN in elevator-LOC.]There was the smell of expensive eau-de-cologne in the elevator.

Russian characteristically uses the GENITIVE: A WHOLE to describe colors of objects, using thelogic of the English phrase a horse of a dif ferent color :

ÔŒ Œœ∑ÇÃ «ÄÃ∑∏πÀ ∫ÅÃœ«œ √◊Å∏¡.[He-NOM wore tie-ACC white color-GEN.]He wore a white tie.

GENITIVE: A WHOLE 2—Events, idioms, and chains

The items that participate in an event (subject, object, action) are related to each other;in English this relationship is expressed by of, and in Russian by the GENITIVE: A WHOLE. Inthis first example, the event is a man is planning to publish some books . This event links thepublication to the books:

ÔŒ ¥Ã¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡Ã …⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ƒÅ∏∑À…x ÀŒ…«.[He-NOM planned publication-ACC edible children’s books-GEN.]He planned the publication of edible children’ s books .

In this next example the event is unofficial literature exists , with the entailment that exist-ence is an attribute of unofficial literature:

Ò π÷Å ∏œ«ƒÄ ⁄Œ¡Ã œ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊ÄŒ…… Œ≈œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒœ™ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂Ÿ.[I-NOM already then knew about existence-LOC unofficial literature-GEN.]At that time I already knew about the existence of unof fical literature .

GENITIVE: AWHOLE expresses

participation inan event.

GENITIVE: AWHOLE expressesmembership in a

category.

GENITIVE: AWHOLE describes

color.

127

The event mentally ill people have produced creations likewise links the creations to thepeople:

˜∑£ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ »œ⁄Ö≈◊ Õπ⁄Å≈◊, «¡Ã≈∂Å™ … À∂Ç∏…Àœ◊ «œ∏É◊Ÿ ∂¡∑∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡∏ÿ∏◊œ∂ÅŒ…µ ¥∑…»Çfi≈∑À… ∫œÃÿŒá» Ã¿ƒÅ™ À¡À …∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊œ.[All-NOM more proprietors-GEN museums-GEN, galleries-GEN and critics-GENready-NOM consider creations-ACC mentally ill people-GEN as art-ACC.]More and more proprietors of museums and galleries, as well as critics, are ready toconsider the creations of mentally ill people as art.

The bare use of GENITIVE: A WHOLE appears in some idiomatic expressions, such as fi≈«É[what-GEN] ‘why’, ◊∑≈«É [all-GEN] ‘in all, altogether , just, only ’, ∑◊œ≈«É ∂Éƒ¡ [own type-GEN] ‘in it’s own way , all to itself ’, and fi∏œ ŒÉ◊œ«œ/…Œ∏≈∂Å∑Œœ«œ, etc. [what-NOM new/interesting, etc.-GEN] ‘what’s/is anything new/interesting , etc.’, as illustrated in the follow-ing examples (the first of which laments the dangers of narcotics):

ÛÕ≈∂∏ÿ ÀÉ∑…∏ ÇÕ≈ŒŒœ …», ÕœÃœƒá» … ⁄ƒœ∂É◊Ÿ», ◊∑≈«É Ã…¤ÿ ∂¡⁄¥œ¥∂É∫œ◊¡◊¤…» ⁄¡∫á∏ÿ∑µ … π÷Å Œ≈∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸ» ÷…∏ÿ ∫≈⁄ Ü∏œ«œ ⁄¡∫Ÿ∏ÿÖ.[Death-NOM mows precisely them-ACC, young-ACC and healthy-ACC, all-GENonly time-ACC tried-ACC forget-self and already incapable-ACC live without thisoblivion-GEN.]They are precisely the ones that death mows down, the young and the healthy, whotried just once to forget their worries and were no longer capable of living withoutthat oblivion.

‚ÉÀ∑, Ü∏œ, ◊ É∫›≈Õ-∏œ, ∑◊œ≈«É ∂Éƒ¡ …∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊œ.[Boxing-NOM, that-NOM, in general-LOC, own type-GEN art-NOM.]Boxing is actually an art all to itself .

Îœ«É …Œ∏≈∂≈∑Ñ¿∏ ¥∂…⁄ŒÄŒ…µ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂Œœ«œ Œ≈πƒÄfiŒ…À¡? ̨ ∏É ¥œπfiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ«œ◊ ≈«É Ç∑¥œ◊≈ƒ…?[Who-ACC interest admissions-NOM literary failure-GEN? What-NOM enlight-ening-GEN in his confession-LOC?]Who is interested in the admissions of a literary failure? Is there anything enlighten-ing in his confession?

As mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, the genitive is the one case that can berepeated to form chains. It is specifically the GENITIVE: A WHOLE in its bare case usage thatmakes this posible. Here is a chain of three consecutive genitive items:

OŒÇ ∫œ≈◊…ÀÇ ±Ä∂∏…… …∑ÃÄÕ∑Àœ«œ ≈ƒÇŒ∑∏◊¡ ·∆«¡Œ…∑∏ÄŒ¡.≤[They-NOM revolutionary-fighters-NOM “Party-GEN Islamic unity-GEN Afghani-stan-GEN.]They are revolutionary fighters of the “Islamic unity party of Afghanistan ”.


GENITIVE: AWHOLE inidiomaticexpressions.

The chainingcapacity ofGENITIVE: AWHOLE.


GENITIVE: A WHOLE 3—Prepositions and prepositional phrases

GENITIVE: A WHOLE is also used with the prepositions ∑∂≈ƒÇ ‘among’, ¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇ ‘in themiddle of’, and ◊Œπ∏∂Ç ‘inside’. Here are some examples:

˜ ¥≈∂≈∂á◊≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ πfiÄ∑∏Œ…Àœ◊ ŒÄfi¡Ã… √…∂ÀπÃÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ ƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏Ÿ.[In break-LOC among participants-GEN began circulate documents-ACC.]During the break documents began circulating among the participants .

ÔƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ÕŸ ∑ ÕÄfi≈xœ™ ∫≈÷ÄÃ… ¥œ ÑÃ…√≈, ∏œ∂œ¥ÇÃ…∑ÿ ◊ À…ŒÉ, ¡ ¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇƒœ∂É«… Ã≈÷ÄÃ ∂¡™ÉŒŒŸ™ ¡ÃÀœ«ÉÃ…À, Œœ Œ≈ ƒÖƒµ ÎÉÃµ, ¡ ƒ∂π«É™.[Once we-NOM with step-mother-INST ran along street-DAT, hurried to cinema-ACC, and in-the-middle road-GEN lay regional alcoholic-NOM, but not uncle Kolya-NOM, but other-NOM.]Once my step-mother and I were running down the street, hurrying to the cinema,and in the middle of the road lay a local alcoholic, but it wasn’t uncle Kolya, it wassomeone else.

Û¡ÕœÃ£∏ ◊⁄◊áÃ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ∑∏ÄÃ Œ¡∫…∂Ä∏ÿ œ∏fiÄµŒ…≈ ◊Œπ∏∂Ç ∑≈∫Ö.[Airplane-NOM howled, then began gather despair-ACC inside self-GEN.]The airplane howled and then began gathering despair within itself .

There are dozens of prepositional phrases in Russian that function as complex prepositionsfollowed by the GENITIVE: A WHOLE with the meaning ‘of’. The following table displays someof the more typical phrases, and is followed by a couple of examples:

GENITIVE: A WHOLE

with theprepositions

∑∂≈ƒÇ ‘among’,¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇ ‘in themiddle of’, and

◊Œπ∏∂Ç ‘inside’.

GENITIVE: AWHOLE with

prepositionalphrases

means ‘of’.

Prepositional phrases meaning ‘of’ associated with GENITIVE:: A WHOLE

◊ Äƒ∂≈∑ ‘directed toward’◊ ◊Çƒ≈ ‘in the form of’◊ «∂¡ŒÇ√¡» ‘within the bounds of’◊ ƒÅÃ≈ ‘in the case of’◊ ⁄Œ¡À ‘as a mark/token of’◊ ÀÄfi≈∑∏◊≈ ‘in the capacity of’◊ Œ¡¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…… ‘in the direction of’◊ É∫Ã¡∑∏… ‘in the area of’◊ œ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…… ‘in the relation of, with respect to’◊ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π ‘in favor of, on behalf of’◊ ¥∂≈ƒÅÃ¡» ‘within the limits/bounds of’◊ ¥∂œƒœÃ÷ÅŒ…… ‘in the course of’◊ ∂ÄÕÀ¡» ‘within the limits/framework of’◊ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏≈ ‘as a result of’◊ ∂ÉÃ… ‘in the role of’◊ ∑Õá∑Ã≈ ‘in the sense of, as regards’◊ ∑ÃÑfi¡≈ ‘in case of’◊ ∑∆Å∂≈ ‘in the realm of’

◊ ∏≈fiÅŒ…≈ ‘in the course of’◊ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ» ‘in the conditions of’◊ fi≈∑∏ÿ ‘in honor of’◊ fi…∑ÃÅ ‘in the number of, among’◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ ‘in the time of, during’◊œ ÇÕµ ‘in the name of’◊Œ≈ ¥∂≈ƒÅÃœ◊ ‘beyond the limits of’◊Œ≈ ∂ÄÕœÀ ‘beyond the bounds/framework/

context of’⁄¡ ∑fi£∏ ‘at the expense of’Œ¡ œ∑Œœ◊ÄŒ…… ‘on the basis of’Œ¡ ¥π∏Ç ‘on the path of’¥œ ÕÅ∂≈ ‘according to the measure of, as far as’¥œ ¥É◊œƒπ ‘on the occasion of, concerning’¥œ ¥∂…fiÇŒ≈ ‘by reason of’¥œ ∑ÃÑfi¡¿ ‘by reason of’¥œƒ ◊ÇƒœÕ ‘under the guise of’¥œƒ ÇÕ≈Œ≈Õ ‘in the name of’

129

˜ ∂ÄÕÀ¡» ∂¡∫Éfi≈«œ ◊…⁄Ç∏¡ ◊ Ù≈«≈∂ÄŒ ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ¡∑ÿ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏¡∑ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊Ç∏≈ÃµÕ… ∫¡⁄Ç∂π¿›≈™∑µ ◊ È∂ÄŒ≈ ¡∆«ÄŒ∑Àœ™ œ¥¥œ⁄Ç√…….[In frames-LOC working visit-GEN to Tehran-ACC took-place meeting-NOM ourspecialist-GEN with representatives-INST based-GEN in Iran-LOC Afghan oppo-sition-GEN.]In the context of a working visit to Tehran our specialist met with representatives ofthe Afghan opposition based in Iran.

˜¥≈∂◊á≈ ◊ ÀÄfi≈∑∏◊≈ ¥œÃŒœ¥∂Ä◊ŒŸ» πfiÄ∑∏Œ…Àœ◊ Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒœ«œ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ◊á∑∏π¥…Ã… ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∫á◊¤…» ∑œ◊Å∏∑À…» ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À.[For-the-first-time in capacity-LOC full-fledged participants-GEN internationalagreement-GEN acted fifteen-NOM former Soviet republics-GEN.]For the first time the fifteen former Soviet republics acted in the capacity of full-fledged participants in an international agreement.

GENITIVE: A WHOLE 4—Numerals and quantifiers

A part of a whole can also be interpreted as an amount of the whole. In this use, thegentive is viewed as a set of objects or as a substance, and portions of the genitive item aremeasured out. This accounts for the use of GENITIVE: A WHOLE with numerals, with wordsmeaning ‘add’, ‘subtract’, ‘full’, ‘enough’, as well as partitive uses.

Numerals come in many types. There are integers, fractions, and indefinite numeralssuch as ∑ÀÉÃÿÀœ ‘how many’, ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ‘some’, ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ‘so many’, ÕŒÉ«œ ‘many/much’,Œ≈ÕŒÉ«œ ‘not many/much’, ÕÄÃœ ‘few/little’, ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ‘more’, ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ‘fewer/less’ Œ≈ÕÄÃœ‘not a few’, and many other words indicating amounts. In this sampling of quantifiers withGENITIVE: A WHOLE, note that the quantifier and the quantified (in the genitive) do not have toappear next to each other in a sentence; in the third and fourth examples the genitive itemquantified is the first word, whereas the quantifier is the last:

Ò œ¥œ⁄ƒÄÃ¡ Œ¡ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Õ…ŒÑ∏.[I-NOM got-late on fifteen-ACC minutes-GEN.]I was fifteen minutes late.


Prepositional phrases meaning ‘of’ associated with GENITIVE:: A WHOLE (continued)

¥œƒ Œ¡⁄◊ÄŒ…≈Õ ‘under the title of’¥œƒ ¥∂≈ƒÃÉ«œÕ ‘on the pretext of’¥∂… ¥ÉÕœ›… ‘with the help of’¥∂… ¥œ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊≈ ‘by means of’¥∂… π∑ÃÉ◊…… ‘on the condition of’

∑ ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ¿ ‘with the help of’∑ √ÅÃÿ¿ ‘with the goal of’∑ ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ ‘from the point of view of’∑œ ∑∏œ∂œŒá ‘from the side of’fiÅ∂≈⁄ ¥œ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊œ ‘by means of’

GENITIVE: AWHOLE expressesquantificationwith numerals,quantifiers, andin partitiveexpressions.


ÔŒ ¥≈Ã ¥∂É∑∏œ, «∂ÉÕÀœ, ÕœŒœ∏ÉŒŒœ, Œœ ◊ Ü∏œÕ ∫áÃœ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥∂µÕœ∏á, ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœÕπ÷∑ÀÉ™ Ç∑À∂≈ŒŒœ∑∏…, ∫≈⁄⁄¡›Ç∏Œœ∑∏….[He-NOM sang simply, loudly, in-monotone, but in that-LOC was so-much-NOMstraightforwardness-GEN, so-much-NOM masculine sincerity-GEN, vulnerability-GEN.]His singing was simple, loud, and monotonous, but in it there was so much straight-forwardness , so much masculine sincerity and vulnerability .

ˆ≈ÃÄ¿›…x œ∫πfiÄ∏ÿ∑µ ◊ µ¥ÉŒ∑ÀœÕ √ÅŒ∏∂≈ œÀ¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ fi∂≈⁄◊ŸfiÄ™Œœ ÕŒÉ«œ.[Desiring-GEN study in Japanese center-LOC turned-out exceedingly many-NOM.]The number of people desiring to study at the Japanese center turned out to be ex-ceedingly large.

Ó¡∂Éƒπ ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÇÃœ∑ÿ ◊∑£ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈.[People-GEN became all-NOM more.]More and more people were there.

Although Russian does have words like ¥∂…∫Ã…⁄Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ‘approximately’, you can achievea similar effect merely by inverting a numeral and the quantified genitive item. An approxi-mate number of items is cited in the example below:

È» ∫áÃœ ¤∏πÀ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏.[They-GEN was items-GEN fifty-NOM.]There were approximately fifty of them .

GENITIVE: A WHOLE 5—‘Some’

It is not uncommon for the genitive to signal quantification without a numeral or otherword to express the amount. The “default” amount is usually equivalent to English some(often called the “partitive” meaning in textbooks), and with perfective verbs and certainnouns referring to substances the so-called “second genitive” ending (in -π/-¿) is used, as inthe first example below.

Ò ◊á¥…Ã fiÄ¿, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ⁄¡À¡⁄ÄÃ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ.[I-NOM drank-up tea-GEN, which-NOM ordered along telephone-DAT.]I drank up the tea that I ordered by phone.

—· ◊ÉƒÀ¡ ≈∑∏ÿ ∏¡Õ? —Â∑∏ÿ. —‰¡◊Ä™ ÃÑfi¤≈ ◊ÉƒÀ… ◊á¥ÿ≈Õ.[—And vodka-NOM is there? —Is. —Give better vodka-GEN drink-up.]—And do they have vodka there? —Yes. —Let’s drink (some) vodka instead.

—A Ñ∏∂œÕ œŒÄ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏, ∫≈⁄ ∏≈∫Ö Œ≈ Õœ«Ñ. —· ∏Ÿ fi∏œ? —Óπ, π∑¥œÀÉ…Ã, ƒÅŒ≈«ƒ¡Ã...[—And morning-INST she-NOM says, without you-GEN not can. —And you-NOMwhat-ACC? —Well, calmed, money-GEN gave...]—And in the morning she says, I can’t go on without you. —And what did you say?—Well, I calmed her down, gave her some money .

The partitive useof GENITIVE: AWHOLE means

‘some’.

The inversion ofa numeral and

GENITIVE: AWHOLE expresses

approximation.

131

The genitive can have a quantitative meaning in the presence of a variety of words thatexpress having or manipulating an amount of something. Some of these words are listed inthe table and illustrated in the examples below:


Words expressing quantities associated with GENITIVE:: A WHOLE

ÔŒÄ ∫∂œ∑ÄÃ¡ Œ≈¥œŒÖ∏ŒŸ≈, ⁄¡«ÄƒœfiŒŸ≈ ∆∂Ä⁄Ÿ, …∑¥ÉÃŒ≈ŒŒŸ≈ À¡ÀÉ«œ-∏œ¥œ∏¡™ŒÉ«œ ∑Õá∑Ã¡.[She-NOM flung incomprehensible, mysterious phrases-ACC, filled-ACC somesecret meaning-GEN.]She flung incomprehensible, mysterious phrases, filled with some secret meaning .

ÔŒ Œ¡∫∂ÄÃ∑µ x∂Ä∫∂œ∑∏… … ∑¥∂œ∑ÇÃ: ¥œfi≈ÕÑ?[He-NOM collected courage-GEN and asked: Why?]He collected his courage and asked: Why?

‚πÀ◊ÄÃÿŒœ ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ Œ¡⁄Äƒ µ ⁄¡¥π∑∏ÇÃ ÀÄ∂∏œfiÀπ ◊ ∫¡ŒÀœÕÄ∏ … œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷…Ã, fi∏œŒ¡ Õœ£Õ ∑fi≈∏Ñ ⁄Ä «œƒ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ≈ ¥∂…∫Ä◊…Ãœ∑ÿ ¥∂…fi…∏Ä¿›…x∑µ ÕŒ≈¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊, Œœ ƒÄ÷≈ ÕœÇx À∂É◊ŒŸx ∑π›Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ π∫Ä◊…Ãœ∑ÿ.[Literally two days-ACC ago I-NOM put card-ACC in automated-teller-ACC anddiscovered, that on my account-LOC in year-ACC not only not increased owed-GEN me-DAT percents-GEN, but even my own-GEN significantly decreased.]Just two days ago I put my card into the automated teller and discovered that in thecourse of a year not only had the percentage owed me on my account not beenadded, but even my own money had significantly decreased.

ÔŒÄ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ⁄¡ƒÑÕŸ◊¡Ã¡∑ÿ Œ¡ƒ ∏≈Õ, x◊Ä∏…∏ Ã… π Œ≈£ ∑…Ã … ⁄ƒœ∂É◊ÿµ Œ¡œ∑π›≈∑∏◊ÃÅŒ…≈ ∑◊œÇx ¥ÃÄŒœ◊ … fi∏œ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ¥œ∏ÉÕ.[She-NOM never not thought above that-INST, is-enough whether by her-GENstrengths-GEN and health-GEN on realization-ACC own plans-GEN and what-NOMwill-be afterward.]She never thought about whether she had enough strength and health to realize herplans and what would happen afterward.

‘sufficent quantity’ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œÀƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒœ ‘enough’

‘become filled’…∑¥œÃŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/…∑¥ÉÃŒ…∏ÿ∑µ…∑¥ÉÃŒ≈ŒŒŸ™ ‘full’

‘collect, pick up’Œ¡∫…∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Œ¡∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ

‘eat/have one’s fill’Œ¡≈ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ/Œ¡Å∑∏ÿ∑µ

‘full’¥ÉÃŒŸ™

‘increase, add’¥∂…∫¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ(∑µ)/¥∂…∫Ä◊…∏ÿ(∑µ)

‘decrease, subtract’π∫¡◊ÃÖ∏ÿ(∑µ)/π∫Ä◊…∏ÿ(∑µ)

‘be enough’»◊¡∏Ä∏ÿ/»◊¡∏Ç∏ÿ


GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 1—Dates and other reference points

In the fourth and final meaning of the genitive, thefocus of our attention is located near the genitive item,from which it is separated. This combination of prox-imity and separation allows the genitive to serve as areference point in the domains of time and space andon scales of qualitative and quantitative assessment. Inthe domain of time, the most frequent use of the GENITIVE:A REFERENCE is with dates. Note that the genitive is onlyused for a date when something happens, in other wordshere the genitive item serves as a temporal referencepoint for an event:

Ó¡ ¥∂≈∑∑-ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√……, ∑œ∑∏œÖ◊¤≈™∑µ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ƒ≈À¡∫∂Ö, ¤Ã¡ ∂≈fiÿ œ ÕÅ∂¡»,¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ≈ÕŸ» ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ Úœ∑∑Ç… ƒÃµ π∑Àœ∂ÅŒ…µ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑À…»∂≈∆É∂Õ.[On press-conference-LOC took-place-LOC third-GEN December-GEN, went talk-NOM about measures-LOC undertaken-LOC government-INST Russia-GEN foracceleration-GEN economic reforms-GEN.]At the press conference which took place on the third of December, they talkedabout the measures that the Russian government has undertaken to accelerate eco-nomic reforms.

˜œ∑ÿÕÉ«œ Ä◊«π∑∏¡ 1927 «. Ì. „◊≈∏Ä≈◊¡ ¥…∑ÄÃ¡ ∑◊œÅ™ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕœ™ Û. Ó.·Œƒ∂ÉŒ…Àœ◊œ™-Á¡Ãÿ¥Å∂Œ.[Eighth-GEN August-GEN 1927 year-GEN M. Tsvetaeva-NOM wrote own acquain-tance S. N. Andronikova-Galpern-DAT.]On the eighth of August 1927 M. Tsvetaeva wrote to her acquaintance S. N.Andronikova-Galpern.

A large number of prepositions locate items in both time and space with reference to GENITIVE:A REFERENCE as being without, after, before, behind, near, etc.56 A few of these prepositionsoperate in other domains, such as similarity (Œ¡¥œƒÉ∫…≈ ‘in the likeness of’) or concepts(◊◊…ƒÑ ‘in view of’, Œ¡∑fi£∏ ‘on the matter of’). In many instances (those marked withasterisks) these prepositions clearly derive from earlier prepositional phrases (now writtenas one word), originally with a following GENITIVE: A WHOLE meaning ‘of’; compare thesewith the prepositional phrases that appear in the section on GENITIVE: A WHOLE above. Thesecomplex prepositions can be thought of as belonging to both GENITIVE: A WHOLE and GENITIVE:A REFERENCE.

G

An item (small circle) is in theproximity of a GENITIVE:: A REFERENCE

(circle labeled G)

GENITIVE: AREFERENCE serves

as a referencepoint for

expressions oflack and

comparison.

GENITIVE: AREFERENCE

expresses dates.

GENITIVE: AREFERENCE with

prepositions.

133

(Items marked with asterisks derive from earlier preposi-tional phrases, now written as one word.)∫≈⁄ ‘without’∫Ã…⁄ ‘near’◊∫Ã…⁄Ç* ‘nearby’◊◊…ƒÑ* ‘in view of’◊ƒœÃÿ* ‘along’◊⁄¡ÕÅŒ* ‘in place of’◊ÕÅ∑∏œ* ‘in place of’◊Œ≈ ‘outside of’◊É⁄Ã≈ ‘near’◊œÀ∂Ñ«* ‘around’◊¥≈∂≈ƒÇ* ‘in front of’◊∂Éƒ≈* ‘like’

Prepositions associated with GENITIVE:: A REFERENCE

À∂ÉÕ≈ ‘except, besides, aside from’ÕÇÕœ ‘by, past’Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈* ‘on the eve of’Œ¡¥œƒÉ∫…≈* ‘in the likeness of’Œ¡¥∂É∏…◊ ‘opposite’Œ¡∑fi£∏* ‘on the matter of’ÉÀœÃœ ‘around; approximately’¥ÉƒÃ≈ ‘beside’¥œ⁄¡ƒÇ* ‘behind’¥œÕÇÕœ ‘aside from’¥œ¥≈∂£À* ‘across’¥É∑Ã≈ ‘after’¥∂Å÷ƒ≈ ‘before’∑◊≈∂»* ‘over, above’π ‘near, at, by’

The following examples display some of these prepositions:

Óœ ∫≈⁄ ∂Ç∑À¡ Œ…fi≈«É √ÅŒŒœ«œ Œ≈ ∑ƒÅÃ¡≈¤ÿ.[But without risk-GEN nothing valuable-GEN not do.]But you can’t do anything of value without risk .

∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏œÕ ıÀ∂¡ÇŒŸ ¥∂ÇŒµ∏œ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…≈ œ ¥∂œ◊≈ƒÅŒ…… ∂≈«…∑∏∂Ä√……◊≈∂ŒÑ◊¤…x∑µ ¥É∑Ã≈ ‹◊¡ÀπÄ√…… 1986 «Éƒ¡ Ã¿ƒÅ™ … …x ¥∂œ¥Ç∑À≈ ◊ Œ¡∑≈Ã£ŒŒŸ»¥ÑŒÀ∏¡x, ∂¡∑¥œÃÉ÷≈ŒŒŸx ◊∫Ã…⁄Ç ⁄ÉŒŸ.[Government-INST Ukraine-GEN taken-NOM decision-NOM about carrying-out-LOC registration-GEN returned-GEN after evacuation-GEN 1986 year-GEN people-GEN and their residence-registration-LOC in settled points-LOC, located-LOC nearzone-GEN.]A decision has been made by the government of Ukraine about registering peoplewho returned afer the 1986 evacuation and awarding them residence in settlementsnear the zone .

œ ∫πÃÿ◊Ä∂π ◊ƒÉÃÿ ÷£Ã∏Ÿx ∑À¡ÕÅ≈À, Õ…Õœ «Ç¥∑œ◊Ÿx π∂Œ ¤¡«Ä≈∏ Œ≈∫œÃÿ¤É«œ∂É∑∏¡ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ.[Along boulevard-DAT along yellow benches-GEN, past plaster urns-GEN stridessmall stature-GEN person-NOM.]Down the boulevard, along the yellow benches , past the plaster urns , strides a per-son of small stature.

±ˆ…⁄Œÿ ¥∂≈À∂Ä∑Œ¡ … πƒ…◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒ¡!≤ — À¡À ◊œ∑ÀÃ…√ÄÃ ∏œ◊Ä∂…› Ì¡µÀÉ◊∑À…™Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ∑¡Õœπ∫Ç™∑∏◊¡.[“Life-NOM wonderful-NOM and amazing-NOM!” — as exclaimed comradeMayakovsky-NOM on-the-eve suicide-GEN.]“Life is wonderful and amazing!” — as comrade Mayakovsky was exclaiming onthe eve of his suicide .

Genitive:: a reference 1


The genitive appears in an idiomatic expression that belongs among the GENITIVE: A REFER-ENCE prepositions, Õ≈÷ ƒ◊π» ÷≈∂Œœ◊É◊, literally ‘between two millstones ’:

Îœ«ƒÄ ∑¡Õ π÷Å ŒÄfi¡Ã ¥œ¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ, ¥œ¥ÄÃ µ Õ≈÷ ƒ◊πx ÷≈∂Œœ◊É◊ — ÕÅ÷ƒπ¥∂Ä◊ƒœ™ … ÃÉ÷ÿ¿.[When self-NOM already began write, fell I-NOM between two millstones-GEN— between truth-INST and falsehood-INST.]When I myself began to write, I fell between a rock and a hard place — betweentruth and falsehood.

GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 2—π ‘by’

The use of the preposition π could be a subchapter to itself. ı can be variously deployedin the domains of space, possession, and causation. In its basic spatial use, π simply means‘by’ or ‘near’:

ı ƒ◊≈∂Ç ∑…ƒÇ∏ Õ…∑∑ ÊÇÃÃ…¥∑ … ◊Ö÷≈∏.[By door-GEN sits Miss Phillips-NOM and knits.]Miss Phillips sits by the door and knits.

By far the most common use of π is in the Russian construction that expresses ‘have’, πpossessor-GEN + (≈∑∏ÿ) + possession-NOM, literally ‘by the possessor is a possession’,usually understood as ‘the possessor has a possession’. Here is an example:

Î∂ÉÕ≈ ◊¡∑, π ∑≈ÕÿÇ π∫Ç∏œ™ ∫áÃ… ƒ∂π⁄ÿÖ ÇÃ… xœ∂É¤…≈ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸ≈?[Aside-from you-GEN, by family-GEN deceased-GEN were friends-NOM or goodacquaintances-NOM?]Aside from you, did the family of the deceased have any friends or close acquaintan-ces?

A similar constuction is used for pain and other sensations coming from body parts (whichare our inalienable possessions):

˜ƒ∂π« µ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ π Õ≈ŒÖ ∏∂µ∑Ñ∏∑µ ∂ÑÀ….[Suddenly I-NOM noticed, that by me-GEN shake hands-NOM.]Suddenly I noticed that my hands were shaking.

When the genitive item is a person, π + GENITIVE: A REFERENCE can mean ‘at so-and so’ splace ’, as in this example:

ÌÅ∑µ√ Œ¡⁄Äƒ µ ⁄¡∫áÃ¡ π Œ≈«É œfiÀÇ œ∏ ∑ÉÃŒ√¡.[Month-ACC ago I-NOM forgot by him-GEN glasses-ACC from sun-GEN.]A month ago I forgot my sunglasses at his place .

π + GENITIVE: AREFERENCE means

‘by, near’ in thedomain of space.

π + GENITIVE: AREFERENCE

expressespossession.

π + GENITIVE: AREFERENCE with

people expresses‘at so-and so’s

place’.

The idiomaticexpression Õ≈÷ƒ◊π» ÷≈∂Œœ◊É◊‘between a rock

and a hardplace’.

135

This construction can also be used to express causation, in other words, having someone dosomething for you. In this example: ‘doing my hair π someone-GEN’ = ‘having someone domy hair’:

ÌŒ≈ ∫≈⁄∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒœ, π Àœ«É ¥∂…fi£∑Ÿ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ, µ ¥œ∏ÉÕ ◊∑£ ∂¡◊ŒÉ ¥≈∂≈ƒÅÃ¡¿ ¥œ-∑◊É≈Õπ.[Me-DAT indifferent, by who-GEN do-hair, I-NOM afterward all same redo in-own-way.]I don’t care who does my hair, afterward I redo it my own way anyway.

GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 3—Lack

As we have already seen above under GENITIVE: A WHOLE, the genitive case in Russian isassociated with quantification. The separation aspect of GENITIVE: A REFERENCE is here inter-preted as negative quantification, or lack, a use commonly called the “genitive of negation”.Note that separation does not necessarily imply non-existence, it just means that the genitiveitem isn’t available. In the first example below there is of course no denial that the Americanway of life exists, but the hearer is separated from it by a lack of experience:

˜Ÿ ¥∂É∑∏œ Œ≈ ⁄ŒÄ≈∏≈ ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ∑Àœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[You-NOM simply not know American life-GEN.]You simply don’t know (anything about) life in America .

Here are a few more typical examples of the GENITIVE: A REFERENCE with negated verbs.Notice that the genitive item can be either the subject of the sentence (as in the first twoexamples) or the direct object (as in the last two):

˜ ∏œ ÷≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ◊ fiÄ∑∏ŒœÕ ∑ÅÀ∏œ∂≈ Œ…À¡ÀÇ» ⁄¡∫¡∑∏É◊œÀ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[In that same time-ACC in private sector-LOC no-kind strikes-GEN not was.]At the same time there were no strikes in the private sector.

Îœ«ƒÄ µ ƒœ∫∂ÄÃ∑µ ƒœ π«ÃÄ — ≈£ Œ…«ƒÅ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[When I-NOM reached to corner-GEN — she-GEN nowhere not was.]When I reached the corner — she wasn’t anywhere.

ÌÉ÷Œœ ∫áÃœ ƒœ«¡ƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ∑ÇÃÿŒœ«œ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…µ µ Œ≈ ¥∂œ…⁄◊£Ã.[Possible was surmise, that strong impression-GEN I-NOM not made.]One could surmise that I did not make a strong impression .

Ô∑∏¡ŒÄ◊Ã…◊¡¿∑ÿ ¥≈∂≈ƒ ∂…∑ÑŒÀ¡Õ…, Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ◊Ç÷π, À∂ÉÕ≈ fi£∂Œœ-∫ÅÃŸ»¥Ö∏≈Œ.[Stop in-front drawings-INST, nothing-GEN not see, aside-from black-white spots-GEN.]I stop in front of the drawings, but I don’t see anything except black and white spots.

Genitive:: a reference 3

The causativeuse of π +GENITIVE: AREFERENCE withpeople.

GENITIVE: AREFERENCE withnegationexpresses lack.


The following table lists some words in Russian that express the concept ‘lack’ and areassociated with the use of the GENITIVE: A REFERENCE:

Expressions of lacking associated with GENITIVE:: A REFERENCE

‘deficit’ƒ≈∆…√Ç∏

‘deprive’Ã…¤Ä∏ÿ/Ã…¤Ç∏ÿ

‘be deprived’Ã…¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Ã…¤Ç∏ÿ∑µÃ…¤£ŒŒŸ™ ‘deprived’

‘be lacking’Œ≈ƒœ∑∏¡◊Ä∏ÿ/Œ≈ƒœ∑∏Ä∏ÿŒ≈ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œÀ ‘lack’

‘shortage’Œe»◊Ä∏À¡

Here are a couple of examples for orientation:

Ô∫áfiŒ¡µ ŒÄ¤¡ ÷Ç⁄Œÿ ∫ŸÃÄ Ã…¤≈ŒÄ ◊∑≈™ Ü∏œ™ ∂É∑Àœ¤…, À¡⁄Ä◊¤≈™∑µ∏≈¡∏∂ÄÃÿŒœ™, ¥∂≈ƒŒ¡⁄ŒÄfi≈Œœ™ …∑ÀÃ¿fiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ ƒÃµ ∑fi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ™ Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ.[Ordinary our life-NOM was deprived-NOM all this luxury-GEN, seeming-GENtheatrical-INST, set-aside-INST exclusively for happy minute-GEN.]Our ordinary life was deprived of all this luxury , which seemed theatrical, and wasset aside exclusively for a happy time.

38 ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ (∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∏∂Å∏…!) Õœ∑À◊…fiÅ™ ∑Å∏π¿∏ Œ¡ Œ≈x◊Ä∏Àπ Œ≈ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒœ◊ …∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒœ◊, ¡ «œ∂œƒ∑ÀÇx ∏π¡ÃÅ∏œ◊.[38-NOM percent-GEN (more third-GEN!) Muscovites-GEN complain on short-age-ACC not stores-GEN and restaurants-GEN, but municipal toilets-GEN.]38 percent (more than a third!) of Muscovites complain of a lack not of stores andrestaurants , but of municipal toilets .

GENITIVE: A REFERENCE 4—Comparison

Finally, distance gives you a perspective for comparing items separated along variousscales of measure. GENITIVE: A REFERENCE allows you to examine the difference between thegenitive item (which is held as the standard) and another item in a comparison. This moti-vates the use of the genitive with comparative adjectives and adverbs in constructions of thetype: other item + comparative + standard-GEN, meaning ‘the other item is better/longer/stronger, etc. than the genitive item ’. Here are some examples:

ì∫›≈≈ ƒÅÃœ ƒœÃ÷ŒÉ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ◊á¤≈ ÃÇfiŒŸ» …Œ∏≈∂Å∑œ◊.[Common cause-NOM should be higher personal interests-GEN.]The common cause should be higher (priority) than personal interests .

ÁÃÑ¥œ ƒ≈∂÷Ä∏ÿ ◊ ¥œÕ≈›ÅŒ…… ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ œƒŒÉ™ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ Ú≈Õ∫∂ÄŒƒ∏¡.[Stupid keep in room-LOC more one picture-GEN Rembrandt-GEN.]It is stupid to keep more than one of Rembrandt’s pictures in the room.

GENITIVE: AREFERENCE in

makingcomparisons.

137

≈Ã œŒ, ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ, … xÑ÷≈ ⁄Ä¥¡ƒŒŸx ¥≈◊√É◊, Œœ ∏∂Ö∑∑µ ∑…ÃÿŒÅ≈.[Sang he-NOM, perhaps, even worse Western singers-GEN, but shook stronger.]Perhaps he did sing worse than Western singers , but he shook more.

Áœƒ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ÃÑfi¤≈ ¥∂≈ƒŸƒÑ›≈«œ.[Year-NOM will-be better previous-GEN.]This year will be better than the previous one .

EPILOGUE

The word genitive is related to generation and genesis , and all these words are derivedfrom the Latin and Greek roots meaning ‘give birth’. Indeed giving birth is the means bywhich living creatures such as ourselves serve as sources for more of our kind. The genitivecase continues the theme of the role of human beings that was so prominent in our discus-sion of the dative case. People get special treatment in the system of preposition and casecombinations to express ‘going to’, ‘being at’, and ‘coming from’. Not only do we humansrequire À + DAT when we are destinations, but as locations we demand π + GEN and whenwe are places of departure we are the objects of œ∏ + GEN. Location π + GEN ‘at’ a personcan motivate a variety of interpretations, among them possession, being at someone’s place,or having that someone do something. Physical movement from and to items can be meta-phorically extended to express human beings’ emotional withdrawal from and attraction tothings through fear, disgust, desire, or expectation. Russian even asks us whether we canidentify the object of our desire, thus grammatically capturing that very human dilemma ofknowing that we want something but not knowing exactly what that something is. Thegenitive case is also very concerned with quantity in terms of amounts, deficiency, andcomparison. In the current age of quantification, when we are all threatened with beingreduced to statistics and identification numbers, it is curious to note that the Russian genitiveintegrates an appreciation of our distinctive human qualities with a focus on numericalconcepts.

Epilogue

153Appendix

APPENDIX

This Appendix is intended to serve as a general orientation tool for identifying the end-ings associated with the six cases. The paradigms, along with the notes and exceptions,should enable you to identify virtually all the case endings you are likely to encounter.These paradigms will not, however, provide you with a comprehensive guide to other fea-tures of Russian inflection, such as placement of stress and mobile vowels (some otherbooks that will give you this information are listed among our suggestions for Further Read-ing; Levin 1978 is particularly recommended).

Russian Spelling RulesIn order to properly interpret the paradigms, you need to keep in mind the spelling rules

that apply to combining consonant and vowel letters and the spelling of [j] (which soundslike the y in yes ). Note that these are rules for spelling case endings; they are not a completeguide to Russian spelling. Most Russian consonants can be hard or soft (and are thereforecalled ±paired≤), but instead of having separate consonant letters to show this, Russian usesvowel letters and the soft sign, ÿ. Here is how it is done:

in order to spell a hard paired consonant:a consonant letter: is combined with a hard vowel letter:∫, ◊, ⁄, Ã, Õ, Œ, ¥, ∂, ∑, ∏, ∆ ¡, ‹, Ÿ, œ, π

in order to spell a soft paired consonant:a consonant letter: is combined with a soft vowel letter:∫, ◊, ⁄, Ã, Õ, Œ, ¥, ∂, ∑, ∏, ∆ µ, ≈, …, £, ¿ or ÿ

As a rule, if the last consonant in a word is hard, it will generally stay that way throughoutits paradigm, and if it is soft it will stay soft. The only major exception will be in the LOCsingular, which is -≈ and softens the final consonant for all hard type nouns (although a fewhard masculine nouns can have a LOC singular of -π, which of course does not soften).Note also that £ is just ≈ when it is not stressed, and both these letters stand in for œ inposition after a soft paired consonant.

Spelling rules are different for the consonants that are not paired. These consonantscome in four types, and here are the rules that apply:

the velars «, À, »:a velar consonant letter: is combined with only the following vowel letters:«, À, » ¡, ≈, …, œ, π

the hushers ÷, fi, ¤, ›:a husher consonant letter: is combined with only the following vowel letters:÷, fi, ¤, › a, ≈, …, y,

É (if stressed)/≈ (if unstressed)

Spelling rules forcase endings.

The use of hardand soft vowelletters to spellhard and softpaired conso-nants.

The use of hardand soft vowelletters withunpairedconsonants.

154 Appendix

√:the consonant letter: is combined with only the following vowel letters:√ a, ≈, Ÿ, y,

É (if stressed)/≈ (if unstressed)

[j] (which sounds like y in yes) can be spelled in three ways:

1) when there is no vowel following it or at the end of a word it has its own letter: ™

2) after a consonant, the soft sign: is combined with a soft vowel letter:ÿ µ, ≈, …, £, ¿

3) after a vowel you simply add a soft vowel letter:µ, ≈, …, £, ¿

If an ending has an œ after a hard paired consonant, this vowel will appear after a husher or√ as É if it is stressed, or as ≈ if it is not stressed. Compare these examples of INST singularforms for ƒ◊œ∂ °courtyard¢, Œœ÷ °knife¢, and ÕÅ∑µ√ °month¢.

œ after hard paired consonant É if stressed after husher or √ ≈ if unstressed after husher or √ƒ◊œ∂ÉÕ Œœ÷ÉÕ ÕÅ∑µ√≈Õ

Understanding the spelling of [j] should make it easier for you to spell endings on wordsthat have stems ending in [j]. For example, the NOM singular and GEN singular endingsare the same for °courtyard¢: NOM singular ƒ◊œ∂, GEN singular ƒ◊œ∂Ä as they are for°genius¢: NOM singular «ÅŒ…™, GEN singular «ÅŒ…µ ([j] is the final consonant of «ÅŒ…™,and it is still there even when the ending is added, so the ending is actually -¡). There arealso noun stems that end in [j] after a consonant. Compare for example ∏¿∂ÿÕÄ °prison¢ (ahard type feminine) with ∑≈ÕÿÖ °family¢ (a soft type feminine with [j] as its final conso-nant):

NOM singular NOM plural GEN plural∏¿∂ÿÕÄ ∏â∂ÿÕŸ ∏â∂≈Õ∑≈ÕÿÖ ∑ÅÕÿ… ∑≈ÕÅ™

Both nouns have the same stem structure, since both stems end in two consonants: the stemof ∏¿∂ÿÕÄ ends in soft ∂ÿ + Õ, and the stem of ∑≈ÕÿÖ ends in soft Õÿ + [j]. And both nounshave the same ending for the GEN plural: a zero ending (the removal of the vowel repre-sented by ¡ or µ), which also motivates an inserted ≈ for both words. Û≈ÕÿÖ spells ™ in theGEN plural because [j] is at the end of the word.

Declension of NounsNouns come in three genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. For each gender we will

list the endings for both a stem ending in a hard paired consonant (±hard≤ type) and for astem ending in a soft paired consonant (±soft≤ type). Using the spelling rules above, you candetermine which ending (hard type or soft type) you will need for the unpaired consonants.Although all of the information you really need is in the paradigms and the special notesattached to them, there are a couple of global issues that are worth mentioning at the outset:animacy and the formation of the GEN plural.

Spelling rulesfor [j].

Spelling rulesfor œ, É, and £.

The spelling ofendings onwords with

stems ending in[j].

The genders andstem types of

nouns.

155Appendix

All animate nouns (nouns referring to living beings of the animal kingdom, includingourselves) substitute the GEN plural form for the ACC plural. Masculine animate nounsmake this substitution in the singular as well, using the GEN singular form for the ACCsingular. This is mentioned in the paradigms (except in the case of neuter nouns, whereanimacy is rare), but here are some concrete examples for good measure. Note that forinanimates the ACC forms are the same as the NOM forms, but for animates the ACC formsare the same as the GEN forms:

feminine masculine neuterinanimate animate inanimate animate inanimate animate°room¢ °actress¢ °courtyard¢ °actor¢ °cemetery¢ °monster¢

NOMsg ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ ¡À∏∂Ç∑¡ ƒ◊œ∂ ¡À∏£∂ ÀÃÄƒ∫…›≈ fiπƒÉ◊…›≈NOMpl ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ ¡À∏∂Ç∑Ÿ ƒ◊œ∂á ¡À∏£∂Ÿ ÀÃÄƒ∫…›¡ fiπƒÉ◊…›¡ACCpl ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ ¡À∏∂Ç∑ ƒ◊œ∂á ¡À∏£∂œ◊ ÀÃÄƒ∫…›¡ fiπƒÉ◊…›GENpl ÀÉÕŒ¡∏ ¡À∏∂Ç∑ ƒ◊œ∂É◊ ¡À∏£∂œ◊ ÀÃÄƒ∫…› fiπƒÉ◊…›

For masculine nouns, note also animacy in the singular:

NOMsg ƒ◊œ∂ ¡À∏£∂ACCsg ƒ◊œ∂ ¡À∏£∂¡GENsg ƒ◊œ∂Ä ¡À∏£∂¡

The GEN plural has three endings: zero (the removal of a final vowel), -œ◊/-≈◊ (spellingrules apply), and -≈™. With very few exceptions, the choice of GEN plural ending can bedecided by looking at the NOM singular form:

zeroIf the NOM singular ends in a vowel, remove that vowel to get a zero ending. There are ex-amples of this GEN plural ending for feminine and neuter nouns in the table directly above.Be sure to use ÿ or ™ to spell a soft paired consonant or [j] left at the end: NOM singularŒ≈ƒÅÃµ °week¢ gives GEN plural Œ≈ƒÅÃÿ; NOM singular ∆¡ÕÇÃ…µ °last name¢ gives GENplural ∆¡ÕÇÃ…™.

-œ◊/-≈◊If the NOM singular ends in a hard paired consonant (∫, ◊, ⁄, Ã, Õ, Œ, ¥, ∂, ∑, ∏, ∆), a velar («,À, »), √, or ™, spell -œ◊/-≈◊. This gives us not only the GEN plural ƒ◊œ∂É◊ above, but also theGEN plural ŒÅÕ√≈◊ °Germans¢ from NOM singular ŒÅÕ≈√ and GEN plural ∑Ãœ£◊ °layers¢from NOM singular ∑Ãœ™.

-≈™If the NOM singular ends in a soft paired consonant (in other words ∫, ◊, ⁄, Ã, Õ, Œ, ¥, ∂, ∑, ∏,∆ + ÿ) or a husher (÷, fi, ¤, ›), the ending is -≈™. For example: NOM singular ¡◊∏œÕœ∫ÇÃÿ°automobile¢ has GEN plural ¡◊∏œÕœ∫ÇÃ≈™ and NOM singular Œœ÷ °knife¢ has GEN pluralŒœ÷Å™.

The role ofanimacy in thedeclension ofnouns.

Rules for thedistribution ofthe three genitiveplural endings:zero, -œ◊/-≈◊,and -≈™.

156 Appendix

Feminine Declension Nouns

hard type: °room¢ soft type: °week¢ -ÿ: °talent¢singular plural singular plural singular plural

NOM ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ Œ≈ƒÅÃµ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏…INST ÀÉÕŒ¡∏œ™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡Õ… Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈™ Œ≈ƒÅÃµÕ… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ¿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏µÕ…ACC ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏…

= GEN if = GEN ifanimate animate

DAT ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡Õ Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃµÕ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏µÕ-…µ > -……

GEN ÀÉÕŒ¡∏Ÿ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… Œ≈ƒÅÃÿ ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏≈™LOC ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡» Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃµ» ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏… ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏µ»

-…µ > -……The INST singular of hard type and soft type nouns has a variant (archaic/poetic) end-

ing -œ¿/-≈¿. Soft type nouns ending in -…µ use -…… in both the DAT singular and the LOCsingular, so …∑∏É∂…µ °history¢ has the form …∑∏É∂…… for both. It is not uncommon for softtype feminine nouns ending in -Œµ to harden their final consonant in the GEN plural form:NOM singular ¥Å∑Œµ °song¢ has GEN plural ¥Å∑≈Œ.

Not all feminine declension nouns are feminine. There are many nouns of both the hardand soft type that refer to male human beings, such as ƒÅƒπ¤À¡ °grandfather¢, ƒÖƒµ °uncle¢,and nicknames like ÎÉ∑∏µ from ÎœŒ∑∏¡Œ∏ÇŒ or Á∂Ç¤¡ from Á∂…«É∂…™. Although thesenouns and names decline as animate feminine declension nouns, any adjective that agreeswith them uses masculine endings, which gives us ∑∏Ä∂Ÿ™ ƒÅƒπ¤À¡ °old grandfather¢.There is also one masculine noun which follows the feminine type in -ÿ, ¥π∏ÿ °way¢; itasserts its masculinity only in the INST singular, which is ¥π∏£Õ.

Exceptions:1) ÌÄ∏ÿ °mother¢ and ƒÉfiÿ °daughter¢ follow the declension of ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ, but add -≈∂-before all endings: INST singular ÕÄ∏≈∂ÿ¿/ƒÉfi≈∂ÿ¿, DAT/GEN/LOC singular and NOMplural ÕÄ∏≈∂…/ƒÉfi≈∂…, etc. For the word ‘daughter’, the INST plural has two variants:ƒœfi≈∂ÖÕ…/ƒœfi≈∂ÿÕÇ.

2) ÏÉ¤¡ƒÿ °horse¢ has the exceptional INST plural Ãœ¤¡ƒÿÕÇ alongside the expectedÃœ¤¡ƒÖÕ….

3) Some soft type nouns and some nouns with stem in husher + ¡ have a GEN plural in -≈™instead of zero: ◊œ÷÷Ä °rein¢ has GEN plural ◊œ÷÷Å™, ∏£∏µ °aunt¢ has GEN plural ∏£∏≈™,and the same goes for ƒÖƒµ °uncle¢ with GEN plural ƒÖƒ≈™.

Masculine Declension Nouns

hard type: °courtyard¢ soft type: °nail¢singular plural singular plural

NOM ƒ◊œ∂ ƒ◊œ∂á «◊œ⁄ƒÿ «◊É⁄ƒ…INST ƒ◊œ∂ÉÕ ƒ◊œ∂ÄÕ… «◊œ⁄ƒ£Õ «◊œ⁄ƒÖÕ…ACC ƒ◊œ∂ ƒ◊œ∂á «◊œ⁄ƒÿ «◊É⁄ƒ…

= GEN if = GEN if = GEN if = GEN ifanimate animate animate animate

DAT ƒ◊œ∂Ñ ƒ◊œ∂ÄÕ «◊œ⁄ƒâ «◊œ⁄ƒÖÕGEN ƒ◊œ∂Ä ƒ◊œ∂É◊ «◊œ⁄ƒÖ «◊œ⁄ƒÅ™LOC ƒ◊œ∂Å ƒ◊œ∂Ä» «◊œ⁄ƒÅ «◊œ⁄ƒÖ»

Notes on thefeminine

declensionendings.

157Appendix

Some masculine declension nouns can also have the ending -π/-¿ in the GEN singularand/or LOC singular, for example fiÄ¿ °(some) tea¢ and ◊ ∑Œ≈«Ñ °in the snow¢. This is dis-cussed in the chapters on the genitive and locative cases. There are also many masculinedeclension nouns that use the ending -Ä/-Ö for the NOM plural: NOM singular ƒœÕ °house¢has NOM plural ƒœÕÄ, and NOM singular πfiÇ∏≈Ãÿ has NOM plural πfi…∏≈ÃÖ. Inanimatesuse this ending for the ACC plural as well, so we have ACC plural ƒœÕÄ.

Exceptions:1) Some words have a hard type declension in the singular, but a soft type declension through-out the plural, adding a [j] (spelled ÿ + soft vowel letter) to the stem. Compare the NOMsingular and plural forms in these examples:

NOM singular NOM plural°man¢ Õπ÷ Õπ÷ÿÖ°chair¢ ∑∏πÃ ∑∏ÑÃÿµ°brother¢ ∫∂¡∏ ∫∂Ä∏ÿµ°son¢ ∑ŸŒ ∑ŸŒœ◊ÿÖ°friend¢ ƒ∂π« ƒ∂π⁄ÿÖ

There are a few nouns that can have both a hard and soft plural of this type, depending upontheir meaning: ⁄π∫ °tooth¢ usually has the NOM plural ⁄Ñ∫Ÿ, but if it refers to the teeth on acogged wheel, its NOM plural is ⁄Ñ∫ÿµ.

2) A rarer case of a hard type singular and a soft type plural is represented by fi£∂∏ °devil¢and ∑œ∑Åƒ °neighbor¢, which have the NOM plural forms fiÅ∂∏… and ∑œ∑Åƒ… and follow thesoft type declension throughout the plural.

3) Some nouns have a singular stem in -…Œ, but form their plural by removing -…Œ. All ofthese nouns refer to human beings, and most of them name members of a nationality. In theplural they continue to follow the hard type declension, but they can have a variety of NOMplural endings. By far the most common NOM plural ending is -≈, but note variants also:

NOM singular NOM plural°Englishman¢ ¡Œ«Ã…fiÄŒ…Œ ¡Œ«Ã…fiÄŒ≈°Bulgarian¢ ∫œÃ«Ä∂…Œ ∫œÃ«Ä∂Ÿ°master¢ »œ⁄Ö…Œ »œ⁄Ö≈◊¡

All of these nouns have a zero ending in the GEN-ACC plural: ¡Œ«Ã…fiÄŒ, ∫œÃ«Ä∂, »œ⁄Ö≈◊.

4) There are a number of nouns referring to the young of animals that have a singular stemending in -œŒœÀ/-£ŒœÀ which follows the masculine hard type declension, but a plural stemending -¡∏/-µ∏ which follows the neuter hard type declension. For example, NOM singularÀœ∏£ŒœÀ °kitten¢ has the NOM plural Àœ∏Ö∏¡, with an animate GEN-ACC plural of Àœ∏Ö∏.Ú≈∫£ŒœÀ °child¢ has two plurals: one is the expected NOM plural ∂≈∫Ö∏¡ which howevermeans °fellows¢, whereas °children¢ is expressed by the NOM plural ƒÅ∏… (which followsthe soft type declension and has the unusual INST plural ƒ≈∏ÿÕÇ).

Notes on themasculinedeclensionendings.

158 Appendix

5) One very common noun has a completely different stem in the plural than in the singular:fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ °person¢ (hard type masculine throughout the singular), with the NOM plural Ãâƒ…‘people’ (soft stem masculine throughout the plural, but note that the GEN plural with nu-merals is usually fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ instead of Ã¿ƒÅ™).

6) A few nouns have a zero ending in the GEN plural, which is therefore the same as theNOM singular: ∑œÃƒÄ∏ °soldier¢, ∑¡¥É« °boot¢, «Ã¡⁄ °eye¢.

7) The GEN plural of «Éƒ °year¢ is usually ÃÅ∏; «œƒÉ◊ is possible only when referring to aspecial set of years: ÕÉƒ¡ ƒ≈◊µŒÉ∑∏Ÿ» «œƒÉ◊ °fashion of the nineties¢.

Neuter Declension Nouns

hard type: °body¢ soft type: °schedule¢singular plural singular plural

NOM ∏ÅÃœ ∏≈ÃÄ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…≈ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µINST ∏ÅÃœÕ ∏≈ÃÄÕ… ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…≈Õ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕ…ACC ∏ÅÃœ ∏≈ÃÄÕ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…≈ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µDAT ∏ÅÃπ ∏≈ÃÄÕ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…¿ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕGEN ∏ÅÃ¡ ∏≈Ã ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…™LOC ∏ÅÃ≈ ∏≈ÃÄ» ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…… ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µ»

The vast majority of soft type neuter nouns end in -…≈; for those that do not, the LOCsingular ending is -≈, so NOM singular and LOC singular look alike for ÕÉ∂≈ °sea¢.

Exceptions1) A few common neuter nouns do not follow the usual rules for the GEN plural. ÌÉ∂≈ °sea¢and ¥ÉÃ≈ °field¢ have GEN plural forms Õœ∂Å™ and ¥œÃÅ™. ÃÄ∏ÿ≈ °dress¢ and É∫Ã¡Àœ°cloud¢ have GEN plural forms ¥ÃÄ∏ÿ≈◊ and œ∫Ã¡ÀÉ◊.

2) There are ten neuter nouns that end in -Õµ: ∫∂ÅÕµ °burden¢, ◊∂ÅÕµ °time¢, ◊áÕµ °udder¢,⁄ŒÄÕµ °banner¢, ÇÕµ °name’, ¥ÃÄÕµ °flame¢, ¥ÃÅÕµ °tribe¢, ∑ÅÕµ °seed¢, ∑∏∂ÅÕµ °stirrup¢,∏ÅÕµ °crown (of head)¢. All of them decline like ◊∂ÅÕµ, with the additon of -≈Œ to the stem;the only exceptions are the GEN plural forms for ∑ÅÕµ and ∑∏∂ÅÕµ, which are ∑≈ÕÖŒ and∑∏∂≈ÕÖŒ.

singular pluralNOM ◊∂ÅÕµ ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄINST ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ≈Õ ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄÕ…ACC ◊∂ÅÕµ ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄDAT ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄÕGEN ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… ◊∂≈Õ£ŒLOC ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… ◊∂≈Õ≈ŒÄ»

3) ˛Ñƒœ °miracle¢ and ŒÅ∫œ °heaven¢ both add -≈∑ to their stems throughout the plural,giving NOM plural fiπƒ≈∑Ä and Œ≈∫≈∑Ä. ÙÅÃœ can use the alternate plural ∏≈Ã≈∑Ä in thespecial meaning °heavenly bodies¢.

Notes on theneuter declen-sion endings.

159Appendix

4) A few nouns have a soft stem ending in [j] in the plural; the most common is ƒÅ∂≈◊œ °tree¢(with the expected hard type neuter declension throughout the singular), which has NOMplural ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿµ. All such nouns have the unexpected GEN plural -≈◊.

5) A few nouns, most referring to paired parts of the body, have an unexpected NOM pluralin -…:

NOM singular NOM plural°knee¢ ÀœÃÅŒœ ÀœÃÅŒ…°shoulder¢ ¥Ã≈fiÉ ¥ÃÅfi…°ear¢ Ñ»œ Ñ¤…°apple¢ Ö∫ÃœÀœ Ö∫ÃœÀ…

There are also some borrowed nouns of all genders that do not decline at all, for ex-ample ∑œ¥∂ÄŒœ °soprano¢ (feminine in reference to a singer, but neuter in reference to amusical part), and À≈Œ«π∂Ñ °kangaroo¢ (masculine).

AdjectivesAdjectives, like nouns, come in hard and soft types, and they match their gender, num-

ber, and case to the noun they modify.

hard type: ‘first’feminine masculine neuter plural

NOM ¥Å∂◊¡µ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈-É™ if stressed

INST ¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ…ACC ¥Å∂◊π¿ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈


DAT ¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊œÕπ ¥Å∂◊œÕπ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕGEN ¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ»LOC ¥Å∂◊œ™ ¥Å∂◊œÕ ¥Å∂◊œÕ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ»

soft type: ‘last’feminine masculine neuter plural

NOM ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒµµ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈INST ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ…ACC ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ¿¿ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈


DAT ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õπ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õπ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…ÕGEN ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈«œ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈«œ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…»LOC ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…»

Both hard and soft type adjectives have variant (archaic/poetic) endings -œ¿/-≈¿ for thefeminine INST singular. There are short adjectives, but these appear only in the nominativecase (NOMINATIVE: AN IDENTITY), for example µ «œ∏É◊¡, œŒ «œ∏É◊, ÕŸ ◊∑≈ «œ∏É◊Ÿ °I amready, he is ready, we are all ready¢. In addition, there are some soft type adjectives thathave short endings in the NOM and ACC; these are possessive adjectives like ◊ÉÃfi…™°wolf¢s¢ and the ordinal numeral ∏∂Å∏…™ °third¢. These adjectives have the following NOMand ACC endings (their endings for other cases contain ÿ followed by the soft type endingslisted above, giving ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈™, ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ, etc.):

Indeclinablenouns.

Notes onadjectivalendings.

160 Appendix

feminine masculine neuter pluralNOM ∏∂Å∏ÿµ ∏∂Å∏…™ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈ ∏∂Å∏ÿ…ACC ∏∂Å∏ÿ¿ ∏∂Å∏…™ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈ ∏∂Å∏ÿ…

∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ∏∂Å∏ÿ…»if animate if animate

Pronouns

°I¢ °we¢ °you¢ informal °you¢NOM µ ÕŸ ∏Ÿ ◊ŸINST ÕŒÉ™ ŒÄÕ… ∏œ∫É™ ◊ÄÕ…ACC Õ≈ŒÖ Œ¡∑ ∏≈∫Ö ◊¡∑DAT ÕŒ≈ Œ¡Õ ∏≈∫Å ◊¡ÕGEN Õ≈ŒÖ Œ¡∑ ∏≈∫Ö ◊¡∑LOC ÕŒ≈ Œ¡∑ ∏≈∫Å ◊¡∑

°she¢ °he¢ °it¢ °they¢NOM œŒÄ œŒ œŒÉ œŒÇINST (Œ)≈™ (Œ)…Õ (Œ)…Õ (Œ)ÇÕ…ACC (Œ)≈£ (Œ)≈«É (Œ)≈«É (Œ)…»DAT (Œ)≈™ (Œ)≈ÕÑ (Œ)≈ÕÑ (Œ)…ÕGEN (Œ)≈£ (Œ)≈«É (Œ)≈«É (Œ)…»LOC Œ≈™ Œ£Õ Œ£Õ Œ…»

°who¢ °what¢ °oneself¢NOM À∏œ fi∏œINST À≈Õ fi≈Õ ∑œ∫É™ACC Àœ«É fi∏œ ∑≈∫ÖDAT ÀœÕÑ fi≈ÕÑ ∑≈∫ÅGEN Àœ«É fi≈«É ∑≈∫ÖLOC ÀœÕ fi£Õ ∑≈∫Å

‘this’feminine masculine neuter plural

NOM Ü∏¡ Ü∏œ∏ Ü∏œ Ü∏…INST Ü∏œ™ Ü∏…Õ Ü∏…Õ Ü∏…Õ…ACC Ü∏π Ü∏œ∏ Ü∏œ Ü∏…

Ü∏œ«œ Ü∏…»if animate if animate

DAT Ü∏œ™ Ü∏œÕπ Ü∏œÕπ Ü∏…ÕGEN Ü∏œ™ Ü∏œ«œ Ü∏œ«œ Ü∏…»LOC Ü∏œ™ Ü∏œÕ Ü∏œÕ Ü∏…»

‘all, every’feminine masculine neuter plural

NOM ◊∑µ ◊≈∑ÿ ◊∑£ ◊∑≈INST ◊∑≈™ ◊∑≈Õ ◊∑≈Õ ◊∑ÅÕ…ACC ◊∑¿ ◊≈∑ÿ ◊∑£ ◊∑≈

◊∑≈«É ◊∑≈»if animate if animate

DAT ◊∑≈™ ◊∑≈ÕÑ ◊∑≈ÕÑ ◊∑≈ÕGEN ◊∑≈™ ◊∑≈«É ◊∑≈«É ◊∑≈»LOC ◊∑≈™ ◊∑£Õ ◊∑£Õ ◊∑≈»

161Appendix

Note the variant (archaic/poetic) INST forms ÕŒÉ¿, ∏œ∫É¿, (Œ)Å¿, ∑œ∫É¿, and femi-nine Ü∏œ¿, ◊∑Å¿. Û¡Õ °by oneself¢ looks exactly like Ü∏œ∏ except that it does not add -œ∏ inthe masculine NOM singular. Ùœ∏ °that¢ looks just like Ü∏œ∏ except that (like ◊≈∑ÿ) it usesthe vowel ≈ everywhere that Ü∏œ∏ uses … (so the plural is ∏≈, ∏ÅÕ…, etc.).

Possessives

‘my’feminine masculine neuter plural

NOM ÕœÖ Õœ™ Õœ£ ÕœÇINST ÕœÅ™ ÕœÇÕ ÕœÇÕ ÕœÇÕ…ACC Õœâ Õœ™ Õœ£ ÕœÇ

Õœ≈«É ÕœÇ»if animate if animate

DAT ÕœÅ™ Õœ≈ÕÑ Õœ≈ÕÑ ÕœÇÕGEN ÕœÅ™ Õœ≈«É Õœ≈«É ÕœÇ»LOC ÕœÅ™ Õœ£Õ Õœ£Õ ÕœÇ»

‘our’NOM ŒÄ¤¡ Œ¡¤ ŒÄ¤≈ ŒÄ¤…INST ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤…Õ ŒÄ¤…Õ ŒÄ¤…Õ…ACC ŒÄ¤π Œ¡¤ ŒÄ¤≈ ŒÄ¤…

ŒÄ¤≈«œ ŒÄ¤…»if animate if animate

DAT ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤≈Õπ ŒÄ¤≈Õπ ŒÄ¤…ÕGEN ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ŒÄ¤…»LOC ŒÄ¤≈™ ŒÄ¤≈Õ ŒÄ¤≈Õ ŒÄ¤…»

Ù◊œ™ °your (informal)¢, and ∑◊œ™ °one¢s own¢ look just like Õœ™. ˜¡¤ °your¢ looks justlike Œ¡¤. And of course ≈£ °her¢, ≈«É °his¢, and …» °their¢ do not decline. Aside from theNOM singular masculine form (which has the vowel ≈ instead of …), fi≈™ °whose¢ looks justlike ∏∂Å∏…™ (for example, feminine forms are fiÿµ, fiÿ≈™, fiÿ¿, etc.). As with adjectives, thefeminine INST singular of possessives has a variant ending -≈¿.

Numerals

‘one’feminine masculine neuter plural

NOM œƒŒÄ œƒÇŒ œƒŒÉ œƒŒÇINST œƒŒÉ™ œƒŒÇÕ œƒŒÇÕ œƒŒÇÕ…ACC œƒŒÑ œƒÇŒ œƒŒÉ œƒŒÇ

œƒŒœ«É œƒŒÇ»if animate if animate

DAT œƒŒÉ™ œƒŒœÕÑ œƒŒœÕÑ œƒŒÇÕGEN œƒŒÉ™ œƒŒœ«É œƒŒÉ™ œƒŒÇ»LOC œƒŒÉ™ œƒŒÉÕ œƒŒÉÕ œƒŒÇ»

Notes onpronouns.

Notes onpossessives.

162 Appendix

°two¢ °three¢ °four¢ °five¢NOM ƒ◊≈ (feminine) ∏∂… fi≈∏á∂≈ ¥µ∏ÿ

ƒ◊¡ (masc/neut)INST ƒ◊πÕÖ ∏∂≈ÕÖ fi≈∏Ÿ∂ÿÕÖ ¥µ∏ÿâACC ƒ◊≈ / ƒ◊¡ ∏∂… fi≈∏á∂≈ ¥µ∏ÿ

ƒ◊π» ∏∂£» fi≈∏Ÿ∂£»if animate if animate if animate

DAT ƒ◊πÕ ∏∂£Õ fi≈∏Ÿ∂£Õ ¥µ∏ÇGEN ƒ◊π» ∏∂£» fi≈∏Ÿ∂£» ¥µ∏ÇLOC ƒ◊π» ∏∂£» fi≈∏Ÿ∂£» ¥µ∏Ç

Note the feminine INST variant œƒŒÉ¿. ì∫¡ °both¢ has the following forms for mascu-line and neuter: INST œ∫É…Õ…, ACC É∫¡, DAT œ∫É…Õ, GEN œ∫É…», LOC œ∫É…». Thefeminine forms are the same, but the vowel e is substituted for ¡, giving É∫≈, œ∫Å…Õ…, etc.When the numbers É∫¡/É∫≈, ƒ◊¡/ƒ◊≈, ∏∂…, and fi≈∏á∂≈ (also called the “paucal numerals”)are used in the NOM or ACC cases, the adjectives and nouns they modify appear with avariety of endings. Adjectives use an ending that looks like the GEN plural (the only ac-ceptable ending when the noun is masculine or neuter) or the NOM/ACC plural (preferredwhen the noun is feminine). Nouns use an ending that looks like the GEN singular, butsometimes has a unique stress (for example, in the phrase ƒ◊¡ fi¡∑Ä ‘two hours’, fi¡∑Ä has noequivalent anywhere in the paradigm for fi¡∑ ‘hour’; the GEN singular is fiÄ∑¡). This bookwill follow the convention of treating the entire paucal numeral + adjective + noun phraseas NOM when the numeral is NOM, and ACC when the numeral is ACC, thus:

ı Õ≈ŒÖ ∏∂… À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ» ∫∂Ä∏¡ … ƒ◊≈ À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ≈/À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ» ∑≈∑∏∂á.[By me-GEN three handsome brothers-NOM and two beautiful sisters-NOM.]I have three handsome brothers and two beautiful sisters .

Ò ÷ƒ¡ÃÄ fi≈∏á∂≈ ƒÉÃ«…» fi¡∑Ä … fi≈∏á∂≈ ƒÉÃ«…≈/ƒÉÃ«…» Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ.[I-NOM waited four long hours-ACC and four long minutes-ACC.]I waited four long hours and four long minutes .

Collective numerals have one form for the NOM and (inanimate) ACC, such as ƒ◊É≈ °two-some¢, ∏∂É≈ °threesome¢, fiÅ∏◊≈∂œ °foursome¢, ¥Ö∏≈∂œ °fivesome¢, etc., and form all othercases with adjectival endings, giving for example the INST forms: ƒ◊œÇÕ…, ∏∂œÇÕ…,fi≈∏◊≈∂áÕ…, ¥µ∏≈∂áÕ…, etc. ÛÀÉÃÿÀœ °how many¢ behaves like the collectives (INST:∑ÀÉÃÿÀ…Õ…). ÛÉ∂œÀ °forty¢, ƒ≈◊µŒÉ∑∏œ °ninety¢, ∑∏œ °hundred¢ all have the ending -¡ in theINST, DAT, GEN, and LOC forms. For numerals from °two hundred¢ to °nine hundred¢,however, ∑∏œ is declined like any hard type neuter noun, with the exception that °two hun-dred¢ is ƒ◊Å∑∏…. Ùá∑µfi¡ °thousand¢, Õ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ °million¢, and Õ…ÃÃ…Ä∂ƒ °billion¢ are alldeclined just like ordinary nouns.

Prepositions

Most prepositions that end in a consonant (∫≈⁄ ‘without’, …⁄ ‘from’, Œ¡ƒ ‘above’, œ∫‘about, against’, œ∏ ‘from’, ¥Å∂≈ƒ ‘before’, ¥œƒ ‘under’) or consist only of a consonant (◊

Notes onnumerals

Notes onprepositions.

163Appendix

‘to’, À ‘to’, ∑ ‘with, from, approximately’) will frequently add the vowel -œ (creating ∫≈⁄œ,…⁄œ, Œ¡ƒœ, œ∫œ, œ∏œ, ¥Å∂≈ƒœ, ¥œƒœ, ◊œ, Àœ, ∑œ) preceding certain consonant clusters, inparticular:

ÕŒ- (primarily in forms of ÕŒÉ«œ/ÕŒÉ«…≈ ‘many’ and the pronoun µ ‘I’): ◊œ ÕŒÉ«œÕ‘in many ways’, Àœ ÕŒ≈ ‘to me’, ¥Å∂≈ƒœ ÕŒœ™ ‘before me’

◊∑- (primarily in forms of ◊≈∑ÿ ‘all’): …⁄œ ◊∑≈» ∑…Ã ‘with all one’s might’, Àœ ◊∑≈Õ‘to everyone’.

The addition of -œ to prepositions is also common when the consonant cluster of the nextword begins with the same (or similar) consonant as the one at the end of the preposition: ◊œ◊∏É∂Œ…À ‘on Tuesday’, ∑œ ∑∏œÃÄ ‘from the table’, ∑œ ⁄ÃÉ∑∏… ‘out of spite’, ∑œ ›ÄÕ… ‘withcabbage soup’, ∑œ ∑fi£∏¡ ‘from the bill’. Less predictable is the insertion of -œ before wordswith other consonant clusters, such as ◊œ ∂∏π ‘in one’s mouth’, Àœ ƒŒπ ‘to the bottom’, œ∫œfi∏œ ‘against what’, ¥œƒœ ÃÿƒœÕ ‘under the ice’.The preposition œ ‘against, about’ always adds -∫ (becoming œ∫) before words beginning ina vowel (¡, ‹, …, œ, π), and frequently adds the -∫ even before consonants when used withthe accusative case to indicate ‘against’, as in É∫ ∑∏≈ŒÀπ ‘against the wall’. Regardless ofthe case used, œ∫ will further add -œ (becoming œ∫œ) before most declined forms (contain-ing ÕŒ- and ◊∑-) of µ and ◊≈∑ÿ: œ∫œ ÕŒ≈ ‘about me’, œ∫œ ◊∑£Õ ‘about everything’.

Names

Russian first names and patronymics decline like nouns, but surnames follow avariety of patterns, depending upon their stem shape. There are five types of surnames: 1)Russian surnames ending in -ŸŒ, -…Œ, -œ◊, -£◊, or -≈◊; 2) Russian and foreign surnamesending in a consonant; 3) Surnames ending in unstressed -a or-µ; 4) Russian surnameswith adjectival stems ending in -Ÿ™, -…™, or -É™; 5) Russian surnames ending in -Ÿ», -…», -¡«œ, -µ«œ, -œ◊œ, Ukrainian surnames ending in -Àœ, -≈ŒÀœ, and all foreign surnamesending in a vowel (other than -a).

1) Russian surnames ending in -ŸŒ, -…Œ, -œ◊, -£◊, or -≈◊ follow a mixed declensioncontaining both nominal and pronominal endings.

feminine singular masculine singular pluralNOM Ñ¤À…Œ¡ Ñ¤À…Œ Ñ¤À…ŒŸINST Ñ¤À…Œœ™ Ñ¤À…ŒŸÕ Ñ¤À…ŒŸÕ…ACC Ñ¤À…Œπ Ñ¤À…Œ¡ Ñ¤À…ŒŸ»DAT Ñ¤À…Œœ™ Ñ¤À…Œπ Ñ¤À…ŒŸÕGEN Ñ¤À…Œœ™ Ñ¤À…Œ¡ Ñ¤À…ŒŸ»LOC Ñ¤À…Œœ™ Ñ¤À…Œ≈ Ñ¤À…ŒŸ»

2) Russian and foreign surnames ending in a consonant are declined like masculine nounswhen they refer to a male person, but are indeclinable when they refer to a female person.Compare: Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ‰ÇÀ¡ ÏÉŒ«¡ ‘I love Dick Long’ vs. Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ÛÄ∂π ÏœŒ« ‘I loveSara Long’.

Notes on names.

164 Appendix

3) Surnames ending in unstressed -a or-µ are declined like feminine nouns regardless ofwhether they refer to a man or woman: Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ßπÃÄ∏¡/Ì¡∂Ç¿ ÔÀπƒ÷Ä◊π ‘I loveBulat/Maria Okudzhava’.

4) Russian surnames with adjectival stems ending in -Ÿ™, -…™, or -É™ are declined likeadjectives and agree in gender and number with the person or persons that they refer to:Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ·Œƒ∂Åµ ßÅÃœ«œ/ÌÄ¿ Ã≈∑Å√Àπ¿ ‘I love Andrej Belyj/Maja Plesetskaja’.

5) Russian surnames ending in -Ÿ», -…», -¡«œ, -µ«œ, -œ◊œ, Ukrainian surnames ending in -Àœ, -≈ŒÀœ, and all foreign surnames ending in a vowel (other than -a) are indeclinable(although there is some tendency to decline the Ukrainian surnames ending in -Àœ, -≈ŒÀœlike Russian surnames ending in unstressed -a, cf. 3 above): Ò Ã¿∫Ãâ ‰ÉÀ∏œ∂¡ˆ…◊Ä«œ/˚≈◊fiÅŒÀœ (˚≈◊fiÅŒÀπ).

165

FURTHER READINGS

This is a list of particularly useful reference and theoretical materials that have inspired theCase Book for Russian , which interested students might wish to consult, but not a compre-hensive bibliography on the topics of case meaning and morphology.

On Russian case meanings:

Brecht, Richard D. and James S. Levine, eds. 1986. Case in Slavic . Columbus: Slavica.[This is a compendium of articles on case in Slavic languages by leading scholars;about half of the articles deal specifically with Russian case usage. In addition to thearticles, there is a very useful introduction on Case and Meaning by the editors and athorough, if now somewhat outdated bibliography .]

Jakobson, Roman. 1984. “Contribution to the General Theory of Case: General Meaningsof the Russian Cases”, in Roman Jakobson. Russian and Slavic Grammar . Studies 1931-1981, ed. by Waugh, Linda R. and Morris Halle. Berlin/New York/Amsterdam: Mou-ton, pp. 59-103. [This is a translation from the German of the original article which waspublished in 1936 by the Prague Linguistic Circle and then again in 1971 in volume 2 ofJakobson’s Selected Writings. This visionary article remains a landmark in the field ofRussian case semantics. ]

Wade, Terence. 1992. A Comprehensive Russian Grammar , ed. by Michael J. de K. Holman.Oxford/Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. [This is an excellent reference book, and can beused to supersede previous grammars of Russian by Pulkina and Unbegaun. See par -ticularly the section on Case Usage, pp. 85-1 10 and the chapter on The Preposition, pp.416-487.]

Wierzbicka, Anna. 1980. The Case for Surface Case. Ann Arbor: Karoma. [This book isdevoted to the Russian instrumental as an illustration of Wierzbicka’ s reasons for ob-jecting to certain aspects of Fillmore’ s theoretical writings — see Fillmore’ s “The Casefor Case” cited below .]

On Russian case endings:

Leed, Richard and Slava Paperno. 1987. 5000 Russian Words. Columbus: Slavica. [This isa dictionary giving the complete stressed paradigms for 5000 of the most common nouns,pronouns, adjectives, and verbs of Russian. Leed’ s Appendix on Russian Endings at theback of the book is especially useful. ]

Levin, Maurice I. 1978. Russian Declension and Conjugation: A Structural Descriptionwith Exercises. Columbus: Slavica. [This book is devoted entirely to a systematic de-scription of endings for nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs. The system also handlesstress and fill vowels, and there are enough exercises to enable students to fully masterRussian inflection. Doing the exercises is tedious, but worthwhile. ]

166 Further Readings

On meaning and metaphor in grammar:

Dahl, Osten. 1985. Case Grammar and Prototypes. Duisburg: L.A.U.D. [A brief and in-sightful work, much ahead of its time. ]

Fillmore, Charles J. 1968. “The Case for Case”, in: Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms(eds.), Universals in Linguistic Theory . New York: Reinhart & Winston, pp. 1-88. [Thiswork is widely regarded as a pathbreaking article on case semantics. Fillmore revisitedthis topic in 1977, in“The Case for Case Reopened”, in: Peter Cole and Jerrold M. Saddock(eds.), Grammatical Relations. Syntax & Semantics 8. New York: Academic Press, pp.59-81 and also in 1982 in “Frame Semantics”, in: Linguistic Society of Korea (eds.),Linguistics in the Morning Calm. Seol: Hanshin, pp. 1 11-138.]

Johnson, Mark. 1987. The Body in the Mind. Chicago/London: U of Chicago Press. [Thisbook deals with the way in which perceptual experience serves as source material forderiving abstract relationships in human cognition. Chapters 2, 4, and 5 are particu-larly relevant to the relationships encoded in case. ]

Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things . Chicago/London: U of Chi-cago Press. [This book explores the relevance of metaphor , metonymy, and semanticcategory structure to grammar . It rambles quite a lot, but establishes the principlesaccording to which the Case Book for Russian seeks to explain the cases as coherentsemantic wholes. ]

Langacker, Ronald. W. 1987. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequi-sites, Vol. 1 , and 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Descriptive Application,Vol. 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press. [This work fleshes out the ideas suggestedby Lakoff in serious detail, but is rather dif ficult to wade through. ]

Talmy, Leonard. 1986. The Relation of Grammar to Cognition. Berkeley: Berkeley Cogni-tive Science Report. [Also in: Proceedings of TINLAP-2, ed. by D. Waltz. Champaign,Ill: Coordinated Science Laboratory , University of Illinois. This article deals specifi-cally with the distinctions between lexical and grammatical meaning. ]

167Further Readings

SOURCES

The examples in The Case Book for Russian have been culled from the following sources:

PERIODICALS:·∂«πÕ≈Œ∏Ÿ … ∆¡À∏Ÿ (1998)È⁄◊≈∑∏…µ (1994, 1995, 1997, 1998)È∏œ«… (1998)ÎœÕÕ≈∂∑¡Œ∏ (1998)ÎœÕ∑œÕœÃÿ∑À¡µ ¥∂¡◊ƒ¡ (1998)Î∂¡∑Œ¡µ ⁄◊≈⁄ƒ¡ (1998)Ï…∏≈∂¡∏π∂Œ¡µ «¡⁄≈∏¡ (1997, 1998)Ìœ∑Àœ◊∑À¡µ ¥∂¡◊ƒ¡ (1998)Ìœ∑Àœ◊∑À…™ ÀœÕ∑œÕœÃ≈√ (1998)Ó≈⁄¡◊…∑…Õ¡µ «¡⁄≈∏¡ (1997, 1998)Ô«œŒ≈À (1998)∂¡◊ƒ¡ (1998)Úœ∑∑…™∑À…≈ ◊≈∑∏… (1998)Û≈«œƒŒµ (1998)

BOOKS:

ß¡∂¡Œ∑À¡µ, Ó¡∏¡Ãÿµ. 1989. Ó≈ƒ≈Ãµ À¡À Œ≈ƒ≈Ãµ, ed. by Lora Paperno, Natalie Roklina,and Richard Leed. Columbus: Slavica.

‰œ◊Ã¡∏œ◊, Û≈∂«≈™. 1991. ‰◊≈ ¥œ◊≈∑∏…. Ìœ∑À◊¡: ÛÃœ◊œ.

‰œ◊Ã¡∏œ◊, Û≈∂«≈™. 1993. Ûœ∫∂¡Œ…≈ ¥∂œ⁄Ÿ ◊ ∏∂≈» ∏œÕ¡». ≈∏≈∂∫π∂«: Ï…Õ∫π∑-¥∂≈∑∑.

Ì¡∂…Œ…Œ¡, ·Ã≈À∑¡Œƒ∂¡. 1997. ÈÃÃ¿⁄…µ «∂≈»¡. Ìœ∑À◊¡: ÂÀ∑Õœ.

Ó¡∫¡∏Œ…Àœ◊¡, Ù¡∏ÿµŒ¡. 1995. Ó≈ ∂œƒ…∑ÿ À∂¡∑…◊œ™. Úœ∑∏œ◊-Œ¡-‰œŒπ: È⁄ƒ-◊œ ∂œ∆-¥∂≈∑∑.

≈∏∂π¤≈◊∑À¡µ, Ï¿ƒÕ…Ã¡. 1996. Ûœ∫∂¡Œ…≈ ∑œfi…Œ≈Œ…™ ◊ ¥µ∏… ∏œÕ¡». ÙœÕ I. Ìœ∑À◊¡:ÙÎÔ ·ÛÙ.

Simes, Natasha and Richard M. Robin. 1992. Political Russian: An Intermediate Course inRussian Language for International Relations, National Security and Socio-Econom-ics. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.

ÙœÀ¡∂≈◊¡, ˜…À∏œ∂…µ. 1996. Ï≈∏¡¿›…≈ À¡fi≈Ã…. Ìœ∑À◊¡: ÂÎÛÌÔ.

˝≈∂∫¡Àœ◊¡, Á¡Ã…Œ¡. 1996. ˜¡Õ … Œ≈ ∑Œ…Ãœ∑ÿ. Ìœ∑À◊¡: È⁄ƒ¡∏≈Ãÿ∑À…™ ƒœÕ ∂π∑¡Œœ◊¡.

˝≈∂∫¡Àœ◊¡, Á¡Ã…Œ¡. 1996. Áœƒ ·Ã≈ŒŸ. Ìœ∑À◊¡: ˜¡«∂…π∑.

168 Sources

WEBSITES:

Ë¡∂Õ∑, ‰¡Œ……Ã. http://sunsite.sut.ac.jp/asia/russia/russian-studies/Literature/Harms.

Ì¡À¡Œ…Œ, ˜Ã¡ƒ…Õ…∂. “Î¡◊À¡⁄∑À…™ ¥Ã≈ŒŒŸ™”. Óœ◊Ÿ™ Õ…∂. http://www.friends-partners.org/~afarber/makanin/index.html

Óœ◊œƒ◊œ∂∑À¡µ, ˜¡Ã≈∂…µ. œ ∏π ∑∏œ∂œŒπ œ∏fi¡µŒ…µ. Ìœ∑À◊¡: È⁄ƒ¡∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Œœ◊œ∑∏…,1993. http://mech.math.msu.su/~gmk/ds/side088.htm

ÛœÃ÷≈Œ…√ŸŒ. http://sunsite.sut.ac.jp/asia/russia/russian-studies/Literature/Gulag.

Ûœ∂œÀ…Œ, ˜Ã¡ƒ…Õ…∂. “Ôfi≈∂≈ƒÿ”. http://www.sparc.spb.su/Avz/lit/Sorokin/ochered.html

169

Notes on the ExercisesThree Levels of ExercisesExercises for The Case Book for Russian are divided into three levels of increasing diffi-culty. Level I exercises contain short sentences with vocabulary that is common to first-year courses. Level II exercises contain longer, more difficult sentences and vocabulary.Level III exercises contain the most complex sentences and the most difficult vocabulary.Sentences with participles or verbal adverbs are almost exclusively limited to Level III. It ishighly recommended that you work through the exercises using the accompanying softwarepackage, The Case Book for Russian INTERACTIVE, but the exercises are also provided here foreasy use in the classroom.

Three Types of ExercisesFor each level, there are three different types of exercises. There are separate exercise setsfor each case individually, in which the task is to identify the instances of the case in ques-tion and explain why the case is used. Following the single-case exercises are mixed-caseexercises of the same type. These mixed-case exercises ask the student to identify all thecases in a sentence and explain why the case is used. A second type of mixed case exercisepresents all case items in the nominative case and requires the student to reconstruct theoriginal sentence. Translation from Russian to English is also featured in the exercises. Forquestions on specific constructions in the exercises, consult the index for the relevant sec-tion of the book.

The Answer KeyAn answer key is available for instructors using The Case Book for Russian . However, allanswers to the exercises may be found by using The Case Book for Russian INTERAC-TIVE. The answer key contains all the original sentences where the Russian example isgiven in full followed by the sentence parsing and a smooth English translation. Numbersfollowing each sentence in the exercises correspond to the sentence number in the key.

Additional ActivitiesIn addition to working through these exercises, students may apply the knowledge gainedfrom this book in analyzing any readings, dialogues, or other speech contexts. In order tofacilitate active case use, instructors may wish to have students write Russian sentencesusing selected vocabulary from the various tables throughout the book.

Notes on the Exercises

170 Exercises

Level I Exercises

171

Nominative Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the instances of the NOMINATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the NOMINATIVE is used.

1 Ùœ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ¡∑ÿ, ∫áÃœ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ¥∂œ∑∏áÕ … Ö∑ŒŸÕ.[That situation-_____ , in which-_____ I-_____ was-found, was absolutely simple-_____ and clear-_____ .] (I-4)

2 ÔŒÇ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫áÃ… »πÃ…«ÄŒ¡Õ…, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ◊Œ¡fiÄÃ≈ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ…≈ »πÃ…«ÄŒŸ, ¥œ∏ÉÕâŒŸ≈, ¡ ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ∑∏Ä∂Ÿ≈.[They-_____ always were hooligans-_____ , just at-first little hooligans-_____ ,then young-_____ , and now old-_____ .] (I-10)

3 ˜ Ü∏œÕ «œƒÑ Úœ∑∑Ç¿, ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ, ¥œ∑≈∏Ç∏ «Ã¡◊Ä π¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ™œ∫œ∂ÉŒŸ Ò¥ÉŒ…….[In this year-_____ Russia-_____ , possibly, visits head-_____ administration-_____ national defense-_____ Japan-_____ .] (I-17)

4 ˜œ∏ …⁄ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ◊Ÿ»Éƒ…∏ ∑ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃ≈Õ Õœ™ ∑œ∑Åƒ.[Here from third doorway-_____ walks-out with briefcase-_____ my neighbor-_____ .] (I-28)

5 —Î∏œ Ü∏œ ¥œƒxœƒÇÃ? —ı∫É∂›…√¡...ˆÅŒ›…Œ¡ Ã≈∏ ¤≈∑∏Çƒ≈∑µ∏… ¥µ∏Ç.[-Who-_____ that-_____ came? -Maid-_____ ...Woman-_____ years-_____ sixtyfive-_____ .] (I-42)

6 Ìœ™ ∫∂¡∏ — ∂¡∫ ∑◊œ≈«É œ∂«¡ŒÇ⁄Õ¡.[My brother-_____ — slave-_____ own body-_____ .] (I-56)

7 ÎœÕÑ œŒÉ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∑≈™fiÄ∑, Õœ£ ∑¡ÕœÃâ∫…≈?[Who-_____ it-_____ needed-_____ now, my narcissism-_____ ?] (I-59)

8 œ∏ÉÕ …⁄ œÀŒÄ ◊á◊¡Ã…Ã¡∑ÿ ∏∂Å∏ÿµ ∑∏¡∂Ñ»¡, ¥œ∏ÉÕ fi≈∏◊£∂∏¡µ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥Ö∏¡µ.[Then from window-_____ tumbled-out third old-woman-_____ , then fourth-_____,then fifth-_____ .] (I-72)

9 ÈŒ∏≈∂Å∑Œœ, ¥œ¥¡ƒ£∏ Ã… ◊ ∂ÑÀ… ÕÜ∂¡ Ïπ÷ÀÉ◊¡ Ü∏œ∏ ŒÉÕ≈∂ “ÏÇ∏«¡⁄Å∏Ÿ≤?[Interesting, fall if in hands-_____ mayor Luzhkov-_____ this issue-_____“Litgazeta-_____ ”?] (I-85)

10 ßπÀ◊ÄÃÿŒœ fiÅ∂≈⁄ fi¡∑ À Œ≈™ ¥∂…Åƒ≈∏ ±∂¡∑∑∏∂ÅÃÿŒ¡µ ∫∂…«Äƒ¡≤.[Literally in hour-_____ to her-_____ comes “execution brigade-_____ ”. (I-91)

NominativeExercise 1Level I

Nominative Exercise 1, Level I

172 Exercises

11 ‚ÉÃ≈≈ ∏œ«É, ¥œ Õá∑Ã… Ä◊∏œ∂¡, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ ◊≈ÃÇÀ Œ≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ œ∏ ∏œ«É, ¥∂¡◊œŒ ÇÃ… Œ≈ ¥∂¡◊ ◊ ∑◊œÇ» ∑π÷ƒÅŒ…µ».[More that-_____ , along thought-_____ author-_____ , Solzhenitsyn-_____ great-_____ irrespective from that-_____ , right-_____ he-_____ or not right-_____ inown judgments-_____ .] (I-95)

12 · ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ◊œœ∫›Å ⁄ƒÉ∂œ◊œ ∑¥¡∏ÿ. ıâ∏ŒŸ™ π«œÃÉÀ. Ò ∑∏œ Ã≈∏ Œ¡ ¥∂…∂Éƒ≈ Œ≈∑¥¡Ã, ¡ ∏Ÿ?[And here generally cool sleep. Comfortable corner-_____ . I-_____ hundred-_____ years-_____ in nature-_____ not slept, and you-_____ ?] (I-136)


1 Ù¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ, ◊∑£ ◊á«Ãµƒ≈Ãœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœ, Å∑Ã… Œ≈ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ ∏œ«É∆ÄÀ∏¡, fi∏œ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ÷≈ŒÉ™ Á≈É∂«…µ.[This image-_____ , all-_____ looked completely normal, if not consider that fact-_____ , that I-_____ still not was wife-_____ Georgij-_____ .] (I-5)

2 ˜≈∂œŒÇÀ¡ ◊áÃ≈⁄Ã¡ …⁄ Àπ∑∏É◊ … ∑∏ÄÃ¡ ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ ˜¡ƒÇÕ ≈£ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã.[Veronika-_____ crawled-out from bushes-_____ and stood so, so-that Vadim-_____ her-_____ noticed.] (I-11)

3 ˜ ŒÄ¤≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∂œÃÿ …∑¥œ◊ÅƒŒ…À¡ ◊Ÿ¥œÃŒÖ¿∏ ƒ∂π⁄ÿÖ … ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸ≈.[In our time-_____ role-_____ confessor-_____ fill friends-_____ and acquain-tances-_____ .] (I-22)

4 Ò ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ∑¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ Œ¡∑fi£∏ ∏¡ÃÄŒ∏œ◊, Œœ ◊œ⁄ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ¡∑ÿ.[I-_____ should-_____ was ask about talents-_____ , but held-back.] (I-30)

5 Î∂π« ≈£ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸx ∑œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ¡ƒ◊œÀÄ∏Ÿ, ◊∂¡fiÇ, ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ, xπƒÉ÷Œ…À….[Circle-_____ her acquaintances-_____ composed lawyers-_____ , doctors-_____,journalists-_____ , artists-_____ . (I-43)

6 Ò ∑œfi…ŒÖ¿ ∑∏…»Ç. ñ∏œ Õœ£ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉ≈ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…≈ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[I-_____ compose verses-_____ . That-_____ my principle occupation-_____ inlife-_____ .] (I-57)

7 Ò ƒ¡Ã ≈™ ÃÄ¥π, À¡À ∑œ∫ÄÀ¡, … ∏¡À ÷≈ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ ◊ «Ã¡⁄Ä.[I-_____ her-_____ gave paw-_____ , like dog-_____ , and thus also looked ineyes-_____.] (I-64)

8 ÔŒ ¥∂É∑…∏ Õ≈ŒÖ À ∑≈∫Å, ∑¥∂Ä¤…◊¡≈∏, À¡À …ƒ£∏ ∂¡∫É∏¡.[He-_____ asks me-_____ to self-_____ , asks, how goes work-_____ .] (I-74)

NominativeExercise 2

Level I

173

9 É»œ∂œŒŸ ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ…∑ÿ Œ¡ ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›…™ ƒ≈Œÿ, ¥∂… πfiÄ∑∏…… ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡‚≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑…….[Funeral-_____ took-place on next day-_____ , at participation-_____ president-_____ Belorussia-_____ .] (I-86)

10 ÓÄƒœ …ÕÅ∏ÿ ◊ ◊…ƒÑ, fi∏œ œŒÄ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ «Ãπ∫œÀÉ ◊Å∂π¿›…™.[Necessary have in view-_____ , that she-_____ person-_____ deeply believing-_____ .] (I-92)

11 ˛∏œ ÷≈ ¥∂œ…⁄œ¤ÃÉ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈, … À¡Àœ◊á Õœ∏Ç◊Ÿ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™¤≈∑∏Œ¡ƒ√¡∏…ÃÅ∏Œ≈™ ∏≈ŒŒ…∑Ç∑∏À…?[What-_____ EMPH happened in actual matter-_____ , and what-kind-of-_____motives-_____ parents-_____ sixteen-year-old tennis-player-_____ ?] (I-119)

12 · ¥∂… Û∏ÄÃ…Œ≈ ∂Ä⁄◊≈ ∏◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ ∏¡ÀÉ≈?[And under Stalin-_____ really made such-_____ ?] (I-138)


1 ÓÄ¤¡ ¥Å∂◊¡µ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ¥∂œ¤ÃÄ ∏≈Õ Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ ∫≈⁄ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ…x ◊œ∑∏É∂«œ◊.[Our first meeting-_____ passed that-_____ not less without excess enthusiasm-_____ .] (I-6)

2 Ê…«Ñ∂¡ π Œ≈£ ∫ŸÃÄ À¡À √Ç∆∂¡ ±◊É∑≈Õÿ,≤ œƒÇŒ À∂Ñ« Œ¡ ƒ∂π«ÉÕ.[Figure-_____ by her-_____ was like number-_____ “eight”-_____ , one circle-_____ on other-_____ .] (I-14)

3 Û ¥Å∂◊Ÿx ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√ ◊ ≈«É ÀŒÇ«≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ¥∂œ∫Ã≈ÕÄ∏…À¡ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒ¡µ …∏∂ÑƒŒ¡µ.[From first-_____ very pages-_____ in his book-_____ is-felt problems unusual-_____ and difficult-_____ .] (I-26)

4 ¸Õ…«∂Ä√…µ Å∑∏ÿ ±Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ ∑◊œ∫ÉƒŸ≤.[Emigration-_____ is “laboratory-_____ freedom-_____ ”.] (I-41)

5 ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ ÕœÇx ∑∏Ä∂Ÿx ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸx, ∂¡∫É∏¡¿›…™ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈, ∂≈¤ÇÃ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿÕŒ≈ ¥œƒÄ∂œÀ.[One-_____ from my old friends-_____ , working-_____ in capitol-_____ , de-cided make me-_____ present-_____ .] (I-54)

6 Ù∂Å∏ÿ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ …ƒ£∏ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ⁄¡ ÷…⁄Œÿ.[Third week-_____ goes battle-_____ for life-_____ .] (I-58)

NominativeExercise 3Level I

Nominative Exercise 3, Level I

174 Exercises

7 ÙÉÃÿÀœ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ ÕÉ«π∏ …«∂Ä∏ÿ œƒÇŒ ∑¥≈À∏ÄÀÃÿ ¥œ ƒÅ∑µ∏ÿ ∂¡⁄. · ÕŸ Œ≈ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ,¡ Ãâƒ…. È Œ≈ …«∂Ä≈Õ, ¡ ÷…◊£Õ.[Only actors-_____ can play one show-_____ along ten-_____ times-_____ . Butwe-_____ not actors-_____ , but people-_____ . And not play, but live.] (I-67)

8 ÌŒ≈ ◊œ∏ ƒ¡ƒÑ∏ ¥Ã¡Œ, … ∏œ«ƒÄ — ¥∂œ›Ä™ ÕœÖ ƒ…∑∑≈∂∏Ä√…µ![Me-_____ look give plan-_____ and then — goodbye my dissertation-_____ !] (I-80)

9 Î¡ÀÉ≈ ÷≈ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…≈ Œ¡ ◊Ä∑ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ…∏ Œ¡fiÄÃœ ∑πƒÅ∫Œœ«œ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑¡?[What impression-_____ on you-_____ make initiation-_____ judicial process-_____ ?] (I-90)

10 È⁄◊Å∑∏Œœ, fi∏œ âŒœ∑∏ÿ ƒœ◊Å∂fi…◊¡ … Ã¿∫œ¥á∏Œ¡, ¡ ¥œ∏œÕÑ … ∫≈∑∑∏∂Ä¤Œ¡.[Known, that youth-_____ gullible-_____ and curious-_____ and for-that-reasonalso fearless-_____ .] (I-93)

11 Ó≈∏, œŒ Œ≈ ¥ÿÖŒŸ™. ∂É∑∏œ œ∫¡ÃƒÅÃ œ∏ ÷¡∂á.[No, he-_____ not drunk-_____ . Simply became-woozy from heat-_____ .] (I-135)

12 ˜Å∂¡ ¥ÅÃ¡ ◊ ¥ÉÃŒŸ™ «ÉÃœ∑, … ∫áÃœ ∑Ãá¤Œœ ¥œ Ü∏œÕπ «ÉÃœ∑π, fi∏œ π Œ≈£»œ∂É¤≈≈ Œ¡∑∏∂œÅŒ…≈.[Vera-_____ sang in full voice-_____ , and was audible by this voice-_____ , thatby her-_____ good mood-_____.] (I-146)

Instrumental Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the instances of the INSTRUMENTAL case in the following sentences and ex-plain why the INSTRUMENTAL is used.

1 È À¡À ∂¡⁄ ◊ Ü∏œ∏ ÕœÕÅŒ∏ ∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√Ÿ ∑∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ÀÃ¿fiÉÕ.[And how time in that moment -_____ from stairwell-_____ began our room-_____ open key-_____ .] (I-1)

2 ÓÄ¤¡ ¥Å∂◊¡µ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ¥∂œ¤ÃÄ ∏≈Õ Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ ∫≈⁄ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ…x ◊œ∑∏É∂«œ◊.[Our first meeting-_____ passed that-_____ not less without excess enthusiasm-_____ .] (I-6)

3 ˛∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ¥Ä∑∏ÿ À ƒÖƒ≈, ŒÄƒœ ∑¥π∑∏Ç∏ÿ∑µ ŒÇ÷≈ ‹∏¡÷ÉÕ.[So-that arrive to uncle-_____ , necessary descend lower floor-_____ .] (I-24)

4 Ìœ™ ¥∂Äƒ≈ƒ ∫ŸÃ ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ.[My great-grandfather-_____ was Russian-_____ .] (I-61)

InstrumentalExercise 1

Level I

175

5 Ò Å»¡Ã ◊ ∏∂œÃÃÅ™∫π∑≈, ¡ œŒ ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ∑µ ∑ ¡◊∏É∫π∑œÕ, … ÕŒ≈ ¥∂…¤ÃÉ∑ÿ …ƒ∏Ç¥≈¤ÀÉÕ.[I-_____ rode in trolleybus-_____, but it-_____ collided with bus-_____, and me-_____ was-necessary go by-foot-_____.] (I-83)

6 Ó≈ ∫Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ∏≈∫Å ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ√≈Õ. È Œ≈ π™∏Ç œ∏ ∑◊œ≈«É ¥∂É¤Ãœ«œ.[Not be you-_____ American-_____ . And not leave from own past-_____.] (I-99)

7 ˜fi≈∂Ä µ Œ¡ƒ Œ…Õ Œ≈ ∂¡∫É∏¡Ã¡.[Yesterday I-_____ over it-_____ not worked.] (I-107)

8 Ò œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä¿ À∂¡Œ … πÕŸ◊Ä¿ Ã…√É »œÃÉƒŒœ™ ◊œƒÉ™.[I-_____ open faucet-_____ and wash face-_____ cold water-_____ .] (I-111)

9 È⁄-⁄¡ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ œŒ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ≈∏ œ«∂ÉÕŒŸÕ… ∆…ŒÄŒ∑œ◊ŸÕ… ∂≈∑Ñ∂∑¡Õ…, œŒ …ÕÅ≈∏◊≈∑ÿÕÄ ∑≈∂ÿ£⁄Œœ≈ ◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈ Œ¡ ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑ Û˚·.[Because-of that-_____, that he-_____ controls huge financial resources-_____, he-_____ has very serious influence-_____ on Congress-_____ USA-_____ .] (I-120)

10 ˜É⁄Ã≈ ∂áŒÀ¡ ƒœÃ÷Œá À◊Ä∑œÕ ∏œ∂«œ◊Ä∏ÿ.[Alongside market-_____ should-_____ kvass-_____ trade.] (I-137)

11 ÌÄ¤¡ ∫œ∑…ÀÉÕ, «ÉÃ¡µ, ¥œ¤ÃÄ Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ¥Ç∏ÿ ◊œƒá.[Masha-_____ barefoot-_____, naked-_____, went to kitchen-_____ , in-order-todrink water-_____ .] (I-149)

12 ˜∑µ ÷…⁄Œÿ ¥É∑Ã≈ ∑œ∂œÀÄ — fi≈Õ ∏Ÿ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈¤ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ≈¤ÿ … À¡ÀÑ¿ ÀŒÇ«πfi…∏Ä≈¤ÿ — ◊∑£ Ü∏œ Œ¡ Ã…√Å … Œ¡ ∂πÀÄ».[All life-_____ after forty-_____ — what-_____ you-_____ occupy-self, what-_____ eat and what-kind-of book-_____ read — all-_____ this-_____ on face-_____ and on hands-_____ .] (I-158)


1 Ùœ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ¡∑ÿ, ∫áÃœ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ¥∂œ∑∏áÕ … Ö∑ŒŸÕ.[That situation-_____ , in which-_____ I-_____ was-found, was absolutely simple-_____ and clear-_____ .] (I-4)

2 Â£ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ ∫ŸÃÄ œ«∂ÉÕŒœ™ … ∏≈ÕŒœ◊Ä∏œ™, ∑ À∂¡∑Ç◊œ™ ∑∏¡∂ÇŒŒœ™ ÕÅ∫≈Ãÿ¿,∑ ¥œfi∏Ç fi£∂ŒŸÕ ¥¡∂ÀÅ∏œÕ.[Her room-_____ was enormous-_____ and rather-dark-_____ , with beautiful an-tique furniture-_____ , with almost black parquet-floor-_____ .] (I-7)

InstrumentalExercise 2Level I

Instrumental Exercise 2, Level I

176 Exercises

3 Ò ∑…÷Ñ ¥≈∂≈ƒ ⁄Å∂À¡ÃœÕ … ∂¡∫É∏¡¿ Œ¡ƒ ∑œ∫É™.[I-_____ sit before mirror-_____ and work above self-_____ .] (I-165)

4 œƒœ ÕŒÉ™ … ¥œ⁄¡ƒÇ Õ≈ŒÖ — «É∂Ÿ.[Under me-_____ and behind me-_____ — mountains-_____.] (I-66)

5 Îœ∂Éfi≈, µ ¥∂œ¥π∑ÀÄÃ œƒŒÑ ÃÅÀ√…¿ ⁄¡ ƒ∂π«É™. ÏÑfi¤≈ ◊∑≈«É, ∏¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ,ÕŒ≈ ⁄¡¥ÉÕŒ…Ã…∑ÿ πŒ…◊≈∂∑…∏Å∏∑À…≈ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂Ÿ.[Shorter, I-_____ skipped one lecture-_____ beyond another-_____ . Better all-_____ , such form-_____ , me-_____ get-memorized university corridors-_____.](I-97)

6 ‚Ä™∂œŒ ¥œ«Ç∫ ∑∂¡◊ŒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ ÕœÃœƒáÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ.[Byron-_____ died relatively young man-_____ .] (I-101)

7 Ûπâ ≈«É ¥œƒ ƒ…◊ÄŒ ∑œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ… <<∑…ƒÇ … ÕœÃfiÇ>>.[I-shove him-_____ under couch-_____ with words-_____ “sit and be-quiet”.] (I-109)

8 Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ∑∂Ä⁄π ÷≈ π∑ÅÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃ … ∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ Œ¡ œ«ÉŒÿ ¥œƒ À¡∑∏∂âÃµÕ….[Kids-_____ immediately EMPHATIC sat behind table-_____ and look to fire-_____ under pots-_____ .] (I-114)

9 ÔŒÄ ¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi…∏ÄÃ¡ ∏Ç»π¿ ÷…⁄Œÿ ∑ ÕÑ÷≈Õ … ƒ◊πÕÖ ƒ≈∏ÿÕÇ.[She-_____ preferred quiet life-_____ with husband-_____ and two children-_____.](I-122)

10 ˜ ∏π É∑≈Œÿ Ï¿ƒÕÇÃ¡ Û≈∂«Å≈◊Œ¡ ∫∂É∑…Ã¡ Àœ∂ÕÇ∏ÿ «∂Ñƒÿ¿ ∑áŒ¡.[In that fall-_____ Ludmila Sergeyevna-_____ quit feed breast-_____ son-_____.](I-143)

11 ÌÄ¤¡ ◊œœ∫›Å ∑fi…∏ÄÃ¡ ∑≈∫Ö …Œ∏≈ÃÃ…«ÅŒ∏Àœ™. ÔŒÄ ≈∑∏ ÃÅ◊œ™. ËÃ≈∫ ∫≈∂£∏∂πÀÉ™, ¡ Œ≈ ◊ÇÃÀœ™.[Masha-_____ in-general considered self-_____ intellectual-_____ . She-_____eats left-_____ . Bread-_____ takes hand-_____ , and not fork-_____ .] (I-150)

12 Ù¡ÃÄŒ∏ ƒ≈Œÿ«ÄÕ… ∑ÃœÕÄ∏ÿ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö.[Talent-_____ money-_____ break not-allowed.] (I-159)



Level I

177

1 Ù¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ, ◊∑£ ◊á«Ãµƒ≈Ãœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœ, Å∑Ã… Œ≈ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ ∏œ«É∆ÄÀ∏¡, fi∏œ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ÷≈ŒÉ™ Á≈É∂«…µ.[This image-_____ , all-_____ looked completely normal, if not consider that fact-_____ , that I-_____ still not was wife-_____ Georgij-_____ .] (I-5)

2 Ï£∏fi…À πÃŸ∫ŒÑÃ∑µ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ Œ≈œ¥∂≈ƒ≈Ã£ŒŒœ™, Éfi≈Œÿ ◊Å÷Ã…◊œ™ πÃá∫Àœ™ …¥œ¤£Ã.[Pilot-_____ smiled some indefinite-_____ , very polite smile-_____ and went.] (I-12)

3 È ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ∏≈∫Ö ∑¥∂œ¤Ñ: fi≈Õ ÕœÇ ƒÅ∏… xÑ÷≈ ƒ∂π«Ç»?[And now I-_____ you-_____ ask: what-_____ my children-_____ worse others-_____ ?] (I-39)

4 ÛÕœ∏∂â Œ¡ Ïâ∑¿ … ƒÅÃ¡¿ ≈™ ⁄Œ¡À «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ… — <<◊á™ƒ≈Õ>>.[Look at Lyusya-_____ and make her-_____ sign-_____ eyes-_____ — “go-out”.] (I-78)

5 Ò ¥œÕ¡»ÄÃ ∂πÀÉ™ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕœÕπ »πƒÉ÷Œ…Àπ.[I-_____ waived hand-_____ acquaintance artist-_____ .] (I-98)

6 ˛≈Õ ÷≈ ∏Ÿ Œ¡Àœ∂ÕÇÃ ƒ≈∏Å™?[What-_____ EMPHATIC you-_____ fed children-_____ ?] (I-105)

7 œ∏ÉÕ œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ¿ ƒ≈∏Å™ ∑ ‰ÇÕœ™ «πÃÖ∏ÿ, ¡ ∑¡ÕÄ ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿∑ÿ ⁄¡ ƒ≈ÃÄ.[Then send children-_____ with Dima-_____ walk, and self-_____ get-set forbusiness-_____.] (I-110)

8 ñ∏… ƒ≈ÀÃ¡∂Ä√…… Œ≈ ¥œƒ∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…∑ÿ À¡ÀÇÕ…-Ã…∫œ ∆ÄÀ∏¡Õ….[These declarations-_____ not backed-up some-kind-of facts-_____ .] (I-18)

9 ÓœfiŒÉ™ ÀÃπ∫ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œœ∑∏ÿ¿, ◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒá≈ ∑¿ƒÄ ¥∂…»Éƒµ∏ ¥œƒ◊Å∑∏…-∏∂Ç∑∏¡ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ — ◊ ∏œÕ fi…∑ÃÅ ¤¡»∏£∂Ÿ.[Night club-_____ enjoys popularity-_____ , in days-off-_____ here come by 200-300-_____ people-_____ — in that number-_____ miners-_____.] (I-131)

10 · ÕÄÕ¡ ◊≈∑£Ã¡µ, ∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂œ™ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ≈™ ÃÇ»œ∑∏ÿ¿. ñ∏œ π Œ≈£ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ œ∏ ◊…ŒÄ.[And mama-_____ happy-_____, with certain excessive spirit-_____ . This-_____by her-_____ always from wine-_____.] (I-144)

11 ‰œÕÉ™ ¤£Ã ŒœfiŒÉ™ ¥É≈⁄ƒ, Õ¡∏ÿ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ …Õ ¥∂…≈⁄÷ÄÃ¡, Å∑Ã… Å⁄ƒ…Ã¡ ◊ «É∂œƒ.[Homewards went night train-_____, mother-_____ always it-_____ arrived, if wentto city-_____ .] (I-152)

Instrumental Exercise 3, Level I

178 Exercises

Accusative Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the instances of the ACCUSATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the ACCUSATIVE is used.

1 È À¡À ∂¡⁄ ◊ Ü∏œ∏ ÕœÕÅŒ∏ ∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√Ÿ ∑∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ÀÃ¿fiÉÕ.[And how time in that moment -_____ from stairwell-_____ began our room-_____open key-_____.] (I-1)

2 ˜≈∂œŒÇÀ¡ ◊áÃ≈⁄Ã¡ …⁄ Àπ∑∏É◊ … ∑∏ÄÃ¡ ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ ˜¡ƒÇÕ ≈£ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã.[Veronika-_____ crawled-out from bushes-_____ and stood so, so-that Vadim-_____her-_____ noticed.] (I-11)

3 E∑∏ÿ π Œ¡∑ ∏¡ÀÄµ ∏∂¡ƒÇ√…µ — œ∏Õ≈fiÄ∏ÿ ◊∑≈ ∑œ◊Å∏∑À…≈ … √≈∂ÀÉ◊ŒŸ≈ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À….[There-is by us-_____ such tradition-_____ — celebrate all Soviet-_____ and churchholidays-_____.] (I-23)

4 ˙¡ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ŒÉÕ≈∂ ◊ œ∏ÅÃ≈ ÕŸ ¥ÃÄ∏…Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑∏¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[For each room-_____ in hotel-_____ we-_____ pay more hundred dollars-_____.](I-48)

5 ÎÄ÷ƒ¡µ ¥Ä∂¡ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ∂œƒÇ∏ÿ ƒ◊œÇ» ÇÃ…, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÄ÷≈ ∏∂œÇ», ¡ π Œ¡∑ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ¥œ œƒŒœÕÑ.[Each couple-_____ should-_____ give-birth two-_____ or, seems, even three-_____,but by us-_____ only along one-_____.] (I-79)

6 ‚≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑À¡µ œ¥¥œ⁄Ç√…µ ¥∂œ◊≈ÃÄ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… ¤Å∑∏◊…≈ … ÕÇ∏…Œ«.[Belorussian opposition-_____ led in capital-_____ republic-_____ procession-_____and meeting-_____.] (I-96)

7 Ò œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä¿ À∂¡Œ … πÕŸ◊Ä¿ Ã…√É »œÃÉƒŒœ™ ◊œƒÉ™.[I-_____ open faucet-_____ and wash face-_____ cold water-_____.] (I-111)

8 ÚÄ⁄◊≈ ÕŸ ÕÉ÷≈Õ ¥∂œ÷Ç∏ÿ Œ¡ ∏◊œâ ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏π?[Really we-_____ can live-through on your salary-_____?] (I-115)

9 ÔŒÄ ¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi…∏ÄÃ¡ ∏Ç»π¿ ÷…⁄Œÿ ∑ ÕÑ÷≈Õ … ƒ◊πÕÖ ƒ≈∏ÿÕÇ.[She-_____ preferred quiet life-_____ with husband-_____ and two children-_____.](I-122)

10 Ù¡À ∫Ñƒ≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ fi¡∑, … fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑Ñ∏À…, … fiÅ∂≈⁄ ÕÅ∑µ√.[Thus will-be in hour-ACC, and in day-ACC, and in month-ACC.] (I-166)

11 Îœ«ƒÄ œŒ ¥∂…»œƒÇÃ? ... Óπ ∑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ... ÕÉ÷≈∏, ∑ ¥µ∏ÿ ƒŒ≈™...[When he-_____ arrived? ... Well about week-_____...maybe about five-_____ days-_____...] (I-141)

AccusativeExercise 1

Level I

179

12 ˜ ƒ≈÷Ñ∂ŒŸ≈ …ƒÑ∏ ¥œ÷…Ãá≈ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ, ¥≈Œ∑…œŒÅ∂À….[In attendants-_____ go elderly women-_____, pensioners-_____.] (I-156)


1 ˆ…∏ÿ Œ¡ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂ŒŸ≈ ⁄Ä∂¡∫œ∏À… ∏∂ÑƒŒœ.[Live on literary earnings-_____ hard.] (I-3)

2 ˜ Œ¡¤ ◊≈À ◊∑£ ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ … π⁄ŒÄ∏ÿ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ.[In our era-_____ everything-_____ possible ask and find-out along telephone-_____.] (I-19)

3 ÌœÖ ÕÄfi≈»¡ Õ≈fi∏Ä≈∏, fi∏É∫Ÿ µ ◊á¤Ã¡ ⁄ÄÕπ÷ ⁄¡ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ◊∑∏∂ÅfiŒœ«œ.[My stepmother-_____ dreams, so-that I-_____ went married behind first person-met-_____.] (I-27)

4 Ò ∑œfi…ŒÖ¿ ∑∏…»Ç. ñ∏œ Õœ£ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉ≈ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…≈ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[I-_____ compose verses-_____. That-_____ my principle occupation-_____ inlife-_____.] (I-57)

5 ìfi≈Œÿ «∂Ñ∑∏Œπ¿ À¡∂∏ÇŒπ ¥∂œ ±Úœ∑∑Ç™∑Àπ¿ ·∏Ã¡Œ∏Çƒπ≤ Œ¡∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ Œ¡Õ ·.‰≈∂Ö…Œ.[Very sad picture-_____ about “Russian Atlantis-_____” drew us-_____ A. Deryain-_____.] (I-84)

6 Ó≈∆∏ÿ ∑ ÎÄ∑¥…µ ¥œ™ƒ£∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ÙÑ∂√…¿, ¡ Œ≈ Óœ◊œ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À.[Oil-_____ from Caspian-_____ will-go through Turkey-_____, and notNovorossiysk-_____.] (I-103)

7 Ò ∑ƒ¡â∑ÿ — œ∏œƒ◊ÇŒπ ∑◊œÇ ƒ≈ÃÄ Œ¡ ¥É∑Ã≈ œ∫Åƒ¡.[I-_____ give-up — put-off own matters-_____ to after lunch-_____.] (I-113)

8 ÛŒ¡∂µ÷Ä≈Õ∑µ, ∫≈∂£Õ ∑ÄŒÀ… … œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ≈Õ∑µ Œ¡ À¡ŒÄÃ À¡∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑ «œ∂.[Get-ready, take sled-_____ and set-off to canal-_____ ride from mountains-_____.](I-117)

9 ˜≈ƒÿ, ¥œÕÇÕœ »œÀÀÅµ Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Å, Œ¡ ŒÉ◊œÕ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ≈ ÕÉ÷Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ∂Å«∫…,∫≈™∑∫ÉÃ, ∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃ...[Know, besides hockey-_____ on grass-_____, on new stadium-_____ possible playin rugby-_____, baseball-_____, softball-_____...] (I-124)

10 Ó≈ƒÅÃ¿ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[Week-_____ rain-_____ not was.] (I-77)

Accusative Exercise 2, Level I

AccusativeExercise 2Level I

180 Exercises

11 ˜ ∏π É∑≈Œÿ Ï¿ƒÕÇÃ¡ Û≈∂«Å≈◊Œ¡ ∫∂É∑…Ã¡ Àœ∂ÕÇ∏ÿ «∂Ñƒÿ¿ ∑áŒ¡.[In that fall-_____ Ludmila Sergeyevna-_____ quit feed breast-_____ son-_____.](I-143)

12 — ˜Ÿ ∂ÉƒœÕ …⁄ ÛÕœÃÅŒ∑À¡?— ‰¡.— ë⁄ƒ…∏≈ Œ¡ ∂Éƒ…Œπ?[“You-_____ birth-_____ from Smolensk-_____?”“ Yes.”“Go to homeland-_____?”] (I-160)


1 ˜¡ƒÇÕ ∏É÷≈ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, ¥∂œ¤£Ã ◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π … Ã£« Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ Ã…√ÉÕ À∑∏≈ŒÅ.[Vadim-_____ also nothing-_____ not said, went in room-_____ and lay on couch-_____ face-_____ to wall-_____.] (I-8)

2 Ùœ, fi∏œ œŒ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏, œŒ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏ »œ∂œ¤É, Œœ ≈ÕÑ ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒœ ⁄Œ¡∏ÿ Ü∏œ œƒŒœÕÑ.[That-_____, which-_____ he-_____ does, he-_____ does well, but him-_____enough know that-_____ one-_____.] (I-20)

3 ÔŒÄ ƒÅ∂÷…∏ ⁄ÉŒ∏…À ¥∂… ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ∑ÃÑfi¡™ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ÇÃ… ÷¡∂á.[She-_____ keeps umbrella-_____ at her-_____ on case-_____ rain-_____ or heat-_____.] (I-32)

4 Ù∂Å∏ÿ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ …ƒ£∏ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ⁄¡ ÷…⁄Œÿ.[Third week-_____ goes battle-_____ for life-_____.] (I-58)

5 É»œ∂œŒŸ ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ…∑ÿ Œ¡ ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›…™ ƒ≈Œÿ, ¥∂… πfiÄ∑∏…… ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡‚≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑…….[Funeral-_____ took-place on next day-_____, at participation-_____ president-_____ Belorussia-_____.] (I-86)

6 ˛Å∂≈⁄ ƒ◊≈ Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ µ ∑¥Ã¿.[Through two-_____ minutes-_____ I-_____ sleep.] (I-104)

7 Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ∑∂Ä⁄π ÷≈ π∑ÅÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃ … ∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ Œ¡ œ«ÉŒÿ ¥œƒ À¡∑∏∂âÃµÕ….[Kids-_____ immediately EMPHATIC sat behind table-_____ and look to fire-_____under pots-_____.] (I-114)

8 Ï≈÷Ñ … ◊∑ÃÑ¤…◊¡¿∑ÿ ◊ ∏…¤…ŒÑ.[I-lie and listen-intently to silence-_____.] (I-118)


Level I

181

9 ˜Ÿ ¥ÉÕŒ…∏≈ ∑≈∫Ö ◊ ¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏?[You-_____ remember self-_____ in 16-_____ years-_____?] (I-125)

10 œÅ⁄ƒÀ¡ ◊ ñÀ∑¥∂≈∑∑≈ ƒÃÇ∏∑µ fiÅ∏◊≈∂œ ∑Ñ∏œÀ … ∑∏É…∏ 4,5 ∏á∑µfi… ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[Trip-_____ on Express-_____ lasts four-_____ days-_____ and costs 4.5-_____thousand-_____ dollars-_____.] (I-139)

11 ˜Å∂¡ ¥ÅÃ¡ ◊ ¥ÉÃŒŸ™ «ÉÃœ∑, … ∫áÃœ ∑Ãá¤Œœ ¥œ Ü∏œÕπ «ÉÃœ∑π, fi∏œ π Œ≈£»œ∂É¤≈≈ Œ¡∑∏∂œÅŒ…≈.[Vera-_____ sang in full voice-_____, and was audible by this voice-_____, that byher-_____ good mood-_____.] (I-146)

12 ·Œ«Ã…fiÄŒ≈ ∑É∏Œ¿ Ã≈∏ œÀÀπ¥Ç∂œ◊¡Ã… íŒƒ…¿, ¥œ«Ç∫Ã¡ ◊≈ÃÇÀ¡µ …ŒƒÇ™∑À¡µÀπÃÿ∏Ñ∂¡?[English-_____ hundred-_____ years-_____ occupied India-_____, perished greatIndian culture-_____?] (I-163)

Dative Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the instances of the DATIVE case in the following sentences and explain whythe DATIVE is used.

1 Â™ ≈›£ ŒÄƒœ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ, Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏Ÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥œÅ»¡∏ÿ ◊∫œÃÿŒÇ√π À ∑◊œÅ™ ÕÄÕ≈, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … ◊⁄Ö∏ÿ …⁄ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ«œ ∑Äƒ¡ ∑◊œâÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀπ¿ ƒÉfiÀπ.[Her-_____ still necessary was run in store-_____, buy groceries-_____, then go inhospital-_____ to own mother-_____, then return and take from childrens’ garden-_____ own small daughter-_____.] (I-13)

2 ·Ã£Œ¡ ∑∏Ä∂¤≈ ‰Ä¤À… Œ¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ¡, ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, ≈™ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ ƒ◊¡.[Alyona-_____ older Dashka-_____ to three-_____ years-_____, means, her-_____twenty-two-_____.] (I-155)

3 ë∑Ã… µ Àœ«ƒÄ-Œ…∫πƒÿ ÀœÕÑ-Œ…∫πƒÿ ¥œŒ∂Ä◊Ã¿∑ÿ, ∏œ ∏¡ÀÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ¥œÀÄ÷≈∏∑µÕŒ≈ … ÑÕŒŸÕ … À∂¡∑Ç◊ŸÕ.[If I-_____ ever anyone-_____ please, then that person-_____ seem me-_____ andsmart-_____ and attractive-_____.] (I-29)

4 ÁÄÃÀ¡ ◊∑≈» ¥œƒ∂Ñ« ∂¡⁄œ«ŒÄÃ¡, Œ…À∏É ≈™ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷≈Œ.[Galka-_____ all girlfriends-_____ chased-away, no-one-_____ her-_____ notneeded-_____.] (I-40)

5 ÛÄx¡∂œ◊ ◊¡Õ Ü∏œ«œ Œ≈ ¥∂œ∑∏Ç∏.[Sakharov-_____ you-_____ that-_____ not forgive.] (I-52)

DativeExercise 1Level I

Dative Exercise 1, Level I

182 Exercises

6 Ò ƒ¡Ã ≈™ ÃÄ¥π, À¡À ∑œ∫ÄÀ¡, … ∏¡À ÷≈ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ ◊ «Ã¡⁄Ä.[I-_____ gave her-_____ paw-_____, like dog-_____, and thus also looked in eyes-_____.] (I-64)

7 ÔŒ ¥∂É∑…∏ Õ≈ŒÖ À ∑≈∫Å, ∑¥∂Ä¤…◊¡≈∏, À¡À …ƒ£∏ ∂¡∫É∏¡.[He-_____ asks me-_____ to self-_____, asks, how goes work-_____.] (I-74)

8 ÛÕœ∏∂â Œ¡ Ïâ∑¿ … ƒÅÃ¡¿ ≈™ ⁄Œ¡À «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ… — <<◊á™ƒ≈Õ>>.[Look at Lyusya-_____ and make her-_____ sign-_____ eyes-_____ — “go-out”.](I-78)

9 ìfi≈Œÿ «∂Ñ∑∏Œπ¿ À¡∂∏ÇŒπ ¥∂œ ±Úœ∑∑Ç™∑Àπ¿ ·∏Ã¡Œ∏Çƒπ≤ Œ¡∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ Œ¡Õ ·.‰≈∂Ö…Œ.[Very sad picture-_____ about “Russian Atlantis-_____” drew us-_____ A. Deryain-_____.] (I-84)

10 Ó≈ ∫Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ∏≈∫Å ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ√≈Õ. È Œ≈ π™∏Ç œ∏ ∑◊œ≈«É ¥∂É¤Ãœ«œ.[Not be you-_____ American-_____. And not leave from own past-_____.] (I-99)

11 Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ Õá∑Ã… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ «∂Ñ∑∏Œœ.[From this thought-_____ me-_____ becomes sad.] (I-112)

12 Ó≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ¥œƒƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ ¥ÄŒ…À≈.[Not-allowed give-in panic-_____.] (I-140)


1 ˜Å∂¡ ¥ÅÃ¡ ◊ ¥ÉÃŒŸ™ «ÉÃœ∑, … ∫áÃœ ∑Ãá¤Œœ ¥œ Ü∏œÕπ «ÉÃœ∑π, fi∏œ π Œ≈£»œ∂É¤≈≈ Œ¡∑∏∂œÅŒ…≈.[Vera-_____ sang in full voice-_____, and was audible by this voice-_____, that byher-_____ good mood-_____.] (I-146)

2 Û ƒ∂π«É™ ∑∏œ∂œŒá, ƒœÕœ∆ÉŒ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥œÕœ«Ä≈∏ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂ŒœÕπ ◊É∂π.[From other side-_____, intercom-_____ only helps apartment thief-_____.] (I-157)

3 ˜ Œ¡¤ ◊≈À ◊∑£ ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ … π⁄ŒÄ∏ÿ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ.[In our era-_____ everything-_____ possible ask and find-out along telephone-_____.] (I-19)

4 ÏÇÃµ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡ ¥œ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄÕ ∑ Œ¡Ç◊ŒŸÕ … ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸÕ ◊Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈Õ.[Lilya-_____ looked along sides-_____ with naive-_____ and absent-minded ex-pression-_____.] (I-31)

DativeExercise 2

Level I

183

5 ı Õ≈ŒÖ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ ∏œ«ƒÄ ◊Ã≈fiÅŒ…µ À Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂≈.[By me-_____ not was then attraction-_____ to literature-_____.] (I-49)

6 ÎœÕÑ œŒÉ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∑≈™fiÄ∑, Õœ£ ∑¡ÕœÃâ∫…≈?[Who-_____ it-_____ needed-_____ now, my narcissism-_____?] (I-59)

7 È ◊¡Õ ≈£ Œ≈ ÷ÄÃÀœ?[And you-_____ her-_____ not sorry?] (I-65)

8 Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ ∑ƒÅÃ¡ŒŒœ™ πÃá∫À… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ Œ≈ ¥œ ∑≈∫Å.[From that fake smile-_____ me-_____ becomes not along self-_____.] (I-75)

9 ÎÄ÷ƒ¡µ ¥Ä∂¡ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ∂œƒÇ∏ÿ ƒ◊œÇ» ÇÃ…, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÄ÷≈ ∏∂œÇ», ¡ π Œ¡∑ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ¥œ œƒŒœÕÑ.[Each couple-_____ should-_____ give-birth two-_____ or, seems, even three-_____,but by us-_____ only along one-_____.] (I-79)

10 Ó¡¥∂µ«Ä¿∑ÿ — Œ≈ ◊Å∂¿ π¤ÄÕ ∑◊œÇÕ.[Strain — not believe ears own-_____.] (I-89)

11 ∂Ä◊ƒ≈ ◊œœ∫›Å ∏∂πƒŒÅ≈ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊…∏ÿ∑µ, fi≈Õ Ã÷Ç.[Truth-_____ generally more-difficult oppose, than-_____ lie-_____.] (I-100)

12 ‰…Õ, µ ∏≈∫Ö ¥∂œ¤Ñ, ƒ¡™ ÕŒ≈ ÀÉŒfi…∏ÿ.[Dima-_____, I-_____ you-_____ ask, let me-_____ finish.] (I-116)


1 ˛Å»œ◊¡ œŒÄ ⁄ŒÄ≈∏ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∫Ã¡«œƒ¡∂Ö ∏≈Ã≈◊…⁄…ÉŒŒœ™ ¥∂œ¥¡«ÄŒƒ≈. Ûfi…∏Ä≈∏≈«É ŒÑƒŒŸÕ.[Chekhov-_____ she-_____ knows only thanks-to television propaganda-_____.Considers him-_____ boring-_____.] (I-148)

2 Ò ◊≈ƒÿ ÷…Ã ∏¡Õ Ã≈∏ ƒœ ¤≈∑∏Ç, ¥œ ¡ÃÃÅµÕ πfiÇÃ∑µ »œƒÇ∏ÿ![I-_____ after-all lived there years-_____ to six-_____, along paths-_____ learnedwalk!] (I-161)

3 Ùœ, fi∏œ œŒ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏, œŒ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏ »œ∂œ¤É, Œœ ≈ÕÑ ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒœ ⁄Œ¡∏ÿ Ü∏œ œƒŒœÕÑ.[That-_____, which-_____ he-_____ does, he-_____ does well, but him-_____enough know that-_____ one-_____.] (I-20)

4 Î¡∏≈∂ÇŒ¡ ◊∑£ ⁄¡◊≈›ÄÃ¡ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…Õ Õπ⁄ÅµÕ.[Katerina-_____ everything-_____ bequeathed few museums-_____.] (I-35)

DativeExercise 3Level I

Dative Exercise 3, Level I

184 Exercises

5 Ò ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ∫ŸÃ ÀœÕÑ-∏œ ¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ ∑◊œÇ ∂ÑÀœ¥…∑…. Óœ ÀœÕÑ?[I-_____ should-_____ was someone-_____ show own manuscripts-_____. Butwhom-_____?] (I-50)

6 Î∂ÉÕ≈ ∏œ«É, œŒ ¥œÕ¡«Ä≈∏ âŒŸÕ ∂≈«∫Ç∑∏¡Õ ÀœÕÄŒƒŸ …⁄ œƒŒœ«É Œ≈∫œÃÿ¤É«œ«É∂œƒ¡ Ê∂ÄŒ√…….[Aside that-_____, he-_____ helps young rugby-players-_____ team-_____ fromone small city-_____ France-_____.] (I-62)

7 ÌŸ π∑¥ÅÃ… ¥∂…◊áÀŒπ∏ÿ ƒ∂π« À ƒ∂Ñ«π.[We-_____ managed get-used friend-_____ to friend-_____.] (I-68)

8 · ◊ƒ∂π« œŒ »Éfi≈∏ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄ∏ÿ ≈™ Õœâ ∂¡∫É∏π?[And suddenly he-_____ wants transfer her-_____ my work-_____?] (I-76)

9 ÌŒ≈ ◊œ∏ ƒ¡ƒÑ∏ ¥Ã¡Œ, … ∏œ«ƒÄ — ¥∂œ›Ä™ ÕœÖ ƒ…∑∑≈∂∏Ä√…µ![Me-_____ look give plan-_____ and then — goodbye my dissertation-_____!] (I-80)

10 ˙ŒÄ≈∏≈, ◊¡Õ Éfi≈Œÿ Ü∏¡ ¥∂…fi£∑À¡ …ƒ£∏.[Know, you-_____ very this hairdo-_____ goes.] (I-94)

11 Ò ¥œÕ¡»ÄÃ ∂πÀÉ™ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕœÕπ »πƒÉ÷Œ…Àπ.[I-_____ waived hand-_____ acquaintance artist-_____.] (I-98)

12 Ò ⁄ŒÄ¿, Œ… π Àœ«É Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ƒŒ≈™ ¥œ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…, À¡À π Õ≈ŒÖ.[I-_____ know, not by who-_____ not will-be so-many days-_____ along sickness-_____, as by me-_____.] (I-106)

Genitive Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the instances of the GENITIVE case in the following sentences and explain whythe GENITIVE is used.


2 ˜œÀ∂Ñ« Àœ∑∏∂Ä ∑∏œÖÃ… Ãâƒ… … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ∑ ⁄¡ƒÑÕfi…◊ŸÕ… Ã…√ÄÕ….[Around campfire-_____ stood people-_____ and looked with pensive faces-_____.](I-15)

3 ˜∑ÀÉ∂≈ ∂¡∫Éfi…≈ ¥∂…Œ≈∑ÃÇ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ Àœ◊£∂ ◊⁄¡ÕÅŒ …∑¥É∂fi≈ŒŒœ«œ.[Soon workers-_____ brought new carpet-_____ in-place ruined-_____.] (I-34)

GenitiveExercise 1

Level I

185

4 ÌŸ ¤Ã… ◊ƒœÃÿ ÀÃÅ∏œÀ.[We-_____ walked along cages-_____.] (I-46)

5 Á∂Éxœ∏ ÀœÃ£∑ ∏É∏fi¡∑ ÷≈ ⁄¡«Ãπ¤ÇÃ ƒ÷Ä⁄œ◊π¿ Õ≈ÃÉƒ…¿.[Clattering-_____ wheels-_____ suddenly drowned-out jazz melody-_____.] (I-53)

6 Îœ«ƒÄ µ fi≈«É-∏œ ÷ƒπ, µ Œ≈ Õœ«Ñ ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ Œ… ƒÑÕ¡∏ÿ Œ… fi…∏Ä∏ÿ.[When I-_____ something-_____ wait, I-_____ not can at this-_____ neither thinknor read.] (I-63)

7 ˛πÀÉ◊∑À…™ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÇÃ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ∑∏¡ ¥Ç∑≈Õ œ∏ ÚÅ¥…Œ¡ ⁄¡ 1907-1929 «ÉƒŸ.[Chukovsky-_____ kept more hundred letters-_____ from Repin-_____ for 1907-1929 years-_____.] (I-73)

8 Ò ⁄ŒÄ¿, Œ… π Àœ«É Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ƒŒ≈™ ¥œ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…, À¡À π Õ≈ŒÖ.[I-_____ know, not by who-_____ not will-be so-many days-_____ along sickness-_____, as by me-_____.] (I-106)

9 È⁄-⁄¡ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ œŒ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ≈∏ œ«∂ÉÕŒŸÕ… ∆…ŒÄŒ∑œ◊ŸÕ… ∂≈∑Ñ∂∑¡Õ…, œŒ …ÕÅ≈∏◊≈∑ÿÕÄ ∑≈∂ÿ£⁄Œœ≈ ◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈ Œ¡ ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑ Û˚·.[Because-of that-_____, that he-_____ controls huge financial resources-_____, he-_____ has very serious influence-_____ on Congress-_____ USA-_____.] (I-120)

10 È⁄ Ìœ∑À◊á ÕÉ÷Œœ ƒœÅ»¡∏ÿ ⁄¡ ƒ≈Œÿ.[From Moscow-_____ possible get-to in day-_____.] (I-129)

11 —ı Œ…» ¥≈∂≈∂á◊ ∑ÀÉ∂œ?—Ó¡◊Å∂Œœ ∑ fiÄ∑π ƒœ ƒ◊π».[— By them-_____ break-_____ soon?—Probably from hour-_____ to two-_____.] (I-36)

12 · ÕÄÕ¡ ◊≈∑£Ã¡µ, ∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂œ™ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ≈™ ÃÇ»œ∑∏ÿ¿. ñ∏œ π Œ≈£ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ œ∏ ◊…ŒÄ.[And mama-_____ happy-_____, with certain excessive spirit-_____. This-_____by her-_____ always from wine-_____.] (I-144)


1 œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…µ ÀÑ∂ƒ∑Àœ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕŸ ¥œÀÄ Œ≈ ◊ÇƒŒœ.[Political solution-_____ Kurdish problem-_____ still not visible.] (I-2)

2 ˜ Ü∏œÕ «œƒÑ Úœ∑∑Ç¿, ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ, ¥œ∑≈∏Ç∏ «Ã¡◊Ä π¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ™œ∫œ∂ÉŒŸ Ò¥ÉŒ…….[In this year-_____ Russia-_____, possibly, visits head-_____ administration-_____national defense-_____ Japan-_____.] (I-17)

GenitiveExercise 2Level I

Genitive Exercise 2, Level I

186 Exercises

3 ı Œ≈£ Œ≈∏ ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊, Àœ∏É∂ŸÕ ≈™ »œ∏ÅÃœ∑ÿ ∫Ÿ œ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ ◊∑£ Ü∏œ.[By her-_____ not relatives-_____, who-_____ her-_____ wanted would leave allthis-_____.] (I-37)

4 Ò ¥ÉÕŒ¿ ∏≈∑Œœ∏Ñ ÉÀœÃœ ƒœ∑ÀÇ ∑ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕ….[I-_____ remember crush-_____ around board-_____ with schedules-_____.] (I-47)

5 ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ ÕœÇx ∑∏Ä∂Ÿx ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸx, ∂¡∫É∏¡¿›…™ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈, ∂≈¤ÇÃ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿÕŒ≈ ¥œƒÄ∂œÀ.[One-_____ from my old friends-_____, working-_____ in capitol-_____, decidedmake me-_____ present-_____.] (I-54)

6 œƒœ ÕŒÉ™ … ¥œ⁄¡ƒÇ Õ≈ŒÖ — «É∂Ÿ.[Under me-_____ and behind me-_____ — mountains-_____.] (I-66)

7 Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ ∑ƒÅÃ¡ŒŒœ™ πÃá∫À… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ Œ≈ ¥œ ∑≈∫Å.[From that fake smile-_____ me-_____ becomes not along self-_____.] (I-75)

8 Ò ∑ƒ¡â∑ÿ — œ∏œƒ◊ÇŒπ ∑◊œÇ ƒ≈ÃÄ Œ¡ ¥É∑Ã≈ œ∫Åƒ¡.[I-_____ give-up — put-off own matters-_____ to after lunch-_____.] (I-113)

9 Û ∏≈» ¥œ∂ ≈«É ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ≈ Õ¡∏≈∂…ÄÃŸ, À¡À … ∑∏¡∏ÿÇ ƒ∂π«Ç» Àπ∫ÇŒ∑À…»÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊, ¥π∫Ã…Àœ◊ÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» «¡⁄Å∏¡» Û˚· … Ï¡∏ÇŒ∑Àœ™·ÕÅ∂…À….[From this time-_____ his personal materials-_____, as also articles-_____ otherCuban journalists-_____, publicized in various newspapers-_____ USA-_____ andLatin America-_____.] (I-121)

10 „≈ŒÄ ∫ÑÃÀ… »ÃÅ∫¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂¡.[Price-_____ loaf-_____ bread-_____ more dollar-_____.] (I-130)

11 Ó≈ƒÅÃ¿ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[Week-_____ rain-_____ not was.] (I-77)

12 Ò ∂Äƒ… ∏≈∫Ö ÷…◊Ñ, ¡ ∏Ÿ «œ◊œ∂Ç¤ÿ — πfiÇ∑ÿ...[I-_____ for-sake you-_____ live, and you-_____ say — study...] (I-145)


GenitiveExercise 3

Level I

187

1 Ù¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ, ◊∑£ ◊á«Ãµƒ≈Ãœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœ, Å∑Ã… Œ≈ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ ∏œ«É∆ÄÀ∏¡, fi∏œ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ÷≈ŒÉ™ Á≈É∂«…µ.[This image-_____, all-_____ looked completely normal, if not consider that fact-_____, that I-_____ still not was wife-_____ Georgiy-_____.] (I-5)

2 ˜œ∏ …⁄ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ◊Ÿ»Éƒ…∏ ∑ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃ≈Õ Õœ™ ∑œ∑Åƒ.[Here from third doorway-_____ walks-out with briefcase-_____ my neighbor-_____.] (I-28)

3 È ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ∏≈∫Ö ∑¥∂œ¤Ñ: fi≈Õ ÕœÇ ƒÅ∏… xÑ÷≈ ƒ∂π«Ç»?[And now I-_____ you-_____ ask: what-_____ my children-_____ worse others-_____?] (I-39)

4 ı Õ≈ŒÖ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ ∏œ«ƒÄ ◊Ã≈fiÅŒ…µ À Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂≈.[By me-_____ not was then attraction-_____ to literature-_____.] (I-49)

5 ‰ÅÃ¡™ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ œ¤Ç∫œÀ, … ∏Ÿ ◊á…«∂¡≈¤ÿ![Do as possible more mistakes-_____ and you-_____ win!] (I-55)

6 ÂƒÇŒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ¡µ Œ¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡ — ƒ◊¡ Àœ∑ÕÇfi≈∑À…» Àœ∂¡∫ÃÖ <<˜Éµƒ÷≈∂>>, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈¥∂œƒœÃ÷Ä¿∏ ¥π∏≈¤Å∑∏◊…≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ⁄◊£⁄ƒ ÌÃÅfiŒœ«œ ¥π∏Ç.[Only hope-_____ — two-_____ space ships-_____ “Voyager-_____”, which-_____continue travel-_____ among stars-_____ Milky Way-_____.] (I-69)

7 ı «∂É∫¡ ¥œÀÉ™Œœ«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ ◊ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉÕ œ ∑≈∫Å.[By grave-_____ deceased-_____ president-_____ talked in principle-_____ aboutself-_____.] (I-87)

8 Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ Õá∑Ã… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ «∂Ñ∑∏Œœ.[From this thought-_____ me-_____ becomes sad.] (I-112)

9 ˜≈ƒÿ, ¥œÕÇÕœ »œÀÀÅµ Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Å, Œ¡ ŒÉ◊œÕ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ≈ ÕÉ÷Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ∂Å«∫…,∫≈™∑∫ÉÃ, ∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃ...[You-know, besides hockey-_____ on grass-_____, on new stadium-_____ possibleplay in rugby-_____, baseball-_____, softball-_____...] (I-124)

10 Ó≈∏, œŒ Œ≈ ¥ÿÖŒŸ™. ∂É∑∏œ œ∫¡ÃƒÅÃ œ∏ ÷¡∂á.[No, he-_____ not drunk-_____. Simply became-woozy from heat-_____.] (I-135)

11 Û≈™fiÄ∑ fiÄ¿ ¥œ¥ÿ£Õ.[Now tea-_____ drink.] (I-81)

12 ËÉfi≈∏∑µ ƒœÕÄ¤Œ≈™ ≈ƒá, Œ≈ ◊ ∏œÕ ∑Õá∑Ã≈, fi∏œ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ¥ÃÉ»œ ÀÉ∂Õµ∏, ¡ ◊ ∏œÕ,fi∏œ »Éfi≈∏∑µ Ã¿∫ÇÕœ™ ¥Ç›….[Wants home food-_____, not in that sense-_____, that here poorly feed, but in that-_____, that wants favorite food-_____.] (I-153)

Genitive Exercise 3, Level I

188 Exercises

Locative Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the instances of the LOCATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the LOCATIVE is used.

1 Ùœ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ¡∑ÿ, ∫áÃœ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ¥∂œ∑∏áÕ … Ö∑ŒŸÕ.[That situation-_____, in which-_____ I-_____ was-found, was absolutely simple-_____ and clear-_____.] (I-4)

2 ˜ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Œ¡¤ µ¥ÉŒ≈√ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö ÀœÕ∆É∂∏Œœ.[In Moscow life-_____ our Japanese-_____ feel self-_____ comfortable.] (I-16)

3 ÔŒÄ ƒÅ∂÷…∏ ⁄ÉŒ∏…À ¥∂… ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ∑ÃÑfi¡™ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ÇÃ… ÷¡∂á.[She-_____ keeps umbrella-_____ at her-_____ on case-_____ rain-_____ or heat-_____.] (I-32)

4 ‚ŸÃ ⁄Ä¥¡x ƒœ∂œ«É«œ œƒ≈ÀœÃÉŒ¡ ◊ ÃÇ∆∏≈.[Was smell-_____ expensive eau-de-cologne-_____ in elevator-_____.] (I-45)

5 Îœ«ƒÄ µ fi≈«É-∏œ ÷ƒπ, µ Œ≈ Õœ«Ñ ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ Œ… ƒÑÕ¡∏ÿ Œ… fi…∏Ä∏ÿ.[When I-_____ something-_____ wait, I-_____ not can at this-_____ neither thinknor read.] (I-63)

6 ı «∂É∫¡ ¥œÀÉ™Œœ«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ ◊ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉÕ œ ∑≈∫Å.[By grave-_____ deceased-_____ president-_____ talked in principle-_____ aboutself-_____.] (I-87)

7 ÔŒÄ ∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ Õ≈ƒ∑≈∑∏∂É™ ◊ ∏œ™ ÷≈ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√≈, fi∏œ … Õπ÷.[She-_____ works nurse-_____ in that same hospital-_____, that and husband-_____.] (I-123)

8 · ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ◊œœ∫›Å ⁄ƒÉ∂œ◊œ ∑¥¡∏ÿ. ıâ∏ŒŸ™ π«œÃÉÀ. Ò ∑∏œ Ã≈∏ Œ¡ ¥∂…∂Éƒ≈ Œ≈∑¥¡Ã, ¡ ∏Ÿ?[And here generally great sleep. Comfortable corner-_____. I-_____ hundred-_____ years-_____ in nature-_____ not slept, and you-_____?] (I-136)

9 ËÉfi≈∏∑µ ƒœÕÄ¤Œ≈™ ≈ƒá, Œ≈ ◊ ∏œÕ ∑Õá∑Ã≈, fi∏œ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ¥ÃÉ»œ ÀÉ∂Õµ∏, ¡ ◊ ∏œÕ,fi∏œ »Éfi≈∏∑µ Ã¿∫ÇÕœ™ ¥Ç›….[Wants home food-_____, not in that sense-_____, that here poorly feed, but in that-_____, that wants favorite food-_____.] (I-153)

LocativeExercise 1

Level I

189


1 ˜ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏… Œ≈ √ÅŒ…¤ÿ ∏œ, fi∏œ π ∏≈∫Ö ≈∑∏ÿ, … ◊∑£ ◊∂ÅÕµ xÉfi≈∏∑µ fi≈«É-∏œƒ∂π«É«œ.[In youth-_____ not value that-_____, what-_____ by you-_____ is, and all time-_____ want something else-_____.] (I-9)

2 ˜ »É∂≈ µ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∑∏œÖÃ¡ ◊ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õ ∂µƒÑ.[In choir-_____ I-_____ always stood in last row-_____.] (I-25)

3 ˜ Ü∏œÕ ƒÉÕ≈ œŒÄ ÷…ÃÄ ƒÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈» ≈«É œ∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã≈™.[In that house-_____ she-_____ lived longer all its inhabitants-_____.] (I-33)

4 ˙¡ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ŒÉÕ≈∂ ◊ œ∏ÅÃ≈ ÕŸ ¥ÃÄ∏…Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑∏¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[For each room-_____ in hotel-_____ we-_____ pay more hundred dollars-_____.](I-48)

5 Ò Å»¡Ã ◊ ∏∂œÃÃÅ™∫π∑≈, ¡ œŒ ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ∑µ ∑ ¡◊∏É∫π∑œÕ, … ÕŒ≈ ¥∂…¤ÃÉ∑ÿ …ƒ∏Ç¥≈¤ÀÉÕ.[I-_____ rode in trolleybus-_____, but it-_____ collided with bus-_____, and me-_____ was-necessary go by-foot-_____.] (I-83)

6 Ó≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ◊ ˜ÅŒ≈ œ∏À∂áÃ… À∂Ñ¥Œπ¿ ◊á∑∏¡◊Àπ ∑ ‹À∑¥œŒÄ∏¡Õ… Œ¡ ∏ÅÕπ“È∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊œ … ∫∂≈ƒ”.[Recently in Vienna-_____ opened major exhibition-_____ with pieces-_____ ontheme-_____ “Art-_____ and delirium-_____”.] (I-88)

7 ˜≈ƒÿ, ¥œÕÇÕœ »œÀÀÅµ Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Å, Œ¡ ŒÉ◊œÕ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ≈ ÕÉ÷Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ∂Å«∫…,∫≈™∑∫ÉÃ, ∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃ...[You know, besides hockey-_____ on grass-_____, on new stadium-_____ possibleplay in rugby-_____, baseball-_____, softball-_____...] (I-124)

8 · ¥∂… Û∏ÄÃ…Œ≈ ∂Ä⁄◊≈ ∏◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ ∏¡ÀÉ≈?[And at Stalin-_____ really made such-_____?] (I-138)

9 Û¥∂œ∑Ç∏≈ π ƒ≈∑µ∏Ç fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ œ∫ …» Ã¿∫ÇÕœÕ «≈∂É≈, ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈ … ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂≈.[Ask by ten people-_____ about their favorite hero-_____, writer-_____ and com-poser-_____.] (I-162)

LocativeExercise 2Level I

Locative Exercise 2, Level I

190 Exercises


1 Ê…«Ñ∂¡ π Œ≈£ ∫ŸÃÄ À¡À √Ç∆∂¡ ±◊É∑≈Õÿ,≤ œƒÇŒ À∂Ñ« Œ¡ ƒ∂π«ÉÕ.[Figure-_____ by her-_____ was like number-_____ “eight”-_____, one circle-_____on other-_____.] (I-14)

2 Û ¥Å∂◊Ÿx ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√ ◊ ≈«É ÀŒÇ«≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ¥∂œ∫Ã≈ÕÄ∏…À¡ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒ¡µ …∏∂ÑƒŒ¡µ.[From first-_____ very pages-_____ in his book-_____ is-felt problems unusual-_____ and difficult-_____.] (I-26)

3 Ò ¥œ∑ŸÃÄÃ ≈ÕÑ ∑◊œÇ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏À… œ Ãâƒµx ∏∂πƒÄ.[I-_____ sent him-_____ own observations-_____ about people-_____ labor-_____.](I-44)

4 ˜ ∂œÕÄŒ≈ Œ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄÃœ∑ÿ ÇÕ≈Œ… Û∏ÄÃ…Œ¡.[In novel-_____ not mentioned name-_____ Stalin-_____.] (I-51)


6 ˛∏œ ÷≈ ¥∂œ…⁄œ¤ÃÉ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈, … À¡Àœ◊á Õœ∏Ç◊Ÿ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™¤≈∑∏Œ¡ƒ√¡∏…ÃÅ∏Œ≈™ ∏≈ŒŒ…∑Ç∑∏À…?[What-_____ EMPH happened in actual matter-_____ , and what-kind-of-_____motives-_____ parents-_____ sixteen-year-old tennis-player-_____ ?] (I-119)

7 Ùœ«ƒÄ ïŒ¡ Œ¡fi¡ÃÄ ∏¡Œ√≈◊Ä∏ÿ ◊ œƒÅ÷ƒ≈ — ◊ Àπ¥ÄÃÿŒ…À≈.[Then Jana-_____ began dance in clothes-_____ — in bathing-suit-_____.] (I-132)

8 ‰Ä÷≈ fiÄ™Œ…À Ã≈÷ÄÃ Œ¡ ∫œÀÑ.[Even teapot-_____ lay on side-_____.] (I-151)

9 ˜∑µ ÷…⁄Œÿ ¥É∑Ã≈ ∑œ∂œÀÄ — fi≈Õ ∏Ÿ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈¤ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ≈¤ÿ … À¡ÀÑ¿ ÀŒÇ«πfi…∏Ä≈¤ÿ — ◊∑£ Ü∏œ Œ¡ Ã…√Å … Œ¡ ∂πÀÄ».[All life-_____ after forty-_____ — what-_____ you-_____ occupy-self, what-_____eat and what book-_____ read — all this-_____ on face-_____ and on hands-_____.](I-158)

LocativeExercise 3

Level I

191

Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level IIdentify the cases in the sentences below and explain why those cases are used.Provide your own English translation of the sentence and compare it with the trans-lation in the key.


2 ÔŒÇ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫áÃ… »πÃ…«ÄŒ¡Õ…, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ◊Œ¡fiÄÃ≈ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ…≈ »πÃ…«ÄŒŸ, ¥œ∏ÉÕâŒŸ≈, ¡ ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ∑∏Ä∂Ÿ≈.[They-_____ always were hooligans-_____, just at-first little hooligans-_____, thenyoung-_____, and now old-_____.] (I-10)

3 ˜ Ü∏œÕ «œƒÑ Úœ∑∑Ç¿, ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ, ¥œ∑≈∏Ç∏ «Ã¡◊Ä π¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ™œ∫œ∂ÉŒŸ Ò¥ÉŒ…….[In this year-_____ Russia-_____, possibly, visits head-_____ administration-_____national defense-_____ Japan-_____.] (I-17)

4 ÛÕŸ∑Ã Ü∏œ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ… ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ⁄¡∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ƒÅŒ≈«.[Meaning-_____ this life-_____ consisted in that-_____ so-that earn as possiblemore money-_____.] (I-38)

5 Ò ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ∫ŸÃ ÀœÕÑ-∏œ ¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ ∑◊œÇ ∂ÑÀœ¥…∑…. Óœ ÀœÕÑ?[I-_____ should-_____ someone-_____ show own manuscripts-_____. But whom-_____?] (I-50)

6 ÙÉÃÿÀœ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ ÕÉ«π∏ …«∂Ä∏ÿ œƒÇŒ ∑¥≈À∏ÄÀÃÿ ¥œ ƒÅ∑µ∏ÿ ∂¡⁄. · ÕŸ Œ≈ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ,¡ Ãâƒ…. È Œ≈ …«∂Ä≈Õ, ¡ ÷…◊£Õ.[Only actors-_____ can play one show-_____ along ten-_____ times-_____. Butwe-_____ not actors-_____, but people-_____. And not play, but live.] (I-67)

7 ÈŒ∏≈∂Å∑Œœ, ¥œ¥¡ƒ£∏ Ã… ◊ ∂ÑÀ… ÕÜ∂¡ Ïπ÷ÀÉ◊¡ Ü∏œ∏ ŒÉÕ≈∂ “ÏÇ∏«¡⁄Å∏Ÿ≤?[Interesting, fall if in hands-_____ mayor Luzhkov-_____ this issue-_____“Litgazeta-_____”?] (I-85)

8 Îœ∂Éfi≈, µ ¥∂œ¥π∑ÀÄÃ œƒŒÑ ÃÅÀ√…¿ ⁄¡ ƒ∂π«É™. ÏÑfi¤≈ ◊∑≈«É, ∏¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ,ÕŒ≈ ⁄¡¥ÉÕŒ…Ã…∑ÿ πŒ…◊≈∂∑…∏Å∏∑À…≈ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂Ÿ.[Shorter, I-_____ skipped one lecture-_____ beyond another-_____. Better all-_____,such form-_____, me-_____ get-memorized university corridors-_____.] (I-97)

9 ‰ÅŒ≈«, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ œŒÄ ∏π∏ ⁄¡∂¡∫Ä∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏, ≈™ »◊¡∏Ä≈∏ Œ¡ ¤¥ÇÃÿÀ….[Money-_____, which-_____ she-_____ here earns, her-_____ suffices for hairpins-_____.] (I-133)

Mixed CaseExercise 1Level I

Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level I

192 Exercises

10 ‰œÕÉ™ ¤£Ã ŒœfiŒÉ™ ¥É≈⁄ƒ, Õ¡∏ÿ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ …Õ ¥∂…≈⁄÷ÄÃ¡, Å∑Ã… Å⁄ƒ…Ã¡ ◊ «É∂œƒ.[Homewards went night train-_____, mother-_____ always it-_____ arrived, if wentto city-_____.] (I-152)

Mixed Case Exercise 2, Level IIdentify the cases in the sentences below and explain why those cases are used.Provide your own English translation of the sentence and compare it with the trans-lation in the key.

1 Â™ ≈›£ ŒÄƒœ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ, Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏Ÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥œÅ»¡∏ÿ ◊∫œÃÿŒÇ√π À ∑◊œÅ™ ÕÄÕ≈, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … ◊⁄Ö∏ÿ …⁄ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ«œ ∑Äƒ¡ ∑◊œâÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀπ¿ ƒÉfiÀπ.[Her-_____ still necessary was run in store-_____, buy groceries-_____, then go inhospital-_____ to own mother-_____, then return and take from childrens’ garden-_____ own small daughter-_____.] (I-13)

2 E∑∏ÿ π Œ¡∑ ∏¡ÀÄµ ∏∂¡ƒÇ√…µ — œ∏Õ≈fiÄ∏ÿ ◊∑≈ ∑œ◊Å∏∑À…≈ … √≈∂ÀÉ◊ŒŸ≈ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À….[There-is by us-_____ such tradition-_____ — celebrate all Soviet-_____ and churchholidays-_____.] (I-23)

3 ÁÄÃÀ¡ ◊∑≈» ¥œƒ∂Ñ« ∂¡⁄œ«ŒÄÃ¡, Œ…À∏É ≈™ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷≈Œ.[Galka-_____ all girlfriends-_____ chased-away, no-one-_____ her-_____ notneeded-_____.] (I-40)

4 ÛÄx¡∂œ◊ ◊¡Õ Ü∏œ«œ Œ≈ ¥∂œ∑∏Ç∏.[Sakharov-_____ you-_____ that-_____ not forgive.] (I-52)

5 ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ ÕœÇx ∑∏Ä∂Ÿx ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸx, ∂¡∫É∏¡¿›…™ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈, ∂≈¤ÇÃ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿÕŒ≈ ¥œƒÄ∂œÀ.[One-_____ from my old friends-_____, working-_____ in capitol-_____, decidedmake me-_____ present-_____.] (I-54)

6 Ùœ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ¡∑ÿ, ∫áÃœ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ¥∂œ∑∏áÕ … Ö∑ŒŸÕ.[That situation-_____, in which-_____ I-_____ was-found, was absolutely simple-_____ and clear-_____.] (I-4)


8 „≈ŒÄ ÀœÕ¥∂œÕÇ∑∑¡ ∫ŸÃÄ Œ≈¥œÕÅ∂Œœ ◊Ÿ∑ÉÀœ™.[Cost-_____ compromise-_____ was inordinately high-_____.] (I-102)

Mixed CaseExercise 2

Level I

193

9 ı Õ≈ŒÖ ¥∂ÖÕœ ¥≈∂≈∑É»Ãœ ◊œ ∂∏Ñ.[By me-_____ right-away dried-up in mouth-_____.] (I-134)

10 ı ̋ ≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ ≈∑∏ÿ ∂ÅƒÀ…™ ƒ¡∂ — œŒÄ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏, fi≈Õ ¥Ä»Œ≈∏ ◊Å∏≈∂ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ….[By Shcherbakova-_____ there-is rare gift-_____ — she-_____ senses, what-_____smells wind-_____ time-_____.] (I-164)

11 ·Ã£Œ¡ ∑∏Ä∂¤≈ ‰Ä¤À… Œ¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ¡, ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, ≈™ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ ƒ◊¡.[Alyona-_____ older Dashka-_____ to three-_____ years-_____, means, her-_____twenty-two-_____.] (I-155)

12 ÂƒÇŒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ¡µ Œ¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡ — ƒ◊¡ Àœ∑ÕÇfi≈∑À…» Àœ∂¡∫ÃÖ <<˜Éµƒ÷≈∂>>, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈¥∂œƒœÃ÷Ä¿∏ ¥π∏≈¤Å∑∏◊…≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ⁄◊£⁄ƒ ÌÃÅfiŒœ«œ ¥π∏Ç.[Only hope-_____ — two-_____ space ships-_____ “Voyager-_____”, which-_____continue travel-_____ among stars-_____ Milky Way-_____.] (I-69)

Mixed Case Exercise 3, Level IPut the underlined words and phrases into the correct cases. Provide your ownEnglish translation of the sentence and compare it with the translation in the key.

1 Ù¡ÀÉ™ É∫∂¡⁄, ◊∑£ ◊á«Ãµƒ≈Ãœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœ, Å∑Ã… Œ≈ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ ∏œ∏∆¡À∏, fi∏œ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ÷≈ŒÄ Á≈É∂«…™. (I-5)

2 ˜¡ƒÇÕ ∏É÷≈ Œ…fi∏É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, ¥∂œ¤£Ã ◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ … Ã£« Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ Ã…√É À ∑∏≈ŒÄ.(I-8)

3 ˜ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑À¡µ ÷…⁄Œÿ Œ¡¤ µ¥ÉŒ≈√ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö ÀœÕ∆É∂∏Œœ. (I-16)

4 ˜∑ÀÉ∂≈ ∂¡∫Éfi…≈ ¥∂…Œ≈∑ÃÇ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ Àœ◊£∂ ◊⁄¡ÕÅŒ …∑¥É∂fi≈ŒŒŸ™. (I-34)

5 Î∂π« ≈£ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸ≈ ∑œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ¡ƒ◊œÀÄ∏Ÿ, ◊∂¡fiÇ, ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ, xπƒÉ÷Œ…À….(I-43)

6 È ◊Ÿ œŒÄ Œ≈ ÷ÄÃÀœ? (I-65)

7 È⁄ ∏œÃ¥Ä ◊Ÿƒ≈ÃÖ≈∏∑µ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ∑∂ÅƒŒ…™ ∂É∑∏ … ∑¥∂Ä¤…◊¡≈∏ ≈∏∂É◊, fi∏œ œŒ⁄¡¥…∑ÄÃ π ∑≈∫Ö ◊ ⁄¡¥…∑ŒÄµ ÀŒÇ÷≈fiÀ¡. (I-70)

8 ÌŸ ∑∏œÖÃ… ¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ ∑∏É∂œŒŸ ¥∂πƒ … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ƒ∂π« Œ¡ ƒ∂Ñ«. (I-82)

9 Ó≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ◊ ̃ ÅŒ¡ œ∏À∂áÃ… À∂Ñ¥Œ¡µ ◊á∑∏¡◊À¡ ∑ ‹À∑¥œŒÄ∏Ÿ Œ¡ ∏ÅÕ¡ “È∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊œ… ∫∂≈ƒ”. (I-88)

10 ‚ÉÃ≈≈ ∏œ, ¥œ ÕŸ∑Ãÿ Ä◊∏œ∂, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ ◊≈ÃÇÀ Œ≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ œ∏ ∏œ, ¥∂¡◊ œŒÇÃ… Œ≈ ¥∂¡◊ ◊ ∑◊œÇ ∑π÷ƒÅŒ…µ. (I-95)

Mixed CaseExercise 3Level I

Mixed Case Exercise 3, Level I

194 Exercises

11 ÛŒ¡∂µ÷Ä≈Õ∑µ, ∫≈∂£Õ ∑ÄŒÀ… … œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ≈Õ∑µ Œ¡ À¡ŒÄÃ À¡∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑ «É∂Ÿ. (I-117)

12 È œŒ ¥œÃ¿∫ÇÃ ∑◊œÖ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑≈∫Ö, ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ˜Å∂¡, ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑ŸŒ... (I-142)

Mixed Case Exercise 4, Level IPut the underlined words and phrases into the correct cases. Provide your ownEnglish translation of the sentence and compare it with the translation in the key.

1 ÓÄ¤¡ ¥Å∂◊¡µ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ¥∂œ¤ÃÄ ∏œ Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ ∫≈⁄ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ…≈ ◊œ∑∏É∂«…. (I-6)

2 ˜œÀ∂Ñ« Àœ∑∏£∂ ∑∏œÖÃ… Ãâƒ… … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ∑ ⁄¡ƒÑÕfi…◊Ÿ≈ ÃÇ√¡. (I-15)

3 ı œŒÄ Œ≈∏ ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…À…, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ œŒÄ »œ∏ÅÃœ∑ÿ ∫Ÿ œ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ ◊∑£ Ü∏œ. (I-37)

4 È ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ∏Ÿ ∑¥∂œ¤Ñ: fi∏œ ÕœÇ ƒÅ∏… xÑ÷≈ ƒ∂π«Ç≈? (I-39)

5 Ò ¥œ∑ŸÃÄÃ œŒ ∑◊œÇ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏À… œ Ãâƒ… ∏∂πƒ. (I-44)

6 ˙¡ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ŒÉÕ≈∂ ◊ œ∏ÅÃÿ ÕŸ ¥ÃÄ∏…Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑∏œ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂Ÿ. (I-48)

7 ∂≈ƒ¥œÃ¡«Ä≈∏∑µ, fi∏œ ÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ä√…µ ÕÉ«π∏ ¥œÃπfiÇ∏ÿ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi¡fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ. (I-60)

8 ÔƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ◊á¤≈Ã œŒ Ç⁄ ƒœÕ, ¥œ¤£Ã ◊ ÃÄ◊œfiÀ¡ Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ∑∏œÃÖ∂ŒŸ™ ÀÃ≈™. (I-71)

9 Î¡ÀÉ≈ ÷≈ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…≈ Œ¡ ◊Ÿ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ…∏ Œ¡fiÄÃœ ∑πƒÅ∫ŒŸ™ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑? (I-90)

10 ˙¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡ Œ¡ÑfiŒŸ≈ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À… ∑œ ∑∏Å¥≈Œ… ∫ŸÃÄ, Œ¡◊Å∂Œœ≈, ∂¡⁄ ◊ ¥µ∏ÿ ◊á¤≈∑∂ÅƒŒµµ. (I-127)

11 Áœ∏É◊ Ã… ◊Ÿ ¥∂œÃÇ∏ÿ ∑◊œÖ À∂œ◊ÿ ∂Äƒ… ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ≈ Œ¡∂ÉƒŒŸ™? (I-128)

12 ÛÃÑ¤¡™ Õœµ ∏¡∫ÃÇ√¡ πÕŒœ÷ÅŒ…≈. ‰◊Ä÷ƒŸ ƒ◊¡ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ fi≈∏á∂≈, ¡ ∏∂Ç÷ƒŸ ∏∂…— ƒÅ◊µ∏ÿ. · µ ∏Ÿ Ã¿∫Ãâ. (I-147)

13 ÌÄ¤¡ ∫œ∑…ÀÉÕ, «ÉÃ¡µ, ¥œ¤ÃÄ Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œµ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ¥Ç∏ÿ ◊œƒÄ. (I-149)


Level I

195

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level IChoose the correct preposition and case combinations from the choices below.

1 È À¡À ∂¡⁄ ◊ Ü∏œ∏ ÕœÕÅŒ∏/◊ Ü∏œÕ ÕœÕÅŒ∏≈ ∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√π/∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√Ÿ/∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√≈™∑∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ÀÃ¿fiÉÕ.Just at that moment they began to open our room from the stairwell with a key. (I-1)

2 Â£ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ ∫ŸÃÄ œ«∂ÉÕŒœ™ … ∏≈ÕŒœ◊Ä∏œ™, ∑ À∂¡∑Ç◊π¿ ∑∏¡∂ÇŒŒπ¿ ÕÅ∫≈Ãÿ/∑À∂¡∑Ç◊œ™ ∑∏¡∂ÇŒŒœ™ ÕÅ∫≈Ã…/∑ À∂¡∑Ç◊œ™ ∑∏¡∂ÇŒŒœ™ ÕÅ∫≈Ãÿ¿, ∑ ¥œfi∏Ç fi£∂ŒŸ™¥¡∂ÀÅ∏/∑ ¥œfi∏Ç fi£∂Œœ«œ ¥¡∂ÀÅ∏¡/∑ ¥œfi∏Ç fi£∂ŒŸÕ ¥¡∂ÀÅ∏œÕ.Her room was enormous and rather dark, with beautiful antique furniture, and anearly black parquet floor. (I-7)

3 Â™ ≈›£ ŒÄƒœ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ/◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ≈, Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏Ÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ¥œÅ»¡∏ÿ ◊ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√π/◊ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√≈ À ∑◊œÅ™ ÕÄÕ≈, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … ◊⁄Ö∏ÿ …⁄ƒÅ∏∑Àœ«œ ∑Äƒ¡ ∑◊œâ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀπ¿ ƒÉfiÀπ.She still had to run by the store and buy groceries, then drive to the hospital to seeher mom, then return and get her little girl from day care. (I-13)

4 ˜ »œ∂/˜ »É∂≈ µ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∑∏œÖÃ¡ ◊ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…™ ∂µƒ/◊ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õ ∂µƒÑ.I always stood in the last row in the choir. (I-25)

5 ˜œ∏ …⁄ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ◊Ÿ»Éƒ…∏ ∑ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃÿ/∑ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃµ/∑ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃ≈Õ Õœ™∑œ∑Åƒ.And here my neighbor walks out of the third doorway with his briefcase. (I-28)

6 Ò ¥œ∑ŸÃÄÃ ≈ÕÑ ∑◊œÇ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏À… œ Ã¿ƒÅ™/œ Ãâƒµx ∏∂πƒÄ.I sent him my observations about working people. (I-44)

7 Ù∂Å∏ÿ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ …ƒ£∏ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ⁄¡ ÷…⁄Œÿ/⁄¡ ÷Ç⁄Œÿ¿.The battle for life has been going on for three weeks. (I-58)

8 ÎÄ÷ƒ¡µ ¥Ä∂¡ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ∂œƒÇ∏ÿ ƒ◊œÇ» ÇÃ…, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÄ÷≈ ∏∂œÇ», ¡ π Œ¡∑ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ¥œ œƒŒœ«É/¥œ œƒŒœÕÑ.Each couple should have two children or perhaps even three, but we only have oneeach. (I-79)

9 Îœ∂Éfi≈, µ ¥∂œ¥π∑ÀÄÃ œƒŒÑ ÃÅÀ√…¿ ⁄¡ ƒ∂π«Ñ¿/⁄¡ ƒ∂π«É™. ÏÑfi¤≈ ◊∑≈«É, ∏¡ÀÇÕÉ∫∂¡⁄œÕ, ÕŒ≈ ⁄¡¥ÉÕŒ…Ã…∑ÿ πŒ…◊≈∂∑…∏Å∏∑À…≈ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂Ÿ.In brief, I skipped one lecture after another. Best of all, in this way I memorized theuniversity corridors. (I-97)

10 Ûπâ ≈«É ¥œƒ ƒ…◊ÄŒ/¥œƒ ƒ…◊ÄŒœÕ ∑œ ∑Ãœ◊Ä/∑œ ∑Ãœ◊/∑œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ… <<∑…ƒÇ …ÕœÃfiÇ>>.I shove him under the couch with the words “sit and be quiet”. (I-109)

Multi-CasePrepositionExercise 1Level I

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level I

196 Exercises

11 Û ∏≈ ¥œ∂á/Û ∏≈» ¥œ∂/Û ∏ÅÕ… ¥œ∂ÄÕ… ≈«É ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ≈ Õ¡∏≈∂…ÄÃŸ, À¡À … ∑∏¡∏ÿÇƒ∂π«Ç» Àπ∫ÇŒ∑À…» ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊, ¥π∫Ã…Àœ◊ÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ≈ «¡⁄Å∏Ÿ/◊∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» «¡⁄Å∏¡» Û˚· … Ï¡∏ÇŒ∑Àœ™ ·ÕÅ∂…À….From this point his personal materials, just like the articles of other Cuban journal-ists, were publicized in various newspapers of the USA and Latin America. (I-121)

12 ÓÄƒœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ ⁄¡ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ Ã≈∏/⁄¡ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…Õ… ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…Õ…«œƒÄÕ… ¥ÃÄ∏¡ ⁄¡ ¥∂œÅ⁄ƒ/⁄¡ ¥∂œÅ⁄ƒœÕ ƒœ Ìœ∑À◊á ¥∂¡À∏Çfi≈∑À… Œ≈ ◊á∂œ∑Ã¡.One must say that for the last several years, the cost of a trip to Moscow has notreally gone up. (I-126)


1 ˆ…∏ÿ Œ¡ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂ŒŸ≈ ⁄Ä∂¡∫œ∏À…/Œ¡ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂ŒŸ» ⁄Ä∂¡∫œ∏À¡» ∏∂ÑƒŒœ.It is hard to live on a writer¢s wages. (I-3)

2 ˜¡ƒÇÕ ∏É÷≈ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, ¥∂œ¤£Ã ◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π/◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈ … Ã£« Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ/Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ≈ Ã…√ÉÕ À ∑∏≈ŒÅ.Vadim also said nothing, he walked into the room and lay down on the couch withhis face towards the wall. (I-8)

3 ˜ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àπ¿ ÷Ç⁄Œÿ/˜ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Œ¡¤ µ¥ÉŒ≈√ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏ ∑≈∫ÖÀœÕ∆É∂∏Œœ.Our Japanese friend feels comfortable in Moscow life. (I-16)

4 Û ¥Å∂◊Ÿ≈ ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√Ÿ/Û ¥Å∂◊Ÿx ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√/Û ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ… ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√¡Õ… ◊≈«É ÀŒÇ«π/◊ ≈«É ÀŒÇ«≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ¥∂œ∫Ã≈ÕÄ∏…À¡ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒ¡µ … ∏∂ÑƒŒ¡µ.From the very first pages of his book one can sense unusual and difficult problems.(I-26)

5 Ò ¥ÉÕŒ¿ ∏≈∑Œœ∏Ñ ÉÀœÃœ ƒœ∑ÀÇ ∑ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µ/∑ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…™/∑ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕ….I remember the crush around the schedule board. (I-47)

6 ÙÉÃÿÀœ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ ÕÉ«π∏ …«∂Ä∏ÿ œƒÇŒ ∑¥≈À∏ÄÀÃÿ ¥œ ƒÅ∑µ∏ÿ ∂¡⁄/¥œ ƒ≈∑µ∏Ç ∂Ä⁄¡Õ.· ÕŸ Œ≈ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ, ¡ Ãâƒ…. È Œ≈ …«∂Ä≈Õ, ¡ ÷…◊£Õ.Only actors can perform the same show ten times. But we aren¢t actors, we’re people.And we aren¢t performing, we’re living. (I-67)

7 Ó≈∆∏ÿ ∑ ÎÄ∑¥…™/∑ ÎÄ∑¥…µ/∑ ÎÄ∑¥…≈Õ ¥œ™ƒ£∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ÙÑ∂√…¿, ¡ Œ≈Óœ◊œ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À.Oil from the Caspian will go through Turkey, not Novorossiysk. (I-103)

8 œ∏ÉÕ œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ¿ ƒ≈∏Å™ ∑ ‰ÇÕπ/∑ ‰ÇÕŸ/∑ ‰ÇÕœ™ «πÃÖ∏ÿ, ¡ ∑¡ÕÄ ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿∑ÿ⁄¡ ƒ≈ÃÄ/⁄¡ ƒ≈ÃÄÕ….

Multi-CasePrepositionExercise 2

Level I

197

Then I send the kids off for a walk with Dima, and I myself get ready for business.(I-110)

9 ÔŒÄ ∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ Õ≈ƒ∑≈∑∏∂É™ ◊ ∏π ÷≈ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√π/◊ ∏œ™ ÷≈ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√≈, fi∏œ … Õπ÷.She works as a nurse in the same hospital as her husband. (I-123)

10 ÓœfiŒÉ™ ÀÃπ∫ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œœ∑∏ÿ¿, ◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒá≈/◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒá» ∑¿ƒÄ¥∂…»Éƒµ∏ ¥œ ƒ◊Å∑∏…-∏∂Ç∑∏¡ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ/¥œ ƒ◊πÕ∑∏ÄÕ-∏∂£Õ∑∏ÄÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡Õ — ◊∏œ fi…∑ÃÉ/◊ ∏œÕ fi…∑ÃÅ ¤¡»∏£∂Ÿ.The night club enjoys popularity, around two-three hundred people come here ondays off, miners among them. (I-131)

11 ˜Åfi≈∂œÕ œŒÇ ∑œ∫≈∂Ñ∏∑µ ¥œ¥Ç∏ÿ ∏∂¡◊µŒÉ«œ fiÄ¿, ÇÃ… ¥œ™ƒÑ∏ ◊ ∏≈Ä∏∂/◊ ∏≈Ä∏∂≈.In the evening they will gather to drink some herbal tea or to go to the theater. (I-154)

12 Û¥∂œ∑Ç∏≈ π ƒ≈∑µ∏Ç fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ œ∫ …» Ã¿∫ÇÕœ«œ «≈∂Éµ, ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ … ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂¡/œ∫ …» Ã¿∫ÇÕœÕ «≈∂É≈, ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈ … ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂≈.Ask ten people about their favorite hero, writer, and composer. (I-162)


1 Ùœ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œ≈/◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ¡∑ÿ, ∫áÃœ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ¥∂œ∑∏áÕ… Ö∑ŒŸÕ.The situation in which I found myself was absolutely simple and clear. (I-4)

2 ˜ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏ÿ/˜ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏… Œ≈ √ÅŒ…¤ÿ ∏œ, fi∏œ π ∏≈∫Ö ≈∑∏ÿ, … ◊∑£ ◊∂ÅÕµ xÉfi≈∏∑µfi≈«É-∏œ ƒ∂π«É«œ.In youth you never value what you have, but the whole time you want somethingelse. (I-9)

3 ÔŒÄ ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿ≈ ¥œ∂á/∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿx ¥œ∂/∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂ŸÕ…¥œ∂ÄÕ… ¥≈∂≈∑∏ÄÃ¡ ⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ … ¥œµ◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ.Ûome time ago she really had stopped calling and stopping by. (I-21)

4 ÌœÖ ÕÄfi≈»¡ Õ≈fi∏Ä≈∏, fi∏É∫Ÿ µ ◊á¤Ã¡ ⁄ÄÕπ÷ ⁄¡ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ◊∑∏∂ÅfiŒŸ™/⁄¡ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ◊∑∏∂ÅfiŒœ«œ/⁄¡ ¥Å∂◊ŸÕ ◊∑∏∂ÅfiŒŸÕ.My stepmother¢s dream is that I will get married to the first man I meet. (I-27)

5 ÔŒÄ ƒÅ∂÷…∏ ⁄ÉŒ∏…À ¥∂… ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ∑ÃÑfi¡™/Œ¡ ∑ÃÑfi¡≈ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ÇÃ… ÷¡∂á.She keeps an umbrella with her in case of rain or hot weather. (I-32)

Multi-CasePrepositionExercise 3Level I

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 3, Level I

198 Exercises

6 ˙¡ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ŒÉÕ≈∂/˙¡ ÀÄ÷ƒŸÕ ŒÉÕ≈∂œÕ ◊ œ∏ÅÃÿ/◊ œ∏ÅÃ≈ ÕŸ ¥ÃÄ∏…Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈∑∏¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.For each room in the hotel we are paying more than one hundred dollars. (I-48)

7 ‚ÉÃ≈≈ ∏œ«É, ¥œ Õá∑Ã…/¥œ Õá∑ÃµÕ Ä◊∏œ∂¡, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ ◊≈ÃÇÀ Œ≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœœ∏ ∏œ«É, ¥∂¡◊ œŒ ÇÃ… Œ≈ ¥∂¡◊ ◊ ∑◊œÇ ∑π÷ƒÅŒ…µ/◊ ∑◊œÇ» ∑π÷ƒÅŒ…µ».Furthermore, in the author¢s opinion, Solzhenitsyn is great irrespective of whetheror not he is right in his judgments. (I-95)

8 œ⁄¡◊fi≈∂Ä ¥œÃœ÷ÇÃ¡ ≈«É ◊ ∑◊œ™ Ö›…À/◊ ∑◊œ£Õ Ö›…À≈ — ¥œƒ ƒŒ≈◊ŒÇÀ/¥œƒƒŒ≈◊Œ…ÀÉÕ.The day before yesterday, I put it in my box under the journal. (I-108)

9 Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ∑∂Ä⁄π ÷≈ π∑ÅÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃ/⁄¡ ∑∏œÃÉÕ … ∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ Œ¡ œ«ÉŒÿ/Œ¡ œ«ŒÅ ¥œƒÀ¡∑∏∂âÃ…/¥œƒ À¡∑∏∂âÃµÕ….The kids immediately sat down at the table and were looking at the fire under thepots. (I-114)

10 ˜≈ƒÿ, ¥œÕÇÕœ »œÀÀÅµ Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Ñ/Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Å, Œ¡ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ/Œ¡ ŒÉ◊œÕ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ≈ÕÉ÷Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ∂Å«∫…, ∫≈™∑∫ÉÃ, ∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃ.../◊ ∂Å«∫…, ∫≈™∑∫ÉÃe, ∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃe...You know, in addition to field hockey, in the new stadium you can play rugby, base-ball, softball... (I-124)

11 Îœ«ƒÄ œŒ ¥∂…»œƒÇÃ? ...Óπ ∑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿/∑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ…/∑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ≈™...ÕÉ÷≈∏, ∑ ¥µ∏ÿ ƒŒ≈™/∑ ¥µ∏Ç ƒŒ≈™/∑ ¥µ∏ÿâ ƒŒÖÕ…...When did he come? ...Well about a week...maybe, about five days... (I-141)

199Level II Exercises

Level II Exercises

200 Exercises

Nominative Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the instances of the NOMINATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the NOMINATIVE is used.

1 ‰Ãµ ∑œ∫∂Ä◊¤…x∑µ ∫ŸÃ π∑∏∂É≈Œ ÀœŒ√Å∂∏, ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ Àœ∏É∂œ«œ ∑∂≈ƒÇ Õπ⁄ŸÀÄŒ∏œ◊¥œµ◊ÇÃ∑µ ∑¡Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏.[For gathered-_____ was organized-_____ concert-_____, in time-_____ which-_____ among musicians-_____ appeared himself president-_____.] (II-3)

2 ‰¿À ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ Œ¡ ¥ÃÄÕµ, … ≈ÕÑ À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ Ü∏œ É«Œ≈ŒŒŸ™ œÃÅŒÿ ∫≈÷Ç∏ … Œ≈ÕÉ÷≈∏ ◊á∂◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ŒÅ∫œ.[Duke-_____ looked at flame-_____, and him-_____ seemed, that this-_____ fierydeer-_____ runs and not can tear-away to sky-_____.] (II-17)

3 ı Œ≈£ ◊Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ¥∏Ç√Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂œ™ »Éfi≈∏∑µ ¥…∏ÿ, ≈™ Œ≈ ƒ¡â∏, … ¥œ»É÷≈, œŒÄ∑ÀÉ∂œ œ∏∫Ñƒ≈∏ …⁄ Ü∏œ«œ ÕÇ∂¡.[By her-_____ expression-_____ bird-_____, who-_____ wants drink, her-_____not give, and appears, she-_____ soon will-leave from this world-_____.] (II-29)

4 íÕ≈ŒŒœ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ, ∑∂≈ƒÇ Ü∏œ™ ∑∏≈∂ÇÃÿŒœ™ ∫≈Ã…⁄Œá, ∂œ÷ƒÄÃ…∑ÿ …ƒÅ…, ¥∂…xœƒÇÃ…∂¡⁄œfi¡∂œ◊ÄŒ…µ, ∑∏Ä◊…Ã…∑ÿ ‹À∑¥≈∂…ÕÅŒ∏Ÿ.[Precisely here, among this sterile whiteness-_____, were-born ideas-_____, camedisappointments-_____, were-performed experiments-_____.] (II-42)

5 — Ò Œ≈ «œ◊œ∂â ◊¡Õ — fi∏œ ¥…∑Ä∏ÿ. Ò ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑À¡÷Ñ ◊¡Õ — fi≈«É ÕŸ ¥…∑Ä∏ÿÀ¡∏≈«œ∂Çfi≈∑À… Œ≈ ƒœÃ÷Œá.[— I-_____ not tell you-_____ what-_____ write. I-_____ only tell you-_____ —what-_____ we-_____ write categorically not should-_____.] (II-55)

6 Ìœ£ ◊œ∑¥∂…Ö∏…≈ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊ÄÃœ ◊œÀ∂Ñ« Õ≈ŒÖ, À¡À ∏πÕÄŒ, ¡ µ ∑…ƒÅÃ À¡À ∫Ÿ ◊√ÅŒ∏∂≈ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ«œ ◊œ∑¥∂…Ö∏…µ.[My perception-_____ existed around me-_____, like fog-_____, and I-_____ satas if in center-_____ own perception-_____.] (II-78)

7 ÛœƒÅ™∑∏◊π≈∏ Ã… ƒπ¤Å◊Œ¡µ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œÿ ∂¡⁄◊Ç∏…¿ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑À…» ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏≈™, ◊fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏… »πƒÉ÷Œ…À¡?[Contribute whether mental illness-_____ development-_____ creative abilities-_____, in particular-_____ artist-_____?] (II-97)

8 ÏÄ∏Ÿ Œπ÷Œá ∏≈Õ, π Àœ«É Œ≈∏ ∆…«Ñ∂Ÿ.[Armor-_____ needed-_____ those-_____, by whom-_____ not figures-_____.] (II-114)


Level II

201

9 Ó¡∫É∂ ¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä≈ÕŸ» ∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…™ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ ¤…∂ÉÀ, À ¥∂…ÕÅ∂π <<œ∂Äœ∫Åƒ¡∏ÿ>> ÇÃ… <<Ò ⁄¡™ƒÑ ⁄¡ ∏œ∫É™ ◊ ¤ÀÉÃπ>>.[Set-_____ offered messages-_____, not very broad-_____, to example-_____ “Timeeat” or “I-_____ will-drop-by behind you-_____ to school-_____.] (II-131)

10 ÛÅÃÿ∑À…≈ Ãâƒ… ◊ƒ∂π« Œ¡fi…ŒÄ¿∏ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ∏ÿ: …» Œ…ÀœÕÑ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷Œ¡µ ⁄≈ÕÃÖ Œ¡∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈ …ÕÅ≈∏ ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿ √ÅŒŒœ∑∏ÿ...[Village people-_____ suddenly begin understand: their no-one-_____ not neededland-_____ in actual fact-_____ has big value-_____...] (II-145)


1 ÔŒÄ ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ∫ŸÃÄ «œ∂œ÷ÄŒÀ¡, Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ÷…ÃÄ ◊ ƒ≈∂Å◊Œ≈, Œ…Àœ«ƒÄŒ≈ ∑¥…◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ƒœ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…, … ≈£ …Œ∏≈∂≈∑œ◊ÄÃœ ◊∑£, fi≈«É œŒÄ Œ≈ Õœ«ÃÄ ¥œ∑∏Çfiÿ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸÕ É¥Ÿ∏œÕ.[She-_____ really was city-woman-_____, never not lived in country-_____, nevernot drunk to illness-_____, a her-_____ interested everything-_____, what-_____she-_____ not was-able grasp own experience-_____.] (II-6)

2 Ó¡ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒœÕ ∑∏œÃÅ, À¡À ◊ À…∏Ä™∑ÀœÕ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ≈, ∑∏œÖÃœ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∫Ãâƒ,fi∏œ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ ∫áÃœ Œ¡Å∑∏ÿ∑µ fiÅÕ-∏œ œƒŒÇÕ … Œ≈ ¥œ¥∂É∫œ◊¡∏ÿ ƒ∂π«É«œ.[On his life table-_____, as in Chinese restaurant-_____, stood so-many-_____dishes-_____, that absurd was fill-up something one-_____ and not try another-_____.] (II-18)

3 ÙÉÕ¡∑ ÌÄŒŒ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ ◊ …∑∏É∂…… ∂œÕÄŒ¡ ◊Å»¡Õ… fiÄ›≈ ◊∑≈«É∑∏¡ŒÉ◊µ∏∑µ ÀŒÇ«…, œ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ» ¥∂… …» ¥œµ◊ÃÅŒ…… œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ π◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ«œ◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ: Ü∏œ Œ≈ ∂œÕÄŒ.[Thomas Mann-_____ once remarked, that in history-_____ novel-_____ landmarks-_____ more-frequently all-_____ become books-_____, about which-_____ at theirappearance-_____ especially confidently said: this-_____ not novel-_____.] (II-30)

4 Ì≈ŒÖ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ π«Œ≈∏ÄÃœ ¥∂œ∏…◊œ≈∑∏Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ ∑Àœ¥ÃÅŒ…≈ ∂ÅƒÀœ∑∏≈™.[Me-_____ always depressed unnatural accumulation-_____ rare-objects-_____.](II-43)

5 ‰ÅÃœ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ŒÄ¤… ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ œ«∂¡ŒÇfi≈ŒŸ. · ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, œ«∂¡ŒÇfi≈Œœ fi…∑ÃÉŒÄ¤…x ƒœ∂œ«Çx «œ∑∏Å™.[Thing-_____ in that-_____, that our means-_____ limited-_____. But means, lim-ited-_____ number-_____ our dear guests-_____.] (II-57)

NominativeExercise 2Level II

Nominative Exercise 2, Level II

202 Exercises

6 ‰Å∏… ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸ» ∫≈∂Ñ∏ ¥∂…ÕÅ∂ ∑ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™ — ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ fi≈∏◊£∂∏Ÿ™ âŒŸ™¥œÃÖÀ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏ œ ∑◊œÇ» ¥ÃÄŒ¡» ∏¡À: <<‚Ñƒπ ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸÕ>>.[Children-_____ unemployed-_____ take example-_____ from parents-_____ —every fourth young Pole-_____ talks about own plans-_____ thus: “Will-be unem-ployed-_____”.] (II-80)

7 Î ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ¿, Ì. „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™ ◊∑µ Ü∏¡ ⁄¡¥Ñ∏¡ŒŒ¡µ … Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œ¡µ …∑∏É∂…µ, ◊Çƒ…Õœ,Œ≈ Àœ∑ŒÑÃ¡∑ÿ.[To happiness-_____, M. Tsvetaeva-_____ all that tangled-_____ and unpleasantstory-_____, evidently, not touched.] (II-100)

8 Ó¡ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…µ ∑œ∫…∂Ä≈∏∑µ ◊∑µ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ — fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ; ¥∂œ»Éƒµ∏ œŒÇ◊ ∫œÃÿ¤É™, ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑ ŒÄ¤≈™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈.[To classes-_____ gathers all laboratory-_____ — people-_____ 20-_____; go-through they-_____ in big, neighboring-_____ with ours-_____ room-_____.] (II-118)

9 ˜¡¤…Œ«∏ÉŒ∑À¡µ ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…µ œ¥∂Ä◊ƒŸ◊¡≈∏∑µ ∏≈Õ, fi∏œ ÖÀœ∫Ÿ œ¥œ⁄ƒÄÃ¡ ∑¥œƒÄfi≈™ ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑π Œ¡ ¥∂œƒÃÅŒ…≈ ⁄Ãœ¥œÃÑfiŒœ«œ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ¡.[Washington administration-_____ justifies-self that-_____, that supposedly were-late with sending-_____ Congress-_____ to extension-_____ unfortunate law-_____.](II-134)

10 —ÙŸ ∑ÄÕ¡µ œfi¡∂œ◊Ä∏≈ÃÿŒ¡µ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ¡ «É∂œƒ¡ Ìœ∑À◊á.—Ë¡, »¡, »¡! ˜¡ƒÇÕ, ◊á¥≈™∏≈ ÃÑfi¤≈ ≈›£ fiÄ¿.[—You-_____ most charming woman-_____ city-_____ Moscow-_____.— Ha ha ha! Vadim-_____, drink better more tea-_____.] (II-99)

11 ÁÃÄ◊Œœ≈ — Œ≈ ¥∂…œ∏◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ Œ¡ ⁄◊œŒÉÀ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ, Œ≈ ¥œƒƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ Õ…ŒÑ∏Œœ™∑ÃÄ∫œ∑∏….[Main-thing-_____ — not open to ring-_____ door-_____, not give-in minute’sweakness-_____.] (II-163)


1 ÔŒ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…Ã ≈£ ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ — ∑¡Õ ∑Õπ∏ÇÃ∑µ ≈£ ∑Õπ›ÅŒ…≈Õ, … œŒÇ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœƒÃÇŒŒŸ», Œ≈∑ÀœŒfiÄ≈ÕŸ» ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ƒ∂π« Œ¡ ƒ∂Ñ«¡.[He-_____ met her gaze-_____ — self-_____ was-embarrassed her embarassment-_____, and they-_____ several-_____ long, endless seconds-_____ looked other-_____ on other-_____.] (II-7)


Level II

203

2 œ∑ÉÃ ¥œƒ∫∂É∑…Ã ◊ À¡ÕÇŒ ∫≈∂£⁄œ◊Ÿ» ƒ∂œ◊ … ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã: “· ⁄…ÕÄ ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… Œ≈∏¡ÀÄµ π÷ ⁄ÃÄµ.≤[Ambassador-_____ threw-on in fireplace-_____ birch logs-_____ and remarked:“But winter-_____ in Russia-_____ not such already evil-_____.”] (II-19)

3 · ∑≈™fiÄ∑ Ü∏œ∏ ¡∂∏Ç∑∏ ∂¡⁄÷…∂ÅÃ À¡À ∑◊…ŒÿÖ, … ¥∂É∑∏œ ƒÇ◊π ƒ¡£¤ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ◊∂ÅÕµƒÅÃ¡≈∏ ∑ Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ.[And now that artist-_____ got-fat like pig-_____, and just marvel-_____ give, what-_____ time-_____ does with people-_____.] (II-34)

4 ˜ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ⁄Œ¡Ã, fi∏œ ƒÅŒÿ«… — ∫∂ÅÕµ. ̨ ∏œ ‹Ã≈«ÄŒ∏Œœ∑∏ÿ — ÕÄ∑∑œ◊¡µÑÃ…fiŒ¡µ ∆É∂Õ¡ À∂¡∑œ∏á. ˛∏œ ◊ÅfiŒ¡µ …∂ÉŒ…µ — Ã¿∫ÇÕœ≈, ¡ «ÃÄ◊Œœ≈ —≈ƒÇŒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ œ∂Ñ÷…≈ ∫≈⁄⁄¡›Ç∏ŒŸx.[In those years-_____ I-_____ still not knew, that money-_____ — burden-_____.That elegance-_____ — mass pedestrian form-_____ beauty-_____. That eternalirony-_____ — favorite-_____, and importantly — only weapon-_____ defense-less-_____.] (II-44)

5 Ó≈ ¥œ◊Ÿ¤Ä™∏≈ ∏ÉŒ¡, ÕÇ∑∏≈∂ ‚œÃÿ¤¡ÀÉ◊.[Not raise tone-_____, mister Bolshakov-_____.] (II-58)

6 ÔŒ ∏É÷≈ ∫≈∑Åƒœ◊¡Ã ∑œ ÕŒœ™, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ƒŒ£Õ, …Œ∏≈∂≈∑œ◊ÄÃ∑µ, À¡ÀÇ≈ ÷π∂ŒÄÃŸ,À¡∏¡ÃÉ«… — ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ∑À…≈, ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑À…≈ — µ ¥∂œ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡.[He-_____ also talked with me-_____, only day-_____, interested, what magazines-_____, catalogs-_____ — American-_____, English-_____ — I-_____ looked-through.] (II-84)

7 È⁄ ÉÀœŒ ⁄ƒÄŒ…µ ÌÑ∂Õ¡Œ∑Àœ™ œ∫Ã¡∑∏ŒÉ™ ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…… ◊Çƒ≈Œ ∂á∫ŒŸ™ ¥œ∂∏.[From windows-_____ building-_____ Murmansk regional administration-_____visible-_____ fishing port-_____.] (II-101)

8 “˜œ∏ À¡ÀÇ≈ π Œ¡∑ À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ≈ ƒÅ∏…,” «œ◊œ∂â µ … ⁄œ◊Ñ …» Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿ Œ¡À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ Œ¡ ∑∏œÃ.[“There what-kind-of by us-_____ pretty children-_____,” say I-_____ and call them-_____ to kitchen-_____ cover together on table-_____.] (II-122)

9 ˜∑µ ∑≈ÕÿÖ ∑∂ÉfiŒœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ œ∆œ∂ÕÃÅŒ…≈Õ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕŸ» ƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏œ◊, …Ó¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡ ·Œ∏ÉŒœ◊Œ¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É ∫œÇ∏∑µ, fi∏œ Œ≈ π∑¥Å≈∏ ◊∑£ œ∆É∂Õ…∏ÿ ƒœ¥œÅ⁄ƒÀ….[All family-_____ urgently does filling-out-_____ necessary papers-_____, andNadezhda Antonovna-_____ more all-_____ is-afraid, that not have-time all-_____fill-out before trip-_____.] (II-137)

Nominative Exercise 3, Level II

204 Exercises

10 ∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥œƒfi≈∂ÀŒÑÃ, fi∏œ Úœ∑∑Ç… ŒÑ÷Œœ ∑¡ÕÉ™ ∂¡⁄œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ … ¥œŒÖ∏ÿ, fi∏œ¥∂œ…∑»Éƒ…∏ ◊ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À≈ ∑∏∂¡Œá.[President-_____ emphasized, that Russia-_____ necessary self-_____ understandand understand, what-_____ happens in economics-_____ country-_____.] (II-149)

Instrumental Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the instances of the INSTRUMENTAL case in the following sentences and ex-plain why the INSTRUMENTAL is used.

1 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… «Œ≈⁄ƒÄ ∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏ŸÕ ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡∫∂É∑…Ã…∑ÿ Œ¡ œ∫Çƒfi…À¡ √ÅÃŸÕ∂É≈Õ … ∑∏ÄÃ… ÷ÄÃ…∏ÿ ≈«É.[Inhabitants-_____ nest-_____ with angry buzz-_____ threw-selves-on offender-_____ whole swarm-_____ and began sting him-_____.] (II-1)

2 ÔŒ ⁄¡À∂áÃ «Ã¡⁄Ä, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥∂œŒ…ÀÄÃœ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷Ç∏≈Ã≈™, …∏π∏ ÷≈ π◊Çƒ≈Ã ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒŸ … ¥ÉŒµÃ, fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… œƒ…ŒÄÀœ◊ŸÕ… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ¡Õ…œŒ Õœ« œ∫Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ÷≈ŒÉ™, … ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ… ∑ œƒŒÇÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕŒ¡ ◊∑£Õ ∑◊Å∏≈.[He-_____ closed eyes-_____, so-that penetrated as possible less irritations-_____,and here already saw look-_____ Svetlana-_____ and understood, that such identi-cal looks-_____ he-_____ could exchange only with own wife-_____, and more notwith one person-_____ on whole world-_____.] (II-10)

3 Ô∫πfiÅŒ…≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ …ƒ∏Ç ∑ ¥∂…Õ≈ŒÅŒ…≈Õ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ™ ÀœÕ¥ÿâ∏≈∂Œœ™ …Ã…Œ«¡∆ÉŒŒœ™ ∏Å»Œ…À….[Instruction-_____ will go with application-_____ complete computer-_____ andlanguage laboratory technology-_____.] (II-24)

4 ÎœŒÅfiŒœ, ◊ ≈£ ◊É⁄∂¡∑∏≈ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ Œ¡⁄á◊¡∏ÿ Àœ«É-∏œ ƒÖƒ≈™ ÇÃ… ∏£∏≈™, ¥œ∂Ä π÷Å¥≈∂≈»œƒÇ∏ÿ Œ¡ …Õ≈ŒÄ-É∏fi≈∑∏◊¡, Œœ Û∏Ä∑œ◊ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫ŸÃ ƒÃµ Œ≈£ ƒÖƒ≈™˜ÃÄƒ…ÀœÕ.[Of-course, in her age-_____ silly call someone-_____ uncle-_____ or aunt-_____,time already switch-over to names-patronymics-_____, but Stasov-_____ alwayswas for her-_____ uncle Vladik-_____.] (II-40)

5 Û∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿ ⁄¡¥¡∑ÄÃ… ∑¥…∂∏ŒÉ≈ Œ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂. ∂…fi£Õ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ… ≈«É Œ≈ ◊»œÃœƒÇÃÿŒ…À¡», ¡ ÕÅ÷ƒπ œÀÉŒŒŸÕ… ∂ÄÕ¡Õ….[Students-_____ stocked-up alcohol-_____ for evening-_____. Moreover kept it-_____ not in refrigerators-_____, but between window frames-_____.] (II-69)

6 ñ∏œ ¥∂≈ƒπ¥∂≈÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ç∏ πfi£ŒœÕπ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ «ÉƒŸ¡À∏Ç◊Œœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡ÑfiŒœ-¥œ¥πÃÖ∂ŒŸ» ∏≈Ã≈¥∂œ«∂ÄÕÕ ¥œÀÉ∑Õœ∑π, ¥Ç¤≈∏ ÀŒÇ«… … À…Œœ∑√≈ŒÄ∂…….[This warning-_____ belongs scholar-_____, who-_____ last years-_____ actively


Level II

205

is-occupied creation-_____ scientific-popular television-shows-_____ along space-_____, writes books-_____ and screenplays-_____.] (II-81)

7 ì∑≈Œÿ¿ 1923 «Éƒ¡ ◊ ∂Ä«π ¥∂…Å»¡Ã »œ∂œ¤É ⁄ŒÄ◊¤…™ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊π ¥œÜ∏ ˜. Ê.Ëœƒ¡∑Å◊…fi.[Fall-_____ 1923 year-_____ in Prague-_____ arrived well knew-_____ Tsvetaev-_____ poet V. F. Khodasevich-_____.] (II-98)

8 ÌŸ Œ≈ ∂¡∑¥œÃ¡«Ä≈Õ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡Õ….[We-_____ not have-at-disposal such means-_____.] (II-116)


10 Î ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ¿, É∫¡ ¥…ÃÉ∏¡ π∑¥ÅÃ… À¡∏¡¥πÃÿ∏Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ⁄¡ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ ¥Å∂≈ƒ∏≈Õ, À¡À ∂≈¡À∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ∑¡ÕœÃ£∏ ◊∂Å⁄¡Ã∑µ ◊ ⁄ÅÕÃ¿.[To fortune-_____, both-_____ pilots-_____ had time eject within several-_____seconds-_____ before that-_____, as jet airplane-_____ dug-into to ground-_____.](II-154)

11 œŒ…ÕÄ≈∏≈, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥œ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏… ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑ π∏∂Ä ƒœ ◊Åfi≈∂¡ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ»œ⁄Ö™∑∏◊œÕ, ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂œÕ …«∂Ä∏ÿ Àœ∂œÃÅ◊π.[You-understand, only along youth-_____ possible from morning-_____ to evening-_____ occupy-self domestic-work-_____, and evening-_____ play queen-_____.](II-164)


1 ñ∏¡ ∑∏∂¡ŒÄ ∑fi…∏Ä≈∏∑µ ƒœ◊ÉÃÿŒœ ∫ÅƒŒœ™ ¥œ fiÄ∑∏… ¥∂…∂ÉƒŒŸx …∑Àœ¥Ä≈ÕŸx.[That country-_____ is-considered quite poor-_____ along portion-_____ naturalresources-_____.] (II-2)

2 È ◊ƒ∂Ñ« Ñ∏∂œ Œ¡¥ÉÃŒ…Ãœ∑ÿ ÕµÑÀ¡¿›…Õ… ⁄◊ÑÀ¡Õ… ‹Ã≈À∏∂œ«…∏Ä∂Ÿ.[And suddenly morning-_____ filled mewing sounds-_____ electric-guitar-_____.](II-12)

3 ‚¡ÃÀÉŒ ∫ŸÃ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ…™, ⁄¡∑ŒÅ÷≈ŒŒŸ™, ◊≈∑ÿ ⁄¡∑∏Ä◊Ã≈Œ »ÃÄÕœÕ.[Balcony-_____ was small-_____, snow-covered-_____, all-_____ crammed-_____trash-_____.] (II-26)

InstrumentalExercise 2Level II

Instrumental Exercise 2, Level II

206 Exercises

4 Ó≈ π∑¥ÅÃ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…∏ÿ, À¡À ◊ ¥∂œxÉƒ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ∂µƒÄÕ… ¤¡«ŒÑÃ¡¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒÀ¡ ∑∂ÅƒŒ…x ÃÅ∏.[Not managed professor-_____ finish, how in aisle-_____ between rows-_____stepped American-_____ middle years-_____.] (II-45)

5 ˜ ÕÇ∂≈ ≈∑∏ÿ Œ≈ÕÄÃœ ÃÇƒ≈∂œ◊, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ Œ≈ ÕÉ«π∏ …∑Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥Å∂≈ƒ Œ¡∂Éƒ¡Õ…∑◊œÅ™ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ™ ◊…Œá.[In world-_____ is not-few-_____ leaders-_____, who-_____ not can redeem be-fore nations-_____ own own guilt-_____.] (II-70)


7 Ò ¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä¿ ◊¡Õ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ Œ¡ Õ…∂ … ÕœÇÕ… «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ…, «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ… ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ™÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ …⁄ ∫ÃÇ÷Œ≈«œ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷ÿµ.[I-_____ suggest you-_____ look at world-_____ also my eyes-_____, eyes-_____Russian woman-_____ from near abroad-_____.] (II-104)

8 ˜á¥¡Ã…◊ Ü∏œ, œŒÄ »ÃÉ¥¡≈∏ ƒ◊Å∂ÿ¿.[Having-blurted-out this-_____, she-_____ slams door-_____.] (II-117)

9 ˜∑µ ∑≈ÕÿÖ ∑∂ÉfiŒœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ œ∆œ∂ÕÃÅŒ…≈Õ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕŸ» ƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏œ◊, …Ó¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡ ·Œ∏ÉŒœ◊Œ¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É ∫œÇ∏∑µ, fi∏œ Œ≈ π∑¥Å≈∏ ◊∑£ œ∆É∂Õ…∏ÿ ƒœ¥œÅ⁄ƒÀ….[All family-_____ urgently does filling-out-_____ necessary papers-_____, andNadezhda Antonovna-_____ more all-_____ is-afraid, that not have-time all-_____fill-out before trip-_____.] (II-137)

10 ñ∏œ œ∫áfiŒ¡µ ¥∂ÄÀ∏…À¡ — ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ ∑fi£∏ ⁄¡ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ ¥É∂œ◊Œπ ÕÅ÷ƒπ¥∂œ÷…◊Ä¿›…Õ… ◊ ŒÉÕ≈∂≈.[This-_____ usual practice-_____ — divide bill-_____ for telephone-_____ evenlybetween living-together-_____ in room-_____.] (II-155)

11 Úœ∑∑Ç≈™ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡ ¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂Ä∏…µ, … œŒ ¥œ ∑◊œ≈ÕÑ É∫∂¡⁄π ÕŸ¤ÃÅŒ…µ¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂Ä∏ ƒœ ÕÉ⁄«¡ Àœ∑∏Å™.[Russia-_____ always ruled aristocracy-_____, and he-_____ along own form-_____thinking-_____ aristocrat-_____ to marrow-_____ bones-_____.] (II-165)

207


1 œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊, ¥œÀÄ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ µ¥ÉŒ∑Àœ≈ Ã≈ÀÄ∂∑∏◊œ¥∂≈¥¡∂Ä∏œÕ, ∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸÕ ¥œÕÉfiÿ ∫œÃÿŒáÕ ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸÕ ∑ÀÃ≈∂É⁄œÕ ◊ ∏µ÷£ÃœÕ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…….[Along opinion-_____ specialists-GEN, at-present must-not consider Japanese medi-cine-_____ preparation-_____, capable-_____ help patients-_____ multiple sclero-sis-_____ in serious condition-_____.] (II-4)

2 Ú≈÷…∑∑£∂ ¥…Ã fi¡™ … ⁄◊œŒÇÃ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ, ¥∂…ƒÅ∂÷…◊¡µ ∏∂Ñ∫Àπ ¥Ã≈fiÉÕ.[Director-_____ drank tea-_____ and called along telepone-_____, holding receiver-_____ shoulder-_____.] (II-14)

3 Îœ«ƒÄ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏ ∑∏∂≈∑∑ ÇÃ… ∑∂ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑ÇÃŸ Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œœ∑∏ÿ, ◊ À∂œ◊ÿ◊Ÿ∫∂Ä∑Ÿ◊¡≈∏∑µ «œ∂ÕÉŒ ¥œƒ Œ¡⁄◊ÄŒ…≈Õ ¡ƒ∂≈Œ¡ÃÇŒ.[When person-_____ expereinces stress-_____ or average force-GEN annoyance-_____, in blood-_____ is-released hormone-_____ under name-_____ adrenaline-_____.] (II-27)

4 Á¡⁄Å∏Œ¡µ ∂¡∫É∏¡ ¥œŒáŒ≈ µ◊ÃÖ≈∏∑µ ƒÃµ Õ≈ŒÖ …∑∏ÉfiŒ…ÀœÕ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊ÄŒ…µ.[Newspaper work-_____ up-to-present is for me-GEN source-_____ livelihood-GEN.] (II-46)

5 ÛÃÑfi¡™ Ü∏œ∏ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏ Œ≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃŸÕ.[Case this-_____ specialists-_____ to this time-GEN consider unprecedented-_____.](II-72)

6 Î¡ÀÇÕ-∏œ Œ≈ ∑◊œÇÕ, œ»∂Ç¥¤…Õ, «ÉÃœ∑œÕ ¥∂œ¤Ñ µ …⁄◊…ŒÇ∏ÿ Õ≈ŒÖ, œ∫≈›Ä¿∑∏¡∏ÿ ∑É∫∂¡ŒŒ≈≈ … ◊Ÿ∑ÀÄÀ…◊¡¿ ◊ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂.[Some not own, hoarse, voice-_____ ask I-_____ excuse me-_____, promise be-come more-organized and jump-out in hall-_____.] (II-87)

7 Û∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ ∫¡ŒÄÃÿŒŸÕ …ƒ≈ÄÃ¡Õ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊¡, Àœ∏É∂ŸÕ…∂πÀœ◊Éƒ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã∑µ ◊ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ.[Tried answer banal ideals-_____ courage-GEN, which-_____ was-guided in thoseyears-_____.] (II-111)

8 Ò fiπ∏ÿ ¥∂…À¡∑Ä¿∑ÿ À ≈£ ∂πÀÅ ›≈ÀÉ™.[I-_____ hardly touch to her hand-_____ cheek-_____.] (II-120)

Instrumental Exercise 3, Level II

InstrumentalExercise 3Level II

208 Exercises

9 Îœ«ƒÄ ◊ ¥µ∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ ∑œ⁄ƒ¡◊ÄÃœ∑ÿ ∏≈Ã≈◊Çƒ≈Œ…≈, ∏πƒÄ ¤Ã… Œ≈πƒÄfiŒ…À…À…ŒÉ … ∏≈Ä∏∂¡, ¡ ∏ÄÀ÷≈ Ãâƒ…, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã…: ⁄¡ Ü∏…Õ ƒÅÃœÕ —∫Ñƒπ›≈≈.[When in fifties years-_____ created television-_____, there went unfortunate-ones-_____ movies-GEN and theater-GEN, but also people-_____, which-_____ felt:beyond this thing-_____ — future-_____.] (II-142)

10 Ò ∑¡ÕÄ ∑≈∫Å À¡⁄ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊Œœ™ œ∏∏œ«É, fi∏œ Àœ«ƒÄ-∏œ ∑ Œ…Õ √≈Ãœ◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ.[I-_____ self-_____ self-_____ seemed nasty-_____ from-that, that sometime withhim-_____ kissed.] (II-156)

Accusative Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the instances of the ACCUSATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the ACCUSATIVE is used.

1 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… «Œ≈⁄ƒÄ ∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏ŸÕ ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡∫∂É∑…Ã…∑ÿ Œ¡ œ∫Çƒfi…À¡ √ÅÃŸÕ∂É≈Õ … ∑∏ÄÃ… ÷ÄÃ…∏ÿ ≈«É.[Inhabitants-_____ nest-_____ with angry buzz-_____ threw-selves-on offender-_____ whole swarm-_____ and began sting him-_____.] (II-1)

2 ‰¿À ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ Œ¡ ¥ÃÄÕµ, … ≈ÕÑ À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ Ü∏œ É«Œ≈ŒŒŸ™ œÃÅŒÿ ∫≈÷Ç∏ … Œ≈ÕÉ÷≈∏ ◊á∂◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ŒÅ∫œ.[Duke-_____ looked at flame-_____, and him-_____ seemed, that this-_____ fierydeer-_____ runs and not can tear-away to sky-_____.] (II-17)

3 ˜Ã¡ƒ…∑ÃÄ◊ ◊á¥…Ã ∑◊œ™ fi¡™ ◊ ∏∂… ∫œÃÿ¤Ç» «Ãœ∏ÀÄ … ∂≈¤Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ¥œƒŒÖÃ∑µ.[Vladislav-_____ drank own tea-_____ in three-_____ big gulps-_____ and deci-sively got-up.] (II-38)

4 ÌÇ∑∏≈∂ ËÇ««…Œ∑ ƒ¡Ã Œ¡Õ ◊∑≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷ŒŸ≈ …Œ∑∏∂ÑÀ√…….[Mister Higgins-_____ gave us-_____ all-kinds instructions-_____.] (II-51)

5 ñ∏œ ¥∂≈ƒπ¥∂≈÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ç∏ πfi£ŒœÕπ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ «ÉƒŸ¡À∏Ç◊Œœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡ÑfiŒœ-¥œ¥πÃÖ∂ŒŸ» ∏≈Ã≈¥∂œ«∂ÄÕÕ ¥œÀÉ∑Õœ∑π, ¥Ç¤≈∏ ÀŒÇ«… … À…Œœ∑√≈ŒÄ∂…….[This warning-_____ belongs scholar-_____, who-_____ last years-_____ activelyis-occupied creation-_____ scientific-popular television-shows-_____ along space-_____, writes books-_____ and screenplays-_____.] (II-81)

6 ‰π¤≈◊Œœ∫œÃÿŒá≈ »πƒÉ÷Œ…À… ¥∂œƒ¡â∏ ∑◊œÇ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ ⁄¡ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ∏á∑µfiÕÄ∂œÀ … ∫ÉÃ≈≈.[Mentally-ill artists-_____ sell own pictures-_____ for fifty-_____ thousands-_____marks-_____ and more.] (II-93)


Level II

209

7 œƒœ∫∂ÄÃ ◊É…Œ ∑ ⁄≈ÕÃÇ Œ≈ƒœ⁄∂ÅÃπ¿ ∆Ç«π, ÀÇŒπÃ ≈£ ◊ ¥≈◊√Ä, … π«œƒÇÃ ≈ÕÑ¥∂ÖÕœ ◊ ∂œ∏.[Picked-up warrior-_____ from earth-_____ unripe fig-_____, threw it-_____ insinger-_____, and hit him-_____ straight in mouth-_____.] (II-110)

8 ‰…Õ, ƒ¡◊Ä™ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈Õ œ∫∑π÷ƒÄ∏ÿ Ü∏œ, ¥∂œ¤Ñ ∏≈∫Ö, ¥œ«ÃÄƒÿ ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ ∑◊œÇ ∫∂âÀ…∑¡Õ, ÕŒ≈ ŒÄƒœ ƒœ¤Ç∏ÿ.[Dima-_____, let’s not will discuss this-_____, ask you-_____, iron today own pants-_____ self-_____, me-_____ need finish-up-sewing.] (II-123)

9 Ûœ∫ÄÀ ÀÉ∂Õµ∏ ¥œ∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…≈ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ, Œ¡ ∑◊œÇ ƒÅŒÿ«… ¥œÀπ¥Ä¿∏ …Õ ≈ƒÑ,¥œÜ∏œÕπ ∑œ∫ÄÀ… …» Ãâ∫µ∏ … ¥∂…⁄Œ¡â∏.[Dogs-_____ feed outside women-_____, to own money-_____ buy them-_____food-_____, therefore dogs-_____ them-_____ love and recognize.] (II-132)

10 ˙…ÕÉ™ …⁄-⁄¡ ¥œÃÖ∂Œœ™ ŒÉfi… Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥∂œ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ, ÃÅ∏œÕ Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœπ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ ¥œ ƒ∂π«É™ ¥∂…fiÇŒ≈: ◊ ∏∂… fi¡∑Ä ŒÉfi… ◊ œÀŒÉ ÃÑ¥…∏ ∑ÉÃŒ√≈.[Winter-_____ because-of polar night-_____ impossible wake-up, summer-_____impossible fall-asleep along other reason-_____: in three-_____ hours-_____ night-_____ to window-_____ thrashes sun-_____.] (II-146)

11 ßŸÃ ∑ÃÑfi¡™, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À¡ Œ¡¤ÃÇ ¥œ œ∏¥≈fiÄ∏À¡Õ ⁄π∫É◊ — œŒ ∫ŸÃ«œÃÉƒŒŸ™ … Œ¡ƒÀÑ∑…Ã Àπ∑ÉÀ ÕÄ∑Ã¡.[Was incident-_____, when criminal-_____ found along imprints-_____ teeth-_____— he-_____ was hungry-_____ and took-bite piece-_____ butter-_____.] (II-162)


1 Á≈É∂«…™ ∑≈Ã … Œ¡¥…∑ÄÃ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ, … µ Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ ◊ œ∏◊Å∏ Œ…fi≈«É, ¥∂É∑∏œ◊⁄µÃÄ Ü∏œ∏ Ã…∑∏ÉÀ … π¤ÃÄ À ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿.[Georgi-_____ sat-down and wrote letter-_____, and I-_____ not said him-_____ inanswer-_____ nothing-_____, just took that paper-_____ and went to self-_____ tokitchen-_____.] (II-5)

2 Úœ∑∑Çµ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏Œπ¿ ∂œÃÿ ◊ ƒ…Œ¡ÕÇfiŒœÕ ¡⁄…Ä∏∑ÀœÕ∂≈«…ÉŒ≈, … Ò¥ÉŒ…µ ÕÉ÷≈∏ œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ ≈™ ◊ Ü∏œÕ ∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈.[Russia-_____ should play more noticeable role-_____ in dynamic Asian region-_____, and Japan-_____ can give her-_____ in this-_____ assistance-_____.] (II-22)

AccusativeExercise 2Level II

Accusative Exercise 2, Level II

210 Exercises

3 ÌÑ÷¡ œŒÄ ∏É÷≈ Œ≈ ¥ÉÕŒ…Ã¡, Œœ ¥œŒ…ÕÄÃ¡, fi∏œ ∂¡⁄ π Œ≈£ ∫áÃœ fiÅ∏◊≈∂œ ƒ≈∏Å™,∏œ, Œ¡◊Å∂Œœ≈, … Õπ÷ ∫ŸÃ.[Husband-_____ she-_____ also not remembered, but understood, that if by her-_____ was foursome-_____ children-_____, then, surely, and husband-_____ was.](II-39)

4 Û◊œâ ∂≈fiÿ œŒ ¥œ∑◊µ∏ÇÃ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊π ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑Àœ«œ.[His speech-_____ he-_____ dedicated works-_____ Dostoevsky-_____.] (II-59)

5 Ìπ÷ fi…∏Ä≈∏ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ … ◊œÃŒÑ≈∏∑µ ƒœ ∏¡ÀÉ™ ∑∏Å¥≈Œ…, fi∏œ ∂œŒÖ≈∏ …⁄ ∂πÀ ∑∏¡ÀÄŒ∑ ◊œƒÉ™, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥Äƒ¡≈∏ ŒÄ ¥œÃ … ∂¡⁄∫…◊Ä≈∏∑µ.[Husband-_____ reads letter-_____ and gets-upset to such level-_____, that dropsfrom hands-_____ glass-_____ with water-_____, which-_____ falls on floor-_____and breaks.] (II-83)

6 ∑…»…Ä∏∂ ¥∂…fi…∑ÃÖ≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö ∏É÷≈ À »πƒÉ÷Œ…À¡Õ, ≈«É «…«ÄŒ∏∑À…≈ ¥ÃÄ∑∏…Àœ◊Ÿ≈∆…«Ñ∂Ÿ πÀ∂¡¤Ä¿∏ ÕŒÉ«…≈ ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ∑À…≈ ¥Ä∂À….[Psychiatrist-_____ counts self-_____ also to artists-_____, his gigantic sculpturalfigures-_____ decorate many American parks-_____.] (II-95)

7 Û∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ ∫¡ŒÄÃÿŒŸÕ …ƒ≈ÄÃ¡Õ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊¡, Àœ∏É∂ŸÕ…∂πÀœ◊Éƒ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã∑µ ◊ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ.[Tried answer banal ideals-_____ courage-_____, which-_____ was-guided in thoseyears-_____.] (II-111)

8 Ô ÁÉ∑¥œƒ…, œŒ, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÑÕ¡≈∏, fi∏œ ∂Äƒ… Ü∏œ™ ◊∑∏∂Åfi… µ ∂≈¤ÇÃ¡ πÀœ∂œ∏Ç∏ÿâ∫Àπ![O Lord-_____, he-_____, it-seems, thinks, that for this date-_____ I-_____ de-cided shorten skirt-_____!] (II-124)

9 ∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Â«Ç¥∏¡, œ¥…∂Äµ∑ÿ Œ¡ ∑∏¡∂œƒÄ◊Œ…™ … ¥œÃπ⁄¡∫á∏Ÿ™ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ,∂≈¤ÇÃœ Ã…À◊…ƒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ ◊ ∑∏∂¡ŒÅ ∑ÃÑ÷∫π ∏≈Ãœ»∂¡ŒÇ∏≈Ã≈™.[Government-_____ Egypt-_____, relying on ancient and half-forgotten law-_____,decided liquidate in country-_____ service-_____ bodyguards-_____.] (II-135)

10 ˆ…◊£∏ œŒÄ Œ¡ ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ “∑¥ÉŒ∑œ∂¡” — ÷≈ŒÄ∏œ«œ ∫…⁄Œ≈∑ÕÅŒ¡, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™∑Œ…ÕÄ≈∏ ƒÃµ Œ≈£ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂π … ¥≈∂…œƒÇfi≈∑À… ¥∂É∑…∏ ≈£ ∫∂É∑…∏ÿ Ü∏π ƒπ∂Ä√Àπ¿∂¡∫É∏π ◊ ÀÃÑ∫≈ … ◊¡∂Ç∏ÿ ƒÉÕ¡ ¥≈ÃÿÕÅŒ….[Lives she-_____ on means-_____ “sponsor”-_____ — married businessman-_____,who-_____ rents for her-_____ apartment-_____ and periodically asks her-_____quit this foolish work-_____ in club-_____ and cook at-home pelmeni-_____.] (II-147)

211



1 ÔŒ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…Ã ≈£ ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ — ∑¡Õ ∑Õπ∏ÇÃ∑µ ≈£ ∑Õπ›ÅŒ…≈Õ, … œŒÇ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœƒÃÇŒŒŸ», Œ≈∑ÀœŒfiÄ≈ÕŸ» ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ƒ∂π« Œ¡ ƒ∂Ñ«¡.[He-_____ met her gaze-_____ — self-_____ was-embarrassed her embarassment-_____, and they-_____ several-_____ long, endless seconds-_____ looked other-_____ on other-_____.] (II-7)

2 Ò ⁄¡ƒœ»ŒÑÃ¡∑ÿ ◊ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ Õ«Œœ◊ÅŒ…≈, À¡À ∫πƒ∏œ Õ≈ŒÖ ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ… ∑ Õœ∑∏Ä ◊»œÃÉƒŒπ¿ ∂ÅfiÀπ ◊ œÀ∏µ∫∂Å ÕÅ∑µ√≈.[I-_____ gasped in first moment-_____, as if me-_____ pushed-off from bridge-_____ to cold river-_____ in October month-_____.] (II-25)

3 ÔŒ Ã¿∫ÇÃ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ, … ◊œœ∫›Å, ∫ŸÃÄ ∫Ÿ ≈«É ◊ÉÃµ, ¥∂œ◊œƒÇÃ ∫Ÿ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ∫ÉÃÿ¤π¿ fi¡∑∏ÿ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ….[He-_____ loved here work, and in-general, was would his will-_____, spend wouldhere larger part-_____ time-_____.] (II-41)

4 È fiÅ∂≈⁄ Õ…ŒÑ∏π «∂Åfi≈∑À…™ ¥≈◊Å√ ∑ÀœŒfiÄÃ∑µ œ∏ πƒÑ¤ÿµ.[And across minute-_____ Greek singer-_____ died from asphyxiation-_____.] (II-60)


6 ÔŒ œ∑∏ÄÃ∑µ ◊∂¡fiÉÕ, ¡ Œ≈ ¥∂≈◊∂¡∏ÇÃ∑µ ◊ Õ≈√≈ŒÄ∏¡ œ∏ …∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊¡.[He-_____ remained doctor-_____, and not turned into patron-_____ art-_____.](II-96)

7 íŒŒ¡ œ«ÃµƒÅÃ¡ √◊≈∏á, ◊≈∂ŒÑÃ¡ …» ∫Ä∫À≈, ◊œ∑∏∂Å∫œ◊¡Ã¡ ƒÅŒÿ«… œ∫∂Ä∏Œœ …Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ Œ¡ Œ…» Ö∫ÃœÀ… π ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑∏¡∂Ñ»….[Inna-_____ examined flowers-_____, returned them-_____ woman-_____,demanded money-_____ back and bought for them-_____ apples-_____ byneighboring old-woman-_____.] (II-8)

Accusative Exercise 3, Level II

AccusativeExercise 3Level II

212 Exercises

8 Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ¥ÿ¿∏ ÕœÃœÀÉ, ƒ◊≈ Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ ÕŸ ∂≈¤Ä≈Õ, …ƒ∏Ç Ã… ≈›£ «πÃÖ∏ÿ, … —œ∏ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ.[Kids-_____ drink milk-_____, two-_____ minutes-_____ we-_____ decide, gowhether still walk, and — decline.] (II-126)

9 Ù∂… ∏∂πƒŒÅ™¤…» «Éƒ¡ µ ¥∂œ÷ÇÃ ◊ »ÉÃœƒ≈ … ∏≈ÕŒœ∏Å.[Three-_____ quite-difficult year-_____ I-_____ lived-through in cold-_____ anddark-_____.] (II-136)

10 ˜œŒ π Œ¡∑ ◊œ ƒ◊œ∂Å ⁄¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ¡ — ƒ◊¡ π∫Ç™∑∏◊¡ ∫áÃœ. Û œ«∂¡∫ÃÅŒ…≈Õ.[There by us-_____ in courtyard-_____ in three-_____ years-_____ — two-_____murders-_____ were. With robbery-_____.] (II-79)

Dative Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the instances of the DATIVE case in the following sentences and explain whythe DATIVE is used.


2 Ú≈÷…∑∑£∂ ¥…Ã fi¡™ … ⁄◊œŒÇÃ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ, ¥∂…ƒÅ∂÷…◊¡µ ∏∂Ñ∫Àπ ¥Ã≈fiÉÕ.[Director-_____ drank tea-_____ and called along telepone-_____, holding receiver-_____ shoulder-_____.] (II-14)

3 ı Œ≈«É Ö⁄◊¡ ÷≈ÃÑƒÀ¡, … œŒÄ ƒ…À∏Ñ≈∏ ≈ÕÑ ∑◊œ™ ∂≈÷ÇÕ, ¡ ∂≈÷ÇÕ Œ¡◊Ö⁄Ÿ◊¡≈∏¥œÃœ÷Ç∏≈ÃÿŒŸ™ É∫∂¡⁄ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[By him-_____ ulcer-_____ stomach-_____, and it-_____ dictates him-_____ ownregime-_____, and regime-_____ imposes positive mode-_____ life-_____.] (II-28)

4 Û◊œâ ∂≈fiÿ œŒ ¥œ∑◊µ∏ÇÃ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊π ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑Àœ«œ.[His speech-_____ he-_____ dedicated works-_____ Dostoevsky-_____.] (II-59)

5 ñ∏œ ¥∂≈ƒπ¥∂≈÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ç∏ πfi£ŒœÕπ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ «ÉƒŸ¡À∏Ç◊Œœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡ÑfiŒœ-¥œ¥πÃÖ∂ŒŸ» ∏≈Ã≈¥∂œ«∂ÄÕÕ ¥œÀÉ∑Õœ∑π, ¥Ç¤≈∏ ÀŒÇ«… … À…Œœ∑√≈ŒÄ∂…….[This warning-_____ belongs scholar-_____, who-_____ last years-_____ activelyis-occupied creation-_____ scientific-popular television-shows-_____ along space-_____, writes books-_____ and screenplays-_____.] (II-81)

6 Î ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ¿, Ì. „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™ ◊∑µ Ü∏¡ ⁄¡¥Ñ∏¡ŒŒ¡µ … Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œ¡µ …∑∏É∂…µ, ◊Çƒ…Õœ,Œ≈ Àœ∑ŒÑÃ¡∑ÿ.[To happiness-_____, M. Tsvetaeva-_____ all that tangled-_____ and unpleasantstory-_____, evidently, not touched.] (II-100)

DativeExercise 1

Level II

213

7 ˜∑≈ ÕŸ ¥œ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ… ƒ≈ÃÇÃ…∑ÿ ŒÉ◊œ™ …Œ∆œ∂ÕÄ√…≈™.[All we-_____ along turn-_____ shared new information-_____.] (II-115)

8 Ô¥ÃÄfi…◊¡≈∏ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ …Œœ«œ∂ÉƒŒ…Õ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ … ¥∂…Å⁄ƒ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ñ Œ¡◊∂πfiÅŒ…≈ ∑∏…¥ÅŒƒ……, ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ ¥∂œ÷…◊ÄŒ…µ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈.[Pays-for company-_____ out-of-town students-_____ and trip-_____ to Moscow-_____ to handing-out-_____ stipend-_____, two-_____ days-_____ stay-_____ incapital-_____.] (II-127)


10 ÌŒ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ…, fi∏œ ◊ µŒ◊¡∂Å ∫áÃœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤≈ŒÉ 435 À◊¡∂∏Ç∂ŒŸ» À∂¡÷.[Me-_____ told, that in January-_____ was committed 435-_____ apartment rob-beries-_____.] (II-161)


1 œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊, ¥œÀÄ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ µ¥ÉŒ∑Àœ≈ Ã≈ÀÄ∂∑∏◊œ¥∂≈¥¡∂Ä∏œÕ, ∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸÕ ¥œÕÉfiÿ ∫œÃÿŒáÕ ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸÕ ∑ÀÃ≈∂É⁄œÕ ◊ ∏µ÷£ÃœÕ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…….[Along opinion-_____ specialists-_____, at-present must-not consider Japanese medi-cine-_____ preparation-_____, capable-_____ help patients-_____ multiple sclero-sis-_____ in serious condition-_____.] (II-4)

2 ˜∑Å ∑…ƒÅÃ… ∏Ç»œ … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… Œ¡ ‰âÀ¡, … Œ¡fi…ŒÄÃ… ◊Å∂…∏ÿ ÓÇŒ≈ Á≈É∂«…≈◊Œ≈◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ‰¿À ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ŒπÃÿ, ¥π∑∏É≈ ÕÅ∑∏œ.[All-_____ sat quietly and looked at Duke-_____, and started believe NinaGeorgievna-_____ in that-_____, that Duke-_____ really zero-_____, empty place-_____.] (II-15)


DativeExercise 2Level II

Dative Exercise 2, Level II

214 Exercises

4 ‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ ¤≈∑∏ÿ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ œ¥∂É¤≈ŒŒŸx Œ≈ ∑Õœ«ÃÇ œ∏◊Å∏…∏ÿ Œ¡ ◊œ¥∂É∑:±Î¡ÀÇ≈ …⁄ ∑ÀπÃÿ¥∏Ñ∂ŒŸx ¥ÄÕµ∏Œ…Àœ◊ ◊¡Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É Œ∂Ä◊µ∏∑µ?≤ Ó≈∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ fiÅ∏◊≈∂∏ÿ Õœ∑À◊…fiÅ™ ¥œ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄÕ, ƒÄ÷≈ ¥œ ◊ŸxœƒŒáÕ ƒŒµÕ, Œ≈ ƒœÕœŒπÕÅŒ∏œ◊ …Õ.[Twenty six-_____ percent-_____ questioned-_____ not could answer on question-_____: “Which-_____ from sculptural monuments-_____ you-_____ more all-_____please?” Not look fourth-_____ Muscovites-_____ along sides-_____, even alongweekend days-_____, not to monuments-_____ them-_____.] (II-61)

5 Ù≈∏∂ÄƒÀ¡, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œ™ ÕŸ ∂¡∑¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ ◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…… ¥œ π∏∂ÄÕ, Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡∏œ«ƒÄ π Œ≈«É Œ¡ ∑∏œÃÅ, … œŒ ¥œ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡Ã Œ¡ Œ≈£, Œœ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ.[Notebook-_____, in which-_____ we-_____ log-in in laboratory-_____ alongmornings-_____, lay then by him-_____ on table-_____, and he-_____ looked at it-_____, but nothing-_____ not said.] (II-85)

6 Ò ¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä¿ ◊¡Õ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ Œ¡ Õ…∂ … ÕœÇÕ… «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ…, «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ… ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ™÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ …⁄ ∫ÃÇ÷Œ≈«œ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷ÿµ.[I-_____ suggest you-_____ look at world-_____ also my eyes-_____, eyes-_____Russian woman-_____ from near abroad-_____.] (II-104)


8 ˜…√≈-¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥œ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ Õ≈ŒÖ, fi∏É∫Ÿ µ œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã∑µ ◊ Û∂ÅƒŒ¿¿ ê⁄…¿ ƒÃµπÀ∂≈¥ÃÅŒ…µ ŒÄ¤…» ƒ◊π»∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…» ∑◊Ö⁄≈™ … ƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ä√…… ŒÄ¤≈™ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À…∑∏∂ÄŒ¡Õ Ü∏œ«œ ∂≈«…ÉŒ¡.[Vice-president-_____ asked me-_____, in-order-to I-_____ set-off to Central Asia-_____ for strengthening-_____ our bilateral ties-_____ and demonstration-_____our support-_____ countries-_____ this region-_____.] (II-128)

9 ˜≈∂»É◊Œ¡µ ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏π, ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏ ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏∂…¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏¡ ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ.[Supreme power-_____ should-_____ belong president-_____, consider 33-_____percent-_____ Russian citizens-_____.] (II-150)

10 ßŸÃ ∑ÃÑfi¡™, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À¡ Œ¡¤ÃÇ ¥œ œ∏¥≈fiÄ∏À¡Õ ⁄π∫É◊ — œŒ ∫ŸÃ«œÃÉƒŒŸ™ … Œ¡ƒÀÑ∑…Ã Àπ∑ÉÀ ÕÄ∑Ã¡.[Was incident-_____, when criminal-_____ found along imprints-_____ teeth-_____— he-_____ was hungry-_____ and took-bite piece-_____ butter-_____.] (II-162)

215


1 Á≈É∂«…™ ∑≈Ã … Œ¡¥…∑ÄÃ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ, … µ Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ ◊ œ∏◊Å∏ Œ…fi≈«É, ¥∂É∑∏œ◊⁄µÃÄ Ü∏œ∏ Ã…∑∏ÉÀ … π¤ÃÄ À ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿.[Georgi-_____ sat-down and wrote letter-_____, and I-_____ not said him-_____ inanswer-_____ nothing-_____, just took that paper-_____ and went to self-_____ tokitchen-_____.] (II-5)

2 ‰¿À ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ Œ¡ ∑◊œ™ ¥Éµ∑, … ≈ÕÑ ∫áÃœ ∏¡À ≈«É ÷¡Ãÿ, ∫Ñƒ∏œ œŒ ∂¡∑∑∏¡◊ÄÃ∑µŒ≈ ∑ ◊Å›ÿ¿, ¡ ∑ ∫ÃÇ⁄À…Õ ƒ∂Ñ«œÕ.[Duke-_____ looked at own belt-_____, and him-_____ was so him-_____ sorry,as-if he-_____ parted not with thing-_____, but with close friend-_____.] (II-16)

3 Ò Õ≈fi∏Ä¿, fi∏œ∫Ÿ ÕœÇ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ¥œ∑∏¡∂ÅÃ… … ∂¡∑∏œÃ∑∏ÅÃ…, ∏œ«ƒÄ — ÀœÕÑœŒÇ ∫Ñƒπ∏ Œπ÷Œá?[I-_____ dream, so-that my parents-_____ got-old and got-fat, then — who-_____they-_____ will-be needed-_____?] (II-36)

4 ñ∏œ ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›¡µ ¥œ ⁄ŒÄfi…Õœ∑∏… ⁄¡ƒÄfi¡ ¥É∑Ã≈ ◊á¥Ã¡∏Ÿ ¥ÅŒ∑…™ … ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏πfi…∏≈ÃÖÕ.[That-_____ next-_____ along significance-_____ task-_____ after payment-_____pensions-_____ and wages-_____ teachers-_____.] (II-68)

5 ÌŸ ◊¥∂Ä◊≈ Œ¡ƒÅµ∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ◊Ÿ ∫Ñƒ≈∏≈ ƒœ∂œ÷Ç∏ÿ ƒœ◊Å∂…≈Õ, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ ÕŸœÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈Õ ÕœÃœƒÉÕπ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏π.[We-_____ have-right hope, that you-_____ will value trust-_____, that-_____ we-_____ give young specialist-_____.] (II-86)

6 œ ƒÄŒŒŸÕ Ì…Œ…∑∏Å∂∑∏◊¡ ⁄ƒ∂¡◊œœ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…µ Úœ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ™ Ê≈ƒ≈∂Ä√……, 20,3¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏¡ ÕÄÃÿfi…Àœ◊-¥œƒ∂É∑∏Àœ◊ ¥∂É∫œ◊¡Ã… Œ¡∂ÀÉ∏…À…, ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ¥Ö∏Ÿ™.[Along data-_____ Ministry-_____ health-_____ Russian Federation-_____, 20.3-_____ percent-_____ boys-adolescents-_____ tried narcotics-_____, every fifth-_____.] (II-105)

7 ‰Ãµ ∂≈∫Ö∏ Ü∏œ ¥œ⁄ƒŒœ◊Ä∏œ, Œœ ŒÄƒœ ÷≈ …Õ »œ∏ÿ ◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒÉ™ ¥œ«πÃÖ∏ÿ À¡À∑ÃÅƒπ≈∏.[For kids-_____ this-_____ late, but necessary EMPHATIC them-_____ even today-off-_____ walk as follows.] (II-121)


Dative Exercise 3, Level II

DativeExercise 3Level II

216 Exercises

9 Û◊Å÷π¿ fi≈∂ŒÇÀπ, À ¥∂…ÕÅ∂π, ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿∏ ¥œ 3-4 ∂π∫ÃÖ ⁄¡ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ,∑π¤£Œπ¿ — œ∏ 20 ƒœ 40 ∂π∫ÃÅ™ (◊ ÀÄ÷ƒœÕ ∂¡™ÉŒ≈ ∑◊œÇ √ÅŒŸ).[Fresh bilberry-_____, to example-_____, takes around 3-4-_____ rubles-_____ forkilogram-_____, dried-_____ — from 20-_____ to 40-_____ rubles-_____ (in eachregion-_____ own prices-_____).] (II-151)


Genitive Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the instances of the GENITIVE case in the following sentences and explain whythe GENITIVE is used.


2 ÔŒ ⁄¡À∂áÃ «Ã¡⁄Ä, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥∂œŒ…ÀÄÃœ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷Ç∏≈Ã≈™, …∏π∏ ÷≈ π◊Çƒ≈Ã ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒŸ … ¥ÉŒµÃ, fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… œƒ…ŒÄÀœ◊ŸÕ… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ¡Õ…œŒ Õœ« œ∫Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ÷≈ŒÉ™, … ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ… ∑ œƒŒÇÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕŒ¡ ◊∑£Õ ∑◊Å∏≈.[He-_____ closed eyes-_____, so-that penetrated as possible less irritations-_____,and here already saw look-_____ Svetlana-_____ and understood, that such identi-cal looks-_____ he-_____ could exchange only with own wife-_____, and more notwith one person-_____ on whole world-_____.] (II-10)

3 ∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Ò¥ÉŒ…… ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡Ãœ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷Àπ π∑ÇÃ…µÕ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ ◊ ¥∂œ◊≈ƒÅŒ…… ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑À…» … ¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑À…» ∂≈∆É∂Õ.[Government-_____ Japan-_____ to this time-_____ gave support-_____ efforts-_____ president-_____ in conducting-_____ economic and political reforms-_____.](II-23)


5 ˜Ã¡ƒ…∑ÃÄ◊ ◊á¥…Ã ∑◊œ™ fi¡™ ◊ ∏∂… ∫œÃÿ¤Ç» «Ãœ∏ÀÄ … ∂≈¤Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ¥œƒŒÖÃ∑µ.[Vladislav-_____ drank own tea-_____ in three-_____ big gulps-_____ and deci-sively got-up.] (II-38)

GenitiveExercise 1

Level II

217

6 Ó≈ π∑¥ÅÃ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…∏ÿ, À¡À ◊ ¥∂œxÉƒ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ∂µƒÄÕ… ¤¡«ŒÑÃ¡¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒÀ¡ ∑∂ÅƒŒ…x ÃÅ∏.[Not managed professor-_____ finish, how in aisle-_____ between rows-_____stepped American-_____ middle years-_____.] (II-45)

7 ·À∏£∂, ∫Ñƒπfi… ∑ «¡∑∏∂ÉÃµÕ… ◊œ Ê∂ÄŒÀ∆π∂∏≈, ƒœ∫ÇÃ∑µ ∏¡Õ ¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ«œπ∫Å÷…›¡.[Actor-_____, being with tour-_____ in Frankfurt-_____, got there political asy-lum-_____.] (II-52)

8 ‰ÅÃœ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ŒÄ¤… ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ œ«∂¡ŒÇfi≈ŒŸ. · ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, œ«∂¡ŒÇfi≈Œœ fi…∑ÃÉŒÄ¤…x ƒœ∂œ«Çx «œ∑∏Å™.[Thing-_____ in that-_____, that our means-_____ limited-_____. But means, lim-ited-_____ number-_____ our dear guests-_____.] (II-57)

9 ‚Ñƒ≈Õ ¥…∑Ä∏ÿ ∏¡À ÷≈ «≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒœ — Œœ ∫≈⁄ ≈«É Œ≈ÃÅ¥œ∑∏≈™ … œ¤Ç∫œÀ.[Will write thus brilliantly — but without his absurdities-_____ and errors-_____.](II-64)

10 ÛÃÑfi¡™ Ü∏œ∏ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏ Œ≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃŸÕ.[Case this-_____ specialists-_____ to this time-_____ consider unprecedented-_____.] (II-72)

11 Ò Œ≈ ◊Ç÷π Œ…fi≈«É ¥Ãœ»É«œ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ˝≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ πƒ¡£∏∑µ π«¡ƒÄ∏ÿ ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈fi…∏Ä∏≈Ãµ ∂É◊Œœ ⁄¡ Õ…ŒÑ∏π ƒœ ∏œ«É, À¡À ∑¡Õ fi…∏Ä∏≈Ãÿ Ü∏œ ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈ fi£∏Àœœ∑œ⁄Œ¡£∏.[I-_____ not see nothing-_____ bad-_____ in that-_____, that Shcherbakova-_____is-successful guess desire-_____ reader-_____ exactly to minute-_____ until that-_____, as self-_____ reader-_____ this desire-_____ clearly realizes.] (II-167)


1 ‰Ãµ ∑œ∫∂Ä◊¤…x∑µ ∫ŸÃ π∑∏∂É≈Œ ÀœŒ√Å∂∏, ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ Àœ∏É∂œ«œ ∑∂≈ƒÇ Õπ⁄ŸÀÄŒ∏œ◊¥œµ◊ÇÃ∑µ ∑¡Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏.[For gathered-_____ was organized-_____ concert-_____, in time-_____ which-_____ among musicians-_____ appeared himself president-_____.] (II-3)

2 ñ∏… ÃπŒÄ, ∂eÀÄ, ¥Ã¡ÀÑfi¡µ Ç◊¡ ∫áÃ… ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ◊ ≈£ ÷Ç⁄Œ…, … Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ …x ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[These moon-_____, river-_____, weeping willow-_____ always in her life-_____,and never not been so, so-that they-_____ not was.] (II-11)

GenitiveExercise 2Level II

Genitive Exercise 2, Level II

218 Exercises

3 Ô∫πfiÅŒ…≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ …ƒ∏Ç ∑ ¥∂…Õ≈ŒÅŒ…≈Õ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ™ ÀœÕ¥ÿâ∏≈∂Œœ™ …Ã…Œ«¡∆ÉŒŒœ™ ∏Å»Œ…À….[Instruction-_____ will go with application-_____ complete computer-_____ andlanguage laboratory technology-_____.] (II-24)

4 Ô∏ ŒÇx ◊Å≈∏ ∏¡ÀÉ™ π∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ ∑ÀÑÀœ™, fi∏œ Ü∏¡ ∑ÀÑÀ¡ ƒœ∑∏…«Ä≈∏ ∑≈ƒÿÕÉ«œ‹∏¡÷Ä, ¥∂œŒ…ÀÄ≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑∏≈ÀÃÉ … À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ Õœ≈«É Ã…√Ä.[From them-_____ blows such convincing boredom-_____, that this boredome-_____reaches seventh floor-_____, penetr¡tes through glass-_____ and touches my face-_____.] (II-31)


6 ≈◊Å√ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄÃ À∂¡∑Ç◊ŸÕ ŒÇ⁄À…Õ ∫¡∂…∏ÉŒœÕ πƒ…◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ«œ ∏ÅÕ∫∂¡.[Singer-_____ possessed beautiful deep baritone-_____ amazing timbre-_____.] (II-47)

7 Ï¿∫É™ …⁄ Œ…x Õœ« ∂¡⁄«œ∂µfiÇ∏ÿ∑µ ∫≈⁄œ ◊∑ÖÀœ«œ ¥É◊œƒ¡.[Any-_____ from them-_____ could get-excited without any reason-_____.] (II-53)

8 Ó≈ ¥œ◊Ÿ¤Ä™∏≈ ∏ÉŒ¡, ÕÇ∑∏≈∂ ‚œÃÿ¤¡ÀÉ◊.[Not raise tone-_____, mister Bolshakov-_____.] (II-58)

9 Ùœ«ƒÄ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂π ¥∂≈¥œƒ¡◊ÄÃ… xœ∂œ¤É, … ÕŸ Œ¡ÅÃ…∑ÿ ◊≈ÃÇÀ…» ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈™π÷Å ◊ ¤ÀÉÃ≈.[Then literature-_____ taught well, and we-_____ got-fed-up great writers-_____already in school-_____.] (II-65)

10 — Óπ ¥œÀÄ, — ◊ƒ∂π« ∑œ«Ã¡¤Ä≈∏∑µ ÌÇ¤¡. — Ûfi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ«œ É∏ƒŸ»¡.[—Well so-long, — suddenly acquieses Misha-_____. — Happy vacation-_____.](II-74)

11 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… Ü∏œ«œ ƒÉÕ¡ — Ã¡π∂≈Ä∏Ÿ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» ¥∂ÅÕ…™, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ∑◊œÇÀ¡∂∏ÇŒŸ ◊ Î£ÃÿŒ≈, ¡∂Ç÷≈ … Û¡Œ-ÄπÃœ.[Residents-_____ this house-_____ — laureates-_____ various prizes-_____, ex-hibited own pictures-_____ in Cologne-_____, Paris-_____ and San Paulo-_____.](II-94)

219



2 Ùœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ Œ¡ƒÅÃ¡ â∫Àπ-ÕÇŒ…, ∫œ∑œŒÉ÷À… Œ¡ ¥Ã¡∏∆É∂Õ≈ … ◊á¤Ã¡ Ç⁄ ƒœÕπ.[Then she-_____ put-on mini-skirt-_____, sandals-_____ on platform-_____ andleft from house-_____.] (II-13)


4 Â£ ◊á◊≈⁄Ã… …⁄ È∑¥ÄŒ…… ◊ ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿ ¤≈∑∏ÉÕ «œƒÑ, … œŒÄ ∏π∏ ÷…ÃÄ … ∂œ∑ÃÄ,fi∏É∫Ÿ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…∏ÿ ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ«œ ¥Ä∂Œµ … ◊ ⁄◊£⁄ƒŒŸ™ fi¡∑ ⁄¡fiÄ∏ÿ ∑áŒ¡.[Her-_____ brought from Spain-_____ in thirty sixth year-_____, and she-_____here lived and grew, so-that once meet Russian guy-_____ and in star hour-_____conceive son-_____.] (II-32)

5 ÎœŒÅfiŒœ, ◊ ≈£ ◊É⁄∂¡∑∏≈ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ Œ¡⁄á◊¡∏ÿ Àœ«É-∏œ ƒÖƒ≈™ ÇÃ… ∏£∏≈™, ¥œ∂Ä π÷Å¥≈∂≈»œƒÇ∏ÿ Œ¡ …Õ≈ŒÄ-É∏fi≈∑∏◊¡, Œœ Û∏Ä∑œ◊ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫ŸÃ ƒÃµ Œ≈£ ƒÖƒ≈™˜ÃÄƒ…ÀœÕ.[Of-course, in her age-_____ silly call someone-_____ uncle-_____ or aunt-_____,time already switch-over to names-patronymics-_____, but Stasov-_____ alwayswas for her-_____ uncle Vladik-_____.] (II-40)

6 Û∂≈ƒÇ ‹Õ…«∂ÄŒ∏∑À…x ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈™ µ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ¿ À¡ÀÉ≈-∏œ ÕÅ∑∏œ.[Among emigrant writers-_____ I-_____ occupy some place-_____.] (II-49)

7 Ê…ŒÄŒ∑œ◊œ™ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À… ≈£ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™ ∑∏ŸƒÇÃ∑µ.[Financial support-_____ her parents-_____ was-ashamed.] (II-54)

8 È fiÅ∂≈⁄ Õ…ŒÑ∏π «∂Åfi≈∑À…™ ¥≈◊Å√ ∑ÀœŒfiÄÃ∑µ œ∏ πƒÑ¤ÿµ.[And across minute-_____ Greek singer-_____ died from asphyxiation-_____.] (II-60)

9 ‚≈⁄ ¥∂≈π◊≈Ã…fiÅŒ…µ, ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ◊∑µ ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ Õ≈ƒ…√ÇŒ¡∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ Œ¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡.[Without exaggeration-_____, possible say, that now all Russian medical-profes-sion-_____ works on president-_____.] (II-67)

Genitive Exercise 3, Level II

GenitiveExercise 3Level II

220 Exercises

10 ÂÃÅŒ≈ ⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ ∫áÃœ ŒÅÀπƒ¡: œŒÇ ∑ ÕÑ÷≈Õ ÷ÇÃ… ⁄Ä «œ∂œƒœÕ ∫≈⁄ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ¡ …¥∂Éfi…» πƒÉ∫∑∏◊.[Elena-_____ call was nowhere: they-_____ with husband-_____ lived beyond city-_____ without telephone-_____ and other comforts-_____.] (II-76)

Locative Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the instances of the LOCATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the LOCATIVE is used.

1 œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊, ¥œÀÄ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ µ¥ÉŒ∑Àœ≈ Ã≈ÀÄ∂∑∏◊œ¥∂≈¥¡∂Ä∏œÕ, ∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸÕ ¥œÕÉfiÿ ∫œÃÿŒáÕ ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸÕ ∑ÀÃ≈∂É⁄œÕ ◊ ∏µ÷£ÃœÕ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…….[Along opinion-_____ specialists-_____, at-present must-not consider Japanese medi-cine-_____ preparation-_____, capable-_____ help patients-_____ multiple sclero-sis-_____ in serious condition-_____.] (II-4)

2 Ùœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ Œ¡ƒÅÃ¡ â∫Àπ-ÕÇŒ…, ∫œ∑œŒÉ÷À… Œ¡ ¥Ã¡∏∆É∂Õ≈ … ◊á¤Ã¡ Ç⁄ ƒœÕπ.[Then she-_____ put-on mini-skirt-_____, sandals-_____ on platform-_____ andleft from house-_____.] (II-13)

3 ∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Ò¥ÉŒ…… ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡Ãœ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷Àπ π∑ÇÃ…µÕ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ ◊ ¥∂œ◊≈ƒÅŒ…… ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑À…» … ¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑À…» ∂≈∆É∂Õ.[Government-_____ Japan-_____ to this time-_____ gave support-_____ efforts-_____ president-_____ in conducting-_____ economic and political reforms-_____.](II-23)

4 ßÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É Œ¡ ∑◊Å∏≈ œŒ Ãâ∫…∏ »œƒÇ∏ÿ ◊ ¥œ»ÉƒŸ, ∑¥¡∏ÿ ◊ ¥¡ÃÄ∏À¡», ◊¡∂Ç∏ÿπ»Ñ ◊ ⁄¡Àœ¥fi£ŒŒœÕ Àœ∏≈ÃÀÅ.[More everything-_____ on world-_____, he-_____ loves go in hikes-_____, sleepin tents-_____, cook fish-soup-_____ in sooty pot-_____.] (II-33)

5 Ó≈ƒÄ∂œÕ ÷≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑À…x ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊ xÉƒµ∏ ∑ÃÑx… œ ∫¡∑Œœ∑ÃÉ◊ŒŸx⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡x ∂¡∫É∏Œ…Àœ◊ Ü∏œ«œ ¥≈fiÄ∏Œœ«œ É∂«¡Œ¡.[Not-without-reason among Moscow journalists-_____ go rumors-_____ about leg-endary wages-_____ workers-_____ that press organ-_____.] (II-62)

6 Ù≈∏∂ÄƒÀ¡, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œ™ ÕŸ ∂¡∑¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ ◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…… ¥œ π∏∂ÄÕ, Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡∏œ«ƒÄ π Œ≈«É Œ¡ ∑∏œÃÅ, … œŒ ¥œ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡Ã Œ¡ Œ≈£, Œœ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ.[Notebook-_____, in which-_____ we-_____ log-in in laboratory-_____ alongmornings-_____, lay then by him-_____ on table-_____, and he-_____ looked at it-_____, but nothing-_____ not said.] (II-85)

LocativeExercise 1

Level II

221

7 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… Ü∏œ«œ ƒÉÕ¡ — Ã¡π∂≈Ä∏Ÿ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» ¥∂ÅÕ…™, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ∑◊œÇÀ¡∂∏ÇŒŸ ◊ Î£ÃÿŒ≈, ¡∂Ç÷≈ … Û¡Œ-ÄπÃœ.[Residents-_____ this house-_____ — laureates-_____ various prizes-_____, ex-hibited own pictures-_____ in Cologne-_____, Paris-_____ and San Paulo-_____.](II-94)

8 Û◊œâ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ñ ¥∂É∏…◊ ÎÄ∑∏∂œ ∆œŒƒ √≈Ã…ÀÉÕ ¥∂œ◊Éƒ…∏ ◊ ∂ÄÕÀ¡»¥∂œ¥¡«¡ŒƒÇ∑∏∑Àœ™ ◊œ™Œá.[Own struggle-_____ against Castro-_____ fund completely leads in frames-_____propaganda war-_____.] (II-133)

9 Ò πfiÄ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã ◊ ¥µ∏Ç ◊É™Œ¡», »œƒÇÃ ◊ ¡∏ÄÀπ, ∏¡À fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ÕÉ∂≈ À∂É◊….[I-_____ participated in five wars-_____, went in attack-_____, so that was sea-_____ blood-_____.] (II-144)


11 · ¥É◊≈∑∏… Á¡ÃÇŒŸ ˝≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ «ƒÅ-∏œ ¥œ∑≈∂≈ƒÇŒÀ≈: Œ¡ ¥œÃ¥π∏Ç œ∏Õ≈Ãœƒ∂ÄÕŸ À ∫Ÿ∏œ◊É™ ƒ∂ÄÕ≈.[But stories-_____ Galina Shcherbakova-_____ somewhere in-middle: on half-path-_____ from melodrama-_____ to domestic drama-_____.] (II-166)



2 Ó¡ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒœÕ ∑∏œÃÅ, À¡À ◊ À…∏Ä™∑ÀœÕ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ≈, ∑∏œÖÃœ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∫Ãâƒ,fi∏œ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ ∫áÃœ Œ¡Å∑∏ÿ∑µ fiÅÕ-∏œ œƒŒÇÕ … Œ≈ ¥œ¥∂É∫œ◊¡∏ÿ ƒ∂π«É«œ.[On his life table-_____, as in Chinese restaurant-_____, stood so-many-_____dishes-_____, that absurd was fill-up something one-_____ and not try another-_____.] (II-18)

LocativeExercise 2Level II

Locative Exercise 2, Level II

222 Exercises


4 ë∑Ã… ÕŸ … «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ… œ ‚É«≈, ∏œ ◊ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…… ¥É⁄Ÿ, ÀœÀÅ∏∑∏◊¡.[If we-_____ even spoke about God-_____, then in state-_____ pose-_____, coque-try-_____.] (II-48)

5 „Ÿ«ÄŒÀ¡ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã¡ ∑Ã≈ƒá ∫œ∂ÿ∫á Œ¡ Õœ£Õ Ã…√Å.[Gypsy-woman-_____ noticed traces-_____ struggle-_____ on my face-_____.] (II-66)

6 ÌŸ Œ¡ ∑◊œ∫Éƒ≈! ÌŸ ƒá¤…Õ ¥ÉÃŒœ™ «∂Ñƒÿ¿! Áœ◊œ∂ÇÕ ◊∑£, fi∏œ ƒÑÕ¡≈Õ!ı◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ ∑ÕÉ∏∂…Õ ◊ ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈![We-_____ on freedom-_____! We-_____ breathe full chest-_____! Say every-thing-_____, that-_____ think! Confidently look in future-_____!] (II-89)

7 Ù∂ÑƒŒœ ∫áÃœ ∂¡⁄œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ∏œÕ ƒŸÕÑ.[Difficult was understand in that smoke-_____.] (II-107)

8 Ù∂… ∏∂πƒŒÅ™¤…» «Éƒ¡ µ ¥∂œ÷ÇÃ ◊ »ÉÃœƒ≈ … ∏≈ÕŒœ∏Å.[Three-_____ quite-difficult year-_____ I-_____ lived-through in cold-_____ anddark-_____.] (II-136)

9 ÛÅÃÿ∑À…≈ Ãâƒ… ◊ƒ∂π« Œ¡fi…ŒÄ¿∏ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ∏ÿ: …» Œ…ÀœÕÑ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷Œ¡µ ⁄≈ÕÃÖ Œ¡∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈ …ÕÅ≈∏ ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿ √ÅŒŒœ∑∏ÿ...[Village people-_____ suddenly begin understand: their no-one-_____ not neededland-_____ in actual fact-_____ has big value-_____...] (II-145)

10 ˙¡ÕÅ∏Œœ π»Ñƒ¤…Ãœ∑ÿ ∑¡ÕœfiÑ◊∑∏◊…≈, ◊¥Ãœ∏ÿ ƒœ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ◊∂¡fiÇ Œ¡∑∏Ä…◊¡¿∏Œ¡ ∑Àœ∂Å™¤≈Õ π»Éƒ≈ ◊ É∏¥π∑À Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ fi≈Õ Œ¡ 30 ƒŒ≈™.[Noticeably worsened condition-_____, right-up to that-_____, that doctors-_____insist on immediate departure-_____ to leave-_____ not less than to 30-_____ days-_____.] (II-153)


1 ÔŒ ⁄¡À∂áÃ «Ã¡⁄Ä, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥∂œŒ…ÀÄÃœ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷Ç∏≈Ã≈™, …∏π∏ ÷≈ π◊Çƒ≈Ã ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒŸ … ¥ÉŒµÃ, fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… œƒ…ŒÄÀœ◊ŸÕ… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ¡Õ…œŒ Õœ« œ∫Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ÷≈ŒÉ™, … ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ… ∑ œƒŒÇÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕŒ¡ ◊∑£Õ ∑◊Å∏≈.

LoctiveExercise 3

Level II

223

[He-_____ closed eyes-_____, so-that penetrated as possible less irritations-_____,and here already saw look-_____ Svetlana-_____ and understood, that such identi-cal looks-_____ he-_____ could exchange only with own wife-_____, and more notwith one person-_____ on whole world-_____.] (II-10)

2 ÔŒ ¥∂…⁄Œ¡£∏, fi∏œ ◊ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ» ◊Œπ∏∂…¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ™ œ∫∑∏¡ŒÉ◊À… ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç…∏∂ÑƒŒœ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ œ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…… ⁄Ä◊∏∂¡ ÇÃ… ¥œ∑Ã≈⁄Ä◊∏∂¡.[He-_____ admits, that in conditions-_____ internal-political situation-_____ inRussia-_____ hard talk about solution-_____ tomorrow or day-after-tomorrow.] (II-20)

3 ÙÉÕ¡∑ ÌÄŒŒ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ ◊ …∑∏É∂…… ∂œÕÄŒ¡ ◊Å»¡Õ… fiÄ›≈ ◊∑≈«É∑∏¡ŒÉ◊µ∏∑µ ÀŒÇ«…, œ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ» ¥∂… …» ¥œµ◊ÃÅŒ…… œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ π◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ«œ◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ: Ü∏œ Œ≈ ∂œÕÄŒ.[Thomas Mann-_____ once remarked, that in history-_____ novel-_____ landmarks-_____ more-frequently all-_____ become books-_____, about which-_____ at theirappearance-_____ especially confidently said: this-_____ not novel-_____.] (II-30)

4 œ∂ÉÀ… ≈«É ⁄¡ÀÃ¿fiÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊ œ∏∑Ñ∏∑∏◊…… Œ≈ƒœ∑∏Ä∏Àœ◊.[Flaws his-_____ consisted in absence-_____ shortcomings-_____.] (II-56)

5 Û∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿ ⁄¡¥¡∑ÄÃ… ∑¥…∂∏ŒÉ≈ Œ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂. ∂…fi£Õ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ… ≈«É Œ≈ ◊»œÃœƒÇÃÿŒ…À¡», ¡ ÕÅ÷ƒπ œÀÉŒŒŸÕ… ∂ÄÕ¡Õ….[Students-_____ stocked-up alcohol-_____ for evening-_____. Moreover kept it-_____ not in refrigerators-_____, but between window frames-_____.] (II-69)

6 Û≈Õÿ Õ…ŒÑ∏ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ œ∫◊…ŒÖÃ ÕœÃœƒÉ«œ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ ◊ »πÃ…«ÄŒ∑∏◊≈,¥œ∂Œœ«∂Ä∆…… … ⁄¡∫◊ÅŒ…… ∂Ñ∑∑À…» «πÕ¡Œ…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…» ∏∂¡ƒÇ√…™.[Seven-_____ minutes-_____ professor-_____ accused young writer-_____ in hoo-liganism-_____, pornography-_____ and neglect-_____ Russian humanistic tradi-tions-_____.] (II-90)

7 ñ∏œ ∫ŸÃÄ ∂¡ƒ…œ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi¡ œ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕ »œ∂≈É«∂¡∆≈, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÇÃŒ¡ ˙Ä¥¡ƒ≈ ◊Å∂Œœ∑∏ÿ Ã¿∫ÇÕœ™ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑…….[This was radio-broadcast-_____ about courageous choreographer-_____, who-_____ preserved in West-_____ faithfulness-_____ beloved profession-_____.] (II-109)

8 ˜∑≈ ¥∂œ…⁄◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∏œ◊Ä∂œ◊ Œ¡ ◊á∑∏¡◊À≈ π∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…, fi∏œ ◊◊œ⁄Ç∏ÿ ∏œ◊Ä∂Ÿ…⁄-⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√Ÿ Œ¡ÕŒÉ«œ ¥∂É›≈, fi≈Õ ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ∏ÿ …» ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç….[All producers-_____ goods-_____ at exhibition-_____ confirmed, that import goods-_____ from-beyond border-_____ much simpler, than-_____ produce them-_____in Russia-_____.] (II-138)

Locative Exercise 3, Level II

224 Exercises

9 ˜œŒ π Œ¡∑ ◊œ ƒ◊œ∂Å ⁄¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ¡ — ƒ◊¡ π∫Ç™∑∏◊¡ ∫áÃœ. Û œ«∂¡∫ÃÅŒ…≈Õ.[There by us-_____ in courtyard-_____ in three-_____ years-_____ — two-_____murders-_____ were. With robbery-_____.] (II-79)

10 Ô ∂ÉÃ… ƒœÕœ∆ÉŒ¡ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àœ«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ÕŸ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ… ∑∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À¡Õ… Ô∏ƒÅÃ¡ ¥œ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Å ∑ À∂Ä÷¡Õ… fiπ÷É«œ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊¡.[About role-_____ intercom-_____ in life-_____ Moscow entryway-_____ we-_____spoke with employee-_____ Department-_____ along struggle-_____ with robber-ies-_____ other’s property-_____.] (II-160)

Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level IIIdentify the cases in the sentences below and explain why those cases are used.Provide your own English translation of the sentence and compare it with the trans-lation in the key.

1 íŒŒ¡ ◊∑£ ◊∂ÅÕµ ÷ƒ¡ÃÄ, fi∏œ ·ƒÄÕ ¥∂œÖ◊…∏ À¡ÀÇ≈-∏œ ⁄ŒÄÀ…⁄¡…Œ∏≈∂≈∑É◊¡ŒŒœ∑∏…: Àœ∑Œ£∏∑µ ÃÉÀ∏≈Õ ÃÉÀ∏µ ÇÃ… Õ…⁄ÇŒ√≈Õ Õ…⁄ÇŒ√¡.[Inna-_____ all time-_____ waited, that Adam-_____ show some signs-_____ in-terest-_____ : touches elbow-_____ elbow-_____ or pinky-finger-_____ pinky-finger-_____.] (II-9)

2 Îœ«ƒÄ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ¥œÃ∏œ∂Ä fi¡∑Ä ∏∂π¥ π◊≈⁄ÃÇ, ∑ÃÅƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ¡µ «∂Ñ¥¥¡ œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡∑ÿ ◊œ‰◊œ∂Å√ ÕœÃœƒ£÷…, «ƒ≈ Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…Ã∑µ ÀÉŒÀπ∂∑ À∂¡∑œ∏á.[When after one-and-a-half-_____ hour-_____ corpse-_____ took-away, investiga-tion team-_____ headed to Palace-_____ youth-_____, where day-before finishedcontest-_____ beauty-_____.] (II-37)

3 Á¡⁄Å∏Œ¡µ ∂¡∫É∏¡ ¥œŒáŒ≈ µ◊ÃÖ≈∏∑µ ƒÃµ Õ≈ŒÖ …∑∏ÉfiŒ…ÀœÕ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊ÄŒ…µ.[Newspaper work-_____ up-to-present is for me-_____ source-_____ livelihood-_____.] (II-46)

4 ˜ ∏œÕ ÷≈ «œƒÑ ¡Õ≈∂ÀÄŒ∑À…™ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ <<…¥Ã>> …⁄∫…∂Ä≈∏ ∆∂¡Œ√Ñ⁄¡<<fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ «Éƒ¡>>.[In that year-_____ American magazine-_____ “People-_____” chooses French-man-_____ “Man-_____ year-_____” .] (II-73)

5 Ìπ÷ Ïâ∑… — ƒÉÀ∏œ∂ Œ¡ÑÀ, Œ≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ¥œ∑∏∂É…Ã… ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿ Àœœ¥≈∂¡∏Ç◊Œπ¿À◊¡∂∏Ç∂π, ƒÅŒ≈« »◊¡∏Ä≈∏, π ¥µ∏…ÃÅ∏Œ≈«œ ÌÇ¤… ≈∑∏ÿ ŒÖŒµ.[Husband-_____ Lyusya-_____ — doctor-_____ sciences-_____, recently built largecooperative apartment-_____, money-_____ is-enough, by five-year-old Misha-_____ is nanny-_____.] (II-88)

6 ì∑≈Œÿ¿ 1923 «Éƒ¡ ◊ ∂Ä«π ¥∂…Å»¡Ã »œ∂œ¤É ⁄ŒÄ◊¤…™ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊π ¥œÜ∏ ˜. Ê.Ëœƒ¡∑Å◊…fi.


Level II

225

[Fall-_____ 1923 year-_____ in Prague-_____ arrived well knew-_____ Tsvetaev-_____ poet V. F. Khodasevich-_____.] (II-98)

7 ˜∑≈ ÕŸ ¥œ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ… ƒ≈ÃÇÃ…∑ÿ ŒÉ◊œ™ …Œ∆œ∂ÕÄ√…≈™.[All we-_____ along turn-_____ shared new information-_____.] (II-115)

8 Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ¥ÿ¿∏ ÕœÃœÀÉ, ƒ◊≈ Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ ÕŸ ∂≈¤Ä≈Õ, …ƒ∏Ç Ã… ≈›£ «πÃÖ∏ÿ, … —œ∏ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ.[Kids-_____ drink milk-_____, two-_____ minutes-_____ we-_____ decide, gowhether still walk, and — decline.] (II-126)

9 Îœ«ƒÄ ◊ ¥µ∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ ∑œ⁄ƒ¡◊ÄÃœ∑ÿ ∏≈Ã≈◊Çƒ≈Œ…≈, ∏πƒÄ ¤Ã… Œ≈πƒÄfiŒ…À…À…ŒÉ … ∏≈Ä∏∂¡, ¡ ∏ÄÀ÷≈ Ãâƒ…, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã…: ⁄¡ Ü∏…Õ ƒÅÃœÕ —∫Ñƒπ›≈≈.[When in fifties years-_____ created television-_____, there went unfortunate-ones-_____ movies-_____ and theater-_____, but also people-_____, which-_____ felt:beyond this thing-_____ — future-_____.] (II-142)

10 Ò ∑¡ÕÄ ∑≈∫Å À¡⁄ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊Œœ™ œ∏∏œ«É, fi∏œ Àœ«ƒÄ-∏œ ∑ Œ…Õ √≈Ãœ◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ.[I-_____ self-_____ self-_____ seemed nasty-_____ from-that, that sometime withhim-_____ kissed.] (II-156)


1 ˜Ä÷Œœ, Œ¡¥∂…ÕÅ∂, ƒœ◊≈∑∏Ç ƒœ ∑◊Åƒ≈Œ…µ ∂œ∑∑…ÖŒ ∏œ∏ ∆¡À∏, fi∏œ ƒœ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂Ö 1945 «Éƒ¡ Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ¡ Ü∏…Õ… fi≈∏Ÿ∂ÿÕÖ œ∑∏∂œ◊ÄÕ….[Important, for-example, bring to attention-_____ Russians-_____ that fact-_____,that until third-_____ September-_____ 1945 year-_____ Russia-_____ never ownedthose four islands-_____.] (II-21)


3 ≈◊Å√ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄÃ À∂¡∑Ç◊ŸÕ ŒÇ⁄À…Õ ∫¡∂…∏ÉŒœÕ πƒ…◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ«œ ∏ÅÕ∫∂¡.[Singer-_____ possessed beautiful deep baritone-_____ amazing timbre-_____.] (II-47)

Mixed Case Exercise 2, Level II

Mixed CaseExercise 2Level II

226 Exercises

4 ˜Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ Ã…√Ä ∏¡ÀÉ≈, ∫Ñƒ∏œ ≈™ ∂¡∑∑À¡⁄ÄÃ… fi∏É-∏œ …Œ∏≈∂Å∑Œœ≈ … ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ…∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ…ÀœÕÑ Œ≈ ¥≈∂≈ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ.[Expression-_____ face-_____ such-_____, as-if her-_____ told something inter-esting-_____ and asked more no-one-_____ not pass-on.] (II-75)

5 Û≈Õÿ Õ…ŒÑ∏ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ œ∫◊…ŒÖÃ ÕœÃœƒÉ«œ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ ◊ »πÃ…«ÄŒ∑∏◊≈,¥œ∂Œœ«∂Ä∆…… … ⁄¡∫◊ÅŒ…… ∂Ñ∑∑À…» «πÕ¡Œ…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…» ∏∂¡ƒÇ√…™.[Seven-_____ minutes-_____ professor-_____ accused young writer-_____ in hoo-liganism-_____, pornography-_____ and neglect-_____ Russian humanistic tradi-tions-_____.] (II-90)

6 ÔŒÄ ¥œÀπ¥ÄÃ¡ Œ¡ Ü∏… ƒÅŒÿ«… … Œ≈∆∏ÿ, … …∑∏∂≈∫Ç∏≈Ã…, … ÕŒÉ«œ≈ ƒ∂π«É≈, fi∏É∫Ÿ¥œÃπfiÇ∏ÿ ¥∂Ç∫ŸÃÿ.[She-_____ bought for that money-_____ and oil-_____, and fighter-planes-_____,and many other-_____, so-that receive profit-_____.] (II-103)


8 Ô¥ÃÄfi…◊¡≈∏ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ …Œœ«œ∂ÉƒŒ…Õ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ … ¥∂…Å⁄ƒ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ñ Œ¡◊∂πfiÅŒ…≈ ∑∏…¥ÅŒƒ……, ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ ¥∂œ÷…◊ÄŒ…µ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈.[Pays-for company-_____ out-of-town students-_____ and trip-_____ to Moscow-_____ to handing-out-_____ stipend-_____, two-_____ days-_____ stay-_____ incapital-_____.] (II-127)

9 ÙπƒÄ œƒÇŒ-ƒ◊¡ ∂Ä⁄¡ ◊ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ¥∂…≈⁄÷ÄÃ¡ ¡◊∏œÃÄ◊À¡, …∑∏ÉfiŒ…À ◊∑≈» ∫Ã¡« ◊◊Çƒ≈ ≈ƒá … ¥…∏ÿÖ.[There one-two-_____ occasions-_____ in week-_____ came lunch-wagon-_____,source-_____ all blessings-_____ in form-_____ food-_____ and drink-_____.] (II-143)

10 “ÙŸ ÕŒÉ«œ«œ ƒœ∫ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥¡∂∏Ç™Œœ™ fiÅ∑∏Œœ∑∏ÿ¿?” ∑ ∑¡∂ÀÄ⁄ÕœÕ ∑¥∂É∑…∏≈£ ÌÄ¤¡.[“You-_____ much-_____ got own party honesty-_____?,” with sarcasm-_____ asksher-_____ Masha-_____.] (II-158)


1 ÎœŒÅfiŒœ, ◊ ≈£ ◊É⁄∂¡∑∏≈ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ Œ¡⁄á◊¡∏ÿ Àœ«É-∏œ ƒÖƒ≈™ ÇÃ… ∏£∏≈™, ¥œ∂Ä π÷Å¥≈∂≈»œƒÇ∏ÿ Œ¡ …Õ≈ŒÄ-É∏fi≈∑∏◊¡, Œœ Û∏Ä∑œ◊ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫ŸÃ ƒÃµ Œ≈£ ƒÖƒ≈™˜ÃÄƒ…ÀœÕ.


Level II

227

[Of-course, in her age-_____ silly call someone-_____ uncle-_____ or aunt-_____,time already switch-over to names-patronymics-_____, but Stasov-_____ alwayswas for her-_____ uncle Vladik-_____.] (II-40)

2 Ò ◊Ç÷π ≈«É …⁄ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÄ, ∑ π«ÃÄ ÑÃ…√Ÿ ̃ œ™ŒÉ◊¡, «ƒ≈ ∫ŸÃ ∏œ«ƒÄ ‰œÕ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈™ …«ƒ≈ ◊∑≈ ÕŸ ∏œ«ƒÄ ¥Ÿ∏ÄÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏ÿ ∑∏ÑÃÿµ.[I-_____ see him-_____ from-afar, from corner-_____ street-_____ Voinov-_____,where was then House-_____ writers-_____ and where all we-_____ then tried oc-cupy seats-_____.] (II-63)

3 ÙŸ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ œ∏ƒ¡£¤ÿ. ÙŸ fi≈Õ¥…ÉŒ ‹«œÇ⁄Õ¡, … ◊ Ü∏œÕ ∏◊œÖ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑À¡µ…Œƒ…◊…ƒπÄÃÿŒœ∑∏ÿ.[You-_____ nothing-_____ not give. You-_____ champion-_____ egotism-_____,and in that-_____ your artistic individuality-_____.] (II-77)

4 · ±¥œƒÄ∂œÀ≤-∏œ, œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈∏∑µ, ÕŒ≈ π∑∏∂É…Ã ∫¡ŒÀ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ …ÕÅÃ «ÃÑ¥œ∑∏ÿœ∏À∂á∏ÿ ∑fi£∏ … ¥œÃπfiÇ∏ÿ ¥ÃÄ∑∏…Àœ◊π¿ ÀÄ∂∏œfiÀπ.[But “gift-_____”, turns-out, me-_____ arranged bank-_____, in which-_____ I-_____ had stupidity-_____ open account-_____ and received plastic card-_____.](II-91)

5 œ ƒÄŒŒŸÕ Ì…Œ…∑∏Å∂∑∏◊¡ ⁄ƒ∂¡◊œœ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…µ Úœ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ™ Ê≈ƒ≈∂Ä√……, 20,3¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏¡ ÕÄÃÿfi…Àœ◊-¥œƒ∂É∑∏Àœ◊ ¥∂É∫œ◊¡Ã… Œ¡∂ÀÉ∏…À…, ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ¥Ö∏Ÿ™.[Along data-_____ Ministry-_____ health-_____ Russian Federation-_____, 20.3-_____ percent-_____ boys-adolescents-_____ tried narcotics-_____, every fifth-_____.] (II-105)

6 ÏÄ∏Ÿ Œπ÷Œá ∏≈Õ, π Àœ«É Œ≈∏ ∆…«Ñ∂Ÿ.[Armor-_____ needed-_____ those-_____, by whom-_____ not figures-_____.](II-114)


8 ¸¥É»¡ ÕœŒ≈∏¡∂Ç⁄Õ¡ ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… ⁄¡ÀÄŒfi…◊¡≈∏∑µ. Ù∂ÑƒŒœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, Àœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…∏∑µ ∑œ◊∑ÅÕ, Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ƒÅŒÿ«… ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒπ∏.[Epoch-_____ monetarianism-_____ in Russia-_____ ends. Difficult say, when it-_____ will-end completely, but play in money-_____ in Russia-_____ more notwill-be.] (II-140)


228 Exercises

9 Ô ∂ÉÃ… ƒœÕœ∆ÉŒ¡ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àœ«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ÕŸ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ… ∑∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À¡Õ… Ô∏ƒÅÃ¡ ¥œ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Å ∑ À∂Ä÷¡Õ… fiπ÷É«œ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊¡.[About role-_____ intercom-_____ in life-_____ Moscow entryway-_____ we-_____spoke with employees-_____ Department-_____ along struggle-_____ with rob-beries-_____ other’s property-_____.] (II-160)

10 Ì≈÷∂≈Ã…«…É⁄Œ¡µ ∂œ⁄Œÿ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∑¥œ∑É∫∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∂¡∑¥Äƒπ Úœ∑∑Ç….[Interreligious disagreement-_____ may assist break-up-_____ Russia-_____.](II-112)


Put the underlined words and phrases into the correct cases. Provide your own Englishtranslation of the sentence and compare it with the translation in the key.

1 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… «Œ≈⁄ƒÉ ∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏œ≈ ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…≈ Œ¡∫∂É∑…Ã…∑ÿ Œ¡ œ∫Çƒfi…À √ÅÃŸ™∂É™ … ∑∏ÄÃ… ÷ÄÃ…∏ÿ œŒ. (II-1)

2 ı œŒÄ ◊Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ¥∏Ç√¡, Àœ∏É∂¡µ »Éfi≈∏∑µ ¥…∏ÿ, œŒÄ Œ≈ ƒ¡â∏, … ¥œ»É÷≈, œŒÄ∑ÀÉ∂œ œ∏∫Ñƒ≈∏ …⁄ Ü∏œ∏ Õ…∂. (II-29)

3 ÔŒ Ã¿∫ÇÃ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ, … ◊œœ∫›Å, ∫ŸÃÄ ∫Ÿ ≈«É ◊ÉÃµ, ¥∂œ◊œƒÇÃ ∫Ÿ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ∫ÉÃÿ¤¡µ fi¡∑∏ÿ ◊∂ÅÕµ. (II-41)

4 „Ÿ«ÄŒÀ¡ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã¡ ∑Ã≈ƒá ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä Œ¡ Õœ£ Ã…√É. (II-66)

5 Éƒ◊…« ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ ◊ ∏œ∏, fi∏œ π ÕŸ ∑Œ¡fiÄÃ¡ ŒÄƒœ ∫áÃœ Œ≈Œ¡◊Çƒ≈∏ÿ ⁄ÅÀ…, ¡ ¥œ∏ÉÕ— œ»∂ÄŒŒ…À…. · ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊ ⁄Œ¡Ã … Ã¿∫ÇÃ … ∏≈, … ƒ∂π«Ç≈. (II-92)

6 ÌœÖ ∫Ä∫π¤À¡ ∑fi…∏Ä≈∏, fi∏œ ƒ…∑Àœ∏ÅÀ¡ ∑∂ÉƒŒ… ∏¡Œ√¥Ãœ›ÄƒÀ¡ — fi∏œ-∏œ∏∂É«¡∏≈ÃÿŒœ≈ … ŒÅ÷Œœ≈. (II-106)

7 “˜œ∏ À¡ÀÇ≈ π ÕŸ À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ≈ ƒÅ∏…,” «œ◊œ∂â µ … ⁄œ◊Ñ œŒÇ Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œµ Œ¡À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ Œ¡ ∑∏œÃ. (II-122)

8 ˜∑µ ∑≈ÕÿÖ ∑∂ÉfiŒœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ œ∆œ∂ÕÃÅŒ…≈ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕŸ≈ ƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏Ÿ, …Ó¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡ ·Œ∏ÉŒœ◊Œ¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑£ ∫œÇ∏∑µ, fi∏œ Œ≈ π∑¥Å≈∏ ◊∑£ œ∆É∂Õ…∏ÿ ƒœ¥œÅ⁄ƒÀ¡. (II-137)

9 ˜œŒ π ÕŸ ◊œ ƒ◊œ∂ ⁄¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ — ƒ◊¡ π∫Ç™∑∏◊œ ∫áÃœ. Û œ«∂¡∫ÃÅŒ…≈. (II-79)

10 · ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ƒœfiÿ ÷…◊£∏ œ∏ƒÅÃÿŒœ, ◊Ã¿∫Ã£Œ ƒœ πÕœ¥œÕ∂¡fiÅŒ…≈ ◊ ∑◊œ™ ÕÑ÷. (II-159)


Level II

229

11 Úœ∑∑Çµ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡ ¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂Ä∏…µ, … œŒ ¥œ ∑◊œ™ É∫∂¡⁄ ÕŸ¤ÃÅŒ…≈¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂Ä∏ ƒœ ÕÉ⁄« ÀÉ∑∏…. (II-165)

Mixed Case Exercise 5, Level IIPut the underlined words and phrases into the correct cases. Provide your ownEnglish translation of the sentence and compare it with the translation in the key.

1 œ ÕŒÅŒ…≈ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ, ¥œÀÄ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ µ¥ÉŒ∑Àœ≈ Ã≈ÀÄ∂∑∏◊œ ¥∂≈¥¡∂Ä∏,∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸ™ ¥œÕÉfiÿ ∫œÃÿŒá≈ ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸ™ ∑ÀÃ≈∂É⁄ ◊ ∏µ÷£Ãœ≈ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…≈. (II-4)

2 Ô∏ œŒÇ ◊Å≈∏ ∏¡ÀÄµ π∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒ¡µ ∑ÀÑÀ¡, fi∏œ Ü∏¡ ∑ÀÑÀ¡ ƒœ∑∏…«Ä≈∏ ∑≈ƒÿÕÉ™ ‹∏Ä÷,¥∂œŒ…ÀÄ≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑∏≈ÀÃÉ … À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ Õœ£ Ã…√É. (II-31)

3 íÕ≈ŒŒœ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ, ∑∂≈ƒÇ Ü∏¡ ∑∏≈∂ÇÃÿŒ¡µ ∫≈Ã…⁄ŒÄ, ∂œ÷ƒÄÃ…∑ÿ …ƒÅ…, ¥∂…xœƒÇÃ…∂¡⁄œfi¡∂œ◊ÄŒ…µ, ∑∏Ä◊…Ã…∑ÿ ‹À∑¥≈∂…ÕÅŒ∏Ÿ. (II-42)

4 Û∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿ ⁄¡¥¡∑ÄÃ… ∑¥…∂∏ŒÉ≈ Œ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂. ∂…fi£Õ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ… œŒ Œ≈ ◊»œÃœƒÇÃÿŒ…À…, ¡ ÕÅ÷ƒπ œÀÉŒŒŸ≈ ∂ÄÕŸ. (II-69)

5 ‰Å∏… ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸ≈ ∫≈∂Ñ∏ ¥∂…ÕÅ∂ ∑ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã… — ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ fi≈∏◊£∂∏Ÿ™ âŒŸ™¥œÃÖÀ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏ œ ∑◊œÇ ¥ÃÄŒŸ ∏¡À: <<‚Ñƒπ ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸ™>>. (II-80)

6 ‰π¤≈◊Œœ∫œÃÿŒá≈ »πƒÉ÷Œ…À… ¥∂œƒ¡â∏ ∑◊œÇ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ ⁄¡ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ∏á∑µfi…ÕÄ∂À… … ∫ÉÃ≈≈. (II-93)

7 ÔŒÄ Œ¡∫…∂ÄÃ¡ ƒÃµ …⁄ƒÄ∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊¡ ◊∑≈ ÕœÇ ¥∂œ…⁄◊≈ƒÅŒ…µ. · ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, fi…∏Ä∏ÿÕœÇ ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄Ÿ œŒÄ π÷Å Œ≈ œ∫µ⁄Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ. (II-108)

8 ‰…Õ¡, ƒ¡◊Ä™ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈Õ œ∫∑π÷ƒÄ∏ÿ Ü∏œ, ¥∂œ¤Ñ ∏Ÿ, ¥œ«ÃÄƒÿ ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ ∑◊œÇ ∫∂âÀ…∑¡Õ, µ ŒÄƒœ ƒœ¤Ç∏ÿ. (II-123)

9 Û ∏œ∂«É◊Ÿ≈ Œ¡√ÅŒÀ… ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ ¥œƒÉ∫ŒŸ≈ ∏≈∏∂ÄƒÀ… ¥œƒŒÇÕπ∏∑µ ƒœ ¤≈∑∏ÿ∏á∑µfi… ∂π∫ÃÇ. (II-139)

10 Ô∏ŒáŒ≈ ¥∂… π∏∂Ä∏¡ ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ãÿ∑Àœ≈ πƒœ∑∏œ◊≈∂ÅŒ…≈ ¡◊∏œÕœ∫…ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷Œœ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ∑ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ ‹À⁄ÄÕ≈Œ. (II-148)

11 ßŸÃ ∑ÃÑfi¡™, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À Œ¡¤ÃÇ ¥œ œ∏¥≈fiÄ∏À… ⁄Ñ∫Ÿ — œŒ ∫ŸÃ «œÃÉƒŒŸ™… Œ¡ƒÀÑ∑…Ã Àπ∑ÉÀ ÕÄ∑Ãœ. (II-162)



230 Exercises


1 Á≈É∂«…™ ∑≈Ã … Œ¡¥…∑ÄÃ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ, … µ Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ¡ œŒ ◊ œ∏◊Å∏ Œ…fi∏É, ¥∂É∑∏œ ◊⁄µÃÄÜ∏œ∏ Ã…∑∏ÉÀ … π¤ÃÄ À ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œµ. (II-5)

2 ÔŒÄ ◊á◊≈⁄Ã… …⁄ È∑¥ÄŒ…µ ◊ ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿ ¤≈∑∏É™ «œƒ, … œŒÄ ∏π∏ ÷…ÃÄ … ∂œ∑ÃÄ,fi∏É∫Ÿ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…∏ÿ ∂Ñ∑∑À…™ ¥Ä∂≈Œÿ … ◊ ⁄◊£⁄ƒŒŸ™ fi¡∑ ⁄¡fiÄ∏ÿ ∑áŒ. (II-32)

3 ˜ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ⁄Œ¡Ã, fi∏œ ƒÅŒÿ«… — ∫∂ÅÕµ. ̨ ∏œ ‹Ã≈«ÄŒ∏Œœ∑∏ÿ — ÕÄ∑∑œ◊¡µÑÃ…fiŒ¡µ ∆É∂Õ¡ À∂¡∑œ∏Ä. ˛∏œ ◊ÅfiŒ¡µ …∂ÉŒ…µ — Ã¿∫ÇÕœ≈, ¡ «ÃÄ◊Œœ≈ —≈ƒÇŒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ œ∂Ñ÷…≈ ∫≈⁄⁄¡›Ç∏ŒŸ≈. (II-44)

4 ˜ ÕÇ∂ ≈∑∏ÿ Œ≈ÕÄÃœ ÃÇƒ≈∂Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ Œ≈ ÕÉ«π∏ …∑Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥Å∂≈ƒ Œ¡∂ÉƒŸ ∑◊œÖ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒ¡µ ◊…ŒÄ. (II-70)

5 Ù≈∏∂ÄƒÀ¡, ◊ Àœ∏É∂¡µ ÕŸ ∂¡∑¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ ◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ ¥œ Ñ∏∂¡, Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∏œ«ƒÄπ œŒ Œ¡ ∑∏œÃ, … œŒ ¥œ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡Ã Œ¡ œŒÄ, Œœ Œ…fi∏É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ. (II-85)

6 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… Ü∏œ∏ ƒœÕ — Ã¡π∂≈Ä∏Ÿ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ≈ ¥∂ÅÕ……, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ∑◊œÇÀ¡∂∏ÇŒŸ ◊ Î£ÃÿŒ, ¡∂Ç÷ … Û¡Œ-ÄπÃœ. (II-94)

7 œƒœ∫∂ÄÃ ◊É…Œ ∑ ⁄≈ÕÃÖ Œ≈ƒœ⁄∂ÅÃ¡µ ∆Ç«¡, ÀÇŒπÃ œŒÄ ◊ ¥≈◊Å√, … π«œƒÇÃ œŒ¥∂ÖÕœ ◊ ∂œ∏. (II-110)

8 Ô Áœ∑¥Éƒÿ, œŒ, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÑÕ¡≈∏, fi∏œ ∂Äƒ… Ü∏¡ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ µ ∂≈¤ÇÃ¡ πÀœ∂œ∏Ç∏ÿâ∫À¡! (II-124)

9 ˆ…◊£∏ œŒÄ Œ¡ ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ “∑¥ÉŒ∑œ∂” — ÷≈ŒÄ∏Ÿ™ ∫…⁄Œ≈∑ÕÅŒ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ∑Œ…ÕÄ≈∏ƒÃµ œŒÄ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂¡ … ¥≈∂…œƒÇfi≈∑À… ¥∂É∑…∏ œŒÄ ∫∂É∑…∏ÿ Ü∏¡ ƒπ∂Ä√À¡µ ∂¡∫É∏¡◊ ÀÃπ∫ … ◊¡∂Ç∏ÿ ƒÉÕ¡ ¥≈ÃÿÕÅŒ…. (II-147)

10 ∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥œƒfi≈∂ÀŒÑÃ, fi∏œ Úœ∑∑Çµ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∑¡ÕÄ ∂¡⁄œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ … ¥œŒÖ∏ÿ, fi∏œ¥∂œ…∑»Éƒ…∏ ◊ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À¡ ∑∏∂¡ŒÄ. (II-149)

11 œŒ…ÕÄ≈∏≈, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥œ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏ÿ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑ Ñ∏∂œ ƒœ ◊Åfi≈∂ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ»œ⁄Ö™∑∏◊œ, ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂ …«∂Ä∏ÿ Àœ∂œÃÅ◊¡. (II-164)


Level II

231


1 íŒŒ¡ œ«ÃµƒÅÃ¡ √◊≈∏á, ◊≈∂ŒÑÃ¡ œŒÇ ∫Ä∫À¡, ◊œ∑∏∂Å∫œ◊¡Ã¡ ƒÅŒÿ«… œ∫∂Ä∏Œœ …Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ Œ¡ œŒÇ Ö∫ÃœÀ… π ∑œ∑ÅƒŒµµ ∑∏¡∂Ñ»¡. (II-8)

2 Îœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ Œ≈∏ ƒÉÕ¡, ◊ ƒ◊Å∂… ⁄¡¥Ç∑À¡: ±ÎÃ¿fiÇ ¥œƒ ÀÉ◊∂…À. ÂƒÄ Œ¡ ¥Ã…∏Ä.‚Ñƒπ ◊ ¤≈∑∏ÿ. „≈ÃÑ¿, ÕÄÕ¡.≤ (II-35)

3 Ó≈ π∑¥ÅÃ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…∏ÿ, À¡À ◊ ¥∂œxÉƒ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ∂µƒá ¤¡«ŒÑÃ¡¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒÀ¡ ∑∂ÅƒŒ…≈ ÃÅ∏¡. (II-45)

4 <<Î…∑Ãœ∂Éƒ>> — ƒ…∑À Œ…À∏É Œ≈…⁄◊Å∑∏ŒŸ™ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂ ÉÀœÃœ ÕÅ∑µ√ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ∏œ«ƒÄ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ ÕÅ∑∏œ ◊ Õ…∂œ◊á≈ »…∏-¥¡∂ÄƒŸ. (II-71)

5 Î¡ÀÉ™-∏œ Œ≈ ∑◊œ™, œ»∂Ç¥¤…™, «ÉÃœ∑ ¥∂œ¤Ñ µ …⁄◊…ŒÇ∏ÿ µ, œ∫≈›Ä¿ ∑∏¡∏ÿ∑É∫∂¡ŒŒ≈≈ … ◊Ÿ∑ÀÄÀ…◊¡¿ ◊ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂. (II-87)

6 ∑…»…Ä∏∂ ¥∂…fi…∑ÃÖ≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö ∏É÷≈ À »πƒÉ÷Œ…À…, ≈«É «…«ÄŒ∏∑À…≈ ¥ÃÄ∑∏…Àœ◊Ÿ≈∆…«Ñ∂Ÿ πÀ∂¡¤Ä¿∏ ÕŒÉ«…≈ ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ∑À…≈ ¥Ä∂À…. (II-95)

7 ‰Ãµ ∂≈∫Ö∏¡ Ü∏œ ¥œ⁄ƒŒœ◊Ä∏œ, Œœ ŒÄƒœ ÷≈ œŒÇ »œ∏ÿ ◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒÉ™ ¥œ«πÃÖ∏ÿ À¡À∑ÃÅƒπ≈∏. (II-121)

8 Ò ¤ÿ¿ … ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡¿ ‰ÇÕ¡, fi∏œ ¥œƒ∑fi…∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤… ƒŒ… <<¥œ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œÿ>>,fi∏œ π µ ∑ÅÕÿƒ≈∑µ∏ ◊É∑≈Õÿ ƒŒ… — ¥œfi∏Ç √ÅÃŸ™ À◊¡∂∏ÄÃ. (II-125)

9 ÎÑfi≈∂-Õπ÷ÇÀ ◊∑Ã≈¥Ñ¿ «Œ¡Ã ÃÉ¤¡ƒ…, Œœ ◊∂ÅÕµ œ∏ ◊∂ÅÕµ œ∫œ∂Äfi…◊¡Ã∑µ …À∂…fiÄÃ ∑À◊œ⁄ÿ ¥π∂«Ä: “Ó…fi∏É, ∫Ä∂…Œ! Ó…fi∏É, ◊á∫≈∂≈Õ∑µ!” (II-141)

10 ˙¡ Õ…ÕÉ⁄œ◊Ÿ™ “∑≈⁄ÉŒ”, ¡ Ü∏œ, ¥∂…ÕÅ∂Œœ, ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃµ ∑ ƒ◊¡ƒ√Ä∏œ≈ ∆≈◊∂ÄÃÿ ¥œ∑≈ƒÿÕÉ≈ Õ¡∂∏, ÕÉ÷Œœ ⁄¡∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ ÉÀœÃœ ¥µ∏ÿ∑É∏ ∂π∫ÃÇ. (II-152)

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level IIChoose the correct preposition and case combinations from the choices below.

1 Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… «Œ≈⁄ƒÄ ∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏œ≈ ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…≈/∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏œ«œ ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…µ/∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏ŸÕ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡∫∂É∑…Ã…∑ÿ Œ¡ œ∫Çƒfi…À¡/Œ¡ œ∫Çƒfi…À≈ √ÅÃŸÕ ∂É≈Õ … ∑∏ÄÃ…÷ÄÃ…∏ÿ ≈«É.With an angry buzz, the nest’s inhabitants attacked the offender as a whole swarmand began to sting him. (II-1)

Multi-CasePrepositionExercise 1Level II

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level II


232 Exercises

2 Ò ⁄¡ƒœ»ŒÑÃ¡∑ÿ ◊ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ Õ«Œœ◊ÅŒ…≈/◊ ¥Å∂◊œÕ Õ«Œœ◊ÅŒ……, À¡À ∫πƒ∏œ Õ≈ŒÖ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ… ∑ Õœ∑∏Ä/∑ Õœ∑∏ÉÕ ◊ »œÃÉƒŒπ¿ ∂ÅfiÀπ/◊ »œÃÉƒŒœ™ ∂ÅfiÀ≈ ◊ œÀ∏Ö∫∂ÿÕÅ∑µ√/◊ œÀ∏µ∫∂Å ÕÅ∑µ√≈.For an instant I was gasping for air as if I had been pushed off a bridge into a coldriver in the month of Ôctober. (II-25)

3 ë∑Ã… ÕŸ … «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ… œ ßÉ«¡/œ ‚É«≈, ∏œ ◊ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…≈/◊ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…… ¥É⁄Ÿ,ÀœÀÅ∏∑∏◊¡.If we even spoke about God, then it was in the guise of a pose, coquetry. (II-48)

4 Ó≈ƒÄ∂œÕ ÷≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑À…x ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊ xÉƒµ∏ ∑ÃÑx… œ ∫¡∑Œœ∑ÃÉ◊ŒŸ≈⁄¡∂¥Ã¡∏Ÿ/œ ∫¡∑Œœ∑ÃÉ◊ŒŸx ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡x ∂¡∫É∏Œ…Àœ◊ Ü∏œ«œ ¥≈fiÄ∏Œœ«œ É∂«¡Œ¡.It is not without reason that among Moscow journalists rumours circulate about thelegendary wages of people who work for that organ of the press. (II-62)

5 Û∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿ ⁄¡¥¡∑ÄÃ… ∑¥…∂∏ŒÉ≈ Œ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂/Œ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂≈. ∂…fi£Õ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ… ≈«É Œ≈ ◊»œÃœƒÇÃÿŒ…À…/◊ »œÃœƒÇÃÿŒ…À¡», ¡ ÕÅ÷ƒπ œÀÉŒŒŸÕ… ∂ÄÕ¡Õ….The students stocked up on alcohol for the party. Moreover, they didn¢t keep it inrefrigerators, but between the window frames. (II-69)

6 Ù≈∏∂ÄƒÀ¡, ◊ Àœ∏É∂π¿/◊ Àœ∏É∂œ™ ÕŸ ∂¡∑¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ ◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…¿/◊Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…… ¥œ Ñ∏∂¡/¥œ π∏∂ÄÕ, Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∏œ«ƒÄ π Œ≈«É Œ¡ ∑∏œÃ/Œ¡ ∑∏œÃÅ, … œŒ¥œ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡Ã Œ¡ Œ≈£/Œ¡ Œ≈™, Œœ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ.The notebook that we logged into in the laboratory in the mornings lay on his tableand he would look at it occasionally, but he didn’t say anything. (II-85)

7 Ó¡ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…µ/Ó¡ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…µ» ∑œ∫…∂Ä≈∏∑µ ◊∑µ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ — fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ;¥∂œ»Éƒµ∏ œŒÇ ◊ ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿, ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ¿¿ ∑ ŒÄ¤≈™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π/◊ ∫œÃÿ¤É™, ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ≈™∑ ŒÄ¤≈™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈.The whole laboratory, around 20 people, gathers at the classes which are held in thebig room neighboring ours. (II-118)

8 ˜¥≈∂◊á≈ ⁄¡ ÕŒÉ«…≈ «ÉƒŸ/⁄¡ ÕŒÉ«…Õ… «Éƒ¡Õ… ∫≈⁄ ¥ÉÕœ›… ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏œ◊ ∂≈¤ÇÃ…π∫∂Ä∏ÿ π∂œ÷Ä™ ⁄≈ÕÃ≈ƒÅÃÿ√Ÿ ŒÄ¤≈™ É∫Ã¡∑∏….For the first time in many years, the farmers of our province have decided to gatherthe harvest without the help of students. (II-129)

9 ˜∑≈ ¥∂œ…⁄◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∏œ◊Ä∂œ◊ Œ¡ ◊á∑∏¡◊Àπ/Œ¡ ◊á∑∏¡◊À≈ π∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…, fi∏œ◊◊œ⁄Ç∏ÿ ∏œ◊Ä∂Ÿ …⁄-⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√Ÿ Œ¡ÕŒÉ«œ ¥∂É›≈, fi≈Õ ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ∏ÿ …» ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç¿/◊ Úœ∑∑Ç….All the producers of goods at the exhibition confirmed that it is much simpler toimport goods from abroad than to produce them in Russia. (II-138)

233

10 Î ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ¿, É∫¡ ¥…ÃÉ∏¡ π∑¥ÅÃ… À¡∏¡¥πÃÿ∏Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ⁄¡ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ/⁄¡ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…Õ… ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ¡Õ… ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∏≈Õ, À¡À ∂≈¡À∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ∑¡ÕœÃ£∏ ◊∂Å⁄¡Ã∑µ ◊⁄ÅÕÃ¿/◊ ⁄≈ÕÃÅ.Fortunately, both pilots had time to eject within seconds before the jet plane crashedinto the ground. (II-154)


1 Á≈É∂«…™ ∑≈Ã … Œ¡¥…∑ÄÃ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ, … µ Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ ◊ œ∏◊Å∏/◊ œ∏◊Å∏e Œ…fi≈«É,¥∂É∑∏œ ◊⁄µÃÄ Ü∏œ∏ Ã…∑∏ÉÀ … π¤ÃÄ À ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿/Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ≈.Georgi sat down and wrote out a letter, and I said nothing to him in response; I justtook the piece of paper and went to my place in the kitchen. (II-5)

2 Îœ«ƒÄ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏ ∑∏∂≈∑∑ ÇÃ… ∑∂ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑ÇÃŸ Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œœ∑∏ÿ, ◊ À∂œ◊ÿ/◊ À∂œ◊Ç ◊Ÿ∫∂Ä∑Ÿ◊¡≈∏∑µ «œ∂ÕÉŒ ¥œƒ Œ¡⁄◊ÄŒ…≈/¥œƒ Œ¡⁄◊ÄŒ…≈Õ ¡ƒ∂≈Œ¡ÃÇŒ.When a person experiences stress or some average-sized annoyance, the hormonecalled adrenaline is released into the blood. (II-27)

3 ˙¡ fi¡∑/˙¡ fiÄ∑œÕ ƒœ Ü∏œ«œ ÕŸ ∑ Œ≈«œ/∑ Œ…Õ ∂¡∑∑∏ÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊É⁄Ã≈ ¥…◊ŒÉ«œ ∫Ä∂¡.An hour before this we had parted with him at the beer bar. (II-50)

4 „Ÿ«ÄŒÀ¡ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã¡ ∑Ã≈ƒá ∫œ∂ÿ∫á Œ¡ Õœ£ Ã…√É/Œ¡ Õœ£Õ Ã…√Å.The gypsy woman noticed the traces of struggle on my face. (II-66)

5 ‰Å∏… ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸ» ∫≈∂Ñ∏ ¥∂…ÕÅ∂ ∑ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™/∑ ∂œƒÇ∏≈ÃµÕ… — ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™fi≈∏◊£∂∏Ÿ™ âŒŸ™ ¥œÃÖÀ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏ œ ∑◊œÇ ¥ÃÄŒŸ/œ ∑◊œÇ» ¥ÃÄŒ¡» ∏¡À: <<‚Ñƒπ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸÕ>>.Children of people who are unemployed take their example from their parents —one in four young Poles says the following about his plans: “I will be unemployed”.(II-80)

6 ÌŸ Œ¡ ∑◊œ∫Éƒπ/Œ¡ ∑◊œ∫Éƒ≈! ÌŸ ƒá¤…Õ ¥ÉÃŒœ™ «∂Ñƒÿ¿! Áœ◊œ∂ÇÕ ◊∑£, fi∏œƒÑÕ¡≈Õ! ı◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ ∑ÕÉ∏∂…Õ ◊ ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈/◊ ∫Ñƒπ›≈Õ!We are free! We breathe freely! We say everything that we think! We look confi-dently into the future! (II-89)

7 ñ∏œ ∫ŸÃÄ ∂¡ƒ…œ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi¡ œ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ«œ »œ∂≈É«∂¡∆¡/œ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕ»œ∂≈É«∂¡∆≈, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÇÃ Œ¡ ˙Ä¥¡ƒ/Œ¡ ˙Ä¥¡ƒ≈ ◊Å∂Œœ∑∏ÿ Ã¿∫ÇÕœ™¥∂œ∆Å∑∑…….This was a radio program about a courageous choreographer, who remained faithfulto his beloved profession in the West. (II-109)



234 Exercises

8 Û≈™fiÄ∑ ∑Öƒπ ⁄¡ ∑◊ÉƒŒŸ™ «∂Ä∆…À/⁄¡ ∑◊ÉƒŒŸÕ «∂Ä∆…ÀœÕ, ŒÄƒœ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ∏¡À,fi∏É∫Ÿ œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ ◊Œ≈∑∏Ç ◊ Œ≈«É/◊ Œ£Õ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ŒÉ◊Ÿ≈ …∑¥Ÿ∏ÄŒ…µ.Right now I’ll sit down with the combined graph; it needs to be done so that only thenew tests remain to be added to it. (II-119)

9 ∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ Ù¡ƒ÷…À…∑∏ÄŒ¡ π∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ ¥∂œƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ç∂œ◊¡Ã, fi∏œ ∑…∏πÄ√…¿◊ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…Àπ/◊ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À≈ œŒ ÀœŒ∏∂œÃÇ∂π≈∏.The president of Tajikistan convincingly demonstrated that he controls the situationin the republic. (II-130)

10 Û◊Å÷π¿ fi≈∂ŒÇÀπ, À ¥∂…ÕÅ∂π, ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿∏ ¥œ 3-4 ∂π∫ÃÖ/¥œ 3-4 ∂π∫ÃÖÕ ⁄¡À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ/⁄¡ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕœÕ, ∑π¤£Œπ¿ — œ∏ 20 ƒœ 40 ∂π∫ÃÅ™ (◊ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™∂¡™ÉŒ/◊ ÀÄ÷ƒœÕ ∂¡™ÉŒ≈ ∑◊œÇ √ÅŒŸ).For example, they take fresh bilberries for 3-4 rubles per kilogram, dried ones from20 to 40 rubles (each region has its own prices). (II-151)

11 ñ∏œ œ∫áfiŒ¡µ ¥∂ÄÀ∏…À¡ — ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ ∑fi£∏ ⁄¡ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ/⁄¡ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒœÕ ¥É∂œ◊ŒπÕÅ÷ƒπ ¥∂œ÷…◊Ä¿›…Õ… ◊ ŒÉÕ≈∂/◊ ŒÉÕ≈∂≈.This is the usual practice, to divide the bill evenly between those sharing the room.(II-155)


1 ÔŒÄ ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ∫ŸÃÄ «œ∂œ÷ÄŒÀ¡, Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ÷…ÃÄ ◊ ƒ≈∂Å◊Œ¿/◊ ƒ≈∂Å◊Œ≈,Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ∑¥…◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ƒœ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…, … ≈£ …Œ∏≈∂≈∑œ◊ÄÃœ ◊∑£, fi≈«É œŒÄ Œ≈ Õœ«ÃÄ¥œ∑∏Çfiÿ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸÕ É¥Ÿ∏œÕ.She was truly a city woman: she had never lived in the country, had never drunkuntil she was sick, and she was interested in everything that she wasn¢t able to per-ceive via her own experience. (II-6)

2 ßÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É Œ¡ ∑◊≈∏/Œ¡ ∑◊Å∏≈ œŒ Ãâ∫…∏ »œƒÇ∏ÿ ◊ ¥œ»ÉƒŸ/◊ ¥œ»Éƒ¡», ∑¥¡∏ÿ ◊¥¡ÃÄ∏À…/◊ ¥¡ÃÄ∏À¡», ◊¡∂Ç∏ÿ π»Ñ ◊ ⁄¡Àœ¥fi£ŒŒŸ™ Àœ∏≈ÃÉÀ /◊ ⁄¡Àœ¥fi£ŒŒœÕÀœ∏≈ÃÀÅ.More than anything else in the world, he loves going on hikes, sleeping in tents, andcooking fish soup in a sooty pot. (II-33)

3 ·À∏£∂, ∫Ñƒπfi… ∑ «¡∑∏∂ÉÃ…/∑ «¡∑∏∂ÉÃ≈™/∑ «¡∑∏∂ÉÃµÕ… ◊œ Ê∂ÄŒÀ∆π∂∏/◊œÊ∂ÄŒÀ∆π∂∏≈, ƒœ∫ÇÃ∑µ ∏¡Õ ¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ π∫Å÷…›¡.While on tour in Frankfurt, the actor obtained political asylum there. (II-52)

4 ‚≈⁄ ¥∂≈π◊≈Ã…fiÅŒ…µ, ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ◊∑µ ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ Õ≈ƒ…√ÇŒ¡∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ Œ¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡/Œ¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏≈.One can say without exaggeration that the whole of the Russian medical professionis working on the president now. (II-67)

Multi-CasePrepositionExercise 3

Level II

235

5 Ú≈÷…∑∑£∂ ◊∑∏¡£∏ ∑ À∂Å∑Ã¡/∑ À∂Å∑≈Ã/∑ À∂Å∑Ã¡Õ…, œ«ÃÖƒŸ◊¡≈∏ ¡À∏∂Ç∑π ∑ «ÉÃœ◊π/∑ «œÃœ◊á/∑ «œÃœ◊É™ ƒœ Œœ« … ÕÅƒÃ≈ŒŒœ π»Éƒ…∏.Seryozhka and I stay in the kitchen all evening, he really misses me during the dayso he won’t even go away from me. (II-82)

6 Û◊œâ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ñ ¥∂É∏…◊ ÎÄ∑∏∂œ ∆œŒƒ √≈Ã…ÀÉÕ ¥∂œ◊Éƒ…∏ ◊ ∂ÄÕÀ…/◊ ∂ÄÕÀ¡»¥∂œ¥¡«¡ŒƒÇ∑∏∑Àœ™ ◊œ™Œá.The fund carries on the struggle against Castro completely within the framework ofa propaganda war. (II-133)

7 ˙¡ Õ…ÕÉ⁄œ◊Ÿ™ “∑≈⁄ÉŒ”/˙¡ Õ…ÕÉ⁄œ◊ŸÕ “∑≈⁄ÉŒœÕ”, ¡ Ü∏œ, ¥∂…ÕÅ∂Œœ, ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃ…∑ ƒ◊¡ƒ√Ä∏Ÿ™/∑ ƒ◊¡ƒ√Ä∏œ«œ/∑ ƒ◊¡ƒ√Ä∏ŸÕ ∆≈◊∂¡ÃÖ ¥œ ∑≈ƒÿÕÉ≈/¥œ ∑≈ƒÿÕÉÕπÕÄ∂∏¡, ÕÉ÷Œœ ⁄¡∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ ÉÀœÃœ ¥µ∏…∑É∏ ∂π∫ÃÅ™.During the mimosa “season”, this is about two weeks from the twentieth of Febru-ary to the seventh of March, it is possible to earn around 500 rubles. (II-152)

8 ÌÄ¤¡ ¥œƒÑÕ¡Ã¡, fi∏œ, Àœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ Œ¡ÀÉ¥…∏ ƒÅŒ≈«, œŒÄ ∑ Õ¡∏ÿ/∑ ÕÄ∏≈∂…/∑ ÕÄ∏≈∂ÿ¿÷…∏ÿ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏.Masha thought that when she got got together enough money, she wouldn’t live withher mother anymore. (II-157)


1 ÔŒ ⁄¡À∂áÃ «Ã¡⁄Ä, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥∂œŒ…ÀÄÃœ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷Ç∏≈Ã≈™, …∏π∏ ÷≈ π◊Çƒ≈Ã ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒŸ … ¥ÉŒµÃ, fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… œƒ…ŒÄÀœ◊ŸÕ… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ¡Õ…œŒ Õœ« œ∫Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑œ ∑◊œâ ÷≈ŒÑ/∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ÷≈Œá/∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ÷≈ŒÉ™, …∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ… ∑ œƒŒœ«É fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡/∑ œƒŒÇÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ Œ¡ ◊≈∑ÿ ∑◊≈∏/Œ¡ ◊∑£Õ ∑◊Å∏≈.He closed his eyes so that the least amount of irritation would penetrate, and justthen he saw Svetlana¢s look and he understood that he could only exchange identi-cal looks like that with his wife and with no other person in the entire world. (II-10)

2 Îœ«ƒÄ ≈£ Œ≈∏ ƒÉÕ¡, ◊ ƒ◊Å∂…/◊ ƒ◊≈∂Öx ⁄¡¥Ç∑À¡: ±ÎÃ¿fiÇ ¥œƒ ÀÉ◊∂…À/¥œƒÀÉ◊∂…ÀœÕ. ÂƒÄ Œ¡ ¥Ã…∏Ñ/Œ¡ ¥Ã…∏Å. ‚Ñƒπ ◊ ¤≈∑∏ÿ/◊ ¤≈∑∏Ç. „≈ÃÑ¿, ÕÄÕ¡.≤When she isn¢t at home there is a note on the door: ±The key is under the mat. Foodis on the stove. I will be back at six. Kisses, mom.≤ (II-35)

3 ‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ ¤≈∑∏ÿ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ œ¥∂É¤≈ŒŒŸx Œ≈ ∑Õœ«ÃÇ œ∏◊Å∏…∏ÿ Œ¡ ◊œ¥∂É∑/Œ¡◊œ¥∂É∑≈: ±Î¡ÀÇ≈ …⁄ ∑ÀπÃÿ¥∏Ñ∂ŒŸx ¥ÄÕµ∏Œ…Àœ◊ ◊¡Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É Œ∂Ä◊µ∏∑µ?≤Ó≈ ∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ fiÅ∏◊≈∂∏ÿ Õœ∑À◊…fiÅ™ ¥œ ∑∏É∂œŒŸ/¥œ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄÕ, ƒÄ÷≈ ¥œ ◊Ÿ»œƒá≈ƒŒ…/¥œ ◊ŸxœƒŒáÕ ƒŒµÕ, Œ≈ ƒœ ÕœŒπÕÅŒ∏œ◊ …Õ.Twenty-six percent of those asked could not answer the question: ±Which sculp-tural monuments do you like the best?≤ A quarter of all Muscovites don¢t lookaround, even on weekends. They aren¢t into monuments. (II-61)



236 Exercises

4 Ìπ÷ fi…∏Ä≈∏ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ … ◊œÃŒÑ≈∏∑µ ƒœ ∏¡ÀÉ™ ∑∏Å¥≈Œ…, fi∏œ ∂œŒÖ≈∏ …⁄ ∂πÀ ∑∏¡ÀÄŒ∑ ◊Éƒπ/∑ ◊œƒá/∑ ◊œƒÉ™, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥Äƒ¡≈∏ ŒÄ ¥œÃ/Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ … ∂¡⁄∫…◊Ä≈∏∑µ.The husband reads the letter and becomes so upset that he drops glass of water fromhis hands and it falls on the floor and breaks. (II-83)

5 ÔƒŒÄÀœ Œ≈⁄¡ƒÉÃ«œ ƒœ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi… ƒÅÃ¡ ◊ ∑πƒ/◊ ∑πƒÅ ÛœÃœ◊ÿ£◊¡ œ∏À¡⁄ÄÃ¡∑ÿ œ∏π∑ÃÑ« œ∫É…» ∑◊œÇ» ⁄¡›Ç∏Œ…Àœ◊.However shortly before the case was brought to court Soloveva refused the servicesof both of her defense lawyers. (II-102)

6 ˆπ∂ŒÄÃ ±Û∏œÃÇ√¡≤ ∂≈¤ÇÃ ¥∂≈π∑¥Å∏ÿ ⁄¡ ∑fi£∏/⁄¡ ∑fi≈∏ÉÕ Õ¡»…ŒÄ√…™. ÂÕÑ∑¥œ∑É∫∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã ∫¡ŒÀ ±Û‚Û-ê«∂œ.≤Capital magazine decided to be successful at the expense of machination. The SBS-Agro bank assisted it. (II-113)

7 Ô¥ÃÄfi…◊¡≈∏ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ …Œœ«œ∂ÉƒŒ…Õ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ … ¥∂…Å⁄ƒ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ñ/◊ Ìœ∑À◊ÅŒ¡ ◊∂πfiÅŒ…≈/Œ¡ ◊∂πfiÅŒ…… ∑∏…¥ÅŒƒ……, ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ ¥∂œ÷…◊ÄŒ…µ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√π/◊∑∏œÃÇ√≈.The company is even paying the out-of-town students for the trip to Moscow to gettheir stipends and for a two-day stay in the capital. (II-127)

8 ∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Â«Ç¥∏¡, œ¥…∂Äµ∑ÿ Œ¡ ∑∏¡∂œƒÄ◊Œ…™ … ¥œÃπ⁄¡∫á∏Ÿ™ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ/Œ¡∑∏¡∂œƒÄ◊Œ≈Õ … ¥œÃπ⁄¡∫á∏œÕ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ≈, ∂≈¤ÇÃœ Ã…À◊…ƒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ ◊ ∑∏∂¡ŒÑ/◊∑∏∂¡ŒÅ ∑ÃÑ÷∫π ∏≈Ãœ»∂¡ŒÇ∏≈Ã≈™.The government of Egypt, relying on an ancient and half-forgotten law, decided toliquidate bodyguard service in the country. (II-135)

9 ˙¡ÕÅ∏Œœ π»Ñƒ¤…Ãœ∑ÿ ∑¡ÕœfiÑ◊∑∏◊…≈, ◊¥Ãœ∏ÿ ƒœ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ◊∂¡fiÇ Œ¡∑∏Ä…◊¡¿∏Œ¡ ∑Àœ∂Å™¤…™ π»Éƒ/Œ¡ ∑Àœ∂Å™¤≈Õ π»Éƒ≈ ◊ É∏¥π∑À/◊ É∏¥π∑À≈ Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ fi≈Õ Œ¡30 ƒŒ≈™/Œ¡ 30 ƒŒµ».The condition had noticeably worsened right up to the point of the doctors’ insistingon an immediate departure for a leave of no less than 30 days. (II-153)

10 Ò Œ≈ ◊Ç÷π Œ…fi≈«É ¥Ãœ»É«œ ◊ ∏œ/◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ˝≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ πƒ¡£∏∑µ π«¡ƒÄ∏ÿ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈ fi…∏Ä∏≈Ãµ ∂É◊Œœ ⁄¡ Õ…ŒÑ∏π ƒœ ∏œ«É/⁄¡ Õ…ŒÑ∏œ™ ƒœ ∏œ«É, À¡À ∑¡Õfi…∏Ä∏≈Ãÿ Ü∏œ ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈ fi£∏Àœ œ∑œ⁄Œ¡£∏.I don’t see anything bad in Shcherbakova’s success in figuring out the desire of thereader exactly a minute before the reader himself clearly realizes the desire. (II-167)

237Level III Exercises

Level III Exercises

238 Exercises

Nominative Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the instances of the NOMINATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the NOMINATIVE is used.

1 ÔŒ ÕÅÃÿÀœÕ ◊⁄«ÃÖŒπÃ Œ¡ Õ¡∏ÿ, «Ã¡⁄Ä π Œ≈«É ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… π∏œÕÃ£ŒŒœ, À¡À ∫πƒ∏œœŒ Œ≈ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ À¡À ∑ÃÅƒπ≈∏ ◊ÅÀ….[He-_____ cursorily glanced on mother-_____, eyes-_____ by him-_____ lookedwearily, as if he-_____ not held as should eyelids-_____.] (III-1)

2 œÃ…√Å™∑À…™ ∑fi£Ã ∑≈∫Ö œ∑Àœ∂∫Ã£ŒŒŸÕ … ¥∂…◊Ã£À œ∫Çƒfi…À¡.[Policeman-_____ considered self-_____ offended-_____ and sued offender-_____.](III-9)

3 êŒµ ◊∑≈∂ÿ£⁄ Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ ∫…ÃÅ∏ Œ¡ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À ÓÉ◊œ«œ «Éƒ¡, Œ≈ ¥œƒœ⁄∂≈◊Äµ œ ∏œÕ,fi∏œ Œ¡ Ü∏œÕ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À≈ ƒœÃ÷Œá ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ∏¡ÀÇ≈ ÷≈ œƒ…ŒÉfiÀ…, À¡À œŒÄ ∑¡ÕÄ, ∏≈,Àœ«É Œ≈ ¥∂ÇŒµÃ…, œ∏◊Å∂«Ã… ∑∏πƒÅŒfi≈∑À…≈ ◊≈fi≈∂ÇŒÀ….[Anya-_____ seriously bought ticket-_____ on party-_____ New Year-_____, notsuspecting about that-_____, that at this party-_____ should-_____ be such justlonely-women-_____, like she-_____ herself-_____, those-_____, who-_____ notaccepted, spurned student parties-_____.] (III-15)

4 ı Œ≈£ Ã…√É ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀœ™ ƒÅ◊œfiÀ…, … Ü∏œ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ≈ ÃÇfi…Àœ Œ¡ÃÅ¥Ã≈ŒœŒ¡ ÕÅÃÀπ¿, À¡À ∏áÀœ◊À¡, «œÃÉ◊Àπ.[By her-_____ face-_____ completely small girl-_____, and that child’s face-_____stuck-_____ on small-_____, like little-pumpkin-_____, little-head-_____.] (III-23)

5 ˜œœ∫›Å Ã…√É ≈∑∏ÿ, Œœ fi≈∂∏á Œ≈ ∑◊Ö⁄¡ŒŸ œƒŒÉ™ ∏ÅÕœ™ … À¡À ∫Ÿ ◊⁄Ö∏Ÿ ∑ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…» Ã…√.[In-general face-_____ is, but features-_____ not connected-_____ one theme-_____and as it taken-_____ from several faces-_____.] (III-31)

6 ˜ ÀπÃπÄ∂¡x ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ œÀ∂π÷ÇÃ¡ ∏œÃ¥Ä ≈ƒ…ŒœÕá¤Ã≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊ … ¥œfi…∏Ä∏≈Ã≈™.[In entrance-hall-_____ writer-_____ swarmed crowd-_____ like-minded-people-_____ and admirers-_____.] (III-45)

7 Ìœ™ ◊…ƒ …∑¥π«ÄÃ ÕœÇ» ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏≈Ã≈™. ÔŒÇ π∑∏ŸƒÇÃ…∑ÿ, ∑¡¥œ«Ç ¥∂…À¡⁄ÄÃ…◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ, »œ∏Ö µ Œ…fi≈«É π Œ…» Œ≈ ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ¡.[My appearance-_____ frightened my interrogators-_____. They-_____ were-ashamed, boots-_____ ordered return, although I-_____ nothing-_____ by them-_____ not asked.] (III-58)

8 ˜ ∑∏∂¡ŒÅ Œ¡»Éƒµ∏∑µ ƒ≈∑Ö∏À… ∏á∑µfi ∫Å÷≈Œ√≈◊ …⁄ Ï…∫Å∂……, …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡¿›…»À∂¡™Œâ¿ Œπ÷ƒÑ ◊ ¥∂œƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…… … ¥∂≈ƒÕÅ∏¡» ¥Å∂◊œ™ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕœ∑∏….[In country-_____ are tens-_____ thousands-_____ refugees-_____ from Liberia-_____, experiencing-_____ extreme need-_____ in food-_____ and items-_____first aid-_____.] (III-77)


Level III

239

9 ÔƒŒÄÀœ ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÉ Œ≈ ◊∑≈ ∆ÇÃÿÕŸ, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊Ã≈ŒŒŸ≈ Œ¡ ¥¡∂Ç÷∑ÀœÕ ∆≈∑∏…◊ÄÃ≈,œÀ∂Ä¤≈ŒŸ ∏∂¡«Çfi≈∑À…Õ ÇÃ… ƒ∂¡Õ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…Õ ¥Ä∆œ∑œÕ.[However far not all films-_____, shown-_____ at Paris festival-_____, tinged-_____tragic-_____ or dramatic pathos-_____.] (III-92)

10 È ∏π∏ Œ¡ ≈£ «œ∂…⁄ÉŒ∏≈ ◊œ⁄ŒÇÀ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏Ÿ™ ‹∑∏∂ÄƒŒŸ™ ¥≈◊Å√. Û≈™fiÄ∑ ≈«ÉÇÕµ ⁄¡∫á∏œ, Œœ ◊ ¤≈∑∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œ≈≈ Û…ŒÄ∏∂Ÿ.[And here on her horizon-_____ appeared famous stage singer-_____. Now hisname-_____ forgotten-_____, but in sixty years-_____ he-_____ was more-popularSinatra-_____.] (III-106)

11 Ëœ⁄Ö™À¡ Ã¡ŒfiœŒÅ∏¡ ÕÇ∑∑…∑ ‚ÉŒœ ∑ «∂É»œ∏œÕ ¥œƒŒ…ÕÄ≈∏ ÷≈ÃÅ⁄Œπ¿ ∂≈¤£∏Àπ.[Owner-_____ luncheonette-_____ Mrs. Bono-_____ with crash-_____ lifts irongrill-_____.] (III-130)

12 œƒ ⁄≈ÕÃ£™ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ∑¡Œ∏…ÕÅ∏∂œ◊ Ã£ƒ, ◊ÅfiŒ¡µ Õ≈∂⁄Ãœ∏Ä, ∑◊Å∂»π ∑Œ≈«.[Under ground-_____ through several-_____ centimeters-_____ ice-_____, eternalfrost-_____, on-top snow-_____.] (III-161)


1 ‚∂¡⁄ÇÃ…µ µ◊ÃÖ≈∏∑µ À∂π¥ŒÅ™¤…Õ ◊ ÕÇ∂≈ ¥∂œ…⁄◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈Õ … ¥∂œƒ¡◊√ÉÕ ÀÉ∆≈,◊Ÿ∂Ä›…◊¡µ ÉÀœÃœ ∏∂…ƒ√¡∏Ç ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ ◊∑≈«É Õ…∂œ◊É«œ π∂œ÷Äµ ¡∂œÕÄ∏ŒŸx∫œ∫É◊.[Brazil-_____ is biggest-_____ in world-_____ producer-_____ and seller-_____coffee-_____, growing around thirty percent-_____ entire world harvest-_____ aro-matic beans-_____.] (III-2)

2 ÔŒ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂…Œœ∑ÇÃ ∑ ∑œ∫É™ ∫π∏áÃÀπ ◊…ŒÄ, ◊Ÿ¥…◊ÄÃ ≈£ œƒÇŒ, ◊ƒœ◊Ä ∏ÅÕ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ≈Õ πÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡Ã¡ ∂≈∫£ŒÀ¡ ∑¥¡∏ÿ, Œ¡∂≈⁄ÄÃ¡ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂œ∑∏É™ ∑¡ÃÄ∏, fi∏œ∫áÃœ ¥œƒ ∂πÀÉ™, ∏œ Ã… ◊¡∂ÇÃ¡ µ™√É ◊À∂π∏Ñ¿, Àœ∂Éfi≈, »Ãœ¥œ∏ÄÃ¡, Œœ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ.[He-_____ always brought with self-_____ bottle-_____ wine-_____, drank-up it-_____ one-_____, widow-_____ that time-_____ put-down child-_____ sleep, cut-up some simple salad-_____, what-_____ was under hand-_____, that or boil egg-_____ hard-boiled, in-short, fussed, but not very.] (III-16)

3 Ù∂Å∏…™ ¥∂≈∏≈ŒƒÅŒ∏ Œ¡ ∂ÑÀπ ÕœÅ™ ƒÉfi≈∂… œÀ¡⁄ÄÃ∑µ ◊⁄∂É∑ÃŸ™,∏∂…ƒ√¡∏…¥µ∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™ Õπ÷ÇÀ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ◊œœ∫›Å ¥œŒ¡fiÄÃπ Œ≈ Õœ«œ¥∂≈ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ, ⁄¡ À≈Õ ≈ÕÑ π»Ä÷…◊¡∏ÿ — ⁄¡ Œ≈™ ÇÃ… ⁄¡ ÕŒœ™.[Third aspirant-_____ to hand-_____ my daughter-_____ turned-out adult-_____,thirty-five-year-old fellow-_____, who-_____ in-general at-first not could deter-mine, behind who-_____ him-_____ court — behind her-_____ or behind me-_____.](III-24)

Nominative Exercise 2, Level III

NominativeExercise 2Level III

240 Exercises

4 ∂… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ≈ Œ¡ Ü∏π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π ∑ Ã≈÷Ä›…Õ ¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇŒ≈ Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ ∏∂Ñ¥œÕ ∑∏Ä∂œ™÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ ¥œfi≈ÕÑ-∏œ ◊œ⁄Œ…ÀÄÃ¡ ¡∑∑œ√…Ä√…µ ∑ ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑À…Õ.[At sight-_____ on that room-_____ with lying-_____ in-middle on floor-_____corpse-_____ old woman-_____ somehow sprung-up association-_____ withDostoevsky-_____.] (III-34)

5 ÛÃœŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œxÉ÷ Œ¡ «∂œÕÄƒŒπ¿ Àœ¥ŒÑ ∑ÅŒ¡.[Elephant-_____ was resembling-_____ on enormous stack-_____ hay-_____.] (III-47)

6 œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ ◊∂¡fiÅ™, œŒÇ ƒÅÃ¡¿∏ ◊∑£ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ≈ … Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ≈, fi∏É∫Ÿ ◊á◊≈∑∏…ŒÄ¤≈«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ …⁄ ∏µ÷≈ÃÅ™¤≈«œ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…µ, Œœ ¥≈∂≈Œ≈∑£ŒŒŸ≈ …Õ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…œ∑Ãœ÷ŒÖ¿∏ ⁄¡ƒÄfiπ.[Along words-_____ doctors-_____, they-_____ do everything possible-_____ andimpossible-_____, so-that lead-out our president-_____ from most-serious condi-tion-_____, but endured-_____ him-_____ diseases-_____ complicate task-_____.](III-66)

7 Ô∏∏œ«É, fi∏œ µ ∫ŸÃ ◊Ã¿∫Ã£Œ, µ À¡À ∫Ÿ ¥∂…Àœ∑ŒÑÃ∑µ À ∫≈∑∑ÕÅ∂∏…¿ … ∑∏¡ÃŒ≈ÕŒÉ÷≈fiÀœ ÕœÃÉ÷≈.[Because, that I-_____ was in-love-_____, I-_____ as if touched to immortality-_____ and became somewhat younger.] (III-80)

8 Ò ¥ÉƒŒµÃ ∂ÑÀπ … ¥œ∏µŒÑÃ Œ¡ ∑≈∫Ö fi≈ÕœƒÄŒ. Û◊Å∂»π Ã≈÷ÄÃ… ∂¡ÀÅ∏Ÿ ƒÃµ∫¡ƒÕ…Œ∏ÉŒ¡. ÔŒÇ ¥œÅ»¡Ã… … π¥ÄÃ… ŒÄ ¥œÃ.[I-_____ raised arm-_____ and pulled on self-_____ suitcase-_____. On-top layrackets-_____ for badminton-_____. They-_____ slipped-out and fell on floor-_____.] (III-86)

9 ÓÅÀœ«ƒ¡ ¥∂œ√◊≈∏Ä◊¤…™ ÷¡Œ∂ ¥≈ÀÇŒ∑Àœ™ É¥≈∂Ÿ Œ≈ ◊ŸƒÅ∂÷…◊¡≈∏ ⁄¡ÀÉŒœ◊∂áŒÀ¡.[Once having-blossomed genre-_____ Peking opera-_____ not withstand laws-_____market-_____.] (III-96)

10 Ò Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ≈ ∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…À, Œœ … ¡À∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊Œ…À ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» ∏≈É∂…™±Õ…∂œ◊É«œ ⁄Ä«œ◊œ∂¡.≤[I-_____ not only not supporter-_____, but and active opponent-_____ various theo-ries-_____ “worldwide conspiracy-_____”.] (III-114)

11 ˆÄÃœ∑∏ÿ … ∏£¥Ã¡µ ◊œƒÄ ƒÅÃ¡¿∏ ∑◊œ£ ƒÅÃœ — …⁄-¥œƒ ƒÑ¤¡ µ ◊Ÿ»œ÷Ñ¥œƒœ∫∂Å◊¤¡µ … œ∑◊≈÷£ŒŒ¡µ.[Pity-_____ and warm water-_____ do own matter-_____ — from-under shower-_____ I-_____ exit made-kinder-_____ and refreshed-_____.] (III-134)

241

12 Û◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ≈ ∑⁄Äƒ… ¥œ∑…ŒÅ◊¤…≈ ∂ÑÀ… ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ ⁄¡ƒ…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ À◊Å∂»π; À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ,œŒ ÕÉÃ…∏∑µ À¡ÀÇÕ-∏œ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒŸÕ ∑¥É∑œ∫œÕ.[Bound-_____ from-behind turned-blue hands-_____ in this-_____ broke upwards;seemed, he-_____ prays some unusual means-_____.] (III-163)


1 œ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÃÅŒ…≈ œ ¥œƒ¥…∑ÄŒ…… ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ ÚÑ∑∑Àœ™Ê≈ƒ≈∂Ä√…… … ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ Ú≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… Î…¥∂ œ ∫≈⁄◊Ç⁄œ◊œÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕ≈ ◊flÅ⁄ƒ¡… ◊á≈⁄ƒ¡ ¥œƒ¥Ç∑¡Œœ ¥∂≈ÕÿÅ∂-Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ.[Resolution-_____ about signing-_____ agreement-_____ between government-_____ Russian Federation-_____ and government-_____ Republic-_____ Cyprus-_____ about visa-less procedure-_____ entering-_____ and leaving-_____ signed-_____ prime-minister-_____.] (III-6)

2 Ûœ∫ÄÀ¡ ¤¡∂Ä»ŒπÃ¡∑ÿ œ∏ À∂ÇÀ¡ … œ∫≈∂ŒÑÃ¡ À Œ≈™ πƒ…◊Ã£ŒŒπ¿ ÕÉ∂ƒπ.[Dog-_____ was-startled from scream-_____ and turned to her-_____ surprisedmuzzle-_____.] (III-17)

3 Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒ¡ ∑…ƒÅÃ¡ ¥≈∂≈ƒ ‰âÀœÕ, ≈£ ¥ÃÅfi… ∫áÃ… Ã≈«ÀÉ ¥∂…∑á¥¡ŒŸ ¥Å∂»œ∏ÿ¿,¡ ¤ÀÉÃÿŒ¡µ ∆É∂Õ¡ …ÕÅÃ¡ ∏¡ÀÉ™ ◊…ƒ, ∫Ñƒ∏œ œŒÄ ∑¥¡ÃÄ, Œ≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ≈◊Äµ∑ÿ, Œ¡ÕÅÃÿŒ…√≈ Œ¡ Õ≈¤ÀÄ» ∑ ÕπÀÉ™.[Svetlana-_____ sat before Duke-_____, her shoulders-_____ were lightly sprinkled-_____ dandruff-_____, and school uniform-_____ had such look-_____, as-if she-_____ slept, not getting-undressed, at mill-_____ on bags-_____ with flour-_____.](III-19)

4 ˜»Éƒ…∏ Õœ™ ¡∑¥…∂ÄŒ∏, Œ¡ ≈«É Ã…√Å Œ¡¥Ç∑¡Œœ œ∏◊∂¡›ÅŒ…≈ À ÷Ç⁄Œ…: ∏œ Ã…¥≈∂≈¥ÇÃ, ∏œ Ã… Œ≈ƒœ∑¥ÄÃ.[Enters my graduate-student-_____, on his face-_____ written-_____ disgust-_____toward life-_____, that either over-drank, that either underslept.] (III-25)

5 ÌŒÉ«œ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏∑µ œ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏…À¡ ƒÃµ Ã…∏≈∂Ä∏œ∂¡ — ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…≈¥Ä«π∫Œœ≈.[A-lot-_____ is-said about that-_____, that journalism-_____ for writer-_____ —profession pernicious-_____.] (III-39)

6 Á≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒ¡µ …ƒÅµ! ∂…Œ≈∑£∏ Œ¡Õ ∏∂… Õ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊! ı∑¥Åx Œ¡ ∑∏œ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ «¡∂¡Œ∏Ç∂π≈∏∑µ. Ó…À¡ÀÉ«œ ∂Ç∑À¡. ̨ Å∂≈⁄ ∏∂… Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ÕŸ œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä≈Õ∆Ä∫∂…Àπ.[Brilliant idea-_____! Will-bring us-_____ three-_____ million-_____ dollars-_____! Success-_____ on hundred-_____ percent-_____ is-guaranteed. No risk-_____. In three-_____ weeks-_____ we-_____ open factory-_____.] (III-50)

Nominative Exercise 3, Level III

NominativeExercise 3Level III

242 Exercises

7 ∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ √ÅŒ∏∂¡ »…∂π∂«Ç… ŒÄ⁄◊¡Ã fiÑƒœÕ ∏œ, fi∏œ ∑≈Õ…ƒ≈∑µ∏…¤≈∑∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ¥≈∂≈Œ£∑¤…™ ∑œ∂œÀœÕ…ŒÑ∏Œπ¿ ÀÃ…ŒÇfi≈∑Àπ¿ ∑Õ≈∂∏ÿ, ÷…◊£∏ π÷Å ƒ◊≈Œ≈ƒÅÃ….[President-_____ center-_____ surgery-_____ named miracle-_____ that-_____, thatseventy-six-year-old man-_____, experienced-_____ forty-minute clinical death-_____, lives already two-_____ weeks-_____.] (III-67)

8 ÌŒ≈ À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ, ¥œÕÇÕœ Ã¿∫◊Ç Àœ ÕŒ≈, π ∏≈∫Ö ƒœÃ÷ŒÉ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ƒÉÃ«¡,Œœ ∏Ÿ ∑fi…∏ÄÃ, fi∏œ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ, ∏œ«ƒÄ … µ ∏≈∫Å Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ.[Me-_____ seemed, that in-addition love-_____ to me-_____, by you-_____ should-

_____ be feeling-_____ obligation-_____, but you-_____ thought, that nothing-_____ not obliged-_____, then and I-_____ you-_____ nothing-_____ not obliged-_____.] (III-83)

9 ˜ÕÅ∑∏≈ ∑ «ÃÄ◊ŒŸÕ «≈∂É≈Õ ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥œ∑œfiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∑œ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒœ™ …∑∏É∂…… Œ≈Éfi≈Œÿ ∑fi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ™ ∑≈ÕÅ™Œœ™ ¥Ä∂Ÿ, ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄¡ŒŒœ™ ◊ ∆ÇÃÿÕ≈ <<ÌÑ⁄ŸÀ¡ ƒÃµƒ≈À¡∫∂Ö>>.[Together with main hero-_____ possible sympathize modern story-_____ not veryhappy family pair-_____, told-_____ in film-_____ “Music-_____ for December-_____.”] (III-99)

10 Ìœ¤ÅŒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊œ — Ü∏œ ÃÇ∫œ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅŒ…≈ ÃÇfiŒŸÕ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œÕ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ, ÃÇ∫œ¥∂…œ∫∂≈∏ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂Ä◊¡ Œ¡ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅŒ…≈ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œÕ ¥π∏£Õ œ∫ÕÄŒ¡ ÇÃ…⁄Ãœπ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…µ ƒœ◊Å∂…≈Õ.[Swindling-_____ — that-_____ either taking-possession-_____ personal property-_____ citizens-_____, or acqusition-_____ right-_____ on taking-possession-_____property-_____ way-_____ deceit-_____ or abuse-_____ trust-_____.] (III-118)

11 Â∑∏ÿ, ¥œ-ÕÉ≈Õπ, πƒÄfiŒœ≈ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕŸ ⁄¡»œ∂œŒÅŒ…µ ∏ÅÃ¡ ÏÅŒ…Œ¡,Àœ∏É∂¡µ ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ ∑∏œÃÿ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ ◊œ∑¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸÕ… À∂π«ÄÕ…∂œ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ«œ É∫›≈∑∏◊¡.[There-is, in-my-opinion, successful solution-_____ problem-_____ preservation-_____ body-_____ Lenin-_____, which-_____ today quite sickly is-received vari-ous circles-_____ Russian society-_____.] (III-141)

12 · ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ Œ¡⁄Äƒ ◊ Ï≈Œ…Œ«∂Äƒ∑ÀœÕ ◊œÅŒŒœÕ ÉÀ∂π«≈ ∫ŸÃ ⁄¡ƒÅ∂÷¡Œ œ∆…√Å∂, πÀœ∏É∂œ«œ ∫áÃ… œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈ŒŸ ¥…∑∏œÃÅ∏ ∑ ƒ◊πÕÖ œ∫É™Õ¡Õ…, œƒÇŒ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ∏∂œ∏ÇÃ¡ ◊ ¤Ä¤À¡» ¥œ ∏∂Ç∑∏¡ «∂ÄÕÕœ◊, ÉÀœÃœ 50 ¥¡∏∂ÉŒœ◊ À¡ÃÇ∫∂¡ 7,62 …5,6, ¥µ∏ÿ ∑…«ŒÄÃÿŒŸ» ∂¡ÀÅ∏ … ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ¤≈∑∏Ç ∏á∑µfi ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[But two-_____ day-_____ ago in Leningrad military district-_____ was detained-_____ officer-_____, at which-_____ were discovered-_____ pistol-_____ with twoclips-_____, one kilogram-_____ TNT-_____ in charges-_____ along three-hun-dred-_____ grams-_____, around 50 cartridges-_____ caliber-_____ 7.62 and 5.6,five-_____ signal rockets-_____ and more six thousands-_____ dollars-_____.] (III-169)

243

Instrumental Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the instances of the INSTRUMENTAL case in the following sentences and ex-plain why the INSTRUMENTAL is used.


2 œ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÃÅŒ…≈Õ No. 315 «Ã¡◊Ä œ∫Ã¡∑∏ŒÉ™ ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…… πfi∂≈ƒÇÃ≈÷≈ÕÅ∑µfiŒŸ≈ ∑∏…¥ÅŒƒ…… ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ ◊Ñ⁄œ◊, œÀÉŒfi…◊¤…Õ ¤ÀÉÃπ ∑ ⁄œÃœ∏É™Õ≈ƒÄÃÿ¿.[Decree-_____ No. 315 head-_____ regional administration-_____ establishedmonthly stipends-_____ students-_____ institutions-of-higher-education-_____,graduated-_____ school-_____ with gold medal-_____.] (III-11)

3 Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒ¡ ∑…ƒÅÃ¡ ¥≈∂≈ƒ ‰âÀœÕ, ≈£ ¥ÃÅfi… ∫áÃ… Ã≈«ÀÉ ¥∂…∑á¥¡ŒŸ ¥Å∂»œ∏ÿ¿,¡ ¤ÀÉÃÿŒ¡µ ∆É∂Õ¡ …ÕÅÃ¡ ∏¡ÀÉ™ ◊…ƒ, ∫Ñƒ∏œ œŒÄ ∑¥¡ÃÄ, Œ≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ≈◊Äµ∑ÿ, Œ¡ÕÅÃÿŒ…√≈ Œ¡ Õ≈¤ÀÄ» ∑ ÕπÀÉ™.[Svetlana-_____ sat before Duke-_____, her shoulders-_____ were lightly sprinkled-_____ dandruff-_____, and school uniform-_____ had such look-_____, as-if she-_____ slept, not getting-undressed, at mill-_____ on bags-_____ with flour-_____.](III-19)

4 ∂… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ≈ Œ¡ Ü∏π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π ∑ Ã≈÷Ä›…Õ ¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇŒ≈ Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ ∏∂Ñ¥œÕ ∑∏Ä∂œ™÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ ¥œfi≈ÕÑ-∏œ ◊œ⁄Œ…ÀÄÃ¡ ¡∑∑œ√…Ä√…µ ∑ ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑À…Õ.[At sight-_____ on that room-_____ with lying-_____ in-middle on floor-_____corpse-_____ old woman-_____ somehow sprung-up association-_____ withDostoevsky-_____.] (III-34)

5 Û ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿx ¥œ∂ Õœ™ ¥œfi∏É◊Ÿ™ Ö›…À ∑∏ÄÃ… ⁄¡◊ÄÃ…◊¡∏ÿ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒœ«œ ∂Éƒ¡Õ¡ÀπÃ¡∏Ñ∂œ™.[From some time-_____ my mail box-_____ started stuff various kind-_____ pulp-fiction-_____.] (III-53)

6 ∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊ÿ∏≈, fi∏œ ◊Ÿ ƒœ«œ◊œ∂ÇÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡Å»¡∏ÿ ◊Åfi≈∂œÕ ⁄¡ ∑◊œÅ™ ◊œ⁄Ãâ∫Ã≈ŒŒœ™… œ∏¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ ∑ Œ≈™ ◊ ¤…ÀÄ∂ŒŸ™ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ, ¡ Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ◊¡∑ œƒœÃÅÃ… «œÃœ◊Œá≈∫ÉÃ….[Imagine, that you-_____ agreed go evening-_____ for your beloved-_____ and gowith her-_____ to fancy restaurant-_____, but night-before you-_____ overcamehead aches-_____.] (III-74)

Instrumental Exercise 1, Level III

InstrumentalExercise 1Level III

244 Exercises

7 ·À∏…◊…⁄Ç∂πµ ƒ…¡∆∂Ä«ÕŸ, ∑Õ≈» π«Ãπ∫ÃÖ≈∏ ƒŸ»ÄŒ…≈, œ∫œ«¡›Ä≈∏ À…∑Ãœ∂ÉƒœÕÀ∂œ◊ÿ … ◊≈Œ∏…ÃÇ∂π≈∏ Ã£«À…≈.[Activating diaphragms-_____, laughter-_____ deepens breathing-_____, enrichesoxygen-_____ blood-_____ and ventilates lungs-_____.] (III-94)

8 ˛∏œ À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ ∑¡ÕÉ™ Ì¡∂ÇŒŸ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™, ∏œ œŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ƒœ «Ãπ∫…Œá ƒπ¤Ç∏∂ÉŒπ∏¡ ⁄¡∫É∏œ™ … ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ, ¥∂œÖ◊Ã≈ŒŒŸÕ… ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…Õ À ≈£ ∑≈∑∏∂Å.[What-_____ touches self-_____ Marina Tsvetaeva-_____, that she-_____ was todepth-_____ soul-_____ touched-_____ concern-_____ and attention-_____, shown-_____ Gorky-_____ to her sister-_____.] (III-109)

9 ÌÉ÷≈∏, ◊œ⁄ÿÕ£∏ ∏≈∫Ö Œ¡ ∂¡∫É∏π Ã…∏∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…ÀœÕ ÇÃ… »œ∏Ö ∫Ÿ Àœ∂∂ÅÀ∏œ∂œÕ.[May, will-take you-_____ to work-_____ literary-assistant-_____ or although wouldproof-reader-_____.] (III-129)

10 ÊœŒƒ Ú¡ƒ÷Ç◊¡ ÁÄŒƒ…, œ∑ŒÉ◊¡ŒŒŸ™ Å¿, ¥œÕœ«Ä≈∏ ƒÅ∏µÕ, ÷ÅŒ›…Œ¡Õ … ∫ÅƒŒŸÕ… ∑∏¡Ã ∑ÄÕœ™ ◊Ã…Ö∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ Œ≈¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ™ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…≈™ ◊ íŒƒ…….[Fund-_____ Rajiva Gandi-_____, founded-_____ her-_____, helps children-_____,women-_____ and poor-_____ and became most influential non-governmental or-ganization-_____ in India-_____.] (III-146)

11 ßœÀœ◊áÕ ⁄∂ÅŒ…≈Õ œŒÄ œ∏ÕÅ∏…Ã¡, fi∏œ Œ¡ ƒ∂π«É™ ƒœ∂É÷À≈ œ∑∏ÄÃ…∑ÿ ∑∏œÖ∏ÿÉfi≈Œÿ ∏ÉÃ∑∏¡µ ∏£∏≈ŒÿÀ¡, À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕœ◊ Œ¡ ∑∏œ, … ◊Ÿ∑ÉÀ…™ ÕÄÃÿfi…À.[Side vision-_____ she-_____ noticed, that on other road-_____ stopped stand veryfat lady-_____, kilograms-_____ to 100-_____, and tall boy-_____.] (III-171)

12 Á≈∂œÇŒ¿ ˝≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ ◊Ÿ Ã≈«ÀÉ ÕÉ÷≈∏≈ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…∏ÿ ◊ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ… ⁄¡ ƒ≈¤£◊ŸÕ…∏Ñ∆ÃµÕ… Œ¡ ∂¡∑¥∂œƒÄ÷≈, ◊ ¡◊∏É∫π∑≈ ◊ fi¡∑ ¥…À, ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ≈ (∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ≈ ◊∫Ã≈∑∏Ö›≈Õ ∑π¥≈∂ÕÄ∂À≈∏≈).[Heroine-_____ Shcherbakova-_____ you-_____ easily may meet in line-_____behind cheap shoes-_____ on sale-_____, in bus-_____ to time peak-_____, in store-_____ (only not in sparkling supermarket-_____.] (III-185)


1 ∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…≈ ◊á¥π∑∏…∏ ¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi Õ¡¤ÇŒ, œƒÇŒŒ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi …⁄Àœ∏É∂Ÿx ∂≈¡Ã…⁄Ñ¿∏∑µ ⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√≈™.[Enterprise-_____ will-produce sixteen-_____ thousand-_____ cars-_____, eleven-_____ thousand-_____ from which-_____ will-be-sold beyond border-_____.] (III-3)


Level III

245

2 œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑À¡µ ¥œÃÇ√…µ ∂¡∑¥œÃ¡«Ä≈∏ ∫œ«¡∏Å™¤…Õ ¡∂»Ç◊œÕ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ, À¡Àπ∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄ¿∏, ∑œƒÅ∂÷¡∏∑µ ƒœ∑ÿÅ Œ¡ ¥œÃÕ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ¡ ∆∂¡Œ√Ñ⁄œ◊.[Political police-_____ have-at-disposal most-rich archive-_____, in which-_____,as claim, are-kept files-_____ on half-million-_____ French-_____.] (III-12)

3 Ù∂Å∏…™ ¥∂≈∏≈ŒƒÅŒ∏ Œ¡ ∂ÑÀπ ÕœÅ™ ƒÉfi≈∂… œÀ¡⁄ÄÃ∑µ ◊⁄∂É∑ÃŸ™,∏∂…ƒ√¡∏…¥µ∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™ Õπ÷ÇÀ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ◊œœ∫›Å ¥œŒ¡fiÄÃπ Œ≈ Õœ«œ¥∂≈ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ, ⁄¡ À≈Õ ≈ÕÑ π»Ä÷…◊¡∏ÿ — ⁄¡ Œ≈™ ÇÃ… ⁄¡ ÕŒœ™.[Third aspirant-_____ to hand-_____ my daughter-_____ turned-out adult-_____,thirty-five-year-old fellow-_____, who-_____ in-general at-first not could deter-mine, behind who-_____ him-_____ court — behind her-_____ or behind me-_____.](III-24)

4 ı∫Ç∏¡µ ÷≈, «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ…, ∫ŸÃÄ ¥œ∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒ…√≈™ ÀÉŒÀπ∂∑¡ À∂¡∑œ∏á.[Dead-_____, said, was winner-_____ contest-_____ beauty-_____.] (III-35)

5 ÔŒÇ ◊∏Ö«…◊¡¿∏ ÷…◊œ∏á, ∂¡∑∑∏¡◊ÃÖ¿∏ ÃÉÀ∏…, Àœ∂Éfi≈, …⁄Œ≈Õœ«Ä¿∏ ¥œƒ ∂≈ÕŒ£Õ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒ∑∏◊¡.[They-_____ suck-in stomachs-_____, hold-out elbows-_____, in-short, wear-outunder strap-_____ physical perfection-_____.] (III-42)

6 ÔŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ∏œ«ƒÄ «œ∂Ä⁄ƒœ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏≈≈ Û≈∂«Åµ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ «ÃÑxœ ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃ ◊Ä∂Õ……, Œ…fiÅÕ Œ…Àœ«É œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ Œ≈ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄµ; ¥ÿâ›…≈ «ÅŒ……, ◊ŸÃ≈∏Ä¿›…≈ …⁄…Œ∑∏…∏Ñ∏œ◊, ∫áÃ… ∏œ«ƒÄ ◊ ŒÄ¤…x À∂π«Äx ∑Àœ∂Å≈ ŒÉ∂Õœ™, fi≈Õ ∑œ∫á∏…≈Õ.[She-_____ was then much more-famous Sergei-_____, who-_____ quietly spent-time in army-_____ nothing-_____ no-one-_____ particularly not interesting; drink-ing geniuses-_____, flying-out-_____ from institutes-_____, were then in our circles-_____ rather norm-_____, what-_____ event-_____.] (III-55)

7 ÌŸ ∑∏œÇÕ ∑ Œ≈™ ¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ ÀœŒ√á «É∂œƒ¡, À¡À ƒ◊¡ ∫¡∂ÄŒ¡ Œ¡ ÕÉ∑∏…À≈«œ∂∫Ä∏œÕ, ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂Ä◊ƒœ™.[We-_____ stand with her-_____ along various ends-_____ town-_____, like two-_____ ram-_____ on bridge hump-backed-_____, each-_____ with own truth-_____.](III-79)

8 ‰◊œ™ŒÉ™ ∑∏¡ŒƒÄ∂∏ ◊ ¥œÃÇ∏…À≈ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ≈∏ ∑◊É™∑∏◊œÕ ∫πÕ≈∂ÄŒ«¡.[Double standard-_____ in politics-_____ has property-_____ boomerang-_____.](III-95)

9 ‰¡, œŒ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ Œ≈ÕŒÉ÷Àœ ∑Õ≈¤ŒáÕ, ÕÄÃœ∑∏ÿ Œ≈ÃÅ¥ŸÕ, fiπ∏ÿ ∏œ∂œ¥ÃÇ◊ŸÕ… ƒÄ÷≈, ∑πƒÇ ≈«É ßœ«, »¡Õœ◊Ä∏ŸÕ.[Yes, he-_____ may be somewhat silly-_____, bit absurd-_____, trifle hasty-_____and even, judge him-_____ God-_____ rather-loutish-_____.] (III-113)


246 Exercises

10 Ò ¥≈∂≈¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡¿ ◊ ƒŒ≈◊ŒÇÀ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏Ÿ ◊fi≈∂Ä¤Œ≈«œ É¥Ÿ∏¡, πÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡¿ ◊Àœ∂É∫Àπ ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸ≈ ◊fi≈∂Ä œ∫∂¡⁄√á, ∂◊π … ◊ŸÀÇƒŸ◊¡¿ fi≈∂Œœ◊ÇÀ… ∑∂¡∑fi£∏¡Õ….[I-_____ rewrite in journal-_____ results-_____ yesterday’s experiment-_____, pack-away in box-_____ thrown-away-_____ yesterday samples-_____, shred and toss-out rough-drafts-_____ with calculations-_____.] (III-132)

11 ÔŒ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ◊∑≈É∫›…Õ ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂…⁄ŒÄŒ…≈Õ ¥œ ∑…â ¥É∂π, Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ ◊ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ… π÷Å Œ… œƒŒÉ™ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¥œƒ¥É∂À…, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥œfi∏Ç⁄¡∫á∏œ, fi∏œ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥∂≈ƒ∑≈ƒÄ∏≈Ã≈Õ ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Ûœâ⁄¡ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂œ◊, Àœ«ƒÄŒ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏ œ ≈«É ⁄◊ÄŒ…µ» … Œ¡«∂Äƒ¡».[He-_____ enjoys universal attention-_____ and recognition-_____ along this time-_____, when not remained in his life-_____ already not one official support-_____,when almost forgotten-_____, that he-_____ was representative-_____ board-_____Union-_____ composers-_____, when not remind about his titles-_____ and awards-_____.] (III-156)

12 ÔŒ πƒÄ∂…Ã∑µ «∂Ñƒÿ¿ œ ◊œƒœ¥∂œ◊ÉƒŒπ¿ ∏∂π∫Ñ, Àœ∏É∂¡µ ¥∂œ»œƒÇÃ¡ ¥œ «¡⁄ÉŒπ.[He-_____ hit chest-_____ against water pipe-_____, which-_____ ran along lawn-_____.] (III-175)


1 ˜ Úœ∑∑Ç… ∑≈™fiÄ∑ …⁄-⁄¡ ∑¥Äƒ¡ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ∑∏◊¡ ∑œÀ∂¡›Ä≈∏∑µ ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…≈‹Ã≈À∏∂œ‹ŒÅ∂«……, ∏¡À fi∏œ …⁄ÃÇ¤À… ÕŸ ∑ πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…≈Õ ¥∂œƒ¡ƒÇÕ Œ¡ ˙Ä¥¡ƒ.[In Russia-_____ now from-beyond fall-_____ production-_____ declines use-_____electricity-_____, so that surplus-_____ we-_____ with pleasure-_____ will-sell toWest-_____.] (III-4)

2 ¸∑∏ÉŒ∑À…≈ ∂œµÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ◊œ∑»…›≈Œá ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑Àœ™ ÕœŒÄ∂»…≈™ …, ◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏…,¥∂ÇŒ√≈Õ ¸ƒ◊Ä∂ƒœÕ, µ◊ÃÖ¿›…Õ∑µ, ∑ …» ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ, ¥∂≈◊œ∑»ÉƒŒŸÕ …∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒŸÕ ◊œ ◊∑≈» œ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…µ» ¥∂ÇŒ√≈Õ.[Estonian royalists-_____ delighted-_____ English monarchy-_____ and, in par-ticular-_____, prince Edward-_____, being-_____, from their point-_____ view-_____, superb-_____ and perfect-_____ in all relations-_____ prince-_____.] (III-13)

3 ÚÄŒÿ¤≈ œŒ ¥∂…»œƒÇÃ À Œ¡Õ ∑ ÷ÄÃœ∫¡Õ… Œ¡ ∑œ∑Åƒ≈™, œ∏∂¡◊ÃÖ¿›…» …⁄-⁄¡∑∏ÅŒÀ… ¥Ç›π … œ∫÷…«Ä¿›…» ≈«É fiÅ∂≈⁄ ¥œ∏œÃÉÀ Œ≈◊Çƒ…ÕŸÕ… ÃπfiÄÕ….[Earlier he-_____ came to us-_____ with complaints-_____ on neighbors-_____,poisoning-_____ from-beyond wall-_____ food-_____ and burning-_____ him-_____ through ceiling-_____ invisible rays-_____.] (III-26)


Level III

247

4 ÙŸ ÕÉ÷≈¤ÿ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ «ÅŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂œ◊Çƒ√≈Õ. ˜≈ÃÇÀ…Õ ≈∂≈∏ÇÀœÕ … «≈∂É≈Õ ∏∂πƒÄ.ñ∏œ Œ≈ …ÕÅ≈∏ ⁄Œ¡fiÅŒ…µ. Ì¡∏≈∂…ÄÃÿŒŸ≈ ¥Ãœƒá fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑À…x π∑ÇÃ…™Œ≈Õ…ŒÑ≈Õœ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊µ∏∑µ œ∫flÅÀ∏œÕ ∂áŒœfiŒœ™ ∏œ∂«É◊Ã….[You-_____ can be genius-_____ and prophet-_____. Great heretic-_____ and hero-_____ labor-_____. This-_____ not have meaning-_____. Material fruits-_____human efforts-_____ inevitably become object-_____ market trade-_____.] (III-37)

5 ˜œ ÕŒ≈ ¤Ã¡ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ∏£ÕŒœ«œ ∑œ ∑◊Å∏ÃŸÕ, ¥œƒœ⁄∂Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ∑∏… ∑ ◊Å∂œ™ ◊fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑∏◊œ.[In me-_____ went battle-_____ dark-_____ with light-_____, suspicion-_____ withfaith-_____ in humanity-_____.] (III-61)


7 Ò π◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ ¥œƒœ¤£Ã … ¥œ∑∏πfiÄÃ ◊ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ Àœ∑∏Ö¤À¡Õ… ¥ÄÃÿ√≈◊.[I-_____ confidently went-up and knocked on door-_____ knuckles-_____ fingers-_____.] (III-85)

8 œfiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏≈ ∑≈∫Ö ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸÕ … Œ≈¥ÉŒµ∏ŸÕ.[Feel self-_____ thrown-_____ and not-understood-_____.] (III-97)


10 Û≈™fiÄ∑ œŒ ÷…◊£∏ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ ∑ ÷≈ŒÉ™ … ∑ŸŒœ◊ÿÖÕ… ◊ ÌœŒÄÀœ, œƒŒÄÀœ ∑ÀÃœŒÖ≈∏∑µÀ ∏œÕÑ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥≈∂≈∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ˚◊Å√…¿.[Now he-_____ lives together with wife-_____ and sons-_____ in Monaco-_____,however yielding to that-_____, in-order-to move to Sweden-_____.] (III-137)



248 Exercises

12 œ∏ÉÕ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∂¡⁄, «ƒ≈ ∫Ÿ œŒÇ ŒÇ ∫ŸÃ…, œŒ ≈£ «ÃÄ⁄œÕ ⁄¡√Å¥…∏ … ƒÅ∂÷…∏,À¡À ÀÉ¤À¡ √á¥Ã¿.[Then each time-_____, where would they-_____ not were, he-_____ her-_____eye-_____ hook and holds, like cat-_____ chick-_____.] (III-176)

Accusative Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the instances of the ACCUSATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the ACCUSATIVE is used.

1 ÔŒ ÕÅÃÿÀœÕ ◊⁄«ÃÖŒπÃ Œ¡ Õ¡∏ÿ, «Ã¡⁄Ä π Œ≈«É ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… π∏œÕÃ£ŒŒœ, À¡À ∫πƒ∏œœŒ Œ≈ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ À¡À ∑ÃÅƒπ≈∏ ◊ÅÀ….[He-_____ cursorily glanced on mother-_____, eyes-_____ by him-_____ lookedwearily, as if he-_____ not held as should eyelids-_____.] (III-1)

2 êŒµ ◊∑≈∂ÿ£⁄ Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ ∫…ÃÅ∏ Œ¡ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À ÓÉ◊œ«œ «Éƒ¡, Œ≈ ¥œƒœ⁄∂≈◊Äµ œ ∏œÕ,fi∏œ Œ¡ Ü∏œÕ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À≈ ƒœÃ÷Œá ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ∏¡ÀÇ≈ ÷≈ œƒ…ŒÉfiÀ…, À¡À œŒÄ ∑¡ÕÄ, ∏≈,Àœ«É Œ≈ ¥∂ÇŒµÃ…, œ∏◊Å∂«Ã… ∑∏πƒÅŒfi≈∑À…≈ ◊≈fi≈∂ÇŒÀ….[Anya-_____ seriously bought ticket-_____ on party-_____ New Year-_____, notsuspecting about that-_____, that at this party-_____ should-_____ be such justlonely-women-_____, like she-_____ herself-_____, those-_____, who-_____ notaccepted, spurned student parties-_____.] (III-15)

3 ˜∂Äfi, Œ≈ ∑Œ…ÕÄµ ∫œ∏ÇŒœÀ, ƒÄ÷≈ Œ≈ ◊á∏≈∂≈◊ ŒÉ«…, ƒ◊ÇŒ≈∏∑µ ¥∂ÖÕœ ◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π.[Doctor-_____, not removing shoes-_____, even not having-wiped feet-_____, movesstraight in room-_____.] (III-32)

4 Ùœ«ƒÄ ¥œfiÅÕπ ÷≈ µ œ›π›Ä¿ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ «∂ÄŒ… ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑Àœ™ À¡∏¡∑∏∂É∆Ÿ? Ô∏ÀÑƒ¡π Õ≈ŒÖ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ∫≈⁄Œ¡ƒ£÷Œœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ™ Œ≈¥∂…«ÉƒŒœ∑∏…? ˜ fi£Õ ¥∂…fiÇŒ¡ÕœÅ™ ∏œ∑ÀÇ?[Then why I-_____ feel self-_____ on edge-_____ physical catastrophe-_____?From-where by me-_____ feeling-_____ hopeless life uselessness-_____? In what-_____ cause-_____ my melancholy-_____?] (III-48)

5 Û¥≈√∑ÃÑ÷∫Ÿ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷Œœ«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ¡∂≈∑∏É◊Ÿ◊¡¿∏ … ∫∂œ∑Ä¿∏ ◊ ∏¿∂ÿÕÑ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ, Œ≈ ∑œ◊≈∂¤Ç◊¤…» Œ…À¡ÀÉ«œ ¥∂≈∑∏π¥ÃÅŒ…µ.[Special-services-_____ foreign government-_____ arrest and throw in jail-_____Russian citizens-_____ not having-committed-_____ no crime-_____.] (III-64)

6 ÌŸ ∑∏œÇÕ ∑ Œ≈™ ¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ ÀœŒ√á «É∂œƒ¡, À¡À ƒ◊¡ ∫¡∂ÄŒ¡ Œ¡ ÕÉ∑∏…À≈«œ∂∫Ä∏œÕ, ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂Ä◊ƒœ™.[We-_____ stand with her-_____ along various ends-_____ town-_____, like two-_____ ram-_____ on bridge hump-backed-_____, each-_____ with own truth-_____.](III-79)


Level III

249

7 Ì≈ŒÖ ◊ fi≈∏á∂Œ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ ¥œŒ≈∑ÃÉ ◊ ÀœÕ∑œÕÉÃ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ≈ Œ¡¤ÃÄŒ…À¡ÀÉ™ ∂≈◊œÃ¿√…ÉŒŒœ™ ∂œÕÄŒ∏…À….[Me-_____ in fourteen-_____ years-_____ brought to communist-youth-league-_____, in which-_____ I-_____ not found any revolutionary romance-_____.] (III-88)

8 œfiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏≈ ∑≈∫Ö ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸÕ … Œ≈¥ÉŒµ∏ŸÕ.[Feel self-_____ thrown-_____ and not-understood-_____.] (III-97)

9 Îœ∂Éfi≈ «œ◊œ∂Ö, ∂≈fiÿ …ƒ£∏ œ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœÕ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑≈ ∫œ∂ÿ∫á Õ…∂œ◊á» ∑…Ã ⁄¡◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈ … ⁄¡ ◊Ÿ÷…◊ÄŒ…≈.[Shorter speaking, speech-_____ goes about normal process-_____ struggle-_____world’s powers-_____ for influence-_____ and for survival-_____.] (III-115)

10 ÎÉ∑∏µ ∑∫…Ã œƒ≈ÖÃœ, ÁÑÃÿÀ¡ ∑flÅ»¡Ã¡ ∑ ¥œƒÑ¤À…, ◊á∑πŒπÃ¡ ŒÉ÷Àπ …⁄ À∂œ◊Ä∏….[Kostya-_____ dislodged blanket-_____, Gulka-_____ came-down from pillow-_____, stuck-out little-leg-_____ from bed-_____.] (III-135)

11 ñ∏œ «≈ŒÅ∏…À ÚÇfi¡∂ƒ Û…ƒ, ⁄¡µ◊Ç◊¤…™, fi∏œ π÷Å fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∏∂… ÕÅ∑µ√¡ Œ¡fiŒ£∏ÀÃœŒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡.[This-_____ geneticist Richard Seed-_____, announced-_____, that already throughthree-_____ month-_____ begins clone man-_____.] (III-158)

12 ñ∏œ∏ …ƒ…É∏ ∂≈÷…∑∑£∂ ⁄¡∑∏Ä◊…Ã Õ≈ŒÖ ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏ÿ ⁄¡ƒÑÕ¡ŒŒœÕπ ¥ÃÄŒπ.[This idiot-_____ director-_____ forced me-_____ follow proposed plan-_____.](III-170)


1 ÓÉ◊Ÿx ∑ÃÑfi¡≈◊ ∂¡∑¥∂œ∑∏∂¡ŒÅŒ…µ xœÃÅ∂Ÿ Œ¡ ƒ∂π«Ç≈ ∏≈∂∂…∏É∂…… Úœ∑∑Ç… Œ≈œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈Œœ.[New-_____ cases-_____ spread-_____ cholera-_____ to other areas-_____ Rus-sia-_____ not discovered.] (III-5)

2 ÔŒ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂…Œœ∑ÇÃ ∑ ∑œ∫É™ ∫π∏áÃÀπ ◊…ŒÄ, ◊Ÿ¥…◊ÄÃ ≈£ œƒÇŒ, ◊ƒœ◊Ä ∏ÅÕ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ≈Õ πÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡Ã¡ ∂≈∫£ŒÀ¡ ∑¥¡∏ÿ, Œ¡∂≈⁄ÄÃ¡ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂œ∑∏É™ ∑¡ÃÄ∏, fi∏œ∫áÃœ ¥œƒ ∂πÀÉ™, ∏œ Ã… ◊¡∂ÇÃ¡ µ™√É ◊À∂π∏Ñ¿, Àœ∂Éfi≈, »Ãœ¥œ∏ÄÃ¡, Œœ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ.[He-_____ always brought with self-_____ bottle-_____ wine-_____, drank-up it-_____ one-_____, widow-_____ that time-_____ put-down child-_____ sleep, cut-up some simple salad-_____, what-_____ was under hand-_____, that or boil egg-_____ hard-boiled, in-short, fussed, but not very.] (III-16)

Accusative Exercise 2, Level III

AccusativeExercise 2Level III

250 Exercises

3 ‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ Œ¡⁄Äƒ œŒÄ ∏É÷≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ◊Ã¿∫Ã≈ŒÄ ◊ œƒŒœ«É ¡∂∏Ç∑∏¡ ƒœ ¥œ∏Å∂…¥ÑÃÿ∑¡, … ◊≈∑ÿ …» ÀÃ¡∑∑ ∑»œƒÇÃ ∑ πÕÄ.[Twenty-_____ years-_____ ago she-_____ also was in-love-_____ in one artist-_____ to loss-_____ pulse-_____, and all their class-_____ was-going from mind-_____.] (III-33)

4 ÔŒ Œœ∑ÇÃ «ÄÃ∑∏πÀ √◊Å∏¡ ∂ÑxŒπ◊¤≈™ Œ¡ƒÅ÷ƒŸ.[He-_____ wore tie-_____ color-_____ dashed hope-_____.] (III-49)

5 œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ ◊∂¡fiÅ™, œŒÇ ƒÅÃ¡¿∏ ◊∑£ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ≈ … Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ≈, fi∏É∫Ÿ ◊á◊≈∑∏…ŒÄ¤≈«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ …⁄ ∏µ÷≈ÃÅ™¤≈«œ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…µ, Œœ ¥≈∂≈Œ≈∑£ŒŒŸ≈ …Õ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…œ∑Ãœ÷ŒÖ¿∏ ⁄¡ƒÄfiπ.[Along words-_____ doctors-_____, they-_____ do everything possible-_____ andimpossible-_____, so-that lead-out our president-_____ from most-serious condi-tion-_____, but endured-_____ him-_____ diseases-_____ complicate task-_____.](III-66)

6 ÌŸ ∑∫≈÷ÄÃ… Œ¡ ŒÄ∫≈∂≈÷Œπ¿ … ¥œ¤ÃÇ ◊ƒœÃÿ ÕÉ∂µ.[We-_____ ran-down on embankment-_____ and walked along sea-_____.] (III-81)

7 Ùπ∏ ∑¥∂Ä◊¡ …⁄ ∑¡∂Äµ ◊á∫≈÷¡Ã ÕœÃœƒÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …, ¥≈∂≈¥∂á«Œπ◊ fi≈∂≈⁄ Àœ∂á∏œ,Œ¡ Àœ∏É∂œÕ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ¥œÕÉ≈◊ Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∑◊…ŒÿÖ, ∑ À∂ÇÀœÕ ¥œ∫≈÷ÄÃ À ◊œ∂É∏¡Õ.[Here on-right from barn-_____ ran-out young man-_____ and, having jumped overtrough-_____, on which-_____ among slop-_____ lay pig-_____, with shout-_____ran to gate-_____.] (III-101)

8 Îœ«ƒÄ ◊ ∏∂…ƒ√Ä∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ ◊œ⁄ŒÇÀÃ¡ Œπ÷ƒÄ ◊ ƒπ»œ¥œƒfl£ÕŒœ™, ∑¥ÃÄfi…◊¡¿›≈™Œ¡∂Éƒ «≈∂É…À≈, ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ …∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡Ã¡ ƒÃµ Ü∏œ«œ ÇÕ≈ŒŒœ ÛÅ◊≈∂.[When in thirty years-_____ arose need-_____ in spiritually-uplifting-_____, gal-vanizing-_____ nation-_____ heroics-_____, regime-_____ used for this-_____ pre-cisely North-_____.] (III-116)

9 Ò¥ÉŒ∑À¡µ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ ¥Å™ƒ÷…Œ«œ◊œ™ ∑◊Ö⁄… ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ≈∏ ◊ ¥∂œƒÄ÷π Œ≈ƒœ∂œ«Ç≈¥Å™ƒ÷≈∂Ÿ, ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒœ ¥∂≈ƒŒ¡⁄ŒÄfi≈ŒŒŸ≈ ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi… ÀœƒÇ∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ»∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…™ ƒÅ∏µÕ.[Japanese company-_____ paging network-_____ puts-out to sale-_____ inexpen-sive pagers-_____ especially intended-_____ for transmission-_____ coded mes-sages-_____ children-_____.] (III-140)

10 ˜œ⁄Õπ›£ŒŒŸÕ ∂œƒÇ∏≈ÃµÕ ƒ…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂ œ∫≈›ÄÃ ◊∑ÀÉ∂≈ Œ¡™∏Ç πfi…∏≈ÃÅ™, Œœ ◊∑≈∂≈ƒÇŒ≈ «Éƒ¡ ¥∂…⁄ŒÄÃ∑µ ◊ ∑◊œ£Õ ∫≈∑∑ÇÃ…… … ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÇÃ ¥∂…⁄◊Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ¥ÉÕœ›ÿfiÄ∑∏Œπ¿ ∆Ç∂Õπ.[Upset parents-_____ director-_____ promised soon find teachers-_____, but inmiddle-_____ year-_____ acknowledged in own powerlessness-_____ and proposedsummon to help-_____ private firm-_____.] (III-155)

251

11 Ï≈∏ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …ƒÖ ¥œ ∑ŒÅ÷Œœ™ Ã≈∑ŒÉ™ √≈Ã…ŒÅ Œ¡ Ãá÷¡», ÕÉ÷Œœ∫áÃœ Œ¡∏ÀŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … Œ¡ ⁄Äµfiÿ…, … ƒÄ÷≈ Œ¡ ÃÇ∑ÿ… ∑Ã≈ƒá.[Years-_____ fifteen-_____ ago, going along snowy forest virgin-soil-_____ on skis-_____, may was stumble-upon and on rabbit-_____, and even on fox tracks-_____.](III-159)

12 ÎÉ∑∏…À, ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ƒœ ∏œ«É ¥∂œÃ≈÷Ä◊¤…™ ∑ ∂¡ƒ…ÀπÃÇ∏œÕ, ◊ ∏∂… Õ≈∏∂É◊Ÿ»¤¡«Ä ¥≈∂≈ÕÄ»…◊¡≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ «¡⁄ÉŒ, ¡ Œ¡ ¡∑∆ÄÃÿ∏≈, ∑√≈¥Ç◊ ⁄Ñ∫Ÿ œ∏ ¥∂≈⁄∂ÅŒ…µ,∑∏œÇ∏ Ï¿ƒÕÇÃ¡.[Kostik-_____, two-_____ weeks-_____ to that-_____ laid-up-_____ with radicu-litis-_____, in three-_____ meter steps-_____ leaps through lawn-_____, and onasphalt-_____, having-clinched teeth-_____ from disdain-_____ stands Ludmila-_____.] (III-172)


1 ∂œÅÀ∏ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏, fi∏œ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ≈ œ∫É…x «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊,…ÕÅ¿›…≈ ƒÅ™∑∏◊π¿›…≈ ⁄¡«∂¡ŒƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏Ÿ, ÕÉ«π∏ ◊fl≈⁄÷Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ∏≈∂∂…∏É∂…¿ƒ∂π«É«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ∫≈⁄ ◊…⁄ Œ¡ ∑∂œÀ ƒœ ƒ≈◊µŒÉ∑∏¡ ƒŒ≈™.[Draft-_____ agreement-_____ stipulates, that citizens-_____ both states-_____,having-_____ valid international-documents-_____ can enter territory-_____ otherstate-_____ without visas-_____ for period-_____ to ninety days-_____.] (III-7)


3 ì¥Ÿ∏ŒŸ™ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À ∑Œ¡fiÄÃ¡ ¥œƒ«œ∏É◊…∏ ∑≈∫Å À¡ŒÄÃ ∫á∑∏∂œ«œ ∑∫á∏¡,Œ¡™ƒ£∏ ¥≈∂≈ÀÑ¥›…Àœ◊, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ∑πÕÅ¿∏ ∑¥ÃÄ◊…∏ÿ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ … πÀ∂¡¤ÅŒ…µ.[Experienced criminal-_____ first prepare self-_____ channel-_____ quick sale-_____, finds second-hand-dealers-_____, who-_____ know-how get-rid pictures-_____ and decorations-_____.] (III-36)


Accusative Exercise 3, Level III

AccusativeExercise 3Level III

252 Exercises


6 ìfi≈Œÿ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∑∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ÷…⁄Œÿ ⁄¡ƒÑÕ¡Œ¡, À¡À ƒœ∂É«¡ À ◊≈∂¤ÇŒ≈. ‰œ™ƒÑÃ… µ ƒœ ∑◊œÅ™ ◊≈∂¤ÇŒŸ ÇÃ… π∑∏ÄŒπ … ◊≈∂ŒÑ∑ÿ, fi∏É∫Ÿ Ã≈fiÿ Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ?[Very can happen, that life-_____ planned-_____, like road-_____ to summit-_____.Reach if I-_____ to own summit-_____ or get-tired and return, so-that lie-down oncouch-_____?] (III-82)


8 ˜⁄µ◊ Õ≈ŒÖ ◊ ∑◊œâ «∂Ñ¥¥π … ¥œ∂πfiÇ◊ ÕŒ≈, ¥œÃ«Éƒ¡ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …∑¥Ÿ∏ÄŒ…µ ŒÉ◊œ«œÕ¡∏≈∂…ÄÃ¡, ƒ…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂, ÀœŒÅfiŒœ, ∂…∑Àœ◊ÄÃ.[Having-taken me-_____ in own group-_____ and entrusted me-_____, half-year-_____ ago, experiments-_____ new material-_____, director-_____, of-course,risked.] (III-102)

9 OŒÄ Œ¡¤ÃÄ ÕÅ∑∏œ ƒÃµ ÕÑ÷¡, ¥∂œ¥Ä◊¤≈«œ ◊ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ ◊ «Ãπ¤Ç.[She-_____ found place-_____ for husband-_____, who-had-disappeared-_____ inthose years-_____ in backwoods-_____.] (III-122)

10 Êœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒŸ™ ¥É◊œƒ ƒÃµ ⁄¡À∂á∏…µ ÕÇ∑∑…… ∏¡ÀÉ◊: ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑ Û˚· π¤£Ã Œ¡À¡ŒÇÀπÃŸ, ∏¡À … Œ≈ ¥∂œƒÃÇ◊ ƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ¡, ∂¡⁄∂≈¤Ä¿›≈«œ Ûœ≈ƒ…Œ£ŒŒŸÕ˚∏Ä∏¡Õ …ÕÅ∏ÿ ƒ…¥ÃœÕ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…≈ ÀœŒ∏ÄÀ∏Ÿ ∑ ÔÔÓ.[Formal cause-_____ for closing-_____ mission-_____ such-_____: Congress-_____USA-_____ left for vacation-_____, so even not extended action-_____ law-_____,allowing-_____ United States-_____ have diplomatic contacts-_____ with UN-_____.] (III-150)



253

Dative Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the instances of the DATIVE case in the following sentences and explain whythe DATIVE is used.



3 Ã¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡Ã …⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ƒÅ∏∑À…x ÀŒÇ«. ˙¡∏ÅÕ ◊ŸŒÄ¤…◊¡Ã ¥∂œÅÀ∏∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ¤ÄxÕ¡∏. Ó¡ÀœŒÅ√, ¥∂…¤£Ã À ◊œÃŒÑ¿›≈™ …ƒÅ≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸxƒÄÕ∑À…x ∏∂Ñ∑…Àœ◊.[Planned publication-_____ edible children’s books-_____. Then brought-forthdesign-_____ edible chess-set-_____. Finally, came to exciting idea-_____ ediblewomen’s underpants-_____.] (III-38)


5 ñ∏œ∏ ƒπ¤Å◊ŒŸ™ ¥Éƒ◊…« ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡ Œ≈¥œ◊∏œ∂ÇÕ, … ≈«É Œ≈ ¥œƒƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈Œ…ÀœÕÑ, À¡À ∫Ÿ À∏É Œ… ∑∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ.[Th¡t emotional achievement-_____ Dovlatov-_____ unrepeatable-_____, and it-_____ not fake more no-one-_____, how would who-_____ not tried.] (III-56)

6 ∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ fi∏œ œ∫flµ◊ÇÃœ œ ◊á¥π∑À≈ ∫œÃÿ¤É«œ ¥¡ÀÅ∏¡ œ∫Ã…«Ä√…™Œ¡ É∫›π¿ ∑ÑÕÕπ ∏∂£» Õ…ÃÃ…Ä∂ƒœ◊ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊, ¥∂Ç⁄◊¡ŒŒœ«œ ÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ¡∂«≈Œ∏ÇŒ√¡Õ ¥œ∏Å∂¿ …» ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊ ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈Õœ™ <<«∂Ö⁄Œœ™◊œ™Œá>>.[Government-_____ only that announced about issue-_____ large packet-_____ ob-ligations-_____ for total sum-_____ three billion dollars-_____, designated-_____compensate Argentinians-_____ loss-_____ their relatives-_____ in time-_____ socalled “dirty war-_____”.] (III-71)

DativeExercise 1Level III

Dative Exercise 1, Level III

254 Exercises

7 ÌŒ≈ À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ, ¥œÕÇÕœ Ã¿∫◊Ç Àœ ÕŒ≈, π ∏≈∫Ö ƒœÃ÷ŒÉ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ƒÉÃ«¡,Œœ ∏Ÿ ∑fi…∏ÄÃ, fi∏œ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ, ∏œ«ƒÄ … µ ∏≈∫Å Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ.[Me-_____ seemed, that in-addition love-_____ to me-_____, by you-_____ should-_____ be feeling-_____ obligation-_____, but you-_____ thought, that nothing-_____ not obliged-_____, then and I-_____ you-_____ nothing-_____ not obliged-_____.] (III-83)

8 Ëœ∏Ö ¥π∫ÃÇfiŒœ ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…™ ¥∂É∏…◊ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ◊Ÿ∑∏π¥ÄÃ, ÕÉ÷Œœ¥∂≈ƒ¥œÃœ÷Ç∏ÿ, fi∏œ ≈£ ∑≈∑∏∂Ä ◊ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ œ∑∏œ∂É÷Œœ™ ∆É∂Õ≈ ¥≈∂≈ƒ¡ÃÄ ≈™Œ≈ÃÅ∑∏Œœ≈ ÕŒÅŒ…≈ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ œ ≈£ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊≈.[Although publicly Gorky-_____ against Tsvetaeva-_____ never not spoke-out,possible assume, that her sister-_____ in some cautious manner-_____ passed-onher-_____ unflattering opinion-_____ writer-_____ about her work-_____.] (III-111)

9 —˜Ÿ ¥∂≈π◊≈ÃÇfi…◊¡≈∏≈. Ï…∏≈∂Ä∏œ∂ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ¥π∫Ã…Àœ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ. Ú¡⁄πÕÅ≈∏∑µ, Œ≈◊ π›Å∂∫ ∑◊œ≈ÕÑ ∏¡ÃÄŒ∏π.[—You-_____ exaggerate. A literary-man-_____ should-_____ publish. It-is-un-derstood, not to detriment-_____ own talent-_____.] (III-126)

10 Ó¡fi…ŒÄµ ∑ ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂Ö µ¥ÉŒÀ¡Õ Œ≈ ¥∂…ƒ£∏∑µ À∂…fiÄ∏ÿ …⁄ œÀŒ¡, ⁄¡⁄Ÿ◊Äµ ∑◊œÇ»ƒ≈∏Å™ Œ¡ œ∫Åƒ.[Starting from September-_____ Japanese-women-_____ not come-to yell from win-dow-_____, summoning own children-_____ to dinner-_____.] (III-139)

11 ˛≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ∑œ◊≈∂¤Ç◊¤…™ ∑ÄÕŸ™ À∂œ◊Ä◊Ÿ™ ∏≈∂∂œ∂…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…™ ¡À∏ ⁄¡ ◊∑¿…∑∏É∂…¿ ·ÕÅ∂…À…, ∫ŸÃ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√ ¥∂…«œ◊œ∂£Œ À ∑ÕÅ∂∏Œœ™ ÀÄ⁄Œ….[Man-_____, committed-_____ most bloody terrorist act-_____ for all history-_____America-_____, was finally sentenced-_____ to death penalty-_____.] (III-148)

12 œ ≈«œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ, ◊ ¥œŒ≈ƒÅÃÿŒ…À Ñ∏∂œÕ …⁄ Ì…Œ∆ÇŒ¡ ¥∂…¤ÃÉ ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈,∑œ«ÃÄ∑Œœ Àœ∏É∂œÕπ ◊Ÿƒ≈ÃÖ≈ÕŸ» ƒÅŒ≈« ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ÅÃ≈-ÅÃ≈ »◊¡∏Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏Ÿ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À¡Õ.[Along his words-_____, on Monday-_____ morning-_____ from Minfin-_____came order-_____, agreeing which-_____ alloted money-_____ will barely sufficefor wages-_____ employees-_____.] (III-167)



DativeExercise 2

Level III

255

2 Ú¡∑∏∂É«¡ŒŒŸ™ ≈£ µ◊ÃÅŒ…≈Õ, ˜¡ƒÇÕ ƒÄ÷≈ Œ≈ ∑¥∂œ∑ÇÃ, œ∏ÀÑƒ¡ ≈™ …⁄◊Å∑∏≈ŒŒÉÕ≈∂ ≈«É ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ¡.[Touched-_____ her appearance-_____, Vadim-_____ even not asked, from-whereher-_____ known-_____ number-_____ his telephone-_____.] (III-27)

3 ÛŒ¡fiÄÃ¡ Œ¡Õ ¥œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡Ã… À¡ŒÿÉŒ, fi∏œ-∏œ ◊∂Éƒ≈ π›ÅÃÿµ.[First us-_____ showed canyon-_____, something-_____ like ravine-_____.] (III-41)

4 Óœ ÕŸ, ∑ÃÄ◊¡ ‚É«π, ⁄¡›…›eŒá œ∏ Ü∏œ«œ ∑ ƒÅ∏∑∏◊¡.[But we-_____, glory-_____ God-_____, protected-_____ from that-_____ fromchildhood-_____.] (III-59)

5 ÔŒ ¥≈∂≈ÀÃ¿fiÄ≈∏ ∑ÀÉ∂œ∑∏ÿ. Ò ∫œâ∑ÿ ∑Àœ∂œ∑∏Å™, Œœ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ÕŒ≈ »Éfi≈∏∑µ, fi∏É∫ŸœŒ Å»¡Ã ≈›£ ∫Ÿ∑∏∂Å≈, »Éfi≈∏∑µ ◊∂Å⁄¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊œ fi∏É-Œ…∫πƒÿ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ≈ƒÑÕ¡∏ÿ.[He-_____ switches speed-_____. I-_____ fear speeds-_____, but now me-_____wants, so-that he-_____ went ever faster, wants run into something-_____, so-thatmore not think.] (III-73)

6 ˜≈∑ÿ ƒœÕ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ∑µ ¥œƒ ∏≈∂∂É∂œÕ ŒÉ◊œ«œ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ »œ∏ÅÃ¥≈∂≈…ŒÄfi…∏ÿ ∑Ñ∏À… ¥œ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕπ π∑Õœ∏∂ÅŒ…¿.[Whole house-_____ was under terror-_____ new person-_____, who-_____ wantedalter day-_____ along own discretion-_____.] (III-87)

7 ÛÃÅƒ∑∏◊…¿ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∫áÃœ ƒœÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ œŒÄ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ¡ fiπ÷ÇÕ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œÕ.[Investigative-team-_____ needed was prove, that she-_____ took-possession oth-ers’ property-_____.] (III-119)

8 ±˜Ÿ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇ∑∏.... Óπ fi≈«É ∏Ÿ «ÉÃœ◊π Õœ∂Éfi…¤ÿ ÃâƒµÕ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ?≤[“You-_____ in very matter-_____ economist-_____.... Well what-_____ you-_____head-_____ fool people-_____ here?”] (III-127)

9 Ò¥ÉŒ∑À¡µ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ ¥Å™ƒ÷…Œ«œ◊œ™ ∑◊Ö⁄… ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ≈∏ ◊ ¥∂œƒÄ÷π Œ≈ƒœ∂œ«Ç≈¥Å™ƒ÷≈∂Ÿ, ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒœ ¥∂≈ƒŒ¡⁄ŒÄfi≈ŒŒŸ≈ ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi… ÀœƒÇ∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ»∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…™ ƒÅ∏µÕ.[Japanese company-_____ paging network-_____ puts-out to sale-_____ inexpen-sive pagers-_____ especially intended-_____ for transmission-_____ coded mes-sages-_____ children-_____.] (III-140)


Dative Exercise 2, Level III

256 Exercises

11 · µ ∏¡À ◊œ∏ ¥œƒ»œ÷Ñ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ À Õµ∑ŒÇÀπ, «œ◊œ∂â, ÕŒ≈ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ¡ ∏∂…»œ∂É¤≈«œ ÕÖ∑¡ ∫Ÿ. È ¥œƒÕ…«ŒÑÃ ≈ÕÑ.[And I-_____ there approach once towards butcher-_____, say, me-_____ kilogram-_____ three-_____ good meat-_____ should. And winked him-_____.] (III-165)

12 Ûœ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ Œ¡ ∫Ä⁄≈ “Î…Œœ√ÅŒ∏∂¡” ∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ ÀÄ÷ƒœ™ …⁄ ⁄¡…Œ∏≈∂≈∑É◊¡ŒŒŸ» ∑∏É∂œŒ ∫Ñƒ≈∏¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ ¥œ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ ÄÀ√…™.[Agreement-_____ envisions creation-_____ on base-_____ “Cineplex”-_____ com-bined enterprise-_____, in which-_____ each-_____ from interested sides-_____will belong around fifty-_____ percent-_____ shares-_____.] (III-168)


1 OŒ ∫ŸÃ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ÑÕŒŸ™, Œœ … œ∫∂¡⁄É◊¡ŒŒŸ™ … ¥œ∑∏œÖŒŒœ œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷…◊¡Ã∑◊œÇ ⁄ŒÄŒ…µ, œƒŒÄÀœ Œ≈ Œ∂Ä◊…Ã∑µ ƒ≈◊fiÉŒÀ¡Õ, ¥œ∏œÕÑ fi∏œ ≈«É Ã…√É ∫áÃœ¥œÀ∂á∏œ âŒœ¤≈∑À…Õ… ◊πÃÀ¡ŒÇfi≈∑À…Õ… ¥∂Ÿ›ÄÕ….[He-_____ was not only smart-_____, but and educated-_____ and constantly dis-played own knowledge-_____, however not pleased girls-_____, because his face-_____ was covered-_____ youthful volcanic pimples-_____.] (III-18)

2 Û≈«ÉƒŒµ ∂¡◊Œœ¥∂Ä◊…≈ ¥∑…»Çfi≈∑À… ∫œÃÿŒá», …» ¥∂Ä◊œ Œ¡ “∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ÕŒÅŒ…≈≤ ∑◊Éƒ…∏∑µ À ∂Ä◊ŒœÕπ ƒÃµ ◊∑≈» ¥∂Ä◊π ∫Ÿ∏ÿ œ∫ÕÄŒπ∏ŸÕ.[Today equal-rights-_____ mentally ill-_____, their right-_____ to “own opinion”-_____ amounts to equal-_____ for everyone-_____ right-_____ be deceived-_____.](III-28)

3 Û≈™fiÄ∑ «¡⁄Å∏¡ ÕŒ≈ œ¥∂œ∏Ç◊≈Ã¡, Œœ ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ∫ŸÃ ¥ÉÃœŒ ‹Œ∏π⁄…Ä⁄Õ¡.[Now newspaper-_____ me-_____ become-repulsive, but then I-_____ was full-_____ enthusiasm-_____.] (III-44)

4 œƒœ™ƒ£Õ À ∑…∏πÄ√…… ∑∏∂É«œ ∑ ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒœ«œ ¥∂Ä◊¡, œ∑∏Ä◊…◊Œ¡ ◊∂ÅÕµ ◊ ∑∏œ∂œŒÅ ∑¥≈√…∆Çfi≈∑À…™ »¡∂ÄÀ∏≈∂ ◊⁄¡…Õœœ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…™ Ìœ∑À◊á ∑∫≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏œÕ.[Approach to situation-_____ strictly from point-_____ view-_____ internationallaw-_____, having-left for time-_____ in side-_____ specific character-_____ mu-tual-relations-_____ Moscow-_____ with Belorussian president-_____.] (III-63)

5 Óœ Àœ«ƒÄ µ ¥œ◊Åƒ¡Ã Œ≈◊Å∑∏≈ œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ≈, œŒÄ ƒœ∑∏ÄÃ¡ …⁄ ∑◊œÅ™Õ…Œ…¡∏â∂Œœ™ ∑ÑÕœfiÀ… À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂…∫É∂, ¥∂…Ãœ÷ÇÃ¡ À ÕœÅ™ «œÃœ◊Å … ∫œÃÿ…∑fiÅ⁄Ã¡.

DativeExercise 3

Level III

257

[But when I-_____ told fiancee-_____ about own problem-_____, she-_____ tookfrom own miniature purse-_____ some-kind gadget-_____, placed to my head-_____and pain-_____ disappeared.] (III-75)

6 ˜É∂Ÿ ⁄¡Ã≈⁄Ä¿∏ ◊ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂Ÿ ◊Å∂»Œ…» ‹∏¡÷Å™ ∑ À∂á¤…, ¥œ ◊≈∂£◊À≈,¥∂…◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒœ™ À ¡Œ∏ÅŒŒ≈.[Thieves-NOM climb in apartments-ACC upper floors-GEN from roof-GEN, alongrope-DAT, tied-DAT to antenna-DAT.] (III-178)

7 Ô∏ƒÅÃœÕ ∑¥É∂∏¡ ⁄¡◊Åƒœ◊¡Ã ƒœ∫∂œƒÑ¤ŒŸ™, ∫≈∑∑Ãœ◊Å∑ŒŸ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ. ÔŒŒ≈…⁄ÕÅŒŒœ ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃ ◊ «Ãπ∫ÉÀœÕ ∑¡Õœ⁄¡∫◊ÅŒ……. œ ∏≈Õ¥≈∂ÄÕ≈Œ∏π ∫ŸÃ ∂Ä◊≈ŒÕ£∂∏◊œ™ ∑œ∫ÄÀ≈.[Department-_____ sport-_____ managed kind-hearted, silent man-_____. He-_____invariably remained in deep selflessness-_____. Along temperament-_____ wasequal-to dead dog-_____.] (III-121)

8 Ûœ«ÃÄ∑≈Œ, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ — Ü∏œ «œ∂Ä, ∫áÃœ ∫Ÿ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ ¥œ¥Ÿ∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ≈£¥≈∂≈ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ¥œ ŒÄ¤…Õ ÕÅ∂À¡Õ. ‰ÅÃœ ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ◊ Œ¡∑ ∑ ◊ÄÕ…. Ó¡Õ œ∑Õá∑Ã…◊¡∏ÿ,Œ¡Õ ∂≈¤Ä∏ÿ, Œ¡Õ ◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ, ÀπƒÄ …ƒ∏Ç ƒÄÃÿ¤≈.[Agree-_____, Solzhenitsyn-_____ — this-_____ mountain-_____, was would laugh-able attempt it-_____ remake along our measures-_____. Matter-_____ now to us-_____ with you-_____. Us-_____ interpret, us-_____ decide, us-_____ choose,where go further.] (III-128)

9 œ ∂Éƒπ ∑◊œÅ™ ∂¡∫É∏Ÿ µ À¡÷ƒœƒŒÅ◊Œœ ∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡¿∑ÿ ∑ Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ,¥œ∑∏∂¡ƒÄ◊¤…Õ… œ∏ πÀÑ∑œ◊ ÷…◊É∏ŒŸ».[Along sort-_____ own work-_____ I-_____ daily bump-into with people-_____,having-suffered-_____ from bites-_____ animals-_____.] (III-142)


11 Ï≈∏ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …ƒÖ ¥œ ∑ŒÅ÷Œœ™ Ã≈∑ŒÉ™ √≈Ã…ŒÅ Œ¡ Ãá÷¡», ÕÉ÷Œœ∫áÃœ Œ¡∏ÀŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … Œ¡ ⁄Äµfiÿ…, … ƒÄ÷≈ Œ¡ ÃÇ∑ÿ… ∑Ã≈ƒá.[Years-_____ fifteen-_____ ago, going along snowy forested virgin-lands-_____on skis-_____, may was stumble-upon and on rabbit-_____, and even on fox tracks-_____.] (III-159)


Genitive Exercise 1, Level III

258 Exercises

Genitive Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the instances of the GENITIVE case in the following sentences and explain whythe GENITIVE is used.


2 ı Œ≈£ Ã…√É ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀœ™ ƒÅ◊œfiÀ…, … Ü∏œ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ≈ ÃÇfi…Àœ Œ¡ÃÅ¥Ã≈ŒœŒ¡ ÕÅÃÀπ¿, À¡À ∏áÀœ◊À¡, «œÃÉ◊Àπ.[By her-_____ face-_____ completely small girl-_____, and that child’s face-_____stuck-_____ on small-_____, like little-pumpkin-_____, little-head-_____.] (III-23)


4 ÔŒ Œ≈ πfi≈ŒÇÀ … Œ≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏≈Ãÿ ŒÅÀœ≈«œ À∂Ñ¥Œœ«œ ÕÄ∑∏≈∂¡, Œ≈ ¥∂…◊Å∂÷≈Œ≈√À¡ÀÉ™-Ã…∫œ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏œ™ ∏≈¡∏∂ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¤ÀÉÃŸ.[He-_____ not disciple-_____ and not follower-_____ some prominent master-_____,not adherent-_____ any famous theatrical school-_____.] (III-29)

5 Ã¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡Ã …⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ƒÅ∏∑À…x ÀŒÇ«. ˙¡∏ÅÕ ◊ŸŒÄ¤…◊¡Ã ¥∂œÅÀ∏∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ¤ÄxÕ¡∏. Ó¡ÀœŒÅ√, ¥∂…¤£Ã À ◊œÃŒÑ¿›≈™ …ƒÅ≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸxƒÄÕ∑À…x ∏∂Ñ∑…Àœ◊.[Planned publication-_____ edible children’s books-_____. Then brought-forthdesign-_____ edible chess-set-_____. Finally, came to exciting idea-_____ ediblewomen’s underpants-_____.] (III-38)

6 ÔŒ Œœ∑ÇÃ «ÄÃ∑∏πÀ √◊Å∏¡ ∂ÑxŒπ◊¤≈™ Œ¡ƒÅ÷ƒŸ.[He-_____ wore tie-_____ color-_____ dashed hope-_____.] (III-49)

7 œƒœ™ƒ£Õ À ∑…∏πÄ√…… ∑∏∂É«œ ∑ ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒœ«œ ¥∂Ä◊¡, œ∑∏Ä◊…◊Œ¡ ◊∂ÅÕµ ◊ ∑∏œ∂œŒÅ ∑¥≈√…∆Çfi≈∑À…™ »¡∂ÄÀ∏≈∂ ◊⁄¡…Õœœ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…™ Ìœ∑À◊á ∑∫≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏œÕ.[Approach to situation-_____ strictly from point-_____ view-_____ internationallaw-_____, having-left for time-_____ in side-_____ specific character-_____ mu-tual-relations-_____ Moscow-_____ with Belorussian president-_____.] (III-63)

GenitiveExercise 1

Level III

259

8 ˜ ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑ÀœÕ «É∂œƒ≈ ̃ É∫≈∂Œ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä∏œ∂Ÿ ∑∫É∂¡ ∑∂≈ƒ∑∏◊ ◊ ∆œŒƒ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À…À¡Õ¥ÄŒ…… ¥œ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…¿ ƒÇÀœ™ ¥∂…∂ÉƒŸ ◊ ∑∏∂ÄŒ¡» ê⁄…… ◊á◊≈Ã… Œ¡ ÑÃ…√Ÿ∏∂£» ∑ÃœŒÉ◊ …⁄ ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ ⁄œœ¥Ä∂À¡.[In English city-_____ Woburn-_____ organizers-_____ collection-_____ funds-_____ in fund-_____ support-_____ campaign-_____ along protection-_____ wildnature-_____ in countries-_____ Asia-_____ led-out on streets-_____ three elephants-_____ from local zoo-_____.] (III-78)

9 Ú≈¤ÅŒ…≈ œ ¥∂…ŒÖ∏…… Ü∏œ«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡, Œ¡∑≈ÃÅŒ…≈ Àœ∏É∂œ«œ Œ¡∑fiÇ∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ◊ ÔÔÓ Á≈Œ≈∂ÄÃÿŒ¡µ ·∑∑¡Õ∫ÃÅµ ¥∂…ŒµÃÄ ∫≈⁄«œÃœ∑œ◊ÄŒ…µ, Œ…À∏É Œ≈ ◊œ⁄∂¡÷ÄÃ.[Resolution-_____ about acceptance-_____ this state-_____, population-_____which-_____ counts sixteen-_____ thousands-_____ people-_____, in UN-_____General Assembly-_____ accepted without voting-_____, no-one-_____ not ob-jected.] (III-90)


11 ÎÉ∑∏µ ∑∫…Ã œƒ≈ÖÃœ, ÁÑÃÿÀ¡ ∑flÅ»¡Ã¡ ∑ ¥œƒÑ¤À…, ◊á∑πŒπÃ¡ ŒÉ÷Àπ …⁄ À∂œ◊Ä∏….[Kostya-_____ dislodged blanket-_____, Gulka-_____ came-down from pillow-_____, stuck-out little-leg-_____ from bed-_____.] (III-135)

12 ı Õ≈ŒÖ ∫áÃœ ƒ◊¡-∏∂… ¥ÃÄ∏ÿµ, ¡ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ fiπÃÉÀ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ™∏Ç ◊ «É∑∏…Œ¡ ÓÉ◊Ÿ™ «œƒ, … ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ¤œ◊ Œ¡∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ¡ fi≈∂ŒÇÃ¡Õ… Œ¡ «ÉÃœ™ Œœ«Å.[By me-_____ was two-three-_____ dresses-_____, and once not was hose-_____,in-order-to go to guests-_____ to New Year-_____, and then I-_____ seam-_____drew ink-_____ on bare leg-_____.] (III-180)


1 ∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…≈ ◊á¥π∑∏…∏ ¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi Õ¡¤ÇŒ, œƒÇŒŒ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi …⁄Àœ∏É∂Ÿx ∂≈¡Ã…⁄Ñ¿∏∑µ ⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√≈™.[Enterprise-_____ will-produce sixteen-_____ thousand-_____ cars-_____, eleven-_____ thousand-_____ from which-_____ will-be-sold beyond border-_____.] (III-3)

GenitiveExercise 2Level III


260 Exercises



4 Û¥≈√∑ÃÑ÷∫Ÿ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷Œœ«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ¡∂≈∑∏É◊Ÿ◊¡¿∏ … ∫∂œ∑Ä¿∏ ◊ ∏¿∂ÿÕÑ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ, Œ≈ ∑œ◊≈∂¤Ç◊¤…» Œ…À¡ÀÉ«œ ¥∂≈∑∏π¥ÃÅŒ…µ.[Special-services-_____ foreign government-_____ arrest and throw in jail-_____Russian citizens-_____ not having-committed-_____ no crime-_____.] (III-64)

5 È Éfi≈Œÿ Ã¿∫œ¥á∏Œœ ◊∏œ∂É≈ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ ∏¡ÀÉ™ «∂Ñ∫œ™⁄≈ÕŒÉ™ Õ¡∏Å∂……, À¡À ∏¡ÕÉ÷Œµ.[And very interesting-_____ second agreement-_____, which-_____ touches suchcoarse earthly material-_____, like customs-_____.] (III-91)

6 Ú¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ÁÉ∂ÿÀœ«œ, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ◊œ ◊∑£Õ ∏ÉŒ≈ Ü∏œ«œ ¥…∑ÿÕÄ,Œ≈∑œÕŒÅŒŒœ œ∏∂¡⁄ÇÃœ∑ÿ … Œ¡ ≈«É »¡∂¡À∏≈∂Ç∑∏…À≈ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊¡ Ì¡∂ÇŒŸ„◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™.[Irritation-_____ Gorky-_____, which-_____ is-felt in all tone-_____ this letter-_____, certainly was-reflected also on his description-_____ work-_____ MarinaTsvetaeva-_____.] (III-112)

7 ı ∆Ç∂ÕŸ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ƒ◊π»∑É∏ ∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ» ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…™ ¥œ ◊∑≈ÕÑ ÕÇ∂π, «ƒ≈π∑¥Å¤Œœ ∏∂Ñƒµ∏∑µ ƒ≈∑Ö∏À… ∏á∑µfi ∑ÄÕŸ» ◊Ÿ∑œÀœÀ◊¡Ã…∆…√Ç∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ»∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ» Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ∑∏≈™.[By firm-_____ more two-hundred joint businesses-_____ along all world-_____,where successfully work tens-_____ thousands-_____ most highly-qualifed spe-cialists-_____ various nationalities-_____.] (III-136)

8 ÚπÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∆ÉŒƒ¡ ¥∂Å÷ƒ≈ Œ≈œƒŒœÀ∂Ä∏Œœ π∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…, fi∏œ œŒÇ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷…◊¡¿∏ ŒÅÀ…≈ ∑◊Ö⁄… ∑ ƒ…∑∑…ƒÅŒ∏∑À…Õ… ‹Ã≈ÕÅŒ∏¡Õ… ◊Œπ∏∂ÇÀπ∫ÇŒ∑À…» ◊œœ∂π÷£ŒŒŸ» ∑…Ã, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ÖÀœ∫Ÿ π÷Å ∑œ⁄∂ÅÃ… ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈◊œ∂É∏¡.[Leaders-_____ fund-_____ formerly repeatedly insisted, that they-_____ supportcertain connections-_____ with dissident elements-_____ within Cuban armed forces-_____, which-_____ supposedly already matured for revolution-_____.] (III-144)

261

9 ÊÇ∂ÕŸ, Œ¡∂π¤Ä¿›…≈ Ü∏œ ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈, ∫Ñƒπ∏ Ã…¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ Ã…√ÅŒ⁄…… Œ¡ ∑◊œâƒÅµ∏≈ÃÿŒœ∑∏ÿ.[Firms-_____, violating-_____ this order-_____, will be-deprived license-_____ forown operation-_____.] (III-153)

10 ÔŒ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ◊∑≈É∫›…Õ ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂…⁄ŒÄŒ…≈Õ ¥œ ∑…â ¥É∂π, Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ ◊ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ… π÷Å Œ… œƒŒÉ™ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¥œƒ¥É∂À…, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥œfi∏Ç⁄¡∫á∏œ, fi∏œ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥∂≈ƒ∑≈ƒÄ∏≈Ã≈Õ ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Ûœâ⁄¡ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂œ◊, Àœ«ƒÄŒ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏ œ ≈«É ⁄◊ÄŒ…µ» … Œ¡«∂Äƒ¡».[He-_____ enjoys universal attention-_____ and acknowledgment-_____ along thistime-_____, when not remained in his life-_____ already not one official support-_____, when almost forgotten-_____, that he-_____ was representative-_____ board-_____ Union-_____ composers-_____, when not remembers about his titles-_____and awards-_____.] (III-156)


12 Ù≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ¿, fi∏œ ◊ «∂¡÷ƒÄŒ∑Àœ™ ◊œ™ŒÅ Œ≈ ∫Ÿ◊Ä≈∏ ¥∂Ä◊Ÿ» … ◊…Œœ◊Ä∏Ÿ»,¡ ≈∑∏ÿ Ãâƒ…, ¥œ-∂Ä⁄ŒœÕπ ◊Çƒµ›…≈ ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈ ∑◊œÅ™ ∑∏∂¡Œá.[Now I-_____ understand, that in civil war-_____ not are right-_____ and guilty-_____, but there-is people-_____, differently seeing-_____ future-_____ own coun-try-_____.] (III-181)


1 ˜ Úœ∑∑Ç… ∑≈™fiÄ∑ …⁄-⁄¡ ∑¥Äƒ¡ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ∑∏◊¡ ∑œÀ∂¡›Ä≈∏∑µ ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…≈‹Ã≈À∏∂œ‹ŒÅ∂«……, ∏¡À fi∏œ …⁄ÃÇ¤À… ÕŸ ∑ πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…≈Õ ¥∂œƒ¡ƒÇÕ Œ¡ ˙Ä¥¡ƒ.[In Russia-_____ now from-beyond fall-_____ production-_____ declines use-_____electricity-_____, so that surplus-_____ we-_____ with pleasure-_____ will-sell toWest-_____.] (III-4)

2 ‰¡ ◊≈ƒÿ Ü∏œ ÷≈ … ≈∑∏ÿ ∏ÅÕ¡ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ∑…Õ¥É⁄…πÕ¡.[Yes after-all that-_____ and is theme-_____ our symposium-_____.] (III-40)


GenitiveExercise 3Level III

262 Exercises

3 Ò — ◊¡¤ ¥œƒ¥Ç∑fi…À ∑ ∑ÄÕœ«œ ƒŒµ ∂œ÷ƒÅŒ…µ: ±Ï…∏«¡⁄Å∏π≤ ◊Ÿ¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡Ã… ≈›£ÕœÇ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã…. ÌŒ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ …Õ¥œŒÇ∂π≈∏ ◊Ä¤¡ ∂Ñ∫∂…À¡ ±˛∏œ ∑≈™fiÄ∑¥œƒÅÃŸ◊¡≈∏...≤[I-_____ — your subscriber-_____ from very day-_____ birth-_____: “Litgazeta-_____” subscribed still my parents-_____. Me-_____ very impresses your column-_____ “What-_____ now does...”] (III-52)


5 ÓÅÀœ«ƒ¡ ¥∂œ√◊≈∏Ä◊¤…™ ÷¡Œ∂ ¥≈ÀÇŒ∑Àœ™ É¥≈∂Ÿ Œ≈ ◊ŸƒÅ∂÷…◊¡≈∏ ⁄¡ÀÉŒœ◊∂áŒÀ¡.[Once having-blossomed genre-_____ Peking opera-_____ not withstand laws-_____market-_____.] (III-96)

6 Û∏œÖÃ ◊ ¥¡∑ÀÑƒŒœ™ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ…, ∏œÃÀÄÃ∑µ, ÷ƒ¡Ã fi≈«É-∏œ. È ◊ƒ∂π« ¥ÿ¿ ◊…ŒÉ ∑œfi¡∂œ◊Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ ÷ÅŒ›…Œœ™.[Stood in filthy line-_____, pushed, waited something-_____. And immediatelydrink wine-_____ with charming woman-_____.] (III-107)

7 Ò Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ≈ ∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…À, Œœ … ¡À∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊Œ…À ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» ∏≈É∂…™±Õ…∂œ◊É«œ ⁄Ä«œ◊œ∂¡.≤[I-_____ not only not supporter-_____, but and active opponent-_____ various theo-ries-_____ “worldwide conspiracy-_____”.] (III-114)

8 Ó¡fi…ŒÄµ ∑ ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂Ö µ¥ÉŒÀ¡Õ Œ≈ ¥∂…ƒ£∏∑µ À∂…fiÄ∏ÿ …⁄ œÀŒ¡, ⁄¡⁄Ÿ◊Äµ ∑◊œÇ»ƒ≈∏Å™ Œ¡ œ∫Åƒ.[Starting from September-_____ Japanese-women-_____ not come-to yell from win-dow-_____, summoning own children-_____ to dinner-_____.] (III-139)

9 ÁÃÄ◊Œœ≈ ÷≈ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ …«∂Ä ∑∫É∂Œœ™ Úœ∑∑Ç… Œ¡ Ü∏œ∏ ∂¡⁄ ¥œ-Œ¡∑∏œÖ›≈Õπ¥œŒ∂Ä◊…Ã¡∑ÿ ⁄∂Ç∏≈ÃµÕ … ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏¡Õ, œŒ¡ ◊á⁄◊¡Ã¡ Œ≈¥œƒƒÅÃÿŒœ≈ π◊¡÷ÅŒ…≈∑œ¥Å∂Œ…Àœ◊.[Main very in that-_____, that game-_____ combined Russia-_____ on this occa-sion-_____ along-real-_____ liked viewers-_____ and specialists-_____, it-_____call-forth genuine respect-_____ rivals-_____.] (III-157)

263


11 ÔŒÄ ∑Õπ›£ŒŒœ ∂¡⁄ƒÅÃ¡∑ÿ, ∑∏ŸƒÖ∑ÿ ∑◊œ≈«É ∫ÅÃœ«œ, ∂á»Ãœ«œ ∏ÅÃ¡...[She-_____ embarrassed got-undressed, being-ashamed own white, pudgy body-_____...] (III-174)

12 Û ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ¿ ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ» ∑∏¡∂Ñ¤≈À, ◊á∑Ÿ¥¡◊¤…» ¥É∑Ã≈ ∑ÃÑ÷∫Ÿ …⁄ √Å∂À◊…,œ∏Ÿ∑ÀÄÃ… ¥œƒ ∑ŒÅ«œÕ ≈«É Õœ«ÇÃπ.[With help-_____ local old-ladies-_____, who-had-poured-_____ after service-_____from church-_____ found under snow-_____ his grave-_____.] (III-182)

Locative Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the instances of the LOCATIVE case in the following sentences and explainwhy the LOCATIVE is used.

1 ˜ ∑œ⁄ƒÄ◊¤…»∑µ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ» ∂≈÷ÇÕ ∑∏∂≈ÕÇ∏∑µ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸÕ… ¥π∏ÖÕ… ◊Œ≈∑∏Ç∂¡∑ÀÉÃ ◊ œ¥¥œ⁄…√…ÉŒŒŸ≈ ∂µƒá.[In created conditions-_____ regime-_____ tries different ways-_____ introducedivision-_____ in opposition ranks-_____.] (III-8)

2 ı Õ≈ŒÖ ∑Ãœ÷ÇÃœ∑ÿ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…≈, fi∏œ œ ∏œÀÇ™∑Àœ™ ƒ≈ÀÃ¡∂Ä√…… 1993 «Éƒ¡, «ƒ≈∫áÃœ ƒ¡ŒÉ œ∫≈›ÄŒ…≈ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∏≈∂∂…∏œ∂…ÄÃÿŒπ¿ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕπ, ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… À¡À-∏œŒ≈ ◊∑¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏.[By me-_____ formed impression-_____, that about Tokyo declaration-_____ 1993year-_____, where was given-_____ promise-_____ solve territorial problem-_____,in Russia-_____ somehow not remember.] (III-20)

3 ˜ ÀπÃπÄ∂¡x ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ œÀ∂π÷ÇÃ¡ ∏œÃ¥Ä ≈ƒ…ŒœÕá¤Ã≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊ … ¥œfi…∏Ä∏≈Ã≈™.[In entrance-hall-_____ writer-_____ swarmed crowd-_____ like-minded-people-_____ and admirers-_____.] (III-45)

4 Ó¡ ≈£ ÕÅ∑∏≈ µ ¥œ∑∏Ä◊…Ã¡ ∫Ÿ Œ¡ ∑∏ÉÃ…À ∫π∏áÃÀπ, ¥œÃœ÷ÇÃ¡ ∫ÑÃœfiÀπ … ∑œ ◊∑≈»Œœ« ∫∂É∑…Ã¡∑ÿ Œ¡ ±Ìœ∑∆ÇÃÿÕ≤ ∑Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ ◊ «ÃÄ◊Œœ™ ∂ÉÃ….[On her place-_____ I-_____ stood would on table-_____ bottle-_____, laid roll-_____ and from all legs-_____ throw-self at “Mosfilm-_____” be-filmed in starringrole-_____.] (III-60)

Locative Exercise 1, Level III

LocativeExercise 1Level III

264 Exercises

5 ˜ ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑ÀœÕ «É∂œƒ≈ ̃ É∫≈∂Œ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä∏œ∂Ÿ ∑∫É∂¡ ∑∂≈ƒ∑∏◊ ◊ ∆œŒƒ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À…À¡Õ¥ÄŒ…… ¥œ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…¿ ƒÇÀœ™ ¥∂…∂ÉƒŸ ◊ ∑∏∂ÄŒ¡» ê⁄…… ◊á◊≈Ã… Œ¡ ÑÃ…√Ÿ∏∂£» ∑ÃœŒÉ◊ …⁄ ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ ⁄œœ¥Ä∂À¡.[In English city-_____ Woburn-_____ organizers-_____ collection-_____ funds-_____ in fund-_____ support-_____ campaign-_____ along protection-_____ wildnature-_____ in countries-_____ Asia-_____ led-out on streets-_____ three elephants-_____ from local zoo-_____.] (III-78)

6 ‰Å◊œfiÀ¡ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡ ◊ œÀŒÉ, … ◊ ≈£ ∑◊Å∏ÃŸ» «Ã¡⁄Ä» œ∏∂¡÷ÄÃ…∑ÿ ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿµ, ƒœÕÄ,ŒÅ∫œ. ÁÃ¡⁄Ä ∫áÃ… ¥£∑∏∂Ÿ≈ … ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈, ◊ ⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ∑∏… œ∏ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡œÀŒÉÕ.[Girl-_____ looked in window-_____, and in her bright eyes-_____ reflected trees-_____, houses-_____, sky-_____. Eyes-_____ were mottled-_____ and varied-_____, in dependence-_____ from that-_____, what-_____ was beyond window-_____.] (III-105)


8 Û¥œ∂∏∑ÕÅŒŸ, «œƒÄÕ… ÷…◊Ñ›…≈ ◊ ‹À∑∏∂≈ÕÄÃÿŒœÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕ≈, ◊œÃÿŒá ◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ∑≈∫Å ∑∏∂¡ŒÑ ƒÃµ ÷Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊¡, «¡∂¡Œ∏Ç∂π¿›π¿ …Õ ∏≈ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ» …Õ»Éfi≈∏∑µ ÷…∏ÿ.[Athletes-_____, years-_____ living-_____ in extreme regime-_____, free-_____choose self-_____ country-_____ for residency-_____, guaranteeing-_____ them-_____ these conditions-_____, in which-_____ they-_____ want live.] (III-143)

9 ÔŒ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ◊∑≈É∫›…Õ ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂…⁄ŒÄŒ…≈Õ ¥œ ∑…â ¥É∂π, Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ ◊ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ… π÷Å Œ… œƒŒÉ™ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¥œƒ¥É∂À…, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥œfi∏Ç⁄¡∫á∏œ, fi∏œ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥∂≈ƒ∑≈ƒÄ∏≈Ã≈Õ ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Ûœâ⁄¡ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂œ◊, Àœ«ƒÄŒ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏ œ ≈«É ⁄◊ÄŒ…µ» … Œ¡«∂Äƒ¡».[He-_____ enjoys universal attention-_____ and acknowledgment-_____ along thistime-_____, when not remained in his life-_____ already not one official support-_____, when almost forgotten-_____, that he-_____ was representative-_____ board-_____ Union-_____ composers-_____, when not remembers about his titles-_____and awards-_____.] (III-156)

10 Û◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ≈ ∑⁄Äƒ… ¥œ∑…ŒÅ◊¤…≈ ∂ÑÀ… ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ ⁄¡ƒ…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ À◊Å∂»π; À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ,œŒ ÕÉÃ…∏∑µ À¡ÀÇÕ-∏œ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒŸÕ ∑¥É∑œ∫œÕ.[Bound-_____ from-behind turned-blue hands-_____ in this-_____ broke upwards;seemed, he-_____ prays some unusual means-_____.] (III-163)

265

11 ˜ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒŒœÕ ∂¡⁄«œ◊É∂≈ ◊ fi≈∏◊Å∂« œŒÇ ∫áÃ… ≈ƒÇŒŸ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ÕÛœƒ∂Ñ÷≈∑∏◊¡ Ó≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…ÕŸ» Áœ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊ ŒÄƒœ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∂µƒ ◊œ¥∂É∑œ◊,∑◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ» ∑ πÀ∂≈¥ÃÅŒ…≈Õ â÷ŒŸ» ∂π∫≈÷Å™ Ûœƒ∂Ñ÷≈∑∏◊¡.[In telephone conversation-_____ on Thursday-_____ they-_____ were one-_____in that-_____, that states-_____ Commonwealth-_____ Independent States-_____necessary decide row-_____ questions-_____, connected-_____ with strengthen-ing-_____ southern borders-_____ Commonwealth-_____.] (III-166)



1 ∑…»Çfi≈∑À…Õ… Œ≈ƒÑ«¡Õ… ◊œ ◊∑£Õ …» ∑¥ÅÀ∏∂≈ ∑ÇÃÿŒœ ¥ÿâ›…≈ ¥œ∂¡÷≈Œá ◊ƒ◊¡ ∂Ä⁄¡ fiÄ›≈, fi≈Õ ¥œ¥πÃÖ√…µ ◊ √ÅÃœÕ.[Psychiatric illnesses-_____ in all their spectrum-_____ strongly drinking-_____afflicted-_____ in two times-_____ more-frequently, than population-_____ in whole-_____.] (III-10)

2 Ó¡ Œ≈ƒÄ◊Œ≈™ ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√…… Ô∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…… ¡⁄…¡∏∑Àœ∏…»œœÀ≈ÄŒ∑Àœ«œ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑Àœ«œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊¡, πfiÄ∑∏Œ…À… Àœ∏É∂œ™ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒµ∏ ¥œÃœ◊ÇŒπÕ…∂œ◊É«œ ◊¡Ãœ◊É«œ ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏¡, Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ≈ πfiÄ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã¡.[At recent conference-_____ Organization-_____ Asian-pacific economic collabo-ration-_____, participants-_____ which-_____ produce half-_____ world gross prod-uct-_____, Russia-_____ not participate.] (III-21)

3 Ùœ«ƒÄ ¥œfiÅÕπ ÷≈ µ œ›π›Ä¿ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ «∂ÄŒ… ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑Àœ™ À¡∏¡∑∏∂É∆Ÿ? Ô∏ÀÑƒ¡π Õ≈ŒÖ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ∫≈⁄Œ¡ƒ£÷Œœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ™ Œ≈¥∂…«ÉƒŒœ∑∏…? ˜ fi£Õ ¥∂…fiÇŒ¡ÕœÅ™ ∏œ∑ÀÇ?[Then why I-_____ feel self-_____ on edge-_____ physical catastrophe-_____?From-where by me-_____ feeling-_____ hopeless life uselessness-_____? In what-_____ cause-_____ my melancholy-_____?] (III-48)

4 ˜œ ÕŒ≈ ¤Ã¡ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ∏£ÕŒœ«œ ∑œ ∑◊Å∏ÃŸÕ, ¥œƒœ⁄∂Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ∑∏… ∑ ◊Å∂œ™ ◊fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑∏◊œ.[In me-_____ went battle-_____ dark-_____ with light-_____, suspicion-_____ withfaith-_____ in humanity-_____.] (III-61)



266 Exercises


6 ‰ÅÃœ Œ≈ ◊ ∏œÕ, ∂¡⁄∫ÇÃ∑µ ∏Ÿ ÇÃ… Œ≈∏, ¥∂É∑∏œ µ …⁄Œœ∑ÇÃ¡ ŒÄ¤… œ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…µ.Î¡À ∏Ñ∆Ã…. œƒÉ¤◊¡ œ∏Ã≈∏ÅÃ¡.[Affair-_____ not in that-_____, got-hurt you-_____ or not, simply I-_____ wore-out our relationship-_____. Like shoes-_____. Sole-_____ came-off.] (III-84)

7 È ∏π∏ Œ¡ ≈£ «œ∂…⁄ÉŒ∏≈ ◊œ⁄ŒÇÀ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏Ÿ™ ‹∑∏∂ÄƒŒŸ™ ¥≈◊Å√. Û≈™fiÄ∑ ≈«ÉÇÕµ ⁄¡∫á∏œ, Œœ ◊ ¤≈∑∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œ≈≈ Û…ŒÄ∏∂Ÿ.[And here on her horizon-_____ appeared famous stage singer-_____. Now hisname-_____ forgotten-_____, but in sixty years-_____ he-_____ was more-popularSinatra-_____.] (III-106)

8 îÕ≈∂ œŒ ◊œ ˜Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂≈, »œ∂œŒÇÃ… ÕŸ ≈«É Œ¡ ÕœÅ™ ∂Éƒ…Œ≈ ◊ Úœ∑ÃÄ◊Ã≈, «ƒ≈¥œ»œ∂ÉŒ≈Œ¡ ÕœÖ ∂œƒŒÖ.[Died he-_____ in Vladimir-_____, buried we-_____ him-_____ on my native-soil-_____ in Roslavl-_____, where buried-_____ my kin-_____.] (III-120)

9 · Å∑Ã… ÷≈ŒÄ ∑÷…«Ä≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ ¥œ«∂≈∫ÄÃÿŒœÕ Àœ∑∏∂Å ÕÑ÷¡, œŒÄ πƒœ∑∏Ä…◊¡≈∏∑µ¥œfi∏Ç ∂≈Ã…«…É⁄Œœ«œ ¥œÀÃœŒÅŒ…µ.[But if wife-_____ burns self-_____ on funeral pyre-_____ husband-_____, she-_____ receives almost religious worship-_____.] (III-145)


11 Ûœ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ Œ¡ ∫Ä⁄≈ “Î…Œœ√ÅŒ∏∂¡” ∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ ÀÄ÷ƒœ™ …⁄ ⁄¡…Œ∏≈∂≈∑É◊¡ŒŒŸ» ∑∏É∂œŒ ∫Ñƒ≈∏¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ ¥œ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ ÄÀ√…™.[Agreement-_____ envisions creation-_____ on base-_____ “Cineplex”-_____ com-bined enterprise-_____, in which-_____ each-_____ from interested sides-_____will belong around fifty-_____ percent-_____ shares-_____.] (III-168)

267

12 œ∏ÉÕ ÀœÃÇfi≈∑∏◊œ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ, Ãâ∫µ›…» ÌÇ∏¿, ∑∏ÄÃœ π◊≈ÃÇfi…◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊«≈œÕ≈∏∂Çfi≈∑Àœ™ ¥∂œ«∂Å∑∑…….[Then collection-_____ women-_____, loving-_____ Mitya-_____, began expandin geometric progression-_____.] (III-186)



2 ÁÉ∂œƒπ Ü∏œ ∫áÃœ ÃÅ∑∏Œœ, ¡ ∫…ÉÃœ«¡Õ — ¥œÃÅ⁄Œœ ∑œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊∑≈Õ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ …ƒœÃœ÷Ç∏ÿ œ ∑◊œÇ» ƒ≈ÃÄ», ¡ ⁄¡œƒŒÉ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ Ê∂ÄŒ√…¿.[City-_____ this-_____ was flattering, but biologists-_____ — useful gather all-_____ together and report about own affairs-_____, but at-same-time see France-_____.] (III-22)

3 ˜ ≈«É ƒ◊…÷ÅŒ…µx — …⁄Ö›≈∑∏◊œ âŒœ«œ ÀŒÖ⁄µ.[In his movements-_____ — elegance-_____ young prince-_____.] (III-51)

4 Ì…ŒÇ∑∏∂¡ ◊ŒÑ∏∂≈ŒŒŸ» ƒ≈Ã œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã… ◊ œ∏∑∏Ä◊Àπ ≈›£ ◊ …âŒ≈ ⁄¡ ∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈À∂…Õ…ŒÄÃÿŒœ™ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À≈.[Minister-_____ internal affairs-_____ sent in dismissal-_____ already in June-_____for collaboration-_____ criminal economy-_____.] (III-70)


6 Ì≈ŒÖ ◊ fi≈∏á∂Œ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ ¥œŒ≈∑ÃÉ ◊ ÀœÕ∑œÕÉÃ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ≈ Œ¡¤ÃÄŒ…À¡ÀÉ™ ∂≈◊œÃ¿√…ÉŒŒœ™ ∂œÕÄŒ∏…À….[Me-_____ in fourteen-_____ years-_____ brought to communist-youth-league-_____, in which-_____ I-_____ not found any revolutionary romance-_____.] (III-88)



268 Exercises

7 ·Œ¡∑∏¡∑Çµ ¥∂…Å»¡Ã¡ ◊ Ûœ∂∂ÅŒ∏œ ≈›£ ◊ Œ¡fiÄÃ≈ Ä◊«π∑∏¡, Œœ Ì¡∂ÇŒ¡, Œ≈ ¥œÃπfiÄµœ∏ Œ≈£ …⁄◊Å∑∏…™, ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ fi≈∏◊£∂∏œ«œ Ä◊«π∑∏¡ œ∫∂¡∏ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ∑ ⁄¡¥∂É∑œÕ ÀÁÉ∂ÿÀœÕπ.[Anastasia-_____ arrived in Sorrento-_____ already in beginning-_____ August-_____, but Marina-_____, not receiving from her-_____ news-_____, twenty fourth-_____ August-_____ turned with inquiry-_____ to Gorky-_____.] (III-110)

8 Ú≈Ã…«…É⁄ŒŸ≈ ∑≈Õ…ŒÄ∂Ÿ ¥∂œ»œƒÇÃ… ◊ √≈∂ÀÉ◊Œœ™ ∫…∫Ã…œ∏ÅÀ≈. Ù¡Õ∑œ∫…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ ¥∂¡◊œ∑ÃÄ◊ŒŸ≈, …πƒ¡Ç∑∏Ÿ, Õπ∑πÃÿÕÄŒ≈, À¡∏ÉÃ…À…. ÎÄ÷ƒœ™ …⁄«∂π¥¥ ∫áÃœ ◊áƒ≈Ã≈Œœ œ∏ƒÅÃÿŒœ≈ ¥œÕ≈›ÅŒ…≈.[Religious seminars-_____ went-through in church library-_____. There gatheredOrthodox-_____, Jews-_____, Muslims-_____, Catholics-_____. Each-_____ fromgroups-_____ were assigned separate accomodation-_____.] (III-123)

9 ˜ œ¥π∫Ã…ÀÉ◊¡ŒŒœÕ π ◊¡∑ …Œ∏≈∂◊ÿâ ∑ Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ ∑ÅÃÿ∑Àœ«œ »œ⁄Ö™∑∏◊¡ …¥∂œƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…µ ∑ÀÄ⁄¡Œœ, fi∏œ Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√-∏œ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ Œ≈ ¥œÀπ¥Ä∏ÿ ⁄≈∂ŒÉ, ¡,Œ¡œ∫œ∂É∏, ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ, ¥∂œƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ.[In published-_____ at you-_____ interview-_____ with minister-_____ villageeconomy-_____ and foods-_____ said-_____, that Russia-_____ finally will notbuy grain-_____, but, opposite, may be, sell.] (III-147)


11 Ï≈∏ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …ƒÖ ¥œ ∑ŒÅ÷Œœ™ Ã≈∑ŒÉ™ √≈Ã…ŒÅ Œ¡ Ãá÷¡», ÕÉ÷Œœ∫áÃœ Œ¡∏ÀŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … Œ¡ ⁄Äµfiÿ…, … ƒÄ÷≈ Œ¡ ÃÇ∑ÿ… ∑Ã≈ƒá.[Years-_____ fifteen-_____ ago, going along snowy forested virgin-lands-_____on skis-_____, may was stumble-upon and on rabbit-_____, and even on fox tracks-_____.] (III-159)

12 · ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ Œ¡⁄Äƒ ◊ Ï≈Œ…Œ«∂Äƒ∑ÀœÕ ◊œÅŒŒœÕ ÉÀ∂π«≈ ∫ŸÃ ⁄¡ƒÅ∂÷¡Œ œ∆…√Å∂, πÀœ∏É∂œ«œ ∫áÃ… œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈ŒŸ ¥…∑∏œÃÅ∏ ∑ ƒ◊πÕÖ œ∫É™Õ¡Õ…, œƒÇŒ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ∏∂œ∏ÇÃ¡ ◊ ¤Ä¤À¡» ¥œ ∏∂Ç∑∏¡ «∂ÄÕÕœ◊, ÉÀœÃœ 50 ¥¡∏∂ÉŒœ◊ À¡ÃÇ∫∂¡ 7,62 …5,6, ¥µ∏ÿ ∑…«ŒÄÃÿŒŸ» ∂¡ÀÅ∏ … ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ¤≈∑∏Ç ∏á∑µfi ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[But two-_____ day-_____ ago in Leningrad military district-_____ was detained-_____ officer-_____, at which-_____ were discovered-_____ pistol-_____ with twoclips-_____, one kilogram-_____ TNT-_____ in charges-_____ along three-hun-dred-_____ grams-_____, around 50 cartridges-_____ caliber-_____ 7.62 and 5.6,five-_____ signal rockets-_____ and more six thousands-_____ dollars-_____.] (III-169)

269

Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level IIIIdentify the case uses in the sentences below and explain why those cases are usedand how they interact with each other. Provide your own English translation of thesentence and compare it to the translation in the key.


2 ÔŒ Œ≈ πfi≈ŒÇÀ … Œ≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏≈Ãÿ ŒÅÀœ≈«œ À∂Ñ¥Œœ«œ ÕÄ∑∏≈∂¡, Œ≈ ¥∂…◊Å∂÷≈Œ≈√À¡ÀÉ™-Ã…∫œ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏œ™ ∏≈¡∏∂ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¤ÀÉÃŸ.[He-_____ not disciple-_____ and not follower-_____ some prominent master-_____,not adherent-_____ any famous theatrical school-_____.] (III-29)

3 Ò — ◊¡¤ ¥œƒ¥Ç∑fi…À ∑ ∑ÄÕœ«œ ƒŒµ ∂œ÷ƒÅŒ…µ: ±Ï…∏«¡⁄Å∏π≤ ◊Ÿ¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡Ã… ≈›£ÕœÇ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã…. ÌŒ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ …Õ¥œŒÇ∂π≈∏ ◊Ä¤¡ ∂Ñ∫∂…À¡ ±˛∏œ ∑≈™fiÄ∑¥œƒÅÃŸ◊¡≈∏...≤[I-_____ — your subscriber-_____ from very day-_____ birth-_____: “Litgazeta-_____” subscribed still my parents-_____. Me-_____ very impresses your column-_____ “What-_____ now does...”] (III-52)

4 ˜ƒ∂Ñ« …⁄ fi£∂Œœ-∫ÅÃŸ» ¥Ö∏≈Œ ∂¡⁄Ã…fiÄ¿ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ⁄¡∑ŒÅ÷≈ŒŒŸ» ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿ≈◊ ∑¥ÇŒπÕÄÃÿfi…À¡.[Suddenly from black-white spots-_____ make-out among snow-covered trees-_____back-_____ boy-_____.] (III-72)

5 ˙Œ¡fiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∂¡∫É∏Ÿ ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√…… ∫áÃœ ¥œ∑◊µ›≈ŒÉ ¥∂≈⁄∂ÅŒŒœ™¥∂œ∑∏Ñƒ≈.[Considerable time-_____ work-_____ conference-_____ was dedicated-_____ con-temptible cold-_____.] (III-93)


7 ˛…∏Äµ «≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒŸ≈ ∑∏…»Ç, Œ≈ ƒÑÕ¡™, À¡ÀÇ≈ œ∫œ∂É∏Ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ÇÃ… ÕÅŒÿ¤≈πƒ¡ÃÇ∑ÿ Ä◊∏œ∂π.[Reading brilliant poetry-_____, not think, which phrases-_____ more or less suc-ceeded author-_____.] (III-125)

Mixed CaseExercise 1Level III

Mixed Case Exercise 1, Level III

270 Exercises

8 ÔŒ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ◊∑≈É∫›…Õ ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂…⁄ŒÄŒ…≈Õ ¥œ ∑…â ¥É∂π, Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ ◊ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ… π÷Å Œ… œƒŒÉ™ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¥œƒ¥É∂À…, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥œfi∏Ç⁄¡∫á∏œ, fi∏œ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥∂≈ƒ∑≈ƒÄ∏≈Ã≈Õ ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Ûœâ⁄¡ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂œ◊, Àœ«ƒÄŒ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏ œ ≈«É ⁄◊ÄŒ…µ» … Œ¡«∂Äƒ¡».[He-_____ enjoys universal attention-_____ and acknowledgment-_____ along thistime-_____, when not remained in his life-_____ already not one official support-_____, when almost forgotten-_____, that he-_____ was representative-_____ board-_____ Union-_____ composers-_____, when not remind about his titles-_____ andawards-_____.] (III-156)

9 · ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ Œ¡⁄Äƒ ◊ Ï≈Œ…Œ«∂Äƒ∑ÀœÕ ◊œÅŒŒœÕ ÉÀ∂π«≈ ∫ŸÃ ⁄¡ƒÅ∂÷¡Œ œ∆…√Å∂, πÀœ∏É∂œ«œ ∫áÃ… œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈ŒŸ ¥…∑∏œÃÅ∏ ∑ ƒ◊πÕÖ œ∫É™Õ¡Õ…, œƒÇŒ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ∏∂œ∏ÇÃ¡ ◊ ¤Ä¤À¡» ¥œ ∏∂Ç∑∏¡ «∂ÄÕÕœ◊, ÉÀœÃœ 50 ¥¡∏∂ÉŒœ◊ À¡ÃÇ∫∂¡ 7,62 …5,6, ¥µ∏ÿ ∑…«ŒÄÃÿŒŸ» ∂¡ÀÅ∏ … ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ¤≈∑∏Ç ∏á∑µfi ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[But two-_____ day-_____ ago in Leningrad military district-_____ was detained-_____ officer-_____, at which-_____ were discovered pistol-_____ with two clips-_____, one kilogram-_____ TNT-_____ in charges-_____ along three-hundred-_____grams-_____, around 50 cartridges-_____ caliber-_____ 7.62 and 5.6, five-_____signal rockets-_____ and more six thousand-_____ dollars-_____.] (III-169)

10 Â◊∂Å… … ¡∂ÕÖŒ≈, ¥≈∂≈Œ£∑¤…≈ ∑∏∂Ä¤ŒŸ≈ «œŒÅŒ…µ … «≈Œœ√Çƒ, »œ∏ÿ Œ¡ ™É∏ππ∏∂Ä∏…Ã… ∑◊œ£ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ≈ ∑◊œ≈œ∫∂Ä⁄…≈?[Jews-_____ and Armenians-_____, having-borne-_____ terrible persecutions-_____and genocide-_____, even to iota-_____ lost own national originality-_____?] (III-183)


1 œ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÃÅŒ…≈ œ ¥œƒ¥…∑ÄŒ…… ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ ÚÑ∑∑Àœ™Ê≈ƒ≈∂Ä√…… … ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ Ú≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… Î…¥∂ œ ∫≈⁄◊Ç⁄œ◊œÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕ≈ ◊flÅ⁄ƒ¡… ◊á≈⁄ƒ¡ ¥œƒ¥Ç∑¡Œœ ¥∂≈ÕÿÅ∂-Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ.[Resolution-_____ about signing-_____ agreement-_____ between government-_____ Russian Federation-_____ and government-_____ Republic-_____ Cyprus-_____ about visa-less procedure-_____ entering-_____ and leaving-_____ signed-_____ prime-minister-_____.] (III-6)

2 ·∂»≈ÉÃœ« ¥œ À∂É»¡Õ ◊œ∑∑∏¡ŒÄ◊Ã…◊¡≈∏ …∑∏É∂…¿ »¡⁄Ä∂ À¡À ∂¡⁄ ƒÃµ ∏œ«É, fi∏É∫Ÿ¥œŒÖ∏ÿ, À¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ Œ¡∂ÉƒŸ …∑fi≈⁄Ä¿∏, ¡ Œ¡ ÕÅ∑∏œ …» …∑∏É∂…… ¥∂…»Éƒµ∏¡¥ÉÀ∂…∆Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ◊ ∑ÇÃπ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ» ¥∂…fiÇŒ ¥∂ÇŒµ∏œ ƒ¡ … πƒÉ∫Œœ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿÇ∑∏…Œœ™.


Level III

271

[Archeologist-_____ along fragments-_____ reconstruct history-_____ Khazars-_____ as time for that-_____ so-that understand, what means-_____ nations-_____disappear, and on place-_____ their history-_____ come apocryphas-_____, which-_____ in strength-_____ various reasons-_____ not usual and and convenient con-sider truth-_____.] (III-30)

3 ˜Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂ ̂ …∂…ŒÉ◊∑À…™, «œ◊œ∂Ö ◊ ‰ÑÕ≈ œ Œ≈…∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈ÕŸx ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏µx ¥œ¥œÃŒÅŒ…µ ∫¿ƒ÷Å∏¡, «ŒÅ◊Œœ œ∫◊…ŒÇÃ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈≈ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œœŒÉ Œ≈ ∑œ∫…∂Ä≈∏ Œ¡ÃÉ« ∑ ¥∂œ∑∏…∏Ñ∏œÀ.[Vladimir Zhirinovsky-_____, speaking in Duma-_____ about unutilized-_____ gov-ernment-_____ opportunities-_____ supplement-_____ budget-_____, angrily ac-cused latter-_____ in that-_____, that it-_____ not collect tax-_____ from prosti-tutes-_____.] (III-54)

4 ÔŒ ¥≈∂≈ÀÃ¿fiÄ≈∏ ∑ÀÉ∂œ∑∏ÿ. Ò ∫œâ∑ÿ ∑Àœ∂œ∑∏Å™, Œœ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ÕŒ≈ »Éfi≈∏∑µ, fi∏É∫ŸœŒ Å»¡Ã ≈›£ ∫Ÿ∑∏∂Å≈, »Éfi≈∏∑µ ◊∂Å⁄¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊œ fi∏É-Œ…∫πƒÿ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ≈ƒÑÕ¡∏ÿ.[He-_____ switches speed-_____. I-_____ fear speeds-_____, but now me-_____wants, so-that he-_____ went ever faster, wants run into something-_____, so-thatmore not think.] (III-73)


6 Ú¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ÁÉ∂ÿÀœ«œ, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ◊œ ◊∑£Õ ∏ÉŒ≈ Ü∏œ«œ ¥…∑ÿÕÄ,Œ≈∑œÕŒÅŒŒœ œ∏∂¡⁄ÇÃœ∑ÿ … Œ¡ ≈«É »¡∂¡À∏≈∂Ç∑∏…À≈ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊¡ Ì¡∂ÇŒŸ„◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™.[Irritation-_____ Gorky-_____, which-_____ is-felt in all tone-_____ this letter-_____, certainly was-reflected also on his description-_____ work-_____ MarinaTsvetaeva-_____.] (III-112)

7 —˜Ÿ ¥∂≈π◊≈ÃÇfi…◊¡≈∏≈. Ï…∏≈∂Ä∏œ∂ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ¥π∫Ã…Àœ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ. Ú¡⁄πÕÅ≈∏∑µ, Œ≈◊ π›Å∂∫ ∑◊œ≈ÕÑ ∏¡ÃÄŒ∏π.[—You-_____ exaggerate. A literary-man-_____ should-_____ publish. It-is-un-derstood, not to detriment-_____ own talent-_____.] (III-126)



272 Exercises


10 ñ∏π ÀŒÇ«π ¥œfi∏Ç ◊∑≈ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ, âŒŸ≈ … Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ, fi…∏ÄÃ… ÇÕ≈ŒŒœ ∏¡À —⁄¡»Ã£∫Ÿ◊¡µ∑ÿ œ∏ ◊œ∑∏É∂«¡.[This book-_____ almost all women-_____, young-_____ and not very, read just so— choking from delight-_____.] (III-184)


1 ∂œÅÀ∏ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏, fi∏œ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ≈ œ∫É…x «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊,…ÕÅ¿›…≈ ƒÅ™∑∏◊π¿›…≈ ⁄¡«∂¡ŒƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏Ÿ, ÕÉ«π∏ ◊fl≈⁄÷Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ∏≈∂∂…∏É∂…¿ƒ∂π«É«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ∫≈⁄ ◊…⁄ Œ¡ ∑∂œÀ ƒœ ƒ≈◊µŒÉ∑∏¡ ƒŒ≈™.[Draft-_____ agreement-_____ stipulates, that citizens-_____ both states-_____,having-_____ valid international-documents-_____ can enter territory-_____ otherstate-_____ without visas-_____ for period-_____ to ninety days-_____.] (III-7)

2 ˜œœ∫›Å Ã…√É ≈∑∏ÿ, Œœ fi≈∂∏á Œ≈ ∑◊Ö⁄¡ŒŸ œƒŒÉ™ ∏ÅÕœ™ … À¡À ∫Ÿ ◊⁄Ö∏Ÿ ∑ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…» Ã…√.[In-general face-_____ is, but features-_____ not connected-_____ one theme-_____and as it taken-_____ from several faces-_____.] (III-31)

3 ÔŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ∏œ«ƒÄ «œ∂Ä⁄ƒœ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏≈≈ Û≈∂«Åµ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ «ÃÑxœ ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃ ◊Ä∂Õ……, Œ…fiÅÕ Œ…Àœ«É œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ Œ≈ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄµ; ¥ÿâ›…≈ «ÅŒ……, ◊ŸÃ≈∏Ä¿›…≈ …⁄…Œ∑∏…∏Ñ∏œ◊, ∫áÃ… ∏œ«ƒÄ ◊ ŒÄ¤…x À∂π«Äx ∑Àœ∂Å≈ ŒÉ∂Õœ™, fi≈Õ ∑œ∫á∏…≈Õ.[She-_____ was then much more-famous Sergei-_____, who-_____ quietly spent-time in army-_____ nothing-_____ no-one-_____ particularly not interesting; drink-ing geniuses-_____, flying-out-_____ from institutes-_____, were then in our circles-_____ rather norm-_____, what-_____ event-_____.] (III-55)

4 ∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊ÿ∏≈, fi∏œ ◊Ÿ ƒœ«œ◊œ∂ÇÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡Å»¡∏ÿ ◊Åfi≈∂œÕ ⁄¡ ∑◊œÅ™ ◊œ⁄Ãâ∫Ã≈ŒŒœ™… œ∏¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ ∑ Œ≈™ ◊ ¤…ÀÄ∂ŒŸ™ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ, ¡ Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ◊¡∑ œƒœÃÅÃ… «œÃœ◊Œá≈∫ÉÃ….[Imagine, that you-_____ agreed go evening-_____ for your beloved-_____ and gowith her-_____ to fancy restaurant-_____, but night-before you-_____ overcamehead aches-_____.] (III-74)

5 ‰◊œ™ŒÉ™ ∑∏¡ŒƒÄ∂∏ ◊ ¥œÃÇ∏…À≈ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ≈∏ ∑◊É™∑∏◊œÕ ∫πÕ≈∂ÄŒ«¡.[Double standard-_____ in politics-_____ has property-_____ boomerang-_____.](III-95)


Level III

273

6 Îœ∂Éfi≈ «œ◊œ∂Ö, ∂≈fiÿ …ƒ£∏ œ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœÕ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑≈ ∫œ∂ÿ∫á Õ…∂œ◊á» ∑…Ã ⁄¡◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈ … ⁄¡ ◊Ÿ÷…◊ÄŒ…≈.[Shorter speaking, speech-_____ goes about normal process-_____ struggle-_____world’s powers-_____ for influence-_____ and for survival-_____.] (III-115)

7 ±˜Ÿ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇ∑∏.... Óπ fi≈«É ∏Ÿ «ÉÃœ◊π Õœ∂Éfi…¤ÿ ÃâƒµÕ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ?≤[“You-_____ in very matter-_____ economist-_____.... Well what-_____ you-_____head-_____ fool people-_____ here?”] (III-127)

8 ñ∏œ «≈ŒÅ∏…À ÚÇfi¡∂ƒ Û…ƒ, ⁄¡µ◊Ç◊¤…™, fi∏œ π÷Å fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∏∂… ÕÅ∑µ√¡ Œ¡fiŒ£∏ÀÃœŒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡.[This-_____ geneticist Richard Seed-_____, announced-_____, that already throughthree-_____ month-_____ begins clone man-_____.] (III-158)





2 ‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ Œ¡⁄Äƒ œŒÄ ∏É÷≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ◊Ã¿∫Ã≈ŒÄ ◊ œƒŒœ«É ¡∂∏Ç∑∏¡ ƒœ ¥œ∏Å∂…¥ÑÃÿ∑¡, … ◊≈∑ÿ …» ÀÃ¡∑∑ ∑»œƒÇÃ ∑ πÕÄ.[Twenty-_____ years-_____ ago she-_____ also was in-love-_____ in one artist-_____ to loss-_____ pulse-_____, and all their class-_____ was-going from mind-_____.] (III-33)



274 Exercises

3 ñ∏œ∏ ƒπ¤Å◊ŒŸ™ ¥Éƒ◊…« ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡ Œ≈¥œ◊∏œ∂ÇÕ, … ≈«É Œ≈ ¥œƒƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈Œ…ÀœÕÑ, À¡À ∫Ÿ À∏É Œ… ∑∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ.[Th¡t emotional achievement-_____ Dovlatov-_____ unrepeatable-_____, and it-_____ not fake more no-one-_____, how would who-_____ not tried.] (III-56)

4 Óœ Àœ«ƒÄ µ ¥œ◊Åƒ¡Ã Œ≈◊Å∑∏≈ œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ≈, œŒÄ ƒœ∑∏ÄÃ¡ …⁄ ∑◊œÅ™Õ…Œ…¡∏â∂Œœ™ ∑ÑÕœfiÀ… À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂…∫É∂, ¥∂…Ãœ÷ÇÃ¡ À ÕœÅ™ «œÃœ◊Å … ∫œÃÿ…∑fiÅ⁄Ã¡.[But when I-_____ told fiancee-_____ about own problem-_____, she-_____ tookfrom own miniature purse-_____ some-kind gadget-_____, placed to my head-_____and pain-_____ disappeared.] (III-75)

5 ∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä≈∏∑µ ¥œ∑Õ≈Ö∏ÿ∑µ Œ¡ƒ ¥∂…ÀÃ¿fiÅŒ…µÕ… ∏∂£» ∫∂Ä∏ÿ≈◊-∫Ã…⁄Œ≈√É◊,⁄ÄŒµ∏Ÿ» ¥É…∑À¡Õ… πÀ∂Äƒ≈ŒŒœ«œ ¡ÃÕÄ⁄¡ πŒ…ÀÄÃÿŒœ™ ◊≈Ã…fi…Œá … √ÅŒŒœ∑∏….[Suggests laugh over adventures-_____ three brothers-triplets-_____, occupied-_____ searches-_____ stolen diamond-_____ unique size-_____ and value-_____.](III-98)


7 Ûœ«ÃÄ∑≈Œ, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ — Ü∏œ «œ∂Ä, ∫áÃœ ∫Ÿ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ ¥œ¥Ÿ∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ≈£¥≈∂≈ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ¥œ ŒÄ¤…Õ ÕÅ∂À¡Õ. ‰ÅÃœ ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ◊ Œ¡∑ ∑ ◊ÄÕ…. Ó¡Õ œ∑Õá∑Ã…◊¡∏ÿ,Œ¡Õ ∂≈¤Ä∏ÿ, Œ¡Õ ◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ, ÀπƒÄ …ƒ∏Ç ƒÄÃÿ¤≈.[Agree-_____, Solzhenitsyn-_____ — this-_____ mountain-_____ ,was would laugh-able attempt it-_____ remake along our measures-_____. Matter-_____ now to us-_____ with you-_____. Us-_____ interpret, us-_____ decide, us-_____ choose,where go further.] (III-128)

8 Êœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒŸ™ ¥É◊œƒ ƒÃµ ⁄¡À∂á∏…µ ÕÇ∑∑…… ∏¡ÀÉ◊: ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑ Û˚· π¤£Ã Œ¡À¡ŒÇÀπÃŸ, ∏¡À … Œ≈ ¥∂œƒÃÇ◊ ƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ¡, ∂¡⁄∂≈¤Ä¿›≈«œ Ûœ≈ƒ…Œ£ŒŒŸÕ˚∏Ä∏¡Õ …ÕÅ∏ÿ ƒ…¥ÃœÕ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…≈ ÀœŒ∏ÄÀ∏Ÿ ∑ ÔÔÓ.[Formal cause-_____ for closing-_____ mission-_____ such-_____: Congress-_____USA-_____ left for vacation-_____, so even not extended action-_____ law-_____,allowing-_____ United States-_____ have diplomatic contacts-_____ with UN-_____.] (III-150)

9 Ï≈∏ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …ƒÖ ¥œ ∑ŒÅ÷Œœ™ Ã≈∑ŒÉ™ √≈Ã…ŒÅ Œ¡ Ãá÷¡», ÕÉ÷Œœ∫áÃœ Œ¡∏ÀŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … Œ¡ ⁄Äµfiÿ…, … ƒÄ÷≈ Œ¡ ÃÇ∑ÿ… ∑Ã≈ƒá.[Years-_____ fifteen-_____ ago, going along snowy forest virgin-soil-_____ on skis-_____, may was stumble-upon and on rabbit-_____, and even on fox tracks-_____.](III-159)

275




2 ì¥Ÿ∏ŒŸ™ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À ∑Œ¡fiÄÃ¡ ¥œƒ«œ∏É◊…∏ ∑≈∫Å À¡ŒÄÃ ∫á∑∏∂œ«œ ∑∫á∏¡,Œ¡™ƒ£∏ ¥≈∂≈ÀÑ¥›…Àœ◊, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ∑πÕÅ¿∏ ∑¥ÃÄ◊…∏ÿ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ … πÀ∂¡¤ÅŒ…µ.[Experienced criminal-_____ first prepare self-_____ channel-_____ quick sale-_____, finds second-hand-dealers-_____, who-_____ know-how get-rid pictures-_____ and decorations-_____.] (III-36)

3 Î¡ÀÇ≈ ¥œ∂¡⁄Ç∏≈ÃÿŒŸ≈ …∑∏É∂…… ÕÉ÷Œœ π∑Ãá¤¡∏ÿ ◊ ‹Ã≈À∏∂ÇfiÀ≈ œ∏œ∫É∂◊¡ŒŒœ«œ ∑ÃπfiÄ™Œœ«œ ∑œ∑Åƒ¡![What shocking stories-_____ possible hear in commuter-train-_____ from raggedrandom neighbor-_____!] (III-57)

4 ‚á◊¤…™ fi≈Õ¥…ÉŒ ÕÇ∂¡ ¥œ ∫ÉÀ∑π Ìπ»ÄÕÕ≈ƒ ·ÃÇ, ¥∂…∫á◊¤…™ ◊ ¡∆∂…ÀÄŒ∑Àπ¿Ú≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…Àπ Îœ∏-ƒ¢È◊πÄ∂ ∑ ÕÇ∑∑…≈™ ƒÉ∫∂œ™ ◊ÉÃ… — ƒÃµ œÀ¡⁄ÄŒ…µ ¥ÉÕœ›…∑…∂É∏¡Õ-∫Å÷≈Œ√¡Õ …⁄ Ï…∫Å∂……, ∫ŸÃ ∑ ¥œfi£∏œÕ ◊∑∏∂Åfi≈Œ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä∏œ∂¡Õ…≈«œ ◊…⁄Ç∏¡.[Former champion-_____ world-_____ along boxing-_____ Muhammed Ali-_____,having-arrived-_____ in African Republic-_____ Cote-d’Ivoire-_____ with mission-_____ good will-_____ — for rendering-_____ assistance-_____ orphans-refugees-_____ from Liberia-_____, was with honor-_____ met-_____ organizers-_____ hisvisit-_____.] (III-76)

5 ˜ÕÅ∑∏≈ ∑ «ÃÄ◊ŒŸÕ «≈∂É≈Õ ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥œ∑œfiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∑œ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒœ™ …∑∏É∂…… Œ≈Éfi≈Œÿ ∑fi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ™ ∑≈ÕÅ™Œœ™ ¥Ä∂Ÿ, ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄¡ŒŒœ™ ◊ ∆ÇÃÿÕ≈ <<ÌÑ⁄ŸÀ¡ ƒÃµƒ≈À¡∫∂Ö>>.[Together with main hero-_____ possible sympathize modern story-_____ not veryhappy family pair-_____, told-_____ in film-_____ “Music-_____ for December-_____.”] (III-99)



276 Exercises

6 ˜Ÿ ∫áÃ… ≈£ ¡ƒ◊œÀÄ∏œÕ ∑ ∏œ«É ÕœÕÅŒ∏¡, À¡À Œ¡ Œ≈£ ⁄¡◊≈ÃÇ π«œÃÉ◊Œœ≈ ƒÅÃœ, …¥∂¡À∏Çfi≈∑À… ƒœ œÀœŒfiÄŒ…µ ∑ÃÅƒ∑∏◊…µ.[You-_____ were her attorney-_____ from that moment-_____, how on her-_____brought criminal case-_____, and practically to end-_____ investigation-_____.](III-117)

7 ÌÉ÷≈∏, ◊œ⁄ÿÕ£∏ ∏≈∫Ö Œ¡ ∂¡∫É∏π Ã…∏∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…ÀœÕ ÇÃ… »œ∏Ö ∫Ÿ Àœ∂∂ÅÀ∏œ∂œÕ.[May, will-take you-_____ to work-_____ literary-assistant-_____ or although wouldproof-reader-_____.] (III-129)

8 · Å∑Ã… ÷≈ŒÄ ∑÷…«Ä≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ ¥œ«∂≈∫ÄÃÿŒœÕ Àœ∑∏∂Å ÕÑ÷¡, œŒÄ πƒœ∑∏Ä…◊¡≈∏∑µ¥œfi∏Ç ∂≈Ã…«…É⁄Œœ«œ ¥œÀÃœŒÅŒ…µ.[But if wife-_____ burns self-_____ on funeral pyre-_____ husband-_____, she-_____ receives almost religious worship-_____.] (III-145)

9 ı Õ≈ŒÖ ≈∑∏ÿ ∏◊£∂ƒœ≈ π∫≈÷ƒÅŒ…≈: ¥∂œÃ…◊Äµ À∂œ◊ÿ, ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿµ ƒÃµ ƒ∂π«Ç» Œ≈ƒœ∫ÿ£¤ÿ∑µ, ¡ ∑≈∫Å ÷…⁄Œÿ …∑¥É∂∏…¤ÿ.[At me-_____ firm conviction-_____: pouring-out blood-_____, happiness-_____for others-_____ not secure, but self-_____ life-_____ ruin.] (III-160)

10 ˙¡¥ÉÕŒ…∏ÿ ∫Ÿ ÕŒ≈ Ü∏… …» ÃÇ√¡.[Memorize would me-_____ these their faces-_____.] (III-173)


1 ¸∑∏ÉŒ∑À…≈ ∂œµÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ◊œ∑»…›≈Œá ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑Àœ™ ÕœŒÄ∂»…≈™ …, ◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏…,¥∂ÇŒ√≈Õ ¸ƒ◊Ä∂ƒœÕ, µ◊ÃÖ¿›…Õ∑µ, ∑ …» ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ, ¥∂≈◊œ∑»ÉƒŒŸÕ …∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒŸÕ ◊œ ◊∑≈» œ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…µ» ¥∂ÇŒ√≈Õ.[Estonian royalists-_____ delighted-_____ English monarchy-_____ and, in par-ticular-_____, prince Edward-_____, being-_____, from their point-_____ view-_____, superb-_____ and perfect-_____ in all relations-_____ prince-_____.] (III-13)


3 Óœ ÕŸ, ∑ÃÄ◊¡ ‚É«π, ⁄¡›…›eŒá œ∏ Ü∏œ«œ ∑ ƒÅ∏∑∏◊¡.[But we-_____, glory-_____ God-_____, protected-_____ from that-_____ fromchildhood-_____.] (III-59)


Level III

277


5 Ó≈◊ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÅ œ∏ Õ≈ŒÖ ∑…ƒÅÃ œƒÇŒ …⁄ ∏¡ŒÀÇ∑∏œ◊, ∂œ∑∏œ◊fiÄŒ…Œ, ∂É∑ÃŸ™ »ÕÑ∂Ÿ™∑∏Ä∂¤…™ Ã≈™∏≈ŒÄŒ∏.[Not-far from me-_____ sat one-_____ from tank-crew-members-_____, Rostovian-_____, tall gloomy older lieutenant-_____.] (III-100)


7 Ëœ⁄Ö™À¡ Ã¡ŒfiœŒÅ∏¡ ÕÇ∑∑…∑ ‚ÉŒœ ∑ «∂É»œ∏œÕ ¥œƒŒ…ÕÄ≈∏ ÷≈ÃÅ⁄Œπ¿ ∂≈¤£∏Àπ.[Owner-_____ luncheonette-_____ Mrs. Bono-_____ with crash-_____ lifts irongrill-_____.] (III-130)




Mixed Case Exercise 7, Level IIIPut the following words and phrases into the necessary case. Provide your ownEnglish translation of the sentence and compare it to the translation in the key.

1 Å∂◊Ÿ≈ 169 ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒœ œ∏É∫∂¡ŒŒŸ≈ ◊œeŒŒœ∑ÃÑ÷¡›…≈ … ƒœ∫∂œ◊ÉÃÿ√Ÿ π÷ÅŒÄfi¡Ã… ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒ¡µ fi≈∏Ÿ∂£»Œ≈ƒÅÃÿŒ¡µ ¥œƒ«œ∏É◊À¡, fi∏É∫Ÿ ◊ ∑ÃÑfi¡™Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕœ∑∏ÿ ∫á∏ÿ «œ∏É◊Ÿ≈ œ∏¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ ◊ Ã¿∫É™ ∂¡™ÉŒ ¥Ã¡ŒÅ∏¡ ¥œƒ ∆ÃÄ«ÔÔÓ. (III-14)



278 Exercises

2 ÛŒ¡fiÄÃ¡ ÕŸ ¥œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡Ã… À¡ŒÿÉŒ, fi∏É-∏œ ◊∂Éƒ≈ π›ÅÃÿ≈. (III-41)

3 Úœ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ ƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ç∂π≈∏ ¥ÉÃŒœ≈ ∫≈∑∑ÇÃ…≈, Œ≈∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ ⁄¡›…∏Ç∏ÿ∑◊œÇ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ≈ … «œ∏É◊Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑ÃÅ¥œ …ƒ∏Ç Œ¡ ¥É◊œƒ ·Ã≈À∑ÄŒƒ∂ ÏπÀ¡¤ÅŒÀœ,¥∂…Œ…ÕÄµ ≈«É ¡∂«πÕ≈Œ∏Ä√…µ … ≈«É ¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡ …«∂Ä. (III-62)

4 ˜ ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑À…™ «É∂œƒ ̃ É∫≈∂Œ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä∏œ∂Ÿ ∑∫œ∂ ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ ◊ ∆œŒƒ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À¡À¡Õ¥ÄŒ…µ ¥œ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…≈ ƒÇÀ¡µ ¥∂…∂Éƒ¡ ◊ ∑∏∂ÄŒŸ ê⁄…µ ◊á◊≈Ã… Œ¡ ÑÃ…√Ÿ∏∂… ∑ÃœŒá …⁄ ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ™ ⁄œœ¥Ä∂À. (III-78)

5 Ùπ∏ ∑¥∂Ä◊¡ …⁄ ∑¡∂Ä™ ◊á∫≈÷¡Ã ÕœÃœƒÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …, ¥≈∂≈¥∂á«Œπ◊ fi≈∂≈⁄ Àœ∂á∏œ,Œ¡ Àœ∏É∂œ≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ¥œÕÉ… Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∑◊…ŒÿÖ, ∑ À∂ÇÀ ¥œ∫≈÷ÄÃ À ◊œ∂É∏Ÿ. (III-101)

6 ÛÃÅƒ∑∏◊…≈ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∫áÃœ ƒœÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ œŒÄ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ¡ fiπ÷É≈ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œ. (III-119)

7 Ò ¥≈∂≈¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡¿ ◊ ƒŒ≈◊ŒÇÀ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏Ÿ ◊fi≈∂Ä¤Œ…™ É¥Ÿ∏, πÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡¿ ◊Àœ∂É∫À¡ ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸ≈ ◊fi≈∂Ä œ∫∂¡⁄√á, ∂◊π … ◊ŸÀÇƒŸ◊¡¿ fi≈∂Œœ◊ÇÀ… ∑ ∂¡∑fi£∏Ÿ.(III-132)

8 ˜ œ¥π∫Ã…ÀÉ◊¡ŒŒœ≈ π ◊Ÿ …Œ∏≈∂◊ÿâ ∑ Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂ ∑ÅÃÿ∑Àœ≈ »œ⁄Ö™∑∏◊œ …¥∂œƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…≈ ∑ÀÄ⁄¡Œœ, fi∏œ Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√-∏œ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ Œ≈ ¥œÀπ¥Ä∏ÿ ⁄≈∂ŒÉ, ¡,Œ¡œ∫œ∂É∏, ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ, ¥∂œƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ. (III-147)

9 ÔŒ ƒÉÃ«œ ¥…Ã …⁄ ◊≈ƒ∂É, ¥∂œÃ…◊Äµ ¥∂ÖÕœ Œ¡ «…ÕŒ¡∑∏£∂À¡, Œ¡ «∂πƒÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ∑ÃÅ¥œ ¤¡«ŒÑÃ ◊ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄ …, Œ≈ ◊Ÿ∫…∂Äµ «ƒ≈, ∑◊¡ÃÇÃ∑µ ◊ Àπ∑∏á ∑¥¡∏ÿ. (III-162)

10 œ∏ÉÕ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∂¡⁄, «ƒ≈ ∫Ÿ œŒÇ ŒÇ ∫ŸÃ…, œŒ œŒÄ «Ã¡⁄ ⁄¡√Å¥…∏ … ƒÅ∂÷…∏, À¡ÀÀÉ¤À¡ √á¥Ãµ. (III-176)


1 ÔŒ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂…Œœ∑ÇÃ ∑ ∑≈∫Ö ∫π∏áÃÀ¡ ◊…ŒÉ, ◊Ÿ¥…◊ÄÃ œŒÄ œƒÇŒ, ◊ƒœ◊Ä ∏œ ◊∂ÅÕµπÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡Ã¡ ∂≈∫£ŒœÀ ∑¥¡∏ÿ, Œ¡∂≈⁄ÄÃ¡ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂œ∑∏É™ ∑¡ÃÄ∏, fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ¥œƒ∂πÀÄ, ∏œ Ã… ◊¡∂ÇÃ¡ µ™√É ◊À∂π∏Ñ¿, Àœ∂Éfi≈, »Ãœ¥œ∏ÄÃ¡, Œœ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ. (III-16)

2 Î∂ÉÕ≈ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒŸ≈ πfiÄ∑∏Œ…À… ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ∑flÅx¡∏ÿ∑µ ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈ÕŸ≈ «É∑∏….(III-43)

3 Ó≈π÷ÅÃ… ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ ¥ÉÃŒœ∑∏ÿ¿ π∏∂Ä∏…Ã¡ π◊¡÷ÅŒ…≈ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ À ∑◊œÇ«∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ≈, Œœ … À ∑¡ÕÄ ∑≈∫Ö? (III-65)


Level III

279

4 ìfi≈Œÿ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∑∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ÷…⁄Œÿ ⁄¡ƒÑÕ¡Œ, À¡À ƒœ∂É«¡ À ◊≈∂¤ÇŒ¡. ‰œ™ƒÑ Ã…µ ƒœ ∑◊œÖ ◊≈∂¤ÇŒ¡ ÇÃ… π∑∏ÄŒπ … ◊≈∂ŒÑ∑ÿ, fi∏É∫Ÿ Ã≈fiÿ Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ? (III-82)

5 ˜⁄µ◊ µ ◊ ∑◊œÖ «∂Ñ¥¥¡ … ¥œ∂πfiÇ◊ µ, ¥œÃ«Éƒ¡ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …∑¥Ÿ∏ÄŒ…µ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ Õ¡∏≈∂…ÄÃ,ƒ…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂, ÀœŒÅfiŒœ, ∂…∑Àœ◊ÄÃ. (III-102)

6 Ô∏ƒÅÃ ∑¥œ∂∏ ⁄¡◊Åƒœ◊¡Ã ƒœ∫∂œƒÑ¤ŒŸ™, ∫≈∑∑Ãœ◊Å∑ŒŸ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ. ÔŒ Œ≈…⁄ÕÅŒŒœ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃ ◊ «Ãπ∫ÉÀœ≈ ∑¡Õœ⁄¡∫◊ÅŒ…≈. œ ∏≈Õ¥≈∂ÄÕ≈Œ∏ ∫ŸÃ ∂Ä◊≈Œ Õ£∂∏◊¡µ∑œ∫ÄÀ¡. (III-121)

7 Ò ÕÉÃfi¡ ◊Ÿ∏Ä∑À…◊¡¿ ∂πÀÄ …⁄-¥œƒ œƒ≈ÖÃœ … ¥∂œ∏Ö«…◊¡¿ À œŒ. (III-133)

8 ˛≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ∑œ◊≈∂¤Ç◊¤…™ ∑ÄÕŸ™ À∂œ◊Ä◊Ÿ™ ∏≈∂∂œ∂…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…™ ¡À∏ ⁄¡ ◊∑µ…∑∏É∂…µ ·ÕÅ∂…À¡, ∫ŸÃ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√ ¥∂…«œ◊œ∂£Œ À ∑ÕÅ∂∏Œ¡µ À¡⁄Œÿ. (III-148)

9 Û◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ≈ ∑⁄Äƒ… ¥œ∑…ŒÅ◊¤…≈ ∂ÑÀ… ¥∂… Ü∏œ ⁄¡ƒ…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ À◊Å∂»π; À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ,œŒ ÕÉÃ…∏∑µ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒŸ™ ∑¥É∑œ∫. (III-163)

10 Ûœ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ œfi≈◊ÇƒŒœ, fi∏œ ∑ ∑ÄÕœ≈ Œ¡fiÄÃœ ∫ŸÃÄ ∑ƒÅÃ¡Œ œ¤Ç∫À¡:◊ÕÅ∑∏œ ƒ≈¤£◊Ÿ™ ‹Ã≈À∏∂œÕ≈»¡ŒÇfi≈∑À…™ ⁄¡ÕÉÀ, ÃÑfi¤≈ π∑∏¡Œœ◊Ç∏ÿ ◊ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ‹Ã≈À∏∂œÕ¡«ŒÇ∏ŒŸ™ ⁄¡ÕÉÀ! (III-177)


1 ı µ ∑Ãœ÷ÇÃœ∑ÿ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…≈, fi∏œ œ ∏œÀÇ™∑À¡µ ƒ≈ÀÃ¡∂Ä√…µ 1993 «œƒ, «ƒ≈ ∫áÃœƒ¡Œ œ∫≈›ÄŒ…≈ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∏≈∂∂…∏œ∂…ÄÃÿŒ¡µ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ¡, ◊ Úœ∑∑Çµ À¡À-∏œ Œ≈◊∑¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏. (III-20)

2 Û≈™fiÄ∑ «¡⁄Å∏¡ µ œ¥∂œ∏Ç◊≈Ã¡, Œœ ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ∫ŸÃ ¥ÉÃœŒ ‹Œ∏π⁄…Ä⁄Õ. (III-44)

3 ∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ √≈Œ∏∂ »…∂π∂«Çµ ŒÄ⁄◊¡Ã fiÑƒœ ∏œ, fi∏œ ∑≈Õ…ƒ≈∑µ∏…¤≈∑∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ¥≈∂≈Œ£∑¤…™ ∑œ∂œÀœÕ…ŒÑ∏Œ¡µ ÀÃ…ŒÇfi≈∑À¡µ ∑Õ≈∂∏ÿ, ÷…◊£∏ π÷Å ƒ◊≈Œ≈ƒÅÃµ. (III-67)

4 Ò À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ, ¥œÕÇÕœ Ã¿∫É◊ÿ Àœ µ, π ∏Ÿ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ƒœÃ«, Œœ ∏Ÿ∑fi…∏ÄÃ, fi∏œ Œ…fi∏É Œ≈ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ, ∏œ«ƒÄ … µ ∏Ÿ Œ…fi∏É Œ≈ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ. (III-83)

5 ÎÑ»Œµ ¥∂≈◊∂¡∏ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ◊ ‹Ã≈À∏∂Çfi≈∑Àœ≈ ¥ÉÃ≈ ∑ ∂¡⁄Œœ⁄¡∂µ÷£ŒŒŸ≈ fi¡∑∏Ç√Ÿ,Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡¿∏∑µ. (III-104)

6 Ú≈Ã…«…É⁄ŒŸ≈ ∑≈Õ…ŒÄ∂Ÿ ¥∂œ»œƒÇÃ… ◊ √≈∂ÀÉ◊Œ¡µ ∫…∫Ã…œ∏ÅÀ¡. Ù¡Õ ∑œ∫…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ¥∂¡◊œ∑ÃÄ◊ŒŸ≈, …πƒ¡Ç∑∏Ÿ, Õπ∑πÃÿÕÄŒ≈, À¡∏ÉÃ…À…. ÎÄ÷ƒ¡µ …⁄ «∂Ñ¥¥¡ ∫áÃœ◊áƒ≈Ã≈Œ œ∏ƒÅÃÿŒœ≈ ¥œÕ≈›ÅŒ…≈. (III-123)



280 Exercises

7 ˆÄÃœ∑∏ÿ … ∏£¥Ã¡µ ◊œƒÄ ƒÅÃ¡¿∏ ∑◊œ£ ƒÅÃœ — …⁄-¥œƒ ƒπ¤ µ ◊Ÿ»œ÷Ñ¥œƒœ∫∂Å◊¤¡µ … œ∑◊≈÷£ŒŒ¡µ. (III-134)

8 ÏÇ√¡ ◊∑≈ ∑…ƒÅ◊¤…≈ ◊ ⁄¡Ã œÀ¡Õ≈ŒÅÃ…. (III-149)

9 ÔŒÄ π∏ŸÀÄ≈∏∑µ «œÃœ◊Ä, ∂œ∏ œŒ ◊ «∂πƒÿ; »Éfi≈∏∑µ ∑Ãœ◊Ä π∏≈¤ÅŒ…≈... (III-164)

10 ˜É∂Ÿ ⁄¡Ã≈⁄Ä¿∏ ◊ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂Ÿ ◊Å∂»Œ…≈ ‹∏¡÷Ç ∑ À∂á¤¡, ¥œ ◊≈∂£◊À¡, ¥∂…◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒ¡µÀ ¡Œ∏ÅŒŒ¡. (III-178)


1 Ó¡ Œ≈ƒÄ◊Œ¡µ ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√…µ Ô∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…µ ¡⁄…¡∏∑Àœ∏…»œœÀ≈ÄŒ∑Àœ≈‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑Àœ≈ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊œ, πfiÄ∑∏Œ…À… Àœ∏É∂¡µ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒµ∏ ¥œÃœ◊ÇŒ¡Õ…∂œ◊É™ ◊¡Ãœ◊É™ ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏, Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ≈ πfiÄ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã¡. (III-21)

2 ˜ ÀπÃπÄ∂Ÿ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãÿ œÀ∂π÷ÇÃ¡ ∏œÃ¥Ä ≈ƒ…ŒœÕá¤Ã≈ŒŒ…À… … ¥œfi…∏Ä∏≈Ã…. (III-45)

3 Ú≈¡Œ…Õ¡∏ÉÃœ«… ∫≈∑¥∂≈∂á◊Œœ ƒÅÃ¡Ã… ¥∂µÕÉ™ Õ¡∑∑Ä÷ ∑Å∂ƒ√≈, … ◊∑≈ ∑É∂œÀÕ…ŒÑ∏ ÀÃ…ŒÇfi≈∑À¡µ ∑Õ≈∂∏ÿ À∂œ◊ÿ ¥œ∑∏π¥ÄÃ¡ ◊ «œÃœ◊ŒÉ™ Õœ⁄«. (III-68)

4 Ò ¥ÉƒŒµÃ ∂πÀÄ … ¥œ∏µŒÑÃ Œ¡ ∑≈∫Ö fi≈ÕœƒÄŒ. Û◊Å∂»π Ã≈÷ÄÃ… ∂¡ÀÅ∏Ÿ ƒÃµ∫¡ƒÕ…Œ∏ÉŒ. ÔŒÇ ¥œÅ»¡Ã… … π¥ÄÃ… ŒÄ ¥œÃ. (III-86)

5 ‰Å◊œfiÀ¡ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡ ◊ œÀŒÉ, … ◊ ≈£ ∑◊Å∏ÃŸ≈ «Ã¡⁄Ä œ∏∂¡÷ÄÃ…∑ÿ ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿµ, ƒœÕÄ,ŒÅ∫œ. ÁÃ¡⁄Ä ∫áÃ… ¥£∑∏∂Ÿ≈ … ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈, ◊ ⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ∑∏ÿ œ∏ ∏œ, fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡ œÀŒÉ.(III-105)

6 œÜ∏ ◊œ⁄◊∂¡∏ÇÃ∑µ À ∑∏œÃ. ı œŒ ∫áÃœ ∂Äƒœ∑∏Œœ≈, ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ …⁄Õ≈ŒÇ◊¤≈≈∑µœ∏ Ü∏œ Ã…√É. ÔŒ ¥œÀÃÉŒ…Ã∑µ ¡À∏∂Ç∑¡. (III-124)

7 ı ∆Ç∂Õ¡ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ƒ◊≈∑∏… ∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ≈ ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…µ ¥œ ◊≈∑ÿ Õ…∂, «ƒ≈ π∑¥Å¤Œœ∏∂Ñƒµ∏∑µ ƒ≈∑Ö∏À… ∏á∑µfi… ∑ÄÕŸ≈ ◊Ÿ∑œÀœÀ◊¡Ã…∆…√Ç∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ≈ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ∑∏…. (III-136)

8 ˜∑ÀÉ∂≈ ¥É∑Ã≈ œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…≈ ∑πƒ, ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ fi∏ÅŒ…≈ Àœ∏É∂œ≈ ∏≈∂∂œ∂Ç∑∏∫ŸÃ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ∑¥œÀÉ≈Œ, œŒ ¥≈∂≈◊≈ÃÇ ◊ ∏¿∂ÿÕÄ ∑ Õ¡À∑…ÕÄÃÿŒœ π∑ÇÃ≈ŒŒŸ™∂≈÷ÇÕ ∫≈⁄œ¥Ä∑Œœ∑∏ÿ ◊ ¤∏¡∏ ÎœÃœ∂Äƒœ. (III-151)

9 · µ ∏¡À ◊œ∏ ¥œƒ»œ÷Ñ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ À Õµ∑ŒÇÀ, «œ◊œ∂â, µ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ ∏∂… »œ∂É¤≈≈ÕÖ∑œ ∫Ÿ. È ¥œƒÕ…«ŒÑÃ œŒ. (III-165)


Level III

281

10 Ûœ◊≈∂¤Ç◊ À∂Ä÷¡, ◊É∂Ÿ ¥œÀ…ƒÄ¿∏ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ π÷Å Œ≈π⁄Œ¡◊Ä≈ÕŸ≈: œŒÇ“¥≈∂≈ÀÇƒŸ◊¡¿∏∑µ” œƒÅ÷ƒ¡ Œ¡ ∫≈«, ◊ Ã…∆∏. (III-179)


1 ı œŒÄ Ã…√É ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ¡µ ƒÅ◊œfiÀ¡, … Ü∏œ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ≈ ÃÇfi…Àœ Œ¡ÃÅ¥Ã≈ŒŒ¡ ÕÅÃÀ¡µ, À¡À ∏áÀœ◊À¡, «œÃÉ◊À¡. (III-23)

2 ‰≈ÀÄ∫∂ÿ∑Àœ≈ Ñ∏∂œ ¥∂É¤ÃŸ™ «œƒ µ œ∏œ∑ÃÄÃ √ÅÃ¡µ ¥ÄfiÀ¡ ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄Ÿ ◊ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ±ÓÉ◊Ÿ™ Õ…∂≤. Ô∏À∂œ◊ÅŒŒœ «œ◊œ∂Ö, µ Œ≈ ¥…∏ÄÃ …ÃÃâ⁄……. (III-46)

3 ‰Å∏… ∑Öƒπ∏ ⁄¡ ¥Ä∂∏Ÿ, À¡À œ∫áfiŒœ, ◊ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ƒ≈Œÿ É∑≈Œÿ, ¡ ∑ÃÑ»… ¥œµ◊ÇÃ…∑ÿ ◊∑◊µ⁄ÿ ∑ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÖ›…≈ ∏œ∂÷≈∑∏◊Ä ◊ fi≈∑∏ÿ ¿∫…ÃÅ™ «É∂œƒ. (III-69)

4 œ-ÕÉ≈Õπ, œŒ Œ≈ ¥œŒ…ÕÄÃ, fi∏œ Ü∏œ ÀÉŒfi…∏∑µ, »œ∏Ö … ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, fi∏œ œ∫Ö⁄¡Œ Ã≈fiÿ¥œ¥≈∂£À ƒ◊≈∂ÿ … µ Œ≈ ¥π∑∏Ç∏ÿ, Œœ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ≈∏, fi∏œ ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ◊á¥∂Ÿ«Œπ ◊ œÀŒÉ.(III-89)

5 È ∏π∏ Œ¡ ≈£ «œ∂…⁄ÉŒ∏ ◊œ⁄ŒÇÀ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏Ÿ™ ‹∑∏∂ÄƒŒŸ™ ¥≈◊Å√. Û≈™fiÄ∑ ≈«É ÇÕµ⁄¡∫á∏, Œœ ◊ ¤≈∑∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œ≈≈ Û…ŒÄ∏∂¡. (III-106)

6 Û∏œÖÃ ◊ ¥¡∑ÀÑƒŒ¡µ Éfi≈∂≈ƒÿ, ∏œÃÀÄÃ∑µ, ÷ƒ¡Ã fi∏É-∏œ. È ◊ƒ∂π« ¥ÿ¿ ◊…ŒÉ ∑œfi¡∂œ◊Ä∏≈ÃÿŒ¡µ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ¡. (III-107)

7 ˜ …âÃÿ ◊ »œƒ ◊…⁄Ç∏ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ä Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂ …Œœ∑∏∂ÄŒŒŸ≈ ƒ≈ÃÄ ˜≈Ã…Àœ∫∂…∏ÄŒ…µ⁄¡◊≈∂¤ÇÃ œ∫∑π÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂œÅÀ∏ ƒ◊πx∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ≈≈ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊œ◊ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ∑ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄É◊¡ŒŒ¡µ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œœ∑∏ÿ. (III-138)

8 œ ∂œƒ ∑◊œÖ ∂¡∫É∏¡ µ À¡÷ƒœƒŒÅ◊Œœ ∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡¿∑ÿ ∑ Ãâƒ…, ¥œ∑∏∂¡ƒÄ◊¤…≈ œ∏πÀÑ∑Ÿ ÷…◊É∏ŒŸ≈. (III-142)

9 Ó¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ¤◊≈™√Ä∂∑À¡µ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ¥∂œ∏…◊œ∂Åfi…≈ ÕÅ÷ƒπ œ∫›ÇŒŸ Œ¡ ÎÇ¥∂Œ≈œ÷Çƒ¡ŒŒœ œ∫œ∑∏∂ÇÃ…∑ÿ: ¤≈∑∏É≈ Ä◊«π∑∏ Œ…À∏É, À∂ÉÕ≈ ·ŒÀ¡∂Ä, Œ≈¥∂Ç⁄Œ¡ŒŒ¡µ <<Ùπ∂Å√À¡µ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À¡ ÛÅ◊≈∂ŒŸ™ Î…¥∂>> … Õ¡∏≈∂…ÀÉ◊¡µÙÑ∂√…µ ¥œƒ¥…∑ÄÃ… ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ œ∫ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…µ ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈ÕŸ™<<…Œ∏≈«∂¡√…ÉŒŒŸ™ ∑œ◊Å∏>>. (III-152)

10 ı µ ∫áÃœ ƒ◊¡-∏∂… ¥ÃÄ∏ÿ≈, ¡ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ fiπÃÀÇ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ™∏Ç ◊ «É∑∏… Œ¡ÓÉ◊Ÿ™ «œƒ, … ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ¤œ◊ Œ¡∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ¡ fi≈∂ŒÇÃ¡ Œ¡ «ÉÃ¡µ Œœ«Ä. (III-180)

Mixed Case Exercise 1 1, Level III


282 Exercises


1 Ú¡∑∏∂É«¡ŒŒŸ™ ≈£ µ◊ÃÅŒ…≈, ˜¡ƒÇÕ ƒÄ÷≈ Œ≈ ∑¥∂œ∑ÇÃ, œ∏ÀÑƒ¡ œŒÄ …⁄◊Å∑∏≈ŒŒÉÕ≈∂ ≈«É ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ. (III-27)

2 Ùœ«ƒÄ ¥œfiÅÕπ ÷≈ µ œ›π›Ä¿ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ «∂ÄŒÿ ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑À¡µ À¡∏¡∑∏∂É∆¡? Ô∏ÀÑƒ¡π µ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ∫≈⁄Œ¡ƒ£÷Œ¡µ ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒ¡µ Œ≈¥∂…«ÉƒŒœ∑∏ÿ? ˜ fi∏œ ¥∂…fiÇŒ¡ ÕœÖ∏œ∑ÀÄ? (III-48)

3 Ì…ŒÇ∑∏∂ ◊ŒÑ∏∂≈ŒŒŸ≈ ƒ≈ÃÄ œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã… ◊ œ∏∑∏Ä◊À¡ ≈›£ ◊ …âŒÿ ⁄¡ ∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈À∂…Õ…ŒÄÃÿŒ¡µ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À¡. (III-70)

4 Ú≈¤ÅŒ…≈ œ ¥∂…ŒÖ∏…≈ Ü∏œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊œ, Œ¡∑≈ÃÅŒ…≈ Àœ∏É∂œ≈ Œ¡∑fiÇ∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi¡ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ◊ ÔÔÓ Á≈Œ≈∂ÄÃÿŒ¡µ ·∑∑¡Õ∫ÃÅµ ¥∂…ŒµÃÄ ∫≈⁄«œÃœ∑œ◊ÄŒ…≈, Œ…À∏É Œ≈ ◊œ⁄∂¡÷ÄÃ. (III-90)

5 ÉÕŒ¿ œ«∂ÉÕŒŸ™, À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ™, Õ∂ÄfiŒŸ™ ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊, ◊Ÿ»œƒÖ›…™ ∑ ∏ÉÃ∑∏¡µ¥Ä¥À¡ ◊ ∂ÑÀ… …⁄ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ ±Ó≈◊Ä≤. (III-108)

6 Ò¥ÉŒ∑À¡µ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ ¥Å™ƒ÷…Œ«œ◊¡µ ∑◊µ⁄ÿ ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ≈∏ ◊ ¥∂œƒÄ÷¡ Œ≈ƒœ∂œ«Ç≈¥Å™ƒ÷≈∂Ÿ, ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒœ ¥∂≈ƒŒ¡⁄ŒÄfi≈ŒŒŸ≈ ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi¡ ÀœƒÇ∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ≈∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…µ ƒÅ∏…. (III-140)

7 Û¥œ∂∏∑ÕÅŒŸ, «ÉƒŸ ÷…◊Ñ›…≈ ◊ ‹À∑∏∂≈ÕÄÃÿŒŸ™ ∂≈÷ÇÕ, ◊ÉÃ≈Œ ◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ ∑≈∫Ö∑∏∂¡ŒÄ ƒÃµ ÷Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ, «¡∂¡Œ∏Ç∂π¿›¡µ œŒÇ ∏≈ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ œŒÇ»Éfi≈∏∑µ ÷…∏ÿ. (III-143)

8 ÊÇ∂ÕŸ, Œ¡∂π¤Ä¿›…≈ Ü∏œ ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈, ∫Ñƒπ∏ Ã…¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ Ã…√ÅŒ⁄…µ Œ¡ ∑◊œÖƒÅµ∏≈ÃÿŒœ∑∏ÿ. (III-153)

9 ˜ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒŒŸ™ ∂¡⁄«œ◊É∂ ◊ fi≈∏◊Å∂« œŒÇ ∫áÃ… ≈ƒÇŒ ◊ ∏œ, fi∏œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊œÛœƒ∂Ñ÷≈∑∏◊œ Ó≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…ÕŸ≈ Áœ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ŒÄƒœ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∂µƒ ◊œ¥∂É∑Ÿ,∑◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ≈ ∑ πÀ∂≈¥ÃÅŒ…≈ â÷ŒŸ≈ ∂π∫≈÷Ç Ûœƒ∂Ñ÷≈∑∏◊œ. (III-166)

10 Ù≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ¿, fi∏œ ◊ «∂¡÷ƒÄŒ∑À¡µ ◊œ™ŒÄ Œ≈ ∫Ÿ◊Ä≈∏ ¥∂Ä◊Ÿ≈ … ◊…Œœ◊Ä∏Ÿ≈,¡ ≈∑∏ÿ Ãâƒ…, ¥œ-∂Ä⁄ŒœÕπ ◊Çƒµ›…≈ ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈ ∑◊œÖ ∑∏∂¡ŒÄ. (III-181)


1 Û≈«ÉƒŒµ ∂¡◊Œœ¥∂Ä◊…≈ ¥∑…»Çfi≈∑À… ∫œÃÿŒá≈, …» ¥∂Ä◊œ Œ¡ “∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ÕŒÅŒ…≈≤ ∑◊Éƒ…∏∑µ À ∂Ä◊Œœ≈ ƒÃµ ◊∑≈ ¥∂Ä◊œ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ œ∫ÕÄŒπ∏Ÿ™. (III-28)


Level III


Level III

283

2 ˜ ≈«É ƒ◊…÷ÅŒ…µ — …⁄Ö›≈∑∏◊œ âŒŸ™ ÀŒµ⁄ÿ. (III-51)

3 ∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ fi∏œ œ∫flµ◊ÇÃœ œ ◊á¥π∑À ∫œÃÿ¤É™ ¥¡ÀÅ∏ œ∫Ã…«Ä√…… Œ¡É∫›¡µ ∑ÑÕÕ¡ ∏∂… Õ…ÃÃ…Ä∂ƒ¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊, ¥∂Ç⁄◊¡ŒŒŸ™ ÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ¡∂«≈Œ∏ÇŒ√Ÿ ¥œ∏Å∂µ …» ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…À… ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈Õ¡µ <<«∂Ö⁄Œ¡µ◊œ™ŒÄ>>. (III-71)

4 ÔƒŒÄÀœ ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÉ Œ≈ ◊∑≈ ∆ÇÃÿÕŸ, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊Ã≈ŒŒŸ≈ Œ¡ ¥¡∂Ç÷∑À…™ ∆≈∑∏…◊ÄÃÿ,œÀ∂Ä¤≈Œ ∏∂¡«Çfi≈∑À…™ ÇÃ… ƒ∂¡Õ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…™ ¥Ä∆œ∑. (III-92)

5 ·Œ¡∑∏¡∑Çµ ¥∂…Å»¡Ã¡ ◊ Ûœ∂∂ÅŒ∏œ ≈›£ ◊ Œ¡fiÄÃœ Ä◊«π∑∏, Œœ Ì¡∂ÇŒ¡, Œ≈ ¥œÃπfiÄµœ∏ œŒÄ …⁄◊Å∑∏……, ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ fi≈∏◊£∂∏œ≈ Ä◊«π∑∏ œ∫∂¡∏ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ∑ ⁄¡¥∂É∑ À ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…™.(III-110)

6 Â∑∏ÿ, ¥œ-ÕÉ≈Õπ, πƒÄfiŒœ≈ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ¡ ⁄¡»œ∂œŒÅŒ…≈ ∏ÅÃœ ÏÅŒ…Œ,Àœ∏É∂¡µ ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ ∑∏œÃÿ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ ◊œ∑¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ≈ À∂π«Ç∂œ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ≈ É∫›≈∑∏◊œ. (III-141)

7 ÚπÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∆œŒƒ ¥∂Å÷ƒ≈ Œ≈œƒŒœÀ∂Ä∏Œœ π∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…, fi∏œ œŒÇ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷…◊¡¿∏ ŒÅÀ…≈ ∑◊Ö⁄… ∑ ƒ…∑∑…ƒÅŒ∏∑À…≈ ‹Ã≈ÕÅŒ∏Ÿ ◊Œπ∏∂Ç Àπ∫ÇŒ∑À…≈◊œœ∂π÷£ŒŒŸ≈ ∑ÇÃŸ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ÖÀœ∫Ÿ π÷Å ∑œ⁄∂ÅÃ… ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈◊œ∂É∏. (III-144)

8 ˜œ⁄Õπ›£ŒŒŸ≈ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ƒ…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂ œ∫≈›ÄÃ ◊∑ÀÉ∂≈ Œ¡™∏Ç πfi…∏≈ÃÖ, Œœ ◊∑≈∂≈ƒÇŒ¡ «œƒ ¥∂…⁄ŒÄÃ∑µ ◊ ∑◊œ£ ∫≈∑∑ÇÃ…≈ … ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÇÃ ¥∂…⁄◊Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ¥ÉÕœ›ÿfiÄ∑∏Œ¡µ ∆Ç∂Õ¡. (III-155)

9 œ ≈«É ∑Ãœ◊Ä, ◊ ¥œŒ≈ƒÅÃÿŒ…À Ñ∏∂œ …⁄ Ì…Œ∆ÇŒ ¥∂…¤ÃÉ ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈,∑œ«ÃÄ∑Œœ Àœ∏É∂œ≈ ◊Ÿƒ≈ÃÖ≈ÕŸ≈ ƒÅŒÿ«… ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ÅÃ≈-ÅÃ≈ »◊¡∏Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏Ÿ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À…. (III-167)

10 Û ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ≈ ∑∏¡∂Ñ¤À…, ◊á∑Ÿ¥¡◊¤…≈ ¥É∑Ã≈ ∑ÃÑ÷∫¡ …⁄ √Å∂Àœ◊ÿ,œ∏Ÿ∑ÀÄÃ… ¥œƒ ∑Œ≈« ≈«É Õœ«ÇÃ¡. (III-182)

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level IIIChoose the correct preposition and case from the choices below .

1 ∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…≈ ◊á¥π∑∏…∏ ¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi Õ¡¤ÇŒ, œƒÇŒŒ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi …⁄Àœ∏É∂Ÿx ∂≈¡Ã…⁄Ñ¿∏∑µ ⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√¡/⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√π/⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√≈™.The enterprise will produce sixteen thousand cars, eleven thousand of which will besold abroad. (III-3)

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 1, Level III

Multi-CasePrepositionExercise 1Level III

284 Exercises

2 êŒµ ◊∑≈∂ÿ£⁄ Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ ∫…ÃÅ∏ Œ¡ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À/Œ¡ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À≈ ÓÉ◊œ«œ «Éƒ¡, Œ≈¥œƒœ⁄∂≈◊Äµ œ ∏œ/œ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ Œ¡ Ü∏œ∏ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À/Œ¡ Ü∏œÕ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À≈ ƒœÃ÷Œá∫Ÿ∏ÿ ∏¡ÀÇ≈ ÷≈ œƒ…ŒÉfiÀ…, À¡À œŒÄ ∑¡ÕÄ, ∏≈, Àœ«É Œ≈ ¥∂ÇŒµÃ…, œ∏◊Å∂«Ã…∑∏πƒÅŒfi≈∑À…≈ ◊≈fi≈∂ÇŒÀ….Anya bought the ticket for the New Year¢s party in all seriousness, not suspectingthat at this party would be the same kind of lonely women like herself, those whoweren¢t accepted, and who were spurned at the student parties. (III-15)

3 ‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ Œ¡⁄Äƒ œŒÄ ∏É÷≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ◊Ã¿∫Ã≈ŒÄ ◊ œƒŒœ«É/◊ œƒŒÉÕ ¡∂∏Ç∑∏¡ ƒœ¥œ∏Å∂… ¥ÑÃÿ∑¡, … ◊≈∑ÿ …» ÀÃ¡∑∑ ∑»œƒÇÃ ∑ πÕ/∑ πÕÄ/∑ πÕÉÕ.Twenty years ago she also was in love with an artist, to the point of losing her pulse,and their whole class was going crazy. (III-33)

4 Ó¡ ≈£ ÕÅ∑∏œ/Ó¡ ≈£ ÕÅ∑∏≈ µ ¥œ∑∏Ä◊…Ã¡ ∫Ÿ Œ¡ ∑∏ÉÃ…À/Œ¡ ∑∏ÉÃ…À≈ ∫π∏áÃÀπ,¥œÃœ÷ÇÃ¡ ∫ÑÃœfiÀπ … ∑œ ◊∑≈ ŒÉ«…/∑œ ◊∑≈» Œœ«/∑œ ◊∑ÅÕ… Œœ«ÄÕ… ∫∂É∑…Ã¡∑ÿ Œ¡±Ìœ∑∆ÇÃÿÕ≤/Œ¡ ±Ìœ∑∆ÇÃÿÕ≈≤ ∑Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ ◊ «ÃÄ◊Œπ¿ ∂ÉÃÿ/◊ «ÃÄ◊Œœ™ ∂ÉÃ….In her place, I would put the bottle on the table, lay down the roll, and would run atfull speed to “Mosfilm” to be filmed in a starring role. (III-60)

5 ÌŸ ∑∏œÇÕ ∑ Œ≈£/∑ Œ≈™ ¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ ÀœŒ√á/¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸÕ ÀœŒ√ÄÕ «É∂œƒ¡, À¡À ƒ◊¡∫¡∂ÄŒ¡ Œ¡ ÕÉ∑∏…À/Œ¡ ÕÉ∑∏…À≈ «œ∂∫Ä∏œÕ, ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∑œ ∑◊œâ ¥∂Ä◊ƒπ/∑œ ∑◊œÅ™¥∂Ä◊ƒŸ/∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂Ä◊ƒœ™.She and I are on different ends of the city, like two rams on a hump-backed bridge— each with his own truth. (III-79)

6 Ùπ∏ ∑¥∂Ä◊¡ …⁄ ∑¡∂Äµ ◊á∫≈÷¡Ã ÕœÃœƒÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …, ¥≈∂≈¥∂á«Œπ◊ fi≈∂≈⁄ Àœ∂á∏œ,Œ¡ Àœ∏É∂œ≈/Œ¡ Àœ∏É∂œÕ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ¥œÕÉ≈◊ Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∑◊…ŒÿÖ, ∑ À∂ÇÀ/∑ À∂ÇÀ¡/∑ À∂ÇÀœÕ¥œ∫≈÷ÄÃ À ◊œ∂É∏¡Õ.Just to the right a young man ran out of the barn, jumped over the trough in which apig lay in the slop, and ran up twards the gate with a shout. (III-101)

7 Ú¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ÁÉ∂ÿÀœ«œ, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ◊œ ◊≈∑ÿ ∏ÉŒ/◊œ ◊∑£Õ ∏ÉŒ≈ Ü∏œ«œ¥…∑ÿÕÄ, Œ≈∑œÕŒÅŒŒœ œ∏∂¡⁄ÇÃœ∑ÿ … Œ¡ ≈«É »¡∂¡À∏≈∂Ç∑∏…Àπ/Œ¡ ≈«É»¡∂¡À∏≈∂Ç∑∏…À≈ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊¡ Ì¡∂ÇŒŸ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™.Gorky’s irritation, which is felt all through the tone of this letter, was certainly re-flected in his description of Marina Tsvetaeva’s work. (III-112)

8 îÕ≈∂ œŒ ◊œ ˜Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂/◊œ ˜Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂≈, »œ∂œŒÇÃ… ÕŸ ≈«É Œ¡ Õœâ ∂Éƒ…Œπ/Œ¡ÕœÅ™ ∂Éƒ…Œ≈ ◊ Úœ∑ÃÄ◊Ãÿ/◊ Úœ∑ÃÄ◊Ã≈, «ƒ≈ ¥œ»œ∂ÉŒ≈Œ¡ ÕœÖ ∂œƒŒÖ.He died in Vladimir, and we buried him in my native soil in Roslavl where my kinare buried. (III-120)

285

9 ˜ …âÃÿ/˜ …âÃ≈ ◊ »œƒ/◊ »Éƒ≈ ◊…⁄Ç∏¡ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ñ/◊ Ìœ∑À◊Å Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂ …Œœ∑∏∂ÄŒŒŸ»ƒ≈Ã ˜≈Ã…Àœ∫∂…∏ÄŒ…… ⁄¡◊≈∂¤ÇÃ œ∫∑π÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂œÅÀ∏¡ ƒ◊πx∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ≈«œ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ¥œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊œ/¥œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊π ◊ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ñ/◊ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Å ∑œ∂«¡Œ…⁄É◊¡ŒŒπ¿ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œœ∑∏ÿ/∑ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄É◊¡ŒŒœ™ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œœ∑∏…/∑œ∂«¡Œ…⁄É◊¡ŒŒœ™ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œœ∑∏ÿ¿.In the course of his July visit to Moscow, the foreign affairs minister of Great Brit-ain completed the discussion of a project of bilateral agreement for cooperation inthe struggle against organized crime. (III-138)

10 ˜∑ÀÉ∂≈ ¥É∑Ã≈ œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…µ ∑πƒÄ, ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ/◊œ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… fi∏ÅŒ…µÀœ∏É∂œ«œ ∏≈∂∂œ∂Ç∑∏ ∫ŸÃ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ∑¥œÀÉ≈Œ, ≈«É ¥≈∂≈◊≈ÃÇ ◊ ∏¿∂ÿÕÑ/◊∏¿∂ÿÕÅ ∑ Õ¡À∑…ÕÄÃÿŒœ π∑ÇÃ≈ŒŒŸ™ ∂≈÷ÇÕ/∑ Õ¡À∑…ÕÄÃÿŒœ π∑ÇÃ≈ŒŒœ«œ∂≈÷ÇÕ¡/∑ Õ¡À∑…ÕÄÃÿŒœ π∑ÇÃ≈ŒŒŸÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕœÕ ∫≈⁄œ¥Ä∑Œœ∑∏… ◊ ¤∏Ä∏/◊ ¤∏Ä∏≈ÎœÃœ∂Äƒœ.Soon after the announcement of the court’s decision, during the reading of which theterrorist was absolutely calm, they took him to a maximum security prison in thestate of Colorado. (III-151)

11 Ûœ ◊∂ÅÕµ/Ûœ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ…/Ûœ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ≈Õ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ œfi≈◊ÇƒŒœ, fi∏œ ∑ ∑ÄÕœ≈ Œ¡fiÄÃœ/∑ ∑ÄÕœ«œ Œ¡fiÄÃ¡/∑ ∑ÄÕŸÕ Œ¡fiÄÃœÕ ∫ŸÃÄ ∑ƒÅÃ¡Œ¡ œ¤Ç∫À¡: ◊ÕÅ∑∏œ ƒ≈¤£◊œ«œ‹Ã≈À∏∂œÕ≈»¡ŒÇfi≈∑Àœ«œ ⁄¡ÕÀÄ, ÃÑfi¤≈ π∑∏¡Œœ◊Ç∏ÿ ◊ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ/◊ ƒ◊≈∂Ç‹Ã≈À∏∂œÕ¡«ŒÇ∏ŒŸ™ ⁄¡ÕÉÀ!With time it becomes obvious, that a mistake was made from the very beginning:instead of a cheap electromechanical lock, it is better to install an electromagneticlock in the door! (III-177)

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 2, Level IIIChoose the correct preposition and case from the choices below.

1 ˜ ∑œ⁄ƒÄ◊¤…≈∑µ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ/˜ ∑œ⁄ƒÄ◊¤…»∑µ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ» ∂≈÷ÇÕ ∑∏∂≈ÕÇ∏∑µ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸÕ… ¥π∏ÖÕ… ◊Œ≈∑∏Ç ∂¡∑ÀÉÃ ◊ œ¥¥œ⁄…√…ÉŒŒŸ≈ ∂µƒá/◊œ¥¥œ⁄…√…ÉŒŒŸ» ∂µƒÄ».Given the present conditions, the regime is trying various means to introduce divi-sion among the ranks of the opposition. (III-8)

2 ÁÉ∂œƒπ Ü∏œ ∫áÃœ ÃÅ∑∏Œœ, ¡ ∫…ÉÃœ«¡Õ — ¥œÃÅ⁄Œœ ∑œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊∑≈Õ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ …ƒœÃœ÷Ç∏ÿ œ ∑◊œÇ ƒ≈ÃÄ/œ ∑◊œÇ» ƒ≈ÃÄ», ¡ ⁄¡œƒŒÉ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ Ê∂ÄŒ√…¿.It was flattering for the city, and for the biologists, and useful to gather together togive reports on their affairs, and at the same time to visit France. (III-22)

3 ∂… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ≈ Œ¡ Ü∏π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π/Œ¡ Ü∏œ™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈ ∑ Ã≈÷Ä›…™/∑ Ã≈÷Ä›≈«œ/∑Ã≈÷Ä›…Õ ¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇŒ≈ ŒÄ ¥œÃ/Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ ∏∂Ñ¥œÕ ∑∏Ä∂œ™ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ ¥œfi≈ÕÑ-∏œ◊œ⁄Œ…ÀÄÃ¡ ¡∑∑œ√…Ä√…µ ∑ ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑Àœ«œ/∑ ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑À…Õ.At the sight of that room with the corpse of an old woman lying in the middle of theroom, an association with Dostoevsky somehow sprung up. (III-34)



286 Exercises

4 œƒœ™ƒ£Õ À ∑…∏πÄ√…… ∑∏∂É«œ ∑ ∏ÉfiÀπ/∑ ∏ÉfiÀ…/∑ ∏ÉfiÀœ™ ⁄∂ÅŒ…µÕ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒœ«œ ¥∂Ä◊¡, œ∑∏Ä◊…◊ Œ¡ ◊∂ÅÕµ/Œ¡ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… ◊ ∑∏É∂œŒπ/◊ ∑∏œ∂œŒÅ∑¥≈√…∆Çfi≈∑À…™ »¡∂ÄÀ∏≈∂ ◊⁄¡…Õœœ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…™ Ìœ∑À◊á ∑ ∫≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ«œ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡/∑ ∫≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏œÕ.Let’s approach the situation strictly from the point of view of international law,leaving aside for the time being the specific character of the mutual relations be-tween Moscow and the Belorussian president. (III-63)

5 ˜≈∑ÿ ƒœÕ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ∑µ ¥œƒ ∏≈∂∂É∂/¥œƒ ∏≈∂∂É∂œÕ ŒÉ◊œ«œ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™»œ∏ÅÃ ¥≈∂≈…ŒÄfi…∏ÿ ∑Ñ∏À… ¥œ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ π∑Õœ∏∂ÅŒ…≈/¥œ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕππ∑Õœ∏∂ÅŒ…¿.The whole house was being terrorized by the new person, who wanted to alter thedaily rhythm according to his own discretion. (III-87)

6 Û¥π∑ÀÄ¿∑ÿ ◊Œ…⁄, ∏œÃÀÄ¿ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ Œ¡ ¥∂π÷ÇŒπ/Œ¡ ¥∂π÷ÇŒ≈, Œ¡◊∑∏∂Åfiπ ÕŒ≈◊Ÿ∂Ÿ◊Ä≈∏∑µ ◊œÃŒÄ ¤ÑÕ¡, Œœ µ ¥∂≈œƒœÃ≈◊Ä¿ ≈£ … ¥∂œ»œ÷Ñ ⁄¡ ∑∏≈ÀÃÖŒŒ¡µ¥≈∂≈«œ∂ÉƒÀ¡/⁄¡ ∑∏≈ÀÃÖŒŒπ¿ ¥≈∂≈«œ∂ÉƒÀπ/⁄¡ ∑∏≈ÀÃÖŒŒœ™ ¥≈∂≈«œ∂ÉƒÀœ™.I go downstairs, push the swinging door, and a wave of noise rushes out toward me,but I overcome it and walk over behind the glass barrier. (III-103)

7 Îœ∂Éfi≈ «œ◊œ∂Ö, ∂≈fiÿ …ƒ£∏ œ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒŸ™ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑/œ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœÕ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑≈∫œ∂ÿ∫á Õ…∂œ◊á» ∑…Ã ⁄¡ ◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈/⁄¡ ◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈Õ … ⁄¡ ◊Ÿ÷…◊ÄŒ…≈/⁄¡◊Ÿ÷…◊ÄŒ…≈Õ.To put it briefly, the subject is the normal way in which the world’s powers strugglefor influence and survival. (III-115)

8 œƒ Ü∏œ∏ ¡ÀÀœÕ¥¡Œ≈ÕÅŒ∏/œƒ Ü∏…Õ ¡ÀÀœÕ¥¡Œ≈ÕÅŒ∏œÕ µ ¥œ∏…»ÉŒÿÀπ¥≈∂≈∏Ä∑À…◊¡¿ ◊∑≈ ∑◊£∂∏À… À Œ¡Õ ◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…¿/◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…….To this accompaniment I noiselessly drag all of the bundles to our laboratory. (III-131)

9 Ó¡fi…ŒÄµ ∑ ∑≈Œ∏Ö∫∂ÿ/∑ ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂Ö/∑ ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂£Õ µ¥ÉŒÀ¡Õ Œ≈ ¥∂…ƒ£∏∑µ À∂…fiÄ∏ÿ…⁄ œÀŒ¡, ⁄¡⁄Ÿ◊Äµ ∑◊œÇ» ƒ≈∏Å™ Œ¡ œ∫Åƒ/Œ¡ œ∫Åƒ≈.Starting in September, the Japanese women won’t have to cry out from the windowwhen summoning their children to dinner. (III-139)

10 ˆ…⁄Œÿ ÷≈ ◊ ·∂ÕÅŒ…¿/◊ ·∂ÕÅŒ……, … ◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏ÿ/◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏… ◊ Â∂≈◊ÄŒ/◊Â∂≈◊ÄŒ≈, ¥≈∂≈∑∏Ä◊ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ Œ≈◊ŸŒœ∑ÇÕœ™, ¥≈∂≈¤ÃÄ ◊ À¡∏≈«É∂…¿/◊ À¡∏≈«É∂……∏≈∂¥ÇÕœ™ … π÷Å ¥œƒ∫…∂Ä≈∏∑µ À œ∏ÕÅ∏À≈ <<∫ÃÇ⁄Àœ À fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑Àœ™>>.Life in Armenia, and in part in Yerevan, having stopped being unbearable, has movedinto the category of bearable and already is approaching the mark “close to human”.(III-154)

287

Multi-Case Preposition Exercise 3, Level IIIChoose the correct preposition and case from the choices below.

1 ∑…»Çfi≈∑À…Õ… Œ≈ƒÑ«¡Õ… ◊œ ◊≈∑ÿ …» ∑¥ÅÀ∏∂/◊œ ◊∑£Õ …» ∑¥ÅÀ∏∂≈ ∑ÇÃÿŒœ¥ÿâ›…≈ ¥œ∂¡÷≈Œá ◊ ƒ◊¡ ∂Ä⁄¡/◊ ƒ◊π» ∂Ä⁄¡» fiÄ›≈, fi≈Õ ¥œ¥πÃÖ√…µ ◊ √ÅÃœ≈/◊√ÅÃœÕ.Heavy drinkers are afflicted with the whole range of psychiatric illnesses twice asfrequently as the population as a whole. (III-10)

2 ÚÄŒÿ¤≈ œŒ ¥∂…»œƒÇÃ À Œ¡Õ ∑ ÷ÄÃœ∫Ÿ/∑ ÷ÄÃœ∫/∑ ÷ÄÃœ∫¡Õ… Œ¡ ∑œ∑Åƒ≈™/Œ¡∑œ∑Åƒµ», œ∏∂¡◊ÃÖ¿›…» …⁄-⁄¡ ∑∏ÅŒÀ… ¥Ç›π … œ∫÷…«Ä¿›…» ≈«É fiÅ∂≈⁄ ¥œ∏œÃÉÀŒ≈◊Çƒ…ÕŸÕ… ÃπfiÄÕ….He used to come to us with complaints about his neighbors, who poisoned his foodthrough the wall and burned him through the ceiling with invisible rays. (III-26)

3 ÛÃœŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œxÉ÷ Œ¡ «∂œÕÄƒŒπ¿ Àœ¥ŒÑ/Œ¡ «∂œÕÄƒŒœ™ Àœ¥ŒÅ ∑ÅŒ¡.The elephant looked like an enormous hay-stack. (III-47)

4 ‰Å∏… ∑Öƒπ∏ ⁄¡ ¥Ä∂∏Ÿ/⁄¡ ¥Ä∂∏¡Õ…, À¡À œ∫áfiŒœ, ◊ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ƒ≈Œÿ/◊ ¥Å∂◊œÕ ƒŒ≈É∑≈Œ…, ¡ ∑ÃÑ»… ¥œµ◊ÇÃ…∑ÿ ◊ ∑◊µ⁄ÿ/◊ ∑◊µ⁄Ç ∑ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÖ›…≈ ∏œ∂÷≈∑∏◊Ä/∑¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÖ›…» ∏œ∂÷Å∑∏◊/∑ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÖ›…Õ… ∏œ∂÷≈∑∏◊ÄÕ… ◊ fi≈∑∏ÿ/◊ fi≈∑∏Ç¿∫…ÃÅµ «É∂œƒ¡.Children start school on the first day of fall, as usual, but the rumors got started inconnection with the upcoming festivities for the city’s anniversary. (III-69)

5 Ì≈ŒÖ ◊ fi≈∏á∂Œ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏/◊ fi≈∏á∂Œ¡ƒ√¡∏… «œƒÄ» ¥œŒ≈∑ÃÉ ◊ ÀœÕ∑œÕÉÃ/◊ÀœÕ∑œÕÉÃ≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™/◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ≈ Œ¡¤ÃÄ Œ…À¡ÀÉ™ ∂≈◊œÃ¿√…ÉŒŒœ™∂œÕÄŒ∏…À….At age fourteen I was brought to the communist youth league, where I didn’t findany revolutionary romance. (III-88)

6 ÉÕŒ¿ œ«∂ÉÕŒœ«œ, À∂¡∑Ç◊œ«œ, Õ∂ÄfiŒœ«œ ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡, ◊Ÿ»œƒÖ›≈«œ ∑ ∏ÉÃ∑∏π¿¥Ä¥Àπ/∑ ∏ÉÃ∑∏œ™ ¥Ä¥À…/∑ ∏ÉÃ∑∏œ™ ¥Ä¥Àœ™ ◊ ∂ÑÀ…/◊ ∂πÀÄ» …⁄ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ¡ ±Ó≈◊Ä.≤I remember a huge, handsome, gloomy Dovlatov, emerging with a thick file in hishands from the journal ±Neva.≤ (III-108)

7 ˜Ÿ ∫áÃ… ≈£ ¡ƒ◊œÀÄ∏œÕ ∑ ∏œ∏ ÕœÕÅŒ∏/∑ ∏œ«É ÕœÕÅŒ∏¡/∑ ∏≈Õ ÕœÕÅŒ∏œÕ, À¡À Œ¡Œ≈£/Œ¡ Œ≈™ ⁄¡◊≈ÃÇ π«œÃÉ◊Œœ≈ ƒÅÃœ, … ¥∂¡À∏Çfi≈∑À… ƒœ œÀœŒfiÄŒ…µ ∑ÃÅƒ∑∏◊…µ.You were her attorney from the moment a criminal case was brought against her andnearly until the end of the investigation. (III-117)

8 Û≈™fiÄ∑ œŒ ÷…◊£∏ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ ∑ ÷≈ŒÑ … ∑ŸŒœ◊Å™/∑ ÷≈Œá … ∑ŸŒœ◊Å™/∑ ÷≈ŒÉ™ …∑ŸŒœ◊ÿÖÕ… ◊ ÌœŒÄÀœ, œƒŒÄÀœ ∑ÀÃœŒÖ≈∏∑µ À ∏œÕÑ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥≈∂≈∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊˚◊Å√…¿/◊ ˚◊Å√…….Now he lives together with his wife and sons in Monaco, however he is leaningtowards moving to Sweden. (III-137)



288 Exercises

9 ÏÇ√¡ ◊∑≈» ∑…ƒÅ◊¤…» ◊ ⁄ÄÃ/◊ ⁄ÄÃ≈ œÀ¡Õ≈ŒÅÃ….The faces of all those sitting in the hall turned to stone. (III-149)

10 Ûœ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ Œ¡ ∫Ä⁄π/Œ¡ ∫Ä⁄≈ “Î…Œœ√ÅŒ∏∂¡”∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œ≈/◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ ÀÄ÷ƒœ™ …⁄⁄¡…Œ∏≈∂≈∑É◊¡ŒŒŸ» ∑∏É∂œŒ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ ¥œ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ÄÀ√…™/¥œ ¥µ∏…ƒ≈∑µ∏Ç ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏¡Õ ÄÀ√…µÕ.The agreement envisions the creation of a combined enterprise on the scale of aCineplex, in which each of the interested sides will have around fifty percent of theshares. (III-168)

288 Exercises

289

Key to Level I Exercises1È À¡À ∂¡⁄ ◊ Ü∏œ∏ ÕœÕÅŒ∏ ∑ ÃÅ∑∏Œ…√Ÿ ∑∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ÀÃ¿fiÉÕ.[And how time in that moment -ACC from stairwell-GEN began our room-ACC open key-INST.]Just at that moment they began to open our room from the stairwell with a key.

2œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…µ ÀÑ∂ƒ∑Àœ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕŸ ¥œÀÄ Œ≈ ◊ÇƒŒœ.[Political solution-GEN Kurdish problem-GEN still not visible.]A political solution to the Kurdish problem is still not in sight.

3ˆ…∏ÿ Œ¡ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂ŒŸ≈ ⁄Ä∂¡∫œ∏À… ∏∂ÑƒŒœ.[Live on literary earnings-ACC hard.]It is hard to live on a writer¢s wages.

4Ùœ ¥œÃœ÷ÅŒ…≈, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ¡∑ÿ, ∫áÃœ ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ¥∂œ∑∏áÕ … Ö∑ŒŸÕ.[That situation-NOM, in which-LOC I-NOM was-found, was absolutely simple-INST andclear-INST.]The situation in which I found myself was absolutely simple and clear.

5Ù¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ, ◊∑£ ◊á«Ãµƒ≈Ãœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœ, Å∑Ã… Œ≈ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ ∏œ«É ∆ÄÀ∏¡,fi∏œ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ÷≈ŒÉ™ Á≈É∂«…µ.[This image-INST, all-NOM looked completely normal, if not consider that fact-GEN, thatI-NOM still not was wife-INST Georgiy-GEN.]This way, everything looked completely normal, if you didn¢t take into account the fact thatI still wasn¢t Georgiy¢s wife.

6ÓÄ¤¡ ¥Å∂◊¡µ ◊∑∏∂Åfi¡ ¥∂œ¤ÃÄ ∏≈Õ Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ ∫≈⁄ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ…x ◊œ∑∏É∂«œ◊.[Our first meeting-NOM passed that-INST not less without excess enthusiasm-GEN.]Nevertheless, our first meeting passed with no excess enthusiasm.

7Â£ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏¡ ∫ŸÃÄ œ«∂ÉÕŒœ™ … ∏≈ÕŒœ◊Ä∏œ™, ∑ À∂¡∑Ç◊œ™ ∑∏¡∂ÇŒŒœ™ ÕÅ∫≈Ãÿ¿, ∑ ¥œfi∏Çfi£∂ŒŸÕ ¥¡∂ÀÅ∏œÕ.[Her room-NOM was enormous-INST and rather-dark-INST, with beautiful antique furni-ture-INST, with almost black parquet-floor-INST.]Her room was enormous and rather dark, with beautiful antique furniture, and a nearlyblack parquet floor.

Key to Level 1 Exercises

290 Exercises

8˜¡ƒÇÕ ∏É÷≈ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, ¥∂œ¤£Ã ◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π … Ã£« Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ Ã…√ÉÕ À ∑∏≈ŒÅ.[Vadim-NOM also nothing-GEN not said, went in room-ACC and lay on couch-ACC face-INST to wall-DAT.]Vadim also said nothing, he walked into the room and lay down on the couch with his facetowards the wall.

9˜ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏… Œ≈ √ÅŒ…¤ÿ ∏œ, fi∏œ π ∏≈∫Ö ≈∑∏ÿ, … ◊∑£ ◊∂ÅÕµ xÉfi≈∏∑µ fi≈«É-∏œ ƒ∂π«É«œ.[In youth-LOC not value that-ACC, what-NOM by you-GEN is, and all time-ACC wantsomething else-GEN.]In youth you never value what you have, but the whole time you want something else.

10ÔŒÇ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫áÃ… »πÃ…«ÄŒ¡Õ…, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ◊Œ¡fiÄÃ≈ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ…≈ »πÃ…«ÄŒŸ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ âŒŸ≈,¡ ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ∑∏Ä∂Ÿ≈.[They-NOM always were hooligans-INST, just at-first little hooligans-NOM, then young-NOM, and now old-NOM.]They had always been hooligans, only at first they were small hooligans, then young ones,and now old ones.

11˜≈∂œŒÇÀ¡ ◊áÃ≈⁄Ã¡ …⁄ Àπ∑∏É◊ … ∑∏ÄÃ¡ ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ ˜¡ƒÇÕ ≈£ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã.[Veronika-NOM crawled-out from bushes-GEN and stood so, so-that Vadim-NOM her-ACC noticed.]Veronika crawled out of the bushes and stood in such a way that Vadim would notice her.

12Ï£∏fi…À πÃŸ∫ŒÑÃ∑µ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ Œ≈œ¥∂≈ƒ≈Ã£ŒŒœ™, Éfi≈Œÿ ◊Å÷Ã…◊œ™ πÃá∫Àœ™ … ¥œ¤£Ã.[Pilot-NOM smiled some indefinite-INST, very polite smile-INST and went.]The pilot gave a somewhat indefinite, very polite smile and walked away.

13Â™ ≈›£ ŒÄƒœ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ, Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏Ÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥œÅ»¡∏ÿ ◊ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√πÀ ∑◊œÅ™ ÕÄÕ≈, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … ◊⁄Ö∏ÿ …⁄ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ«œ ∑Äƒ¡ ∑◊œâ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀπ¿ ƒÉfiÀπ.[Her-DAT still necessary was run in store-ACC, buy groceries-ACC, then go in hospital-ACC to own mother-DAT, then return and take from childrens’ garden-GEN own smalldaughter-ACC.]She still had to run by the store and buy groceries, then drive to the hospital to see her mom,then return and get her little girl from day care.

14Ê…«Ñ∂¡ π Œ≈£ ∫ŸÃÄ À¡À √Ç∆∂¡ ±◊É∑≈Õÿ,≤ œƒÇŒ À∂Ñ« Œ¡ ƒ∂π«ÉÕ.[Figure-NOM by her-GEN was like number-NOM “eight”-NOM, one circle-NOM on other-LOC.]Her figure was like the number eight — one circle on top of another.

291

15˜œÀ∂Ñ« Àœ∑∏∂Ä ∑∏œÖÃ… Ãâƒ… … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ∑ ⁄¡ƒÑÕfi…◊ŸÕ… Ã…√ÄÕ….[Around campfire-GEN stood people-NOM and looked with pensive faces-INST.]People were standing around the campfire and staring with pensive faces.

16˜ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Œ¡¤ µ¥ÉŒ≈√ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö ÀœÕ∆É∂∏Œœ.[In Moscow life-LOC our Japanese-NOM feel self-ACC comfortable.]Our Japanese friend feels comfortable in Moscow life.

17˜ Ü∏œÕ «œƒÑ Úœ∑∑Ç¿, ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ, ¥œ∑≈∏Ç∏ «Ã¡◊Ä π¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ™ œ∫œ∂ÉŒŸÒ¥ÉŒ…….[In this year-LOC Russia-ACC, possibly, visits head-NOM administration-GEN nationaldefense-GEN Japan-GEN.]It is possible that the head of the Japanese national defense administration will visit Russiathis year.

18ñ∏… ƒ≈ÀÃ¡∂Ä√…… Œ≈ ¥œƒ∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…∑ÿ À¡ÀÇÕ…-Ã…∫œ ∆ÄÀ∏¡Õ….[These declarations-NOM not backed-up some-kind-of facts-INST.]These declarations were not backed up by any kind of facts.

19˜ Œ¡¤ ◊≈À ◊∑£ ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ … π⁄ŒÄ∏ÿ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ.[In our era-ACC everything-ACC possible ask and find-out along telephone-DAT.]These days you can ask and find out about everything over the phone.

20Ùœ, fi∏œ œŒ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏, œŒ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏ »œ∂œ¤É, Œœ ≈ÕÑ ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œfiŒœ ⁄Œ¡∏ÿ Ü∏œ œƒŒœÕÑ.[That-NOM, which-ACC he-NOM does, he-NOM does well, but him-DAT enough knowthat-ACC one-DAT.]That which he does, he does well, but it is enough for him alone to know that.

21ÔŒÄ ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿx ¥œ∂ ¥≈∂≈∑∏ÄÃ¡ ⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ … ¥œµ◊ÃÖ∏ÿ∑µ.[She-NOM really from some time-GEN stopped call and appear.]Ûome time ago she really had stopped calling and stopping by.

22˜ ŒÄ¤≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∂œÃÿ …∑¥œ◊ÅƒŒ…À¡ ◊Ÿ¥œÃŒÖ¿∏ ƒ∂π⁄ÿÖ … ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸ≈.[In our time-ACC role-ACC confessor-GEN fill friends-NOM and acquaintances-NOM.]In our day the role of confessor is filled by friends and acquaintances.


292 Exercises

23E∑∏ÿ π Œ¡∑ ∏¡ÀÄµ ∏∂¡ƒÇ√…µ — œ∏Õ≈fiÄ∏ÿ ◊∑≈ ∑œ◊Å∏∑À…≈ … √≈∂ÀÉ◊ŒŸ≈ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À….[There-is by us-GEN such tradition-NOM — celebrate all Soviet-ACC and church holi-days-ACC.]We have a kind of tradition of celebrating all Soviet and church holidays.

24˛∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ¥Ä∑∏ÿ À ƒÖƒ≈, ŒÄƒœ ∑¥π∑∏Ç∏ÿ∑µ ŒÇ÷≈ ‹∏¡÷ÉÕ.[So-that arrive to uncle-DAT, necessary descend lower floor-INST.]To get to our uncle’s place you have to go one floor down.

25˜ »É∂≈ µ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∑∏œÖÃ¡ ◊ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈Õ ∂µƒÑ.[In choir-LOC I-NOM always stood in last row-LOC.]I always stood in the last row in the choir.

26Û ¥Å∂◊Ÿx ÷≈ ∑∏∂¡ŒÇ√ ◊ ≈«É ÀŒÇ«≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ¥∂œ∫Ã≈ÕÄ∏…À¡ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒ¡µ … ∏∂ÑƒŒ¡µ.[From first-GEN very pages-GEN in his book-LOC is-felt problems unusual-NOM anddifficult-NOM.]From the very first pages of his book one can sense unusual and difficult problems.

27ÌœÖ ÕÄfi≈»¡ Õ≈fi∏Ä≈∏, fi∏É∫Ÿ µ ◊á¤Ã¡ ⁄ÄÕπ÷ ⁄¡ ¥Å∂◊œ«œ ◊∑∏∂ÅfiŒœ«œ.[My stepmother-NOM dreams, so-that I-NOM went married behind first person-met-ACC.]My stepmother¢s dream is that I will get married to the first man I meet.

28˜œ∏ …⁄ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ◊Ÿ»Éƒ…∏ ∑ ¥œ∂∏∆ÅÃ≈Õ Õœ™ ∑œ∑Åƒ.[Here from third doorway-GEN walks-out with briefcase-INST my neighbor-NOM.]And here my neighbor walks out of the third doorway with his briefcase.

29ë∑Ã… µ Àœ«ƒÄ-Œ…∫πƒÿ ÀœÕÑ-Œ…∫πƒÿ ¥œŒ∂Ä◊Ã¿∑ÿ, ∏œ ∏¡ÀÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ¥œÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ ÕŒ≈ …ÑÕŒŸÕ … À∂¡∑Ç◊ŸÕ.[If I-NOM ever anyone-DAT please, then that person-NOM seem me-DAT and smart-INSTand attractive-INST.]If someone ever likes me, then that person will seem to me to be both smart and attractive.

30Ò ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ∑¥∂œ∑Ç∏ÿ Œ¡∑fi£∏ ∏¡ÃÄŒ∏œ◊, Œœ ◊œ⁄ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ¡∑ÿ.[I-NOM should-NOM was ask about talents-GEN, but held-back.]I should have asked about those talents, but I held back.

293

31ÏÇÃµ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡ ¥œ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄÕ ∑ Œ¡Ç◊ŒŸÕ … ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸÕ ◊Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈Õ.[Lilya-NOM looked along sides-DAT with naive-INST and absent-minded expression-INST.]Lilya looked around with a naive and absent-minded expression.

32ÔŒÄ ƒÅ∂÷…∏ ⁄ÉŒ∏…À ¥∂… ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ∑ÃÑfi¡™ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ÇÃ… ÷¡∂á.[She-NOM keeps umbrella-ACC at her-LOC on case-ACC rain-GEN or heat-GEN.]She keeps an umbrella with her in case of rain or hot weather.

33˜ Ü∏œÕ ƒÉÕ≈ œŒÄ ÷…ÃÄ ƒÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈» ≈«É œ∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã≈™.[In that house-LOC she-NOM lived longer all its inhabitants-GEN.]She had lived in that house longer than all of its inhabitants.

34˜∑ÀÉ∂≈ ∂¡∫Éfi…≈ ¥∂…Œ≈∑ÃÇ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ Àœ◊£∂ ◊⁄¡ÕÅŒ …∑¥É∂fi≈ŒŒœ«œ.[Soon workers-NOM brought new carpet-ACC in-place ruined-GEN.]Soon the workers brought a new carpet to replace the one that was ruined.

35Î¡∏≈∂ÇŒ¡ ◊∑£ ⁄¡◊≈›ÄÃ¡ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…Õ Õπ⁄ÅµÕ.[Katerina-NOM everything-ACC bequeathed few museums-DAT.]Katerina bequeathed everything to a few museums.

36—ı Œ…» ¥≈∂≈∂á◊ ∑ÀÉ∂œ?—Ó¡◊Å∂Œœ ∑ fiÄ∑π ƒœ ƒ◊π».[— By them-GEN break-NOM soon?—Probably from hour-GEN to two-GEN.] “Do they have a break soon?”“Probably from one to two.”

37ı Œ≈£ Œ≈∏ ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊, Àœ∏É∂ŸÕ ≈™ »œ∏ÅÃœ∑ÿ ∫Ÿ œ∑∏Ä◊…∏ÿ ◊∑£ Ü∏œ.[By her-GEN not relatives-GEN, who-DAT her-DAT wanted would leave all this-ACC.]She doesn¢t have any relatives to whom she would have wanted to leave all of this.

38ÛÕŸ∑Ã Ü∏œ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ… ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ⁄¡∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ƒÅŒ≈«.[Meaning-NOM this life-GEN consisted in that-LOC so-that earn as possible more money-GEN.]The meaning of this life lay in earning as much money as possible.


294 Exercises

39È ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ∏≈∫Ö ∑¥∂œ¤Ñ: fi≈Õ ÕœÇ ƒÅ∏… xÑ÷≈ ƒ∂π«Ç»?[And now I-NOM you-ACC ask: what-INST my children-NOM worse others-GEN?]And now I ask you, in what way are my children worse than others?

40ÁÄÃÀ¡ ◊∑≈» ¥œƒ∂Ñ« ∂¡⁄œ«ŒÄÃ¡, Œ…À∏É ≈™ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷≈Œ.[Galka-NOM all girlfriends-ACC chased-away, no-one-NOM her-DAT not needed-NOM.]Galka has chased away all of her girlfriends, she doesn¢t need anybody.

41¸Õ…«∂Ä√…µ Å∑∏ÿ ±Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ ∑◊œ∫ÉƒŸ≤.[Emigration-NOM is “laboratory-NOM freedom-GEN”.]Emigration is the ±laboratory of freedom≤.

42—Î∏œ Ü∏œ ¥œƒxœƒÇÃ? —ı∫É∂›…√¡...ˆÅŒ›…Œ¡ Ã≈∏ ¤≈∑∏Çƒ≈∑µ∏… ¥µ∏Ç.[-Who-NOM that-NOM came? -Maid-NOM...Woman-NOM years sixty five-GEN.]—Who was it that came?—The maid ... A woman around sixty-five years old.

43Î∂π« ≈£ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸx ∑œ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ¡ƒ◊œÀÄ∏Ÿ, ◊∂¡fiÇ, ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ, xπƒÉ÷Œ…À….[Circle-ACC her acquaintances-GEN composed lawyers-NOM, doctors-NOM, journalists-NOM, artists-NOM.]Her circle of acquaintences was made up of lawyers, doctors, journalists, and artists.

44Ò ¥œ∑ŸÃÄÃ ≈ÕÑ ∑◊œÇ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏À… œ Ãâƒµx ∏∂πƒÄ.[I-NOM sent him-DAT own observations-ACC about people-LOC labor-GEN.]I sent him my observations about working people.

45‚ŸÃ ⁄Ä¥¡x ƒœ∂œ«É«œ œƒ≈ÀœÃÉŒ¡ ◊ ÃÇ∆∏≈.[Was smell-NOM expensive eau-de-cologne-GEN in elevator-LOC.]There was a smell of expensive eau de cologne in the elevator.

46ÌŸ ¤Ã… ◊ƒœÃÿ ÀÃÅ∏œÀ.[We-NOM walked along cages-GEN.]We walked along the cages.

47Ò ¥ÉÕŒ¿ ∏≈∑Œœ∏Ñ ÉÀœÃœ ƒœ∑ÀÇ ∑ ∂¡∑¥…∑ÄŒ…µÕ….[I-NOM remember crush-ACC around board-GEN with schedules-INST.]I remember the crush around the schedule board.

295

48˙¡ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ŒÉÕ≈∂ ◊ œ∏ÅÃ≈ ÕŸ ¥ÃÄ∏…Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑∏¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[For each room-ACC in hotel-LOC we-NOM pay more hundred dollars-GEN.]For each room in the hotel we are paying more than one hundred dollars.

49ı Õ≈ŒÖ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ ∏œ«ƒÄ ◊Ã≈fiÅŒ…µ À Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂≈.[By me-GEN not was then attraction to literature-DAT.]I didn¢t have an attraction for literature at the time.

50Ò ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ∫ŸÃ ÀœÕÑ-∏œ ¥œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ ∑◊œÇ ∂ÑÀœ¥…∑…. Óœ ÀœÕÑ?[I-NOM should-NOM was someone-DAT show own manuscripts-ACC. But whom-DAT?]I needed to show my manuscripts to someone. But to whom?

51˜ ∂œÕÄŒ≈ Œ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄÃœ∑ÿ ÇÕ≈Œ… Û∏ÄÃ…Œ¡.[In novel-LOC not mentioned name-GEN Stalin-GEN.]Stalin¢s name wasn¢t mentioned in the novel.

52ÛÄx¡∂œ◊ ◊¡Õ Ü∏œ«œ Œ≈ ¥∂œ∑∏Ç∏.[Sakharov-NOM you-DAT that-GEN not forgive.]Sakharov won¢t forgive you for that.

53Á∂Éxœ∏ ÀœÃ£∑ ∏É∏fi¡∑ ÷≈ ⁄¡«Ãπ¤ÇÃ ƒ÷Ä⁄œ◊π¿ Õ≈ÃÉƒ…¿.[Clattering-NOM wheels-GEN suddenly drowned-out jazz melody-ACC.]The clattering of wheels suddenly drowned out the jazz melody.

54ÔƒÇŒ …⁄ ÕœÇx ∑∏Ä∂Ÿx ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕŸx, ∂¡∫É∏¡¿›…™ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈, ∂≈¤ÇÃ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ÕŒ≈¥œƒÄ∂œÀ.[One-NOM from my old friends-GEN, working-NOM in capitol-LOC, decided make me-DAT present-ACC.]One of my old friends who works in the capitol decided to give me a present.

55‰ÅÃ¡™ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ œ¤Ç∫œÀ, … ∏Ÿ ◊á…«∂¡≈¤ÿ![Do as possible more mistakes-GEN and you-NOM win!]Make as many mistakes as possible, and you win!

56Ìœ™ ∫∂¡∏ — ∂¡∫ ∑◊œ≈«É œ∂«¡ŒÇ⁄Õ¡.[My brother-NOM — slave-NOM own body-GEN.]My brother is a slave to his body.


296 Exercises

57Ò ∑œfi…ŒÖ¿ ∑∏…»Ç. ñ∏œ Õœ£ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉ≈ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…≈ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[I-NOM compose verses-ACC. That-NOM my principle occupation-NOM in life-LOC.]I compose verses. That is my principal occupation in life.

58Ù∂Å∏ÿ¿ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ …ƒ£∏ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ⁄¡ ÷…⁄Œÿ.[Third week-ACC goes battle-NOM for life-ACC.]The battle for life has been going on for three weeks.

59ÎœÕÑ œŒÉ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∑≈™fiÄ∑, Õœ£ ∑¡ÕœÃâ∫…≈?[Who-DAT it-NOM needed-NOM now, my narcissism-NOM?]Who needs it now, my narcissism?

60∂≈ƒ¥œÃ¡«Ä≈∏∑µ, fi∏œ ÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ä√…¿ ÕÉ«π∏ ¥œÃπfiÇ∏ÿ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ.[Presumes, that compensation-ACC can receive fifteen-NOM thousands-GEN people-GEN.]It ispresumed that fifteen thousand people can receive compensation.

61Ìœ™ ¥∂Äƒ≈ƒ ∫ŸÃ ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ.[My great-grandfather-NOM was Russian-INST.]My great-grandfather was Russian.

62Î∂ÉÕ≈ ∏œ«É, œŒ ¥œÕ¡«Ä≈∏ âŒŸÕ ∂≈«∫Ç∑∏¡Õ ÀœÕÄŒƒŸ …⁄ œƒŒœ«É Œ≈∫œÃÿ¤É«œ «É∂œƒ¡Ê∂ÄŒ√…….[Aside that-GEN, he-NOM helps young rugby-players-DAT team-GEN from one smallcity-GEN France-GEN.]In addition, he helps the young rugby players of a team from a small city in France.

63Îœ«ƒÄ µ fi≈«É-∏œ ÷ƒπ, µ Œ≈ Õœ«Ñ ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ Œ… ƒÑÕ¡∏ÿ Œ… fi…∏Ä∏ÿ.[When I-NOM something-GEN wait, I-NOM not can at this-LOC neither think nor read.]I can neither think nor read when I am waiting for something.

64Ò ƒ¡Ã ≈™ ÃÄ¥π, À¡À ∑œ∫ÄÀ¡, … ∏¡À ÷≈ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ ◊ «Ã¡⁄Ä.[I-NOM gave paw-ACC, like dog-NOM, and thus also looked in eyes-ACC.]I gave her my paw, like a dog, and also looked into her eyes.

65È ◊¡Õ ≈£ Œ≈ ÷ÄÃÀœ?[And you-DAT her-GEN not sorry?]And you don’t feel sorry for her?

297

66œƒœ ÕŒÉ™ … ¥œ⁄¡ƒÇ Õ≈ŒÖ — «É∂Ÿ.[Under me-INST and behind me-GEN — mountains-NOM.]Beneath me and behind me there are mountains.

67ÙÉÃÿÀœ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ ÕÉ«π∏ …«∂Ä∏ÿ œƒÇŒ ∑¥≈À∏ÄÀÃÿ ¥œ ƒÅ∑µ∏ÿ ∂¡⁄. · ÕŸ Œ≈ ¡À∏£∂Ÿ, ¡Ãâƒ…. È Œ≈ …«∂Ä≈Õ, ¡ ÷…◊£Õ.[Only actors-NOM can play one show-ACC along ten-ACC times-GEN. But we-NOM notactors-NOM, but people-NOM. And not play, but live.]Only actors can perform the same show ten times. But we aren¢t actors, we’re people. Andwe aren¢t performing, we’re living.

68ÌŸ π∑¥ÅÃ… ¥∂…◊áÀŒπ∏ÿ ƒ∂π« À ƒ∂Ñ«π.[We-NOM managed get-used friend-NOM to friend-DAT.]We managed to get used to one another.

69ÂƒÇŒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ¡µ Œ¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡ — ƒ◊¡ Àœ∑ÕÇfi≈∑À…» Àœ∂¡∫ÃÖ <<˜Éµƒ÷≈∂>>, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈¥∂œƒœÃ÷Ä¿∏ ¥π∏≈¤Å∑∏◊…≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ⁄◊£⁄ƒ ÌÃÅfiŒœ«œ ¥π∏Ç.[Only hope-NOM — two-NOM space ships-GEN “Voyager-NOM”, which-NOM continuetravel-ACC among stars-GEN Milky Way-GEN.]The only hope is the two Voyager space ships which are continuing their travel among thestars of the Milky Way.

70È⁄ ∏œÃ¥á ◊Ÿƒ≈ÃÖ≈∏∑µ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ∑∂ÅƒŒ≈«œ ∂É∑∏¡ … ∑¥∂Ä¤…◊¡≈∏ ≈∏∂É◊¡, fi∏œ œŒ ⁄¡¥…∑ÄÃπ ∑≈∫Ö ◊ ⁄¡¥…∑ŒÉ™ ÀŒÇ÷≈fiÀ≈.[From crowd-GEN emerges person-NOM average height-GEN and asks Petrov-ACC, what-ACC he-NOM wrote by him-GEN in note book-LOC.]A man of average height emerges from the crowd and asks Petrov what he wrote in hisnotebook.

71ÔƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ◊á¤≈Ã œŒ Ç⁄ ƒœÕπ, ¥œ¤£Ã ◊ ÃÄ◊œfiÀπ Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ∑∏œÃÖ∂Œœ«œ ÀÃÅµ.[Once went-out from house-GEN, went to store-ACC buy carpenter’s glue-GEN.]One day he left his house, went to the store to buy some carpenter¢s glue.

72œ∏ÉÕ …⁄ œÀŒÄ ◊á◊¡Ã…Ã¡∑ÿ ∏∂Å∏ÿµ ∑∏¡∂Ñ»¡, ¥œ∏ÉÕ fi≈∏◊£∂∏¡µ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ¥Ö∏¡µ.[Then from window-GEN tumbled-out third old-woman-NOM, then fourth-NOM , thenfifth-NOM.]Then a third old woman tumbled out of the window, then a fourth, then a fifth.


298 Exercises

73˛πÀÉ◊∑À…™ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÇÃ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ∑∏¡ ¥Ç∑≈Õ œ∏ ÚÅ¥…Œ¡ ⁄¡ 1907-1929 «ÉƒŸ.[Chukovsky-NOM kept more hundred letters-GEN from Repin-GEN for 1907-1929 years-ACC.]Chukovsky kept more than a hundred letters from Repin from the years 1907-1929.

74ÔŒ ¥∂É∑…∏ Õ≈ŒÖ À ∑≈∫Å, ∑¥∂Ä¤…◊¡≈∏, À¡À …ƒ£∏ ∂¡∫É∏¡.[He-NOM asks me-ACC to self-DAT, asks, how goes work-NOM.]He invites me to visit him, asks how the work is going.

75Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ ∑ƒÅÃ¡ŒŒœ™ πÃá∫À… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ Œ≈ ¥œ ∑≈∫Å.[From that fake smile-GEN me-DAT becomes not along self-DAT.]That fake smile makes me feel sick.

76· ◊ƒ∂π« œŒ »Éfi≈∏ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄ∏ÿ ≈™ Õœâ ∂¡∫É∏π?[And suddenly he-NOM wants transfer her-DAT my work-ACC?]And suddenly he wants to give my work to her?

77Ó≈ƒÅÃ¿ ƒœ÷ƒÖ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[Week-ACC rain-GEN not was.]There wasn’t any rain for a week.

78ÛÕœ∏∂â Œ¡ Ïâ∑¿ … ƒÅÃ¡¿ ≈™ ⁄Œ¡À «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ… — <<◊á™ƒ≈Õ>>.[Look at Lyusya-ACC and make her-DAT sign-ACC eyes-INST — “go-out”.I look at Lyusya and make a sign at her with my eyes — “let’s go”.

79ÎÄ÷ƒ¡µ ¥Ä∂¡ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ∂œƒÇ∏ÿ ƒ◊œÇ» ÇÃ…, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÄ÷≈ ∏∂œÇ», ¡ π Œ¡∑ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥œœƒŒœÕÑ.[Each couple-NOM should-NOM give-birth two-ACC or, seems, even three-ACC, but byus-GEN only along one-DAT.]Each couple should have two children or perhaps even three, but we only have one each.

80ÌŒ≈ ◊œ∏ ƒ¡ƒÑ∏ ¥Ã¡Œ, … ∏œ«ƒÄ — ¥∂œ›Ä™ ÕœÖ ƒ…∑∑≈∂∏Ä√…µ![Me-DAT look give plan-ACC and then — goodbye my dissertation-NOM!]They will give me a plan and then it will be goodbye dissertation!

299

81Û≈™fiÄ∑ fiÄ¿ ¥œ¥ÿ£Õ.[Now tea-GEN drink.]Now we’ll drink some tea.

82ÌŸ ∑∏œÖÃ… ¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ ∑∏É∂œŒŸ ¥∂πƒÄ … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ƒ∂π« Œ¡ ƒ∂Ñ«¡.[We-NOM stood along various sides-ACC pond-GEN and looked friend-NOM on friend-ACC.]We stood on different sides of the pond and looked at one another.

83Ò Å»¡Ã ◊ ∏∂œÃÃÅ™∫π∑≈, ¡ œŒ ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ∑µ ∑ ¡◊∏É∫π∑œÕ, … ÕŒ≈ ¥∂…¤ÃÉ∑ÿ …ƒ∏Ç ¥≈¤ÀÉÕ.I-NOM rode in trolleybus-LOC, but it-NOM collided with bus-INST, and me-DAT was-necessary go by-foot-INST.]I was riding a trolleybus, but it collided with a bus, and I had to walk.

84ìfi≈Œÿ «∂Ñ∑∏Œπ¿ À¡∂∏ÇŒπ ¥∂œ ±Úœ∑∑Ç™∑Àπ¿ ·∏Ã¡Œ∏Çƒπ≤ Œ¡∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ Œ¡Õ ·. ‰≈∂Ö…Œ.[Very sad picture-ACC about “Russian Atlantis-ACC” drew us-DAT A. Deryain-NOM.]A. Deryain drew us a very sad picture about the ±Russian Atlantis.≤

85ÈŒ∏≈∂Å∑Œœ, ¥œ¥¡ƒ£∏ Ã… ◊ ∂ÑÀ… ÕÜ∂¡ Ïπ÷ÀÉ◊¡ Ü∏œ∏ ŒÉÕ≈∂ “ÏÇ∏«¡⁄Å∏Ÿ≤?[Interesting, fall if in hands-ACC mayor Luzhkov-GEN this issue-NOM “Litgazeta-GEN”?]It would be interesting if this issue of ±Litgazeta≤ fell into mayor Luzhkov¢s hands.

86É»œ∂œŒŸ ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ…∑ÿ Œ¡ ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›…™ ƒ≈Œÿ, ¥∂… πfiÄ∑∏…… ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ ‚≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑…….[Funeral-NOM took-place on next day-ACC, at participation-LOC president-GENBelorussia-GEN.]The funeral took place the following day and was attended by the president of Belorussia.

87ı «∂É∫¡ ¥œÀÉ™Œœ«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ ◊ œ∑Œœ◊ŒÉÕ œ ∑≈∫Å.[By grave-GEN deceased-GEN president-NOM talked in principle-LOC about self-LOC.]At the grave of the deceased the president talked mostly about himself.

88Ó≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ◊ ˜ÅŒ≈ œ∏À∂áÃ… À∂Ñ¥Œπ¿ ◊á∑∏¡◊Àπ ∑ ‹À∑¥œŒÄ∏¡Õ… Œ¡ ∏ÅÕπ “È∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊œ …∫∂≈ƒ”.[Recently in Vienna-LOC opened major exhibition-ACC with pieces-INST on theme-ACC“Art-NOM and delirium-NOM”.]Recently in Vienna a major ≈»hibition opened with pieces on the theme of “Art and de-lirium”.


300 Exercises

89Ó¡¥∂µ«Ä¿∑ÿ — Œ≈ ◊Å∂¿ π¤ÄÕ ∑◊œÇÕ.[Strain — not believe ears own-DAT.]I strain to listen — I can’t believe my ears.

90Î¡ÀÉ≈ ÷≈ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…≈ Œ¡ ◊Ä∑ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ…∏ Œ¡fiÄÃœ ∑πƒÅ∫Œœ«œ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑¡?[What impression-ACC on you-ACC make initiation-NOM judicial process-GEN?]What kind of impression does the initiation of the judicial process make upon you?

91ßπÀ◊ÄÃÿŒœ fiÅ∂≈⁄ fi¡∑ À Œ≈™ ¥∂…Åƒ≈∏ ±∂¡∑∑∏∂ÅÃÿŒ¡µ ∫∂…«Äƒ¡≤.[Literally in hour-ACC to her-DAT comes “execution brigade-NOM”.In literally an hour an ±execution brigade≤ will come to her house.

92ÓÄƒœ …ÕÅ∏ÿ ◊ ◊…ƒÑ, fi∏œ œŒÄ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ «Ãπ∫œÀÉ ◊Å∂π¿›…™.[Necessary have in view-LOC, that she-NOM person-NOM deeply believing-NOM.]One must remember that she is a person of profound faith.

93È⁄◊Å∑∏Œœ, fi∏œ âŒœ∑∏ÿ ƒœ◊Å∂fi…◊¡ … Ã¿∫œ¥á∏Œ¡, ¡ ¥œ∏œÕÑ … ∫≈∑∑∏∂Ä¤Œ¡.[Known, that youth-NOM gullible-NOM and curious-NOM and for-that-reason also fear-less-NOM.]It’s a known fact that youth is gullible and curious, and for that reason also fearless.

94˙ŒÄ≈∏≈, ◊¡Õ Éfi≈Œÿ Ü∏¡ ¥∂…fi£∑À¡ …ƒ£∏.[Know, you-DAT very this hairdo-NOM goes.]You know, that hairdo suits you very well.

95‚ÉÃ≈≈ ∏œ«É, ¥œ Õá∑Ã… Ä◊∏œ∂¡, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ ◊≈ÃÇÀ Œ≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ œ∏ ∏œ«É, ¥∂¡◊ œŒ ÇÃ…Œ≈ ¥∂¡◊ ◊ ∑◊œÇ» ∑π÷ƒÅŒ…µ».[More that-GEN, along thought-DAT author-GEN, Solzhenitsyn-NOM great-NOM irre-spective from that-GEN, right-NOM he-NOM or not right-NOM in own judgments-LOC.]Furthermore, in the author¢s opinion, Solzhenitsyn is great irrespective of whether or not heis right in his judgments.

96‚≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑À¡µ œ¥¥œ⁄Ç√…µ ¥∂œ◊≈ÃÄ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… ¤Å∑∏◊…≈ … ÕÇ∏…Œ«.[Belorussian opposition-NOM led in capital-LOC republic-GEN procession-ACC and meet-ing-ACC.]The Belorussian opposition led a procession and a meeting in the republic’s capital.

301

97Îœ∂Éfi≈, µ ¥∂œ¥π∑ÀÄÃ œƒŒÑ ÃÅÀ√…¿ ⁄¡ ƒ∂π«É™. ÏÑfi¤≈ ◊∑≈«É, ∏¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ, ÕŒ≈⁄¡¥ÉÕŒ…Ã…∑ÿ πŒ…◊≈∂∑…∏Å∏∑À…≈ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂Ÿ.[Shorter, I-NOM skipped one lecture-ACC beyond another-INST. Better all-GEN, suchform-INST, me-DAT get-memorized university corridors-NOM.]In brief, I skipped one lecture after another. Best of all, in this way I memorized the univer-sity corridors.

98Ò ¥œÕ¡»ÄÃ ∂πÀÉ™ ⁄Œ¡ÀÉÕœÕπ »πƒÉ÷Œ…Àπ.[I-NOM waived hand-INST acquaintance artist-DAT.]I waved to my artist friend.

99Ó≈ ∫Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ∏≈∫Å ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ√≈Õ. È Œ≈ π™∏Ç œ∏ ∑◊œ≈«É ¥∂É¤Ãœ«œ.[Not be you-DAT American-INST. And not leave from own past-GEN.]It’s not for you to be an American. And you can’t leave your past behind.

100∂Ä◊ƒ≈ ◊œœ∫›Å ∏∂πƒŒÅ≈ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊…∏ÿ∑µ, fi≈Õ Ã÷Ç.[Truth-DAT generally more-difficult oppose, than-INST lie-DAT.]It is generally more difficult to oppose the truth than a lie.

101‚Ä™∂œŒ ¥œ«Ç∫ ∑∂¡◊ŒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ ÕœÃœƒáÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ.[Byron-NOM died relatively young man-INST.]Byron died a relatively young man.

102„≈ŒÄ ÀœÕ¥∂œÕÇ∑∑¡ ∫ŸÃÄ Œ≈¥œÕÅ∂Œœ ◊Ÿ∑ÉÀœ™.[Cost-NOM compromise-GEN was inordinately high-INST.]The cost of the compromise was inordinately high.

103Ó≈∆∏ÿ ∑ ÎÄ∑¥…µ ¥œ™ƒ£∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ÙÑ∂√…¿, ¡ Œ≈ Óœ◊œ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À.[Oil-NOM from Caspian-GEN will-go through Turkey, and not Novorossiysk.]Oil from the Caspian will go through Turkey, not Novorossiysk.

104˛Å∂≈⁄ ƒ◊≈ Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ µ ∑¥Ã¿.[Through two-ACC minutes-GEN I-NOM sleep.]Within two minutes I’m sleeping.


302 Exercises

105˛≈Õ ÷≈ ∏Ÿ Œ¡Àœ∂ÕÇÃ ƒ≈∏Å™?[What-INST EMPHATIC you-NOM fed children-ACC?]What did you feed your children?

106Ò ⁄ŒÄ¿, Œ… π Àœ«É Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ƒŒ≈™ ¥œ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…, À¡À π Õ≈ŒÖ.[I-NOM know, not by who-GEN not will-be so-many days-GEN along sickness-DAT, as byme-GEN.]I know that no one will have as many sick days as I do.

107˜fi≈∂Ä µ Œ¡ƒ Œ…Õ Œ≈ ∂¡∫É∏¡Ã¡.[Yesterday I-NOM over it-INST not worked.]I didn’t work on it yesterday.

108œ⁄¡◊fi≈∂Ä ¥œÃœ÷ÇÃ¡ ≈«É ◊ ∑◊œ™ Ö›…À — ¥œƒ ƒŒ≈◊ŒÇÀ.[Day-before-yesterday laid it-ACC in own box-ACC — under journal-ACC.]The day before yesterday, I put it in my box under the journal.

109Ûπâ ≈«É ¥œƒ ƒ…◊ÄŒ ∑œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ… <<∑…ƒÇ … ÕœÃfiÇ>>.[I-shove him-ACC under couch-ACC with words-INST “sit and be-quiet”.]I shove him under the couch with the words “sit and be quiet”.

110œ∏ÉÕ œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ¿ ƒ≈∏Å™ ∑ ‰ÇÕœ™ «πÃÖ∏ÿ, ¡ ∑¡ÕÄ ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿∑ÿ ⁄¡ ƒ≈ÃÄ.[Then send children-ACC with Dima-INST walk, and self-NOM get-set for business-ACC.]Then I send the kids off for a walk with Dima, and I myself get ready for business.

111Ò œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä¿ À∂¡Œ … πÕŸ◊Ä¿ Ã…√É »œÃÉƒŒœ™ ◊œƒÉ™.[I-NOM open faucet-ACC and wash face-ACC cold water-INST.]I turn on the faucet and wash my face with cold water.

112Ô∏ Ü∏œ™ Õá∑Ã… ÕŒ≈ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ «∂Ñ∑∏Œœ.[From this thought-GEN me-DAT becomes sad.]I get sad thinking about this.

113Ò ∑ƒ¡â∑ÿ — œ∏œƒ◊ÇŒπ ∑◊œÇ ƒ≈ÃÄ Œ¡ ¥É∑Ã≈ œ∫Åƒ¡.[I-NOM give-up — put-off own matters-ACC to after lunch-GEN.]I give up — I’ll put off my own business until after lunch.

303

114Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ∑∂Ä⁄π ÷≈ π∑ÅÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡ ∑∏œÃ … ∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ Œ¡ œ«ÉŒÿ ¥œƒ À¡∑∏∂âÃµÕ….[Kids-NOM immediately EMPHATIC sat behind table-ACC and look to fire-ACC underpots-INST.]The kids immediately sat down at the table and were looking at the fire under the pots.

115ÚÄ⁄◊≈ ÕŸ ÕÉ÷≈Õ ¥∂œ÷Ç∏ÿ Œ¡ ∏◊œâ ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏π?[Really we-NOM can live-through on your salary-ACC?]Can we really get by on your salary?

116‰…Õ, µ ∏≈∫Ö ¥∂œ¤Ñ, ƒ¡™ ÕŒ≈ ÀÉŒfi…∏ÿ.[Dima-NOM, I-NOM you-ACC ask, let me-ACC finish.]Dima, I’m asking you, let me finish.

117ÛŒ¡∂µ÷Ä≈Õ∑µ, ∫≈∂£Õ ∑ÄŒÀ… … œ∏¥∂¡◊ÃÖ≈Õ∑µ Œ¡ À¡ŒÄÃ À¡∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ∑ «œ∂.[Get-ready, take sled-ACC and set-off to canal-ACC ride from mountains-GEN.]We’re getting ready, we’re taking the sled and heading off to the canal to ride from themountains.

118Ï≈÷Ñ … ◊∑ÃÑ¤…◊¡¿∑ÿ ◊ ∏…¤…ŒÑ.[I-lie and listen-intently to silence-ACC.]I’m lying down and listening intently to the silence.

119˛∏œ ÷≈ ¥∂œ…⁄œ¤ÃÉ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈, … À¡Àœ◊á Õœ∏Ç◊Ÿ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™ ¤≈∑∏Œ¡ƒ√¡∏…ÃÅ∏Œ≈™∏≈ŒŒ…∑Ç∑∏À…?[What-NOM EMPH happened in actual matter-LOC, and what-kind-of-NOM motives-NOMparents-GEN sixteen-year-old tennis-player-GEN?]What actually happened, and what kind of motives did the parents of the sixteen-year-oldtennis player have?

120È⁄-⁄¡ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ œŒ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ≈∏ œ«∂ÉÕŒŸÕ… ∆…ŒÄŒ∑œ◊ŸÕ… ∂≈∑Ñ∂∑¡Õ…, œŒ …ÕÅ≈∏ ◊≈∑ÿÕÄ∑≈∂ÿ£⁄Œœ≈ ◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈ Œ¡ ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑ Û˚·.[Because-of that-GEN, that he-NOM controls huge financial resources-INST, he-NOM hasvery serious influence-ACC on Congress-ACC USA-GEN.]Since he controls huge financial resources, he has quite a serious influence on the US Con-gress.


304 Exercises

121Û ∏≈» ¥œ∂ ≈«É ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸ≈ Õ¡∏≈∂…ÄÃŸ, À¡À … ∑∏¡∏ÿÇ ƒ∂π«Ç» Àπ∫ÇŒ∑À…» ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊,¥π∫Ã…Àœ◊ÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» «¡⁄Å∏¡» Û˚· … Ï¡∏ÇŒ∑Àœ™ ·ÕÅ∂…À….[From this time-GEN his personal materials-NOM, as also articles-NOM other Cuban jour-nalists-GEN, publicized in various newspapers-LOC USA-GEN and Latin America-GEN.]From that time on, his own materials, as well as articles of other Cuban journalists, werepublicized in various newspapers of the USA and Latin America.

122ÔŒÄ ¥∂≈ƒ¥œfi…∏ÄÃ¡ ∏Ç»π¿ ÷…⁄Œÿ ∑ ÕÑ÷≈Õ … ƒ◊πÕÖ ƒ≈∏ÿÕÇ.[She-NOM preferred quiet life-ACC with husband-INST and two children-INST.]She preferred the quiet life with her husband and two children.

123ÔŒÄ ∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏ Õ≈ƒ∑≈∑∏∂É™ ◊ ∏œ™ ÷≈ ∫œÃÿŒÇ√≈, fi∏œ … Õπ÷.[She-NOM works nurse-INST in that same hospital-LOC, that and husband-NOM.]She works as a nurse in the very same hospital as her husband.

124˜≈ƒÿ, ¥œÕÇÕœ »œÀÀÅµ Œ¡ ∏∂¡◊Å, Œ¡ ŒÉ◊œÕ ∑∏¡ƒ…ÉŒ≈ ÕÉ÷Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ∂Å«∫…, ∫≈™∑∫ÉÃ,∑œ∆∏∫ÉÃ...[Know, besides hockey-GEN on grass-LOC, on new stadium-LOC possible play in rugby-ACC, baseball-ACC, softball-ACC...]You know, in addition to field hockey, in the new stadium you can play rugby, baseball,softball...

125˜Ÿ ¥ÉÕŒ…∏≈ ∑≈∫Ö ◊ ¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏?[You-NOM remember self-ACC in 16-ACC years-GEN?]Do you remember yourself at 16?

126ÓÄƒœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ ⁄¡ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ Ã≈∏ ¥ÃÄ∏¡ ⁄¡ ¥∂œÅ⁄ƒ ƒœ Ìœ∑À◊á¥∂¡À∏Çfi≈∑À… Œ≈ ◊á∂œ∑Ã¡.[Necessary say, that for last several-ACC years-GEN cost-NOM for trip-ACC to Moscow-GEN practically not has-risen.]One must say that for the last several years the cost of a trip to Moscow has not really risen.

127˙¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡ Œ¡ÑfiŒŸ» ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…Àœ◊ ∑œ ∑∏≈¥≈ŒÖÕ… ∫ŸÃÄ, Œ¡◊Å∂Œœ≈, ∂¡⁄ ◊ ¥µ∏ÿ ◊á¤≈∑∂ÅƒŒ≈™.[Wages-NOM scientific employees-GEN with degrees-INST was, probably, times-GEN infive-ACC higher average-GEN.]The wages for researchers with degrees were probably around five times higher than aver-age.

305

128Áœ∏É◊Ÿ Ã… ◊Ÿ ¥∂œÃÇ∏ÿ ∑◊œâ À∂œ◊ÿ ∂Äƒ… ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿµ Œ¡∂ÉƒŒœ«œ?[Ready-NOM ? you-NOM pour-out own blood-ACC for happiness people’s-GEN?]Are you ready to pour out your blood for your people’s happiness?

129È⁄ Ìœ∑À◊á ÕÉ÷Œœ ƒœÅ»¡∏ÿ ⁄¡ ƒ≈Œÿ.[From Moscow-GEN possible get-to in day-ACC.]It is possible to get to Moscow in a day.

130„≈ŒÄ ∫ÑÃÀ… »ÃÅ∫¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂¡.[Price-NOM loaf-GEN bread-GEN more dollar-GEN.]The price of a loaf of bread is more than a dollar.

131ÓœfiŒÉ™ ÀÃπ∫ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œœ∑∏ÿ¿, ◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒá≈ ∑¿ƒÄ ¥∂…»Éƒµ∏ ¥œ ƒ◊Å∑∏…-∏∂Ç∑∏¡ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ — ◊ ∏œÕ fi…∑ÃÅ ¤¡»∏£∂Ÿ.[Night club-NOM enjoys popularity-INST, in days-off-ACC here come by 200-300-ACCpeople-GEN — in that number-LOC miners-NOM.]The night club enjoys popularity, around two-three hundred people come here on days off,miners among them.

132Ùœ«ƒÄ ïŒ¡ Œ¡fi¡ÃÄ ∏¡Œ√≈◊Ä∏ÿ ◊ œƒÅ÷ƒ≈ — ◊ Àπ¥ÄÃÿŒ…À≈.[Then Jana-NOM began dance in clothes-LOC — in bathing-suit-LOC.]Then Jana began to dance in her clothes, in her bathing suit.

133‰ÅŒ≈«, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ œŒÄ ∏π∏ ⁄¡∂¡∫Ä∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏, ≈™ »◊¡∏Ä≈∏ Œ¡ ¤¥ÇÃÿÀ….[Money-GEN, which-ACC she-NOM here earns, her-DAT suffices for hairpins-ACC.]The money she earns here is enough for her hairpins.

134ı Õ≈ŒÖ ¥∂ÖÕœ ¥≈∂≈∑É»Ãœ ◊œ ∂∏Ñ.[By me-GEN right-away dried-up in mouth-LOC.]My mouth dried up right away.

135Ó≈∏, œŒ Œ≈ ¥ÿÖŒŸ™. ∂É∑∏œ œ∫¡ÃƒÅÃ œ∏ ÷¡∂á.[No, he-NOM not drunk-NOM. Simply became-woozy from heat-GEN.]No, he’s not drunk. It’s just that he’s woozy from the heat.


306 Exercises

136· ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ◊œœ∫›Å ⁄ƒÉ∂œ◊œ ∑¥¡∏ÿ. ıâ∏ŒŸ™ π«œÃÉÀ. Ò ∑∏œ Ã≈∏ Œ¡ ¥∂…∂Éƒ≈ Œ≈ ∑¥¡Ã, ¡∏Ÿ?[And here generally great sleep. Comfortable corner-NOM. I-NOM hundred-ACC years-GEN in nature-LOC not slept, and you-NOM?]It’s really great to sleep here. A comfortable corner. I haven’t slept under the stars in ahundred years, how about you?

137˜É⁄Ã≈ ∂áŒÀ¡ ƒœÃ÷Œá À◊Ä∑œÕ ∏œ∂«œ◊Ä∏ÿ.[Alongside market-GEN should-NOM kvass-INST trade.]They should be selling kvass alongside the market.

138· ¥∂… Û∏ÄÃ…Œ≈ ∂Ä⁄◊≈ ∏◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ ∏¡ÀÉ≈?[And at Stalin-LOC really made such-NOM?]But were such things really done under Stalin?

139œÅ⁄ƒÀ¡ ◊ ñÀ∑¥∂≈∑∑≈ ƒÃÇ∏∑µ fiÅ∏◊≈∂œ ∑Ñ∏œÀ … ∑∏É…∏ 4,5 ∏á∑µfi… ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[Trip-NOM on Express-LOC lasts four-ACC days-GEN and costs 4.5-ACC thousand-GENdollars-GEN.]A trip on the Express lasts four days and costs $4,500.

140Ó≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ¥œƒƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ ¥ÄŒ…À≈.[Not-allowed give-in panic-DAT.]You mustn’t give in to a panic attack.

141Îœ«ƒÄ œŒ ¥∂…»œƒÇÃ? ... Óπ ∑ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ... ÕÉ÷≈∏, ∑ ¥µ∏ÿ ƒŒ≈™...[When he-NOM arrived? ... Well about week-ACC...maybe about five-ACC days-GEN...]When did he come? ...Well it’s been about a week...maybe, about five days...

142È œŒ ¥œÃ¿∫ÇÃ ∑◊œâ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑≈∫Ö, ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ˜Å∂Ÿ, ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ∑áŒ¡...[And he-NOM began-love own illness-ACC more self-GEN, more Vera-GEN, more son-GEN...]And he began to love his own illness more than himself, than Vera, than his son...

143˜ ∏π É∑≈Œÿ Ï¿ƒÕÇÃ¡ Û≈∂«Å≈◊Œ¡ ∫∂É∑…Ã¡ Àœ∂ÕÇ∏ÿ «∂Ñƒÿ¿ ∑áŒ¡.[In that fall-ACC Ludmila Sergeyevna-NOM quit feed breast-INST son-ACC.]Ludmila Sergeyevna quit breastfeeding her son that fall.

307

144· ÕÄÕ¡ ◊≈∑£Ã¡µ, ∑ ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂œ™ …⁄ÃÇ¤Œ≈™ ÃÇ»œ∑∏ÿ¿. ñ∏œ π Œ≈£ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ œ∏ ◊…ŒÄ.[And mama-NOM happy-NOM, with certain excessive spirit-INST. This-NOM by her-GEN always from wine-GEN.]But mother is happy, with a certain excessive spirit. This always happened when she hadwine.

145Ò ∂Äƒ… ∏≈∫Ö ÷…◊Ñ, ¡ ∏Ÿ «œ◊œ∂Ç¤ÿ — πfiÇ∑ÿ...[I-NOM for-sake you-GEN live, and you-NOM say — study...]I live for your sake and you say, “Study!”...

146˜Å∂¡ ¥ÅÃ¡ ◊ ¥ÉÃŒŸ™ «ÉÃœ∑, … ∫áÃœ ∑Ãá¤Œœ ¥œ Ü∏œÕπ «ÉÃœ∑π, fi∏œ π Œ≈£ »œ∂É¤≈≈Œ¡∑∏∂œÅŒ…≈.[Vera-NOM sang in full voice-ACC, and was audible by this voice-DAT, that by her-GENgood mood-NOM.]Vera sang in a full voice and you could hear in this voice, that she was in a good mood.

147ÛÃÑ¤¡™ Õœâ ∏¡∫ÃÇ√π πÕŒœ÷ÅŒ…µ. ‰◊Ä÷ƒŸ ƒ◊¡ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ fi≈∏á∂≈, ¡ ∏∂Ç÷ƒŸ ∏∂… —ƒÅ◊µ∏ÿ. · µ ∏≈∫Ö Ã¿∫Ãâ.[Listen my table-ACC multiplication-GEN. Twice two-NOM will-be four-NOM, and three-times three-NOM — nine-NOM. And I-NOM you-ACC love.]Listen to my multiplication tables. Two times two is four, three times three is nine, and Ilove you.

148˛Å»œ◊¡ œŒÄ ⁄ŒÄ≈∏ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∫Ã¡«œƒ¡∂Ö ∏≈Ã≈◊…⁄…ÉŒŒœ™ ¥∂œ¥¡«ÄŒƒ≈. Ûfi…∏Ä≈∏ ≈«ÉŒÑƒŒŸÕ.[Chekhov-ACC she-NOM knows only thanks-to television propaganda-DAT. Considershim-ACC boring-INST.]She only knows Chekhov because of television propaganda. She considers him boring.

149ÌÄ¤¡ ∫œ∑…ÀÉÕ, «ÉÃ¡µ, ¥œ¤ÃÄ Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ¥Ç∏ÿ ◊œƒá.[Masha-NOM barefoot-INST, naked-NOM, went to kitchen-ACC, in-order-to drink water-GEN.]Masha went to the kitchen barefoot and naked to get a drink of water.


308 Exercises

150ÌÄ¤¡ ◊œœ∫›Å ∑fi…∏ÄÃ¡ ∑≈∫Ö …Œ∏≈ÃÃ…«ÅŒ∏Àœ™. ÔŒÄ ≈∑∏ ÃÅ◊œ™. ËÃ≈∫ ∫≈∂£∏ ∂πÀÉ™, ¡Œ≈ ◊ÇÃÀœ™.[Masha-NOM in-general considered self-ACC intellectual-INST. She-NOM eats left-INST.Bread-ACC takes hand-INST, and not fork-INST.]Masha generally considered herself an intellectual. She eats with her left hand. She takesbread with her hand and not a fork.

151‰Ä÷≈ fiÄ™Œ…À Ã≈÷ÄÃ Œ¡ ∫œÀÑ.[Even teapot-NOM lay on side-LOC.]Even the teapot lay on its side.

152‰œÕÉ™ ¤£Ã ŒœfiŒÉ™ ¥É≈⁄ƒ, Õ¡∏ÿ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ …Õ ¥∂…≈⁄÷ÄÃ¡, Å∑Ã… Å⁄ƒ…Ã¡ ◊ «É∂œƒ.[Homewards went night train-NOM, mother-NOM always it-INST arrived, if went to city-ACC.]The night train was heading homewards, mother always arrived that way when she went totown.

153ËÉfi≈∏∑µ ƒœÕÄ¤Œ≈™ ≈ƒá, Œ≈ ◊ ∏œÕ ∑Õá∑Ã≈, fi∏œ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ¥ÃÉ»œ ÀÉ∂Õµ∏, ¡ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ»Éfi≈∏∑µ Ã¿∫ÇÕœ™ ¥Ç›….[Wants home food-GEN, not in that sense-LOC, that here poorly feed, but in that-LOC, thatwants favorite food-GEN.]He wants home cooking, not in the sense that they don’t feed us well, but he wants hisfavorite food.

154˜Åfi≈∂œÕ œŒÇ ∑œ∫≈∂Ñ∏∑µ ¥œ¥Ç∏ÿ ∏∂¡◊µŒÉ«œ fiÄ¿, ÇÃ… ¥œ™ƒÑ∏ ◊ ∏≈Ä∏∂.[Evening-INST they-NOM will-gather drink herbal tea-GEN, or will-go to theater-ACC.]In the evening they will gather to drink some herbal tea or to go to the theater.

155·Ã£Œ¡ ∑∏Ä∂¤≈ ‰Ä¤À… Œ¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ¡, ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, ≈™ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ ƒ◊¡.[Alyona-NOM older Dashka-GEN to three-ACC years-GEN, means, her-DAT twenty-two-NOM.]Alyona is three years older than Dashka, that means she is twenty-two.

156˜ ƒ≈÷Ñ∂ŒŸ≈ …ƒÑ∏ ¥œ÷…Ãá≈ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ, ¥≈Œ∑…œŒÅ∂À….[In attendants-ACC go elderly women-NOM, pensioners-NOM.]Elderly women who are pensioners become attendants.

309

157Û ƒ∂π«É™ ∑∏œ∂œŒá, ƒœÕœ∆ÉŒ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥œÕœ«Ä≈∏ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂ŒœÕπ ◊É∂π.[From other side-GEN, intercom-NOM only helps apartment thief-DAT.]On the other hand, an intercom only helps an apartment thief.

158˜∑µ ÷…⁄Œÿ ¥É∑Ã≈ ∑œ∂œÀÄ — fi≈Õ ∏Ÿ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈¤ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ≈¤ÿ … À¡ÀÑ¿ ÀŒÇ«π fi…∏Ä≈¤ÿ— ◊∑£ Ü∏œ Œ¡ Ã…√Å … Œ¡ ∂πÀÄ».[All life-NOM after forty-GEN — what-INST you-NOM occupy-self, what-ACC eat andwhat book-ACC read — all this-NOM on face-LOC and on hands-LOC.]All life after forty — what you do, what you eat, and what kinds of books you read — all ofthis is marked on your face and on your hands.

159Ù¡ÃÄŒ∏ ƒ≈Œÿ«ÄÕ… ∑ÃœÕÄ∏ÿ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö.[Talent-NOM money-INST break not-allowed.]You shouldn’t ruin talent with money.

160— ˜Ÿ ∂ÉƒœÕ …⁄ ÛÕœÃÅŒ∑À¡?— ‰¡.— ë⁄ƒ…∏≈ Œ¡ ∂Éƒ…Œπ?[“You-NOM birth-INST from Smolensk-GEN?”“ Yes.”“Go to homeland-ACC?”]“Are you from Smolensk?”“Yes.”“Are you going back home?”

161Ò ◊≈ƒÿ ÷…Ã ∏¡Õ Ã≈∏ ƒœ ¤≈∑∏Ç, ¥œ ¡ÃÃÅµÕ πfiÇÃ∑µ »œƒÇ∏ÿ![I-NOM after-all lived there years-GEN to six-GEN, along paths-DAT learned walk!]After all, I lived there until I was six, I learned to walk along those paths!

162Û¥∂œ∑Ç∏≈ π ƒ≈∑µ∏Ç fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ œ∫ …» Ã¿∫ÇÕœÕ «≈∂É≈, ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈ … ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂≈.[Ask by ten people-GEN about their favorite hero-LOC, writer-LOC and composer-LOC.]Ask ten people about their favorite hero, writer, and composer.

163·Œ«Ã…fiÄŒ≈ ∑É∏Œ¿ Ã≈∏ œÀÀπ¥Ç∂œ◊¡Ã… íŒƒ…¿, ¥œ«Ç∫Ã¡ ◊≈ÃÇÀ¡µ …ŒƒÇ™∑À¡µ ÀπÃÿ∏Ñ∂¡?[English-NOM hundred-ACC years-GEN occupied India-ACC, perished great Indian cul-ture-NOM?]The English occupied India for a hundred years, did the great Indian culture perish?

Key to Level I Exercises

310 Exercises

164ı ˝≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ ≈∑∏ÿ ∂ÅƒÀ…™ ƒ¡∂ — œŒÄ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏, fi≈Õ ¥Ä»Œ≈∏ ◊Å∏≈∂ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ….[By Shcherbakova-GEN there-is rare gift-NOM — she-NOM senses, what-INST smellswind-NOM time-GEN.]Shcherbakova has a rare gift — she senses what the wind of time smells like.

165Ò ∑…÷Ñ ¥≈∂≈ƒ ⁄Å∂À¡ÃœÕ … ∂¡∫É∏¡¿ Œ¡ƒ ∑œ∫É™.[I-NOM sit before mirror-INST and work above self-INST.]I sit in front of the mirror and work on myself.

166Ù¡À ∫Ñƒ≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ fi¡∑, … fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑Ñ∏À…, … fiÅ∂≈⁄ ÕÅ∑µ√.[Thus will-be in hour-ACC, and in day-ACC, and in month-ACC.]That is how it will be in an hour, in a day, and in a month.

311

Key to Level II Sentences1Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… «Œ≈⁄ƒÄ ∑ ∑≈∂ƒÇ∏ŸÕ ÷π÷÷ÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡∫∂É∑…Ã…∑ÿ Œ¡ œ∫Çƒfi…À¡ √ÅÃŸÕ ∂É≈Õ… ∑∏ÄÃ… ÷ÄÃ…∏ÿ ≈«É.[Inhabitants-NOM nest-GEN with angry buzz-INST threw-selves-on offender-ACC wholeswarm-INST and began sting him-ACC.]With an angry buzz, the nest’s inhabitants attacked the offender as a whole swarm andbegan to sting him.

2ñ∏¡ ∑∏∂¡ŒÄ ∑fi…∏Ä≈∏∑µ ƒœ◊ÉÃÿŒœ ∫ÅƒŒœ™ ¥œ fiÄ∑∏… ¥∂…∂ÉƒŒŸx …∑Àœ¥Ä≈ÕŸx.[That country-_____ is-considered quite poor-INST along portion-DAT natural resources-GEN.]That country is considered to be quite poor as far as natural resources go.

3‰Ãµ ∑œ∫∂Ä◊¤…x∑µ ∫ŸÃ π∑∏∂É≈Œ ÀœŒ√Å∂∏, ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ Àœ∏É∂œ«œ ∑∂≈ƒÇ Õπ⁄ŸÀÄŒ∏œ◊¥œµ◊ÇÃ∑µ ∑¡Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏.[For gathered-GEN was organized-NOM concert-NOM, in time-ACC which-GEN amongmusicians-GEN appeared himself president-NOM.]A concert was organized for those who had gathered, during which the president himselfappeared among the musicians.

4œ ÕŒÅŒ…¿ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊, ¥œÀÄ Œ≈Ãÿ⁄Ö ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ µ¥ÉŒ∑Àœ≈ Ã≈ÀÄ∂∑∏◊œ ¥∂≈¥¡∂Ä∏œÕ,∑¥œ∑É∫ŒŸÕ ¥œÕÉfiÿ ∫œÃÿŒáÕ ∂¡∑∑ÅµŒŒŸÕ ∑ÀÃ≈∂É⁄œÕ ◊ ∏µ÷£ÃœÕ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…….[Along opinion-DAT specialists-GEN, at-present must-not consider Japanese medicine-ACCpreparation-INST, capable-INST help patients-DAT multiple sclerosis-INST in serious con-dition-LOC.]In the opinion of specialists, the Japanese medicine cannot at present be considered a drugcapable of helping patients who are seriously ill with multiple sclerosis.

5Á≈É∂«…™ ∑≈Ã … Œ¡¥…∑ÄÃ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ, … µ Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ¡ ≈ÕÑ ◊ œ∏◊Å∏ Œ…fi≈«É, ¥∂É∑∏œ ◊⁄µÃÄÜ∏œ∏ Ã…∑∏ÉÀ … π¤ÃÄ À ∑≈∫Å Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿.[Georgi-NOM sat-down and wrote letter-ACC, and I-NOM not said him-DAT in answer-ACC nothing-GEN, just took that paper-ACC and went to self-DAT to kitchen-ACC.]Georgi sat down and wrote out a letter, and I said nothing to him in response; I just took thepiece of paper and went to my place in the kitchen.

Key to Level 1I Exercises

312 Exercises

6ÔŒÄ ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ∫ŸÃÄ «œ∂œ÷ÄŒÀ¡, Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ÷…ÃÄ ◊ ƒ≈∂Å◊Œ≈, Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈∑¥…◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ƒœ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…, … ≈£ …Œ∏≈∂≈∑œ◊ÄÃœ ◊∑£, fi≈«É œŒÄ Œ≈ Õœ«ÃÄ ¥œ∑∏Çfiÿ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒŸÕ É¥Ÿ∏œÕ.[She-NOM really was city-woman-NOM, never not lived in country-LOC, never not drunkto illness-GEN, a her-ACC interested everything-NOM, what-GEN she-NOM not was-ablegrasp own experience-INST.]She was truly a city woman: she had never lived in the country, had never drunk until shewas sick, and she was interested in everything that she wasn¢t able to perceive via her ownexperience.

7ÔŒ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…Ã ≈£ ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ — ∑¡Õ ∑Õπ∏ÇÃ∑µ ≈£ ∑Õπ›ÅŒ…≈Õ, … œŒÇ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ƒÃÇŒŒŸ»,Œ≈∑ÀœŒfiÄ≈ÕŸ» ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… ƒ∂π« Œ¡ ƒ∂Ñ«¡.[He-NOM met her gaze-ACC — self-NOM was-embarrassed her embarassment-INST, andthey-NOM several-ACC long, endless seconds-GEN looked other-NOM on other-ACC.]He met her gaze and was himself embarrassed by her embarrassment, and they looked ateach other for a few long, undless seconds .

8íŒŒ¡ œ«ÃµƒÅÃ¡ √◊≈∏á, ◊≈∂ŒÑÃ¡ …» ∫Ä∫À≈, ◊œ∑∏∂Å∫œ◊¡Ã¡ ƒÅŒÿ«… œ∫∂Ä∏Œœ … Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ Œ¡Œ…» Ö∫ÃœÀ… π ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑∏¡∂Ñ»….[Inna-NOM examined flowers-ACC, returned them-ACC woman-DAT, demanded money-ACC back and bought for them-ACC apples-ACC by neighboring old-woman-GEN.]Inna examined the flowers, returned them to the woman, demanded her money back andinstead bought apples from the old woman adjacent.

9íŒŒ¡ ◊∑£ ◊∂ÅÕµ ÷ƒ¡ÃÄ, fi∏œ ·ƒÄÕ ¥∂œÖ◊…∏ À¡ÀÇ≈-∏œ ⁄ŒÄÀ… ⁄¡…Œ∏≈∂≈∑É◊¡ŒŒœ∑∏…:Àœ∑Œ£∏∑µ ÃÉÀ∏≈Õ ÃÉÀ∏µ ÇÃ… Õ…⁄ÇŒ√≈Õ Õ…⁄ÇŒ√¡.[Inna-NOM all time-ACC waited, that Adam-NOM show some signs-ACC interest-GEN:touches elbow-INST elbow-GEN or pinky-finger-INST pinky-finger-GEN.]Inna was waiting all along for Adam to display some signs of interest: by touching herelbow with his or her pinky finger with his.

10ÔŒ ⁄¡À∂áÃ «Ã¡⁄Ä, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥∂œŒ…ÀÄÃœ À¡À ÕÉ÷Œœ ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷Ç∏≈Ã≈™, … ∏π∏ ÷≈π◊Çƒ≈Ã ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒŸ … ¥ÉŒµÃ, fi∏œ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… œƒ…ŒÄÀœ◊ŸÕ… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ¡Õ… œŒ Õœ«œ∫Õ≈ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ÷≈ŒÉ™, … ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ… ∑ œƒŒÇÕ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ Œ¡ ◊∑£Õ ∑◊Å∏≈.[He-NOM closed eyes-ACC, so-that penetrated as possible less irritations-GEN, and herealready saw look-ACC Svetlana-GEN and understood, that such identical looks-INST he-NOM could exchange only with own wife-INST, and more not with one person-INST onwhole world-LOC.]He closed his eyes so that the least amount of irritation would penetrate, and just then hesaw Svetlana¢s look and he understood that he could only exchange identical looks like thatwith his wife and with no other person in the entire world.

313

11ñ∏… ÃπŒÄ, ∂eÀÄ, ¥Ã¡ÀÑfi¡µ Ç◊¡ ∫áÃ… ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ◊ ≈£ ÷Ç⁄Œ…, … Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ…x ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ.[These moon-NOM, river-NOM, weeping willow-NOM always in her life-LOC, and nevernot been so, so-that they-GEN not was.]The moon, river, and weeping willow had always been in her life, and they had never notbeen there.

12È ◊ƒ∂Ñ« Ñ∏∂œ Œ¡¥ÉÃŒ…Ãœ∑ÿ ÕµÑÀ¡¿›…Õ… ⁄◊ÑÀ¡Õ… ‹Ã≈À∏∂œ«…∏Ä∂Ÿ.[And suddenly morning-NOM filled mewing sounds-INST electric-guitar-GEN.]And suddenly the morning was filled with the mewing sounds of an electric guitar.

13Ùœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ Œ¡ƒÅÃ¡ â∫Àπ-ÕÇŒ…, ∫œ∑œŒÉ÷À… Œ¡ ¥Ã¡∏∆É∂Õ≈ … ◊á¤Ã¡ Ç⁄ ƒœÕπ.[Then she-NOM put-on mini-skirt-ACC, sandals-ACC on platform-LOC and left from house-GEN.]Then she put on a mini-skirt and platform sandals and left the house.

14Ú≈÷…∑∑£∂ ¥…Ã fi¡™ … ⁄◊œŒÇÃ ¥œ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒπ, ¥∂…ƒÅ∂÷…◊¡µ ∏∂Ñ∫Àπ ¥Ã≈fiÉÕ.[Director-NOM drank tea-ACC and called along telepone-DAT, holding receiver-ACC shoul-der-INST.]The director was drinking tea and making phone calls, holding the receiver with his shoul-der.

15˜∑Å ∑…ƒÅÃ… ∏Ç»œ … ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… Œ¡ ‰âÀ¡, … Œ¡fi…ŒÄÃ… ◊Å∂…∏ÿ ÓÇŒ≈ Á≈É∂«…≈◊Œ≈ ◊ ∏œÕ,fi∏œ ‰¿À ƒ≈™∑∏◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ŒπÃÿ, ¥π∑∏É≈ ÕÅ∑∏œ.[All-NOM sat quietly and looked at Duke-ACC, and started believe Nina Georgievna-DATin that-LOC, that Duke-NOM really zero-NOM, empty place-NOM.]Everyone sat quietly and looked at Duke and began to believe Nina Georgievna that Dukewas indeed a zero, a nothing.

16‰¿À ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ Œ¡ ∑◊œ™ ¥Éµ∑, … ≈ÕÑ ∫áÃœ ∏¡À ≈«É ÷¡Ãÿ, ∫Ñƒ∏œ œŒ ∂¡∑∑∏¡◊ÄÃ∑µ Œ≈ ∑◊Å›ÿ¿, ¡ ∑ ∫ÃÇ⁄À…Õ ƒ∂Ñ«œÕ.[Duke-NOM looked at own belt-ACC, and him-DAT was so him-GEN sorry, as-if he-NOMparted not with thing-INST, but with close friend-INST.]Duke looked at his belt and he was so sorry about it, as if he was parting not with an objectbut with a close friend.


314 Exercises

17‰¿À ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ Œ¡ ¥ÃÄÕµ, … ≈ÕÑ À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ Ü∏œ É«Œ≈ŒŒŸ™ œÃÅŒÿ ∫≈÷Ç∏ … Œ≈ ÕÉ÷≈∏◊á∂◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ŒÅ∫œ.[Duke-NOM looked at flame-ACC, and him-DAT seemed, that this-NOM fiery deer-NOMruns and not can tear-away to sky-ACC.]Duke looked at the flame and it seemed to him that it was a fiery deer that was running andcouldn¢t tear itself away and go up to the sky.

18Ó¡ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒœÕ ∑∏œÃÅ, À¡À ◊ À…∏Ä™∑ÀœÕ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ≈, ∑∏œÖÃœ ∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∫Ãâƒ, fi∏œ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ ∫áÃœ Œ¡Å∑∏ÿ∑µ fiÅÕ-∏œ œƒŒÇÕ … Œ≈ ¥œ¥∂É∫œ◊¡∏ÿ ƒ∂π«É«œ.[On his life table-LOC, as in Chinese restaurant-LOC, stood so-many-NOM dishes-GEN,that absurd was fill-up something one-INST and not try another-GEN.]On his table of life, as in a Chinese restaurant, there were so many dishes that it was absurdto fill himself up with one dish and to not try another one.

19œ∑ÉÃ ¥œƒ∫∂É∑…Ã ◊ À¡ÕÇŒ ∫≈∂£⁄œ◊Ÿ» ƒ∂œ◊ … ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã: “· ⁄…ÕÄ ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… Œ≈ ∏¡ÀÄµπ÷ ⁄ÃÄµ.≤[Ambassador-NOM threw-on in fireplace-ACC birch logs-GEN and remarked: “But win-ter-NOM in Russia-LOC not such already evil-_____.”]The ambassador threw some birch logs in the fireplace and remarked: “But winter in Russiaisn’t so bad after all.

20ÔŒ ¥∂…⁄Œ¡£∏, fi∏œ ◊ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ» ◊Œπ∏∂…¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ™ œ∫∑∏¡ŒÉ◊À… ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… ∏∂ÑƒŒœ«œ◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ œ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…… ⁄Ä◊∏∂¡ ÇÃ… ¥œ∑Ã≈⁄Ä◊∏∂¡.[He-NOM admits, that in conditions-LOC internal-political situation-GEN in Russia-LOChard talk about solution-LOC tomorrow or day-after-tomorrow.]He admits that given the internal political situation in Russia it is hard to talk about a solu-tion tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.

21˜Ä÷Œœ, Œ¡¥∂…ÕÅ∂, ƒœ◊≈∑∏Ç ƒœ ∑◊Åƒ≈Œ…µ ∂œ∑∑…ÖŒ ∏œ∏ ∆¡À∏, fi∏œ ƒœ ∏∂Å∏ÿ≈«œ ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂Ö1945 «Éƒ¡ Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ¡ Ü∏…Õ… fi≈∏Ÿ∂ÿÕÖ œ∑∏∂œ◊ÄÕ….[Important, for-example, bring to attention-GEN Russians-GEN that fact-ACC, that untilthird-GEN September-GEN 1945 year-GEN Russia-NOM never owned those four islands-INST.]It is important to bring to the attention of the Russians the fact that until September 3, 1945,Russia never owned these four islands.

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22Úœ∑∑Çµ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏Œπ¿ ∂œÃÿ ◊ ƒ…Œ¡ÕÇfiŒœÕ ¡⁄…Ä∏∑ÀœÕ ∂≈«…ÉŒ≈, …Ò¥ÉŒ…µ ÕÉ÷≈∏ œÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ ≈™ ◊ Ü∏œÕ ∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈.[Russia-NOM should play more noticeable role-ACC in dynamic Asian region-LOC, andJapan-NOM can give her-DAT in this-LOC assistance-ACC.]Russia should play a more noticeable role in the dynamic Asian region, and Japan can helpher to do so.

23∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Ò¥ÉŒ…… ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡Ãœ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷Àπ π∑ÇÃ…µÕ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ ◊¥∂œ◊≈ƒÅŒ…… ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑À…» … ¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑À…» ∂≈∆É∂Õ.[Government-NOM Japan-GEN to this time-GEN gave support-ACC efforts-DAT presi-dent-GEN in conducting-LOC economic and political reforms-GEN.]Up to the present time the Japanese government has supported the president’s efforts toconduct economic and political reforms.

24Ô∫πfiÅŒ…≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ …ƒ∏Ç ∑ ¥∂…Õ≈ŒÅŒ…≈Õ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ™ ÀœÕ¥ÿâ∏≈∂Œœ™ … Ã…Œ«¡∆ÉŒŒœ™∏Å»Œ…À….[Instruction-NOM will go with application-INST complete computer-GEN and languagelaboratory technology-GEN.]Instruction will be carried out with complete application of computer and language labora-tory technologies.

25Ò ⁄¡ƒœ»ŒÑÃ¡∑ÿ ◊ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ Õ«Œœ◊ÅŒ…≈, À¡À ∫πƒ∏œ Õ≈ŒÖ ∑∏œÃÀŒÑÃ… ∑ Õœ∑∏Ä ◊ »œÃÉƒŒπ¿∂ÅfiÀπ ◊ œÀ∏µ∫∂Å ÕÅ∑µ√≈.[I-NOM gasped in first moment-ACC, as if me-ACC pushed-off from bridge-GEN to coldriver-ACC in October month-LOC.]For an instant I was gasping for air as if I had been pushed off a bridge into a cold river inthe month of Ôctober.

26‚¡ÃÀÉŒ ∫ŸÃ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀ…™, ⁄¡∑ŒÅ÷≈ŒŒŸ™, ◊≈∑ÿ ⁄¡∑∏Ä◊Ã≈Œ »ÃÄÕœÕ.[Balcony-NOM was small-NOM, snow-covered-NOM, all-NOM crammed-NOM trash-INST.]The balcony was small, snow-covered, and completely crammed with trash.

27Îœ«ƒÄ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏ ∑∏∂≈∑∑ ÇÃ… ∑∂ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑ÇÃŸ Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œœ∑∏ÿ, ◊ À∂œ◊ÿ◊Ÿ∫∂Ä∑Ÿ◊¡≈∏∑µ «œ∂ÕÉŒ ¥œƒ Œ¡⁄◊ÄŒ…≈Õ ¡ƒ∂≈Œ¡ÃÇŒ.[When person-NOM expereinces stress-ACC or average force-GEN annoyance-ACC, inblood-ACC is-released hormone-NOM under name-INST adrenaline-NOM.]When a person experiences stress or some average-sized annoyance, the hormone calledadrenaline is released into the blood.


316 Exercises

28ı Œ≈«É Ö⁄◊¡ ÷≈ÃÑƒÀ¡, … œŒÄ ƒ…À∏Ñ≈∏ ≈ÕÑ ∑◊œ™ ∂≈÷ÇÕ, ¡ ∂≈÷ÇÕ Œ¡◊Ö⁄Ÿ◊¡≈∏¥œÃœ÷Ç∏≈ÃÿŒŸ™ É∫∂¡⁄ ÷Ç⁄Œ….[By him-GEN ulcer-NOM stomach-GEN, and it-NOM dictates him-DAT own regime-ACC,and regime-NOM imposes positive mode-ACC life-GEN.]He has an ulcer and it dictates its own regime to him, and that regime imposes a positivemode of life.

29ı Œ≈£ ◊Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ¥∏Ç√Ÿ, Àœ∏É∂œ™ »Éfi≈∏∑µ ¥…∏ÿ, ≈™ Œ≈ ƒ¡â∏, … ¥œ»É÷≈, œŒÄ ∑ÀÉ∂œœ∏∫Ñƒ≈∏ …⁄ Ü∏œ«œ ÕÇ∂¡.[By her-GEN expression-NOM bird-GEN, who-DAT wants drink, her-NOM not give, andappears, she-NOM soon will-leave from this world-GEN.]She has the expression of a thirsty bird which gets nothing to drink, and so, it appears, willquickly leave this world.

30ÙÉÕ¡∑ ÌÄŒŒ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã, fi∏œ ◊ …∑∏É∂…… ∂œÕÄŒ¡ ◊Å»¡Õ… fiÄ›≈ ◊∑≈«É ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊µ∏∑µÀŒÇ«…, œ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ» ¥∂… …» ¥œµ◊ÃÅŒ…… œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ π◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃœ∑ÿ: Ü∏œ Œ≈ ∂œÕÄŒ.[Thomas Mann-NOM once remarked, that in history-LOC novel-GEN landmarks-INSTmore-frequently all-GEN become books-NOM, about which-LOC at their appearance-LOCespecially confidently said: this-NOM not novel-NOM.]Thomas Mann once remarked that in the history of the novel, the books that become land-marks are usually the ones about which when they appeared people were especially confi-dent in pronouncing: that is not a novel.

31Ô∏ ŒÇx ◊Å≈∏ ∏¡ÀÉ™ π∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ ∑ÀÑÀœ™, fi∏œ Ü∏¡ ∑ÀÑÀ¡ ƒœ∑∏…«Ä≈∏ ∑≈ƒÿÕÉ«œ ‹∏¡÷Ä,¥∂œŒ…ÀÄ≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∑∏≈ÀÃÉ … À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ Õœ≈«É Ã…√Ä.[From them-GEN blows such convincing boredom-INST, that this boredome-NOM reachesseventh floor-GEN, penetr¡tes through glass-ACC and touches my face-GEN.]They give off an air of such convincing boredom that this boredom reaches the seventhfloor, goes through the glass, and touches my face.

32Â£ ◊á◊≈⁄Ã… …⁄ È∑¥ÄŒ…… ◊ ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿ ¤≈∑∏ÉÕ «œƒÑ, … œŒÄ ∏π∏ ÷…ÃÄ … ∂œ∑ÃÄ, fi∏É∫ŸœƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…∏ÿ ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ«œ ¥Ä∂Œµ … ◊ ⁄◊£⁄ƒŒŸ™ fi¡∑ ⁄¡fiÄ∏ÿ ∑áŒ¡.[Her-ACC brought from Spain-GEN in thirty sixth year-LOC, and she-NOM here lived andgrew, so-that once meet Russian guy-ACC and in star hour-ACC conceive son-ACC.]She was brought out of Spain in 1936, and she lived and grew up here, so that one day shewould meet a Russian guy and conceive a son when when the stars were properly aligned.

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33ßÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É Œ¡ ∑◊Å∏≈ œŒ Ãâ∫…∏ »œƒÇ∏ÿ ◊ ¥œ»ÉƒŸ, ∑¥¡∏ÿ ◊ ¥¡ÃÄ∏À¡», ◊¡∂Ç∏ÿ π»Ñ ◊⁄¡Àœ¥fi£ŒŒœÕ Àœ∏≈ÃÀÅ.[More everything-GEN on world-LOC, he-NOM loves go in hikes-ACC, sleep in tents-LOC, cook fish-soup-ACC in sooty pot-LOC.]More than anything else in the world, he loves going on hikes, sleeping in tents, and cook-ing fish soup in a sooty pot.

34· ∑≈™fiÄ∑ Ü∏œ∏ ¡∂∏Ç∑∏ ∂¡⁄÷…∂ÅÃ À¡À ∑◊…ŒÿÖ, … ¥∂É∑∏œ ƒÇ◊π ƒ¡£¤ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ◊∂ÅÕµ ƒÅÃ¡≈∏∑ Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ.[And now that artist-NOM got-fat like pig-NOM, and just marvel-DAT give, what-ACCtime-NOM does with people-INST.]And now that artist has gotten as fat as a pig — you can only marvel at what time does topeople.

35Îœ«ƒÄ ≈£ Œ≈∏ ƒÉÕ¡, ◊ ƒ◊≈∂Öx ⁄¡¥Ç∑À¡: ±ÎÃ¿fiÇ ¥œƒ ÀÉ◊∂…ÀœÕ. ÂƒÄ Œ¡ ¥Ã…∏Å. ‚Ñƒπ◊ ¤≈∑∏ÿ. „≈ÃÑ¿, ÕÄÕ¡.≤[When her-GEN not home, in door-LOC note-NOM: “Keys-NOM under rug-INST. Food-NOM on stove-LOC. Will-be in six-ACC. Kiss, mom-NOM.”]When she isn¢t at home there is a note on the door: ±The key is under the mat. Food is onthe stove. I will be back at six. Kisses, mom.≤

36Ò Õ≈fi∏Ä¿, fi∏œ∫Ÿ ÕœÇ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ¥œ∑∏¡∂ÅÃ… … ∂¡∑∏œÃ∑∏ÅÃ…, ∏œ«ƒÄ — ÀœÕÑ œŒÇ ∫Ñƒπ∏Œπ÷Œá?[I-NOM dream, so-that my parents-NOM got-old and got-fat, then — who-DAT they-NOMwill-be needed-NOM?]I dream about when my parents have gotten old and fat, then who will need them?

37Îœ«ƒÄ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ¥œÃ∏œ∂Ä fi¡∑Ä ∏∂π¥ π◊≈⁄ÃÇ, ∑ÃÅƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ¡µ «∂Ñ¥¥¡ œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡∑ÿ ◊œ ‰◊œ∂Å√ÕœÃœƒ£÷…, «ƒ≈ Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…Ã∑µ ÀÉŒÀπ∂∑ À∂¡∑œ∏á.[When after one-and-a-half hour-ACC corpse-ACC took-away, investigation team-NOMheaded to Palace-ACC youth-GEN, where day-before finished contest-NOM beauty-GEN.]When they took away the corpse an hour and a half later, the investigation team headed offfor the recreation center, where the beauty contest took place the day before.

38˜Ã¡ƒ…∑ÃÄ◊ ◊á¥…Ã ∑◊œ™ fi¡™ ◊ ∏∂… ∫œÃÿ¤Ç» «Ãœ∏ÀÄ … ∂≈¤Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ ¥œƒŒÖÃ∑µ.[Vladislav-NOM drank own tea-ACC in three-ACC big gulps-GEN and decisively got-up.]Vladislav drank his tea in three big gulps and got up decisively.


318 Exercises

39ÌÑ÷¡ œŒÄ ∏É÷≈ Œ≈ ¥ÉÕŒ…Ã¡, Œœ ¥œŒ…ÕÄÃ¡, fi∏œ ∂¡⁄ π Œ≈£ ∫áÃœ fiÅ∏◊≈∂œ ƒ≈∏Å™, ∏œ,Œ¡◊Å∂Œœ≈, … Õπ÷ ∫ŸÃ.[Husband-GEN she-NOM also not remembered, but understood, that if by her-GEN wasfoursome-NOM children-GEN, then, surely, and husband-NOM was.]She didn¢t remember her husband either, but she understood that if she had four children,then, surely, she had a husband also.

40ÎœŒÅfiŒœ, ◊ ≈£ ◊É⁄∂¡∑∏≈ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ Œ¡⁄á◊¡∏ÿ Àœ«É-∏œ ƒÖƒ≈™ ÇÃ… ∏£∏≈™, ¥œ∂Ä π÷Å¥≈∂≈»œƒÇ∏ÿ Œ¡ …Õ≈ŒÄ-É∏fi≈∑∏◊¡, Œœ Û∏Ä∑œ◊ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ∫ŸÃ ƒÃµ Œ≈£ ƒÖƒ≈™ ˜ÃÄƒ…ÀœÕ.[Of-course, in her age-LOC silly call someone-ACC uncle-INST or aunt-INST, time al-ready switch-over to names-patronymics-ACC, but Stasov-NOM always was for her-GENuncle Vladik-INST.]Of course, at her age it was silly to call someone ±uncle≤ or ±aunt≤, it was time to switchover to names and patronymics, but Stasov had always been Uncle Vladik to her.

41ÔŒ Ã¿∫ÇÃ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ, … ◊œœ∫›Å, ∫ŸÃÄ ∫Ÿ ≈«É ◊ÉÃµ, ¥∂œ◊œƒÇÃ ∫Ÿ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤π¿fi¡∑∏ÿ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ….[He-NOM loved here work, and in-general, was would his will-NOM, spend would herelarger part-ACC time-GEN.]He loved working here and, in general, if it were up to him, he would spend most of his timehere.

42íÕ≈ŒŒœ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ, ∑∂≈ƒÇ Ü∏œ™ ∑∏≈∂ÇÃÿŒœ™ ∫≈Ã…⁄Œá, ∂œ÷ƒÄÃ…∑ÿ …ƒÅ…, ¥∂…xœƒÇÃ…∂¡⁄œfi¡∂œ◊ÄŒ…µ, ∑∏Ä◊…Ã…∑ÿ ‹À∑¥≈∂…ÕÅŒ∏Ÿ.[Precisely here, among this sterile whiteness-GEN, were-born ideas-NOM, came disap-pointments-NOM, were-performed experiments-NOM.]Precisely here, amidst the sterile whiteness, ideas were born, disappointments came, andexperiments were performed.

43Ì≈ŒÖ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ π«Œ≈∏ÄÃœ ¥∂œ∏…◊œ≈∑∏Å∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ ∑Àœ¥ÃÅŒ…≈ ∂ÅƒÀœ∑∏≈™.[Me-ACC always depressed unnatural accumulation-NOM rare-objects-GEN.]The unnatural accumulation of rare objects has always depressed me.

319

44˜ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ µ ≈›£ Œ≈ ⁄Œ¡Ã, fi∏œ ƒÅŒÿ«… — ∫∂ÅÕµ. ̨ ∏œ ‹Ã≈«ÄŒ∏Œœ∑∏ÿ — ÕÄ∑∑œ◊¡µ ÑÃ…fiŒ¡µ∆É∂Õ¡ À∂¡∑œ∏á. ̨ ∏œ ◊ÅfiŒ¡µ …∂ÉŒ…µ — Ã¿∫ÇÕœ≈, ¡ «ÃÄ◊Œœ≈ — ≈ƒÇŒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ œ∂Ñ÷…≈∫≈⁄⁄¡›Ç∏ŒŸx.[In those years-ACC I-NOM still not knew, that money-NOM — burden-NOM. That el-egance-NOM — mass pedestrian form-NOM beauty-GEN. That eternal irony-NOM —favorite-NOM, and importantly — only weapon-NOM defenseless-GEN.]In those years I still didn¢t know that money is a burden. That elegance is a mass, pedestrianform of beauty. That eternal irony is the favorite, and more importantly the only weapon ofthe defenseless.

45Ó≈ π∑¥ÅÃ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…∏ÿ, À¡À ◊ ¥∂œxÉƒ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ∂µƒÄÕ… ¤¡«ŒÑÃ¡ ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒÀ¡∑∂ÅƒŒ…x ÃÅ∏.[Not managed professor-NOM finish, how in aisle-ACC between rows-INST stepped Ameri-can-NOM middle years-GEN.]The professor didn¢t manage to finish before a middle-aged American woman stepped intothe aisle between the rows.

46Á¡⁄Å∏Œ¡µ ∂¡∫É∏¡ ¥œŒáŒ≈ µ◊ÃÖ≈∏∑µ ƒÃµ Õ≈ŒÖ …∑∏ÉfiŒ…ÀœÕ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊ÄŒ…µ.[Newspaper work-NOM up-to-present is for me-GEN source-INST livelihood-GEN.]Up to the present time newspaper work is my source of livelihood.

47≈◊Å√ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄÃ À∂¡∑Ç◊ŸÕ ŒÇ⁄À…Õ ∫¡∂…∏ÉŒœÕ πƒ…◊Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ«œ ∏ÅÕ∫∂¡.[Singer-NOM possessed beautiful deep baritone-INST amazing timbre-GEN.]The singer possessed a beautiful, deep baritone of amazing timbre.

48ë∑Ã… ÕŸ … «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ… œ ‚É«≈, ∏œ ◊ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…… ¥É⁄Ÿ, ÀœÀÅ∏∑∏◊¡.[If we-NOM even spoke about God-LOC, then in state-LOC pose-GEN, coquetry-GEN.]If we even spoke about God, then it was in the guise of a pose, coquetry.

49Û∂≈ƒÇ ‹Õ…«∂ÄŒ∏∑À…x ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈™ µ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ¿ À¡ÀÉ≈-∏œ ÕÅ∑∏œ.[Among emigrant writers-GEN I-NOM occupy some place-ACC.]Among emigrant writers, I occupy some sort of place.

50˙¡ fi¡∑ ƒœ Ü∏œ«œ ÕŸ ∑ Œ…Õ ∂¡∑∑∏ÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊É⁄Ã≈ ¥…◊ŒÉ«œ ∫Ä∂¡.[In hour-ACC to this-GEN we-NOM with them-INST parted by beer bar-GEN.]An hour before this we had parted with him at the beer bar.


320 Exercises

51ÌÇ∑∏≈∂ ËÇ««…Œ∑ ƒ¡Ã Œ¡Õ ◊∑≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷ŒŸ≈ …Œ∑∏∂ÑÀ√…….[Mister Higgins-NOM gave us-DAT all-kinds instructions-ACC.]Mister Higgins gave us all kinds of instructions.

52·À∏£∂, ∫Ñƒπfi… ∑ «¡∑∏∂ÉÃµÕ… ◊œ Ê∂ÄŒÀ∆π∂∏≈, ƒœ∫ÇÃ∑µ ∏¡Õ ¥œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ π∫Å÷…›¡.[Actor-NOM, being with tour-INST in Frankfurt-LOC, got there political asylum-GEN.]While on tour in Frankfurt, the actor obtained political asylum there.

53Ï¿∫É™ …⁄ Œ…x Õœ« ∂¡⁄«œ∂µfiÇ∏ÿ∑µ ∫≈⁄œ ◊∑ÖÀœ«œ ¥É◊œƒ¡.[Any-NOM from them-GEN could get-excited without any reason-GEN.]Any one of them could get excited for no reason at all.

54Ê…ŒÄŒ∑œ◊œ™ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À… ≈£ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™ ∑∏ŸƒÇÃ∑µ.[Financial support-GEN her parents-GEN was-ashamed.]He was ashamed of her parents¢ financial support.

55— Ò Œ≈ «œ◊œ∂â ◊¡Õ — fi∏œ ¥…∑Ä∏ÿ. Ò ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ∑À¡÷Ñ ◊¡Õ — fi≈«É ÕŸ ¥…∑Ä∏ÿÀ¡∏≈«œ∂Çfi≈∑À… Œ≈ ƒœÃ÷Œá.[— I-NOM not tell you-DAT what-ACC write. I-NOM only tell you-DAT — what-GENwe-NOM write categorically not should-NOM.]I am not telling you what to write. I will only tell you what we categorically must not write.

56œ∂ÉÀ… ≈«É ⁄¡ÀÃ¿fiÄÃ…∑ÿ ◊ œ∏∑Ñ∏∑∏◊…… Œ≈ƒœ∑∏Ä∏Àœ◊.[Flaws his-NOM consisted in absence-LOC shortcomings-GEN.]His flaws consisted of an absence of shortcomings.

57‰ÅÃœ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ŒÄ¤… ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ œ«∂¡ŒÇfi≈ŒŸ. · ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, œ«∂¡ŒÇfi≈Œœ fi…∑ÃÉ ŒÄ¤…xƒœ∂œ«Çx «œ∑∏Å™.[Thing-NOM in that-LOC, that our means-NOM limited-NOM. But means, limited-NOMnumber-NOM our dear guests-GEN.]The point is that our resources are limited. And this means that the number of our dearguests is limited.

58Ó≈ ¥œ◊Ÿ¤Ä™∏≈ ∏ÉŒ¡, ÕÇ∑∏≈∂ ‚œÃÿ¤¡ÀÉ◊.[Not raise tone-GEN, mister Bolshakov-NOM.]Don¢t raise your voice, Mister Bolshakov.

321

59Û◊œâ ∂≈fiÿ œŒ ¥œ∑◊µ∏ÇÃ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊π ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑Àœ«œ.[His speech-ACC he-NOM dedicated works-DAT Dostoevsky-GEN.]He dedicated his speech to Dostoevsky’s works.

60È fiÅ∂≈⁄ Õ…ŒÑ∏π «∂Åfi≈∑À…™ ¥≈◊Å√ ∑ÀœŒfiÄÃ∑µ œ∏ πƒÑ¤ÿµ.[And across minute-ACC Greek singer-NOM died from asphyxiation-GEN.]And a minute later the Greek singer died from asphyxiation.

61‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ ¤≈∑∏ÿ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ œ¥∂É¤≈ŒŒŸx Œ≈ ∑Õœ«ÃÇ œ∏◊Å∏…∏ÿ Œ¡ ◊œ¥∂É∑: ±Î¡ÀÇ≈ …⁄∑ÀπÃÿ¥∏Ñ∂ŒŸx ¥ÄÕµ∏Œ…Àœ◊ ◊¡Õ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É Œ∂Ä◊µ∏∑µ?≤ Ó≈ ∑ÕÉ∏∂µ∏ fiÅ∏◊≈∂∏ÿÕœ∑À◊…fiÅ™ ¥œ ∑∏œ∂œŒÄÕ, ƒÄ÷≈ ¥œ ◊ŸxœƒŒáÕ ƒŒµÕ, Œ≈ ƒœ ÕœŒπÕÅŒ∏œ◊ …Õ.[Twenty six-NOM percent-GEN questioned-GEN not could answer on question-ACC:“Which-NOM from sculptural monuments-GEN you-DAT more all-GEN please?” Notlook fourth-NOM Muscovites-GEN along sides-DAT, even along weekend days-DAT, notto monuments-GEN them-DAT.]Twenty-six percent of those asked could not answer the question: ±Which sculptural monu-ments do you like the best?≤ A quarter of all Muscovites don¢t look around, even onweekends. They aren¢t into monuments.

62Ó≈ƒÄ∂œÕ ÷≈ ∑∂≈ƒÇ Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑À…x ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊ xÉƒµ∏ ∑ÃÑx… œ ∫¡∑Œœ∑ÃÉ◊ŒŸx ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏¡x∂¡∫É∏Œ…Àœ◊ Ü∏œ«œ ¥≈fiÄ∏Œœ«œ É∂«¡Œ¡.[Not-without-reason among Moscow journalists-GEN go rumors-NOM about legendarywages-LOC workers-GEN that press organ-GEN.]It is not without reason that among Moscow journalists rumours circulate about the legend-ary wages of people who work for that organ of the press.

63Ò ◊Ç÷π ≈«É …⁄ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÄ, ∑ π«ÃÄ ÑÃ…√Ÿ ̃ œ™ŒÉ◊¡, «ƒ≈ ∫ŸÃ ∏œ«ƒÄ ‰œÕ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈™ … «ƒ≈ ◊∑≈ÕŸ ∏œ«ƒÄ ¥Ÿ∏ÄÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏ÿ ∑∏ÑÃÿµ.[I-NOM see him-ACC from-afar, from corner-GEN street-GEN Voinov-GEN, where wasthen House-NOM writers-GEN and where all we-NOM then tried occupy seats-ACC.]I see him from a distance, from the corner of Voinov street, where the House of Writers wasat the time and where all of us were trying to occupy seats.

64‚Ñƒ≈Õ ¥…∑Ä∏ÿ ∏¡À ÷≈ «≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒœ — Œœ ∫≈⁄ ≈«É Œ≈ÃÅ¥œ∑∏≈™ … œ¤Ç∫œÀ.[Will write thus brilliantly — but without his absurdities-GEN and errors-GEN.]We are going to write just as brilliantly — but without his absurdities and errors.


322 Exercises

65Ùœ«ƒÄ Ã…∏≈∂¡∏Ñ∂π ¥∂≈¥œƒ¡◊ÄÃ… xœ∂œ¤É, … ÕŸ Œ¡ÅÃ…∑ÿ ◊≈ÃÇÀ…» ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ã≈™ π÷Å ◊¤ÀÉÃ≈.[Then literature-ACC taught well, and we-NOM got-fed-up great writers-GEN already inschool-LOC.]They taught literature well then and we had already gotten fed up with great writers inschool.

66„Ÿ«ÄŒÀ¡ ⁄¡ÕÅ∏…Ã¡ ∑Ã≈ƒá ∫œ∂ÿ∫á Œ¡ Õœ£Õ Ã…√Å.[Gypsy-woman-NOM noticed traces-ACC struggle-GEN on my face-LOC.]The gypsy woman noticed the traces of struggle on my face.

67‚≈⁄ ¥∂≈π◊≈Ã…fiÅŒ…µ, ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ◊∑µ ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ Õ≈ƒ…√ÇŒ¡ ∂¡∫É∏¡≈∏Œ¡ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡.[Without exaggeration-GEN, possible say, that now all Russian medical-profession-NOMworks on president-ACC.]One can say without exaggeration that the whole of the Russian medical profession is workingon the president now.

68ñ∏œ ∑ÃÅƒπ¿›¡µ ¥œ ⁄ŒÄfi…Õœ∑∏… ⁄¡ƒÄfi¡ ¥É∑Ã≈ ◊á¥Ã¡∏Ÿ ¥ÅŒ∑…™ … ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏ πfi…∏≈ÃÖÕ.[That-NOM next-NOM along significance-DAT task-NOM after payment-GEN pensions-GEN and wages-GEN teachers-DAT.]That’s the next most important task after paying teachers’ pensions and wages.

69Û∏πƒÅŒ∏Ÿ ⁄¡¥¡∑ÄÃ… ∑¥…∂∏ŒÉ≈ Œ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂. ∂…fi£Õ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ… ≈«É Œ≈ ◊ »œÃœƒÇÃÿŒ…À¡», ¡ÕÅ÷ƒπ œÀÉŒŒŸÕ… ∂ÄÕ¡Õ….[Students-NOM stocked-up alcohol-ACC for evening-ACC. Moreover kept it-ACC not inrefrigerators-LOC, but between window frames-INST.]The students stocked up on alcohol for the evening. Moreover, they didn¢t keep it in refrig-erators, but between the window frames.

70˜ ÕÇ∂≈ ≈∑∏ÿ Œ≈ÕÄÃœ ÃÇƒ≈∂œ◊, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ Œ≈ ÕÉ«π∏ …∑Àπ¥Ç∏ÿ ¥Å∂≈ƒ Œ¡∂Éƒ¡Õ… ∑◊œÅ™∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ™ ◊…Œá.[In world-LOC is not-few-NOM leaders-GEN, who-NOM not can redeem before nations-INST own own guilt-GEN.]There are quite a few leaders in the world who cannot redeem even their own sins beforetheir nations.

323

71<<Î…∑Ãœ∂Éƒ>> — ƒ…∑À Œ…ÀœÕÑ Œ≈…⁄◊Å∑∏Œœ«œ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂¡ ÉÀœÃœ ÕÅ∑µ√¡ ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ∏œ«ƒÄ ¥Å∂◊œ≈ ÕÅ∑∏œ ◊ Õ…∂œ◊á» »…∏-¥¡∂Äƒ¡».[<<Oxygen-NOM>> — disc-NOM no-one-DAT not-known composer-GEN about month-GEN held then first place-ACC in world hit-parades-LOC.]“Oxygen” — the disc of a composer no one had heard of, held first place at the time in theworld’s hit parades for about a month.

72ÛÃÑfi¡™ Ü∏œ∏ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ƒœ ∑…» ¥œ∂ ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏ Œ≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃŸÕ.[Case this-ACC specialists-NOM to this time-GEN consider unprecedented-INST.]To this day specialists consider this case to be unprecedented.

73˜ ∏œÕ ÷≈ «œƒÑ ¡Õ≈∂ÀÄŒ∑À…™ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ <<…¥Ã>> …⁄∫…∂Ä≈∏ ∆∂¡Œ√Ñ⁄¡ <<fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀœÕ«Éƒ¡>>.[In that year-LOC American magazine-NOM “People-NOM” chooses Frenchman-ACC“Man-INST year-GEN” .]In the same year, the American magazine “People” chooses a Frenchman as the “man of theyear”.

74— Óπ ¥œÀÄ, — ◊ƒ∂π« ∑œ«Ã¡¤Ä≈∏∑µ ÌÇ¤¡. — Ûfi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ«œ É∏ƒŸ»¡.[—Well so-long, — suddenly acquieses Misha-NOM. — Happy vacation-GEN.]— Well, so long — Misha suddenly acquieses. — Have a nice vacation.

75˜Ÿ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ Ã…√Ä ∏¡ÀÉ≈, ∫Ñƒ∏œ ≈™ ∂¡∑∑À¡⁄ÄÃ… fi∏É-∏œ …Œ∏≈∂Å∑Œœ≈ … ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ… ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈Œ…ÀœÕÑ Œ≈ ¥≈∂≈ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ.[Expression-NOM face-GEN such-NOM, as-if her-DAT told something interesting-ACCand asked more no-one-DAT not pass-on.]The expression on her face was as if she had been told something interesting and then hadbeen asked to not pass it on to anyone else.

76ÂÃÅŒ≈ ⁄◊œŒÇ∏ÿ ∫áÃœ ŒÅÀπƒ¡: œŒÇ ∑ ÕÑ÷≈Õ ÷ÇÃ… ⁄Ä «œ∂œƒœÕ ∫≈⁄ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ¡ … ¥∂Éfi…»πƒÉ∫∑∏◊.[Elena-DAT call was nowhere: they-NOM with husband-INST lived beyond city-INSTwithout telephone-GEN and other comforts-GEN.]Elena didn’t have anywhere to call: she and her husband lived on the outskirts of townwithout a phone and other such comforts.


324 Exercises

77ÙŸ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ œ∏ƒ¡£¤ÿ. ÙŸ fi≈Õ¥…ÉŒ ‹«œÇ⁄Õ¡, … ◊ Ü∏œÕ ∏◊œÖ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑À¡µ…Œƒ…◊…ƒπÄÃÿŒœ∑∏ÿ.[You-NOM nothing-GEN not give. You-NOM champion-NOM egotism-GEN, and in that-LOC your artistic individuality-NOM.]You don¢t give anything in return. You are the champion of egotism and herein lies yourartistic individuality.

78Ìœ£ ◊œ∑¥∂…Ö∏…≈ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊ÄÃœ ◊œÀ∂Ñ« Õ≈ŒÖ, À¡À ∏πÕÄŒ, ¡ µ ∑…ƒÅÃ À¡À ∫Ÿ ◊ √ÅŒ∏∂≈∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ«œ ◊œ∑¥∂…Ö∏…µ.[My perception-NOM existed around me-GEN, like fog-NOM, and I-NOM sat as if incenter-LOC own perception-GEN.]My perception existed around me, like a fog, and I sat as if in the center of my own percep-tion.

79˜œŒ π Œ¡∑ ◊œ ƒ◊œ∂Å ⁄¡ ∏∂… «Éƒ¡ — ƒ◊¡ π∫Ç™∑∏◊¡ ∫áÃœ. Û œ«∂¡∫ÃÅŒ…≈Õ.[There by us-GEN in courtyard-LOC in three-ACC years-GEN — two-NOM murders-GEN were. With robbery-INST.]There in our courtyard within three years, there have been two murders. In connection withrobberies.

80‰Å∏… ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸ» ∫≈∂Ñ∏ ¥∂…ÕÅ∂ ∑ ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈™ — ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ fi≈∏◊£∂∏Ÿ™ âŒŸ™ ¥œÃÖÀ«œ◊œ∂Ç∏ œ ∑◊œÇ» ¥ÃÄŒ¡» ∏¡À: <<‚Ñƒπ ∫≈⁄∂¡∫É∏ŒŸÕ>>.[Children-NOM unemployed-GEN take example-ACC from parents-GEN — every fourthyoung Pole-NOM talks about own plans-LOC thus: “Will-be unemployed-INST”.]Children of people who are unemployed take their example from their parents — one infour young Poles says the following about his plans: “I will be unemployed”.

81ñ∏œ ¥∂≈ƒπ¥∂≈÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ç∏ πfi£ŒœÕπ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ…≈ «ÉƒŸ ¡À∏Ç◊Œœ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈Õ Œ¡ÑfiŒœ-¥œ¥πÃÖ∂ŒŸ» ∏≈Ã≈¥∂œ«∂ÄÕÕ ¥œ ÀÉ∑Õœ∑π, ¥Ç¤≈∏ ÀŒÇ«…… À…Œœ∑√≈ŒÄ∂…….[This warning-NOM belongs scholar-DAT, who-NOM last years-ACC actively is-occu-pied creation-INST scientific-popular television-shows-GEN along space-DAT, writes books-ACC and screenplays-ACC.]This warning comes from a scholar who for the past few years has been actively involved increating popular scientific television shows about space, and who writes books and screen-plays.

325

82Ú≈÷…∑∑£∂ ◊∑∏¡£∏ ∑ À∂Å∑≈Ã, œ«ÃÖƒŸ◊¡≈∏ ¡À∏∂Ç∑π ∑ «œÃœ◊á ƒœ Œœ« … ÕÅƒÃ≈ŒŒœ π»Éƒ…∏.[Director-NOM gets-up from seats-GEN, looks-over actress-ACC from head-GEN to feet-GEN and slowly walks-away.]The director gets up from among the seats, looks the actress over from head to foot, andslowly walks away.

83Ìπ÷ fi…∏Ä≈∏ ¥…∑ÿÕÉ … ◊œÃŒÑ≈∏∑µ ƒœ ∏¡ÀÉ™ ∑∏Å¥≈Œ…, fi∏œ ∂œŒÖ≈∏ …⁄ ∂πÀ ∑∏¡ÀÄŒ ∑◊œƒÉ™, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ¥Äƒ¡≈∏ ŒÄ ¥œÃ … ∂¡⁄∫…◊Ä≈∏∑µ.[Husband-NOM reads letter-ACC and gets-upset to such level-GEN, that drops from hands-GEN glass-ACC with water-INST, which-NOM falls on floor-ACC and breaks.]The husband reads the letter and becomes so upset that he drops glass of water from hishands and it falls on the floor and breaks.

84ÔŒ ∏É÷≈ ∫≈∑Åƒœ◊¡Ã ∑œ ÕŒœ™, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ƒŒ£Õ, …Œ∏≈∂≈∑œ◊ÄÃ∑µ, À¡ÀÇ≈ ÷π∂ŒÄÃŸ, À¡∏¡ÃÉ«…— ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ∑À…≈, ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑À…≈ — µ ¥∂œ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡.[He-NOM also talked with me-INST, only day-INST, interested, what magazines-ACC,catalogs-ACC — American-ACC, English-ACC — I-NOM looked-through.]He talked with me too, but during the day; he was interested in what magazine and catalogs— American ones, English ones — I had looked through.

85Ù≈∏∂ÄƒÀ¡, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œ™ ÕŸ ∂¡∑¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ ◊ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…… ¥œ π∏∂ÄÕ, Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∏œ«ƒÄ πŒ≈«É Œ¡ ∑∏œÃÅ, … œŒ ¥œ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡Ã Œ¡ Œ≈£, Œœ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ.[Notebook-NOM, in which-LOC we-NOM log-in in laboratory-LOC along mornings-DAT,lay then by him-GEN on table-LOC, and he-NOM looked at it-ACC, but nothing-GEN notsaid.]The notebook that we logged into in the laboratory in the mornings lay on his table and hewould look at it occasionally, but he didn’t say anything.

86ÌŸ ◊¥∂Ä◊≈ Œ¡ƒÅµ∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ◊Ÿ ∫Ñƒ≈∏≈ ƒœ∂œ÷Ç∏ÿ ƒœ◊Å∂…≈Õ, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ ÕŸ œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈ÕÕœÃœƒÉÕπ ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏π.[We-NOM have-right hope, that you-NOM will value trust-INST, that-ACC we-NOM giveyoung specialist-DAT.]We have the right to hope that you will appreciate the trust that we are showing to a youngspecialist.


326 Exercises

87Î¡ÀÇÕ-∏œ Œ≈ ∑◊œÇÕ, œ»∂Ç¥¤…Õ, «ÉÃœ∑œÕ ¥∂œ¤Ñ µ …⁄◊…ŒÇ∏ÿ Õ≈ŒÖ, œ∫≈›Ä¿ ∑∏¡∏ÿ∑É∫∂¡ŒŒ≈≈ … ◊Ÿ∑ÀÄÀ…◊¡¿ ◊ Àœ∂…ƒÉ∂.[Some not own, hoarse, voice-INST ask I-NOM excuse me-ACC, promise become more-organized and jump-out in hall-ACC.]In a hoarse voice that is not my own I ask to be excused, promise to be more organized andrush out into the hall.

88Ìπ÷ Ïâ∑… — ƒÉÀ∏œ∂ Œ¡ÑÀ, Œ≈ƒÄ◊Œœ ¥œ∑∏∂É…Ã… ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿ Àœœ¥≈∂¡∏Ç◊Œπ¿ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂π,ƒÅŒ≈« »◊¡∏Ä≈∏, π ¥µ∏…ÃÅ∏Œ≈«œ ÌÇ¤… ≈∑∏ÿ ŒÖŒµ.[Husband-NOM Lyusya-GEN — doctor-NOM sciences-GEN, recently built large coop-erative apartment-ACC, money-GEN is-enough, by five-year-old Misha-GEN is nanny-NOM.]Lyusya’s husband has a PhD, they recently built a large cooperative apartment, they haveenough money, and five-year-old Misha has a nanny.

89ÌŸ Œ¡ ∑◊œ∫Éƒ≈! ÌŸ ƒá¤…Õ ¥ÉÃŒœ™ «∂Ñƒÿ¿! Áœ◊œ∂ÇÕ ◊∑£, fi∏œ ƒÑÕ¡≈Õ! ı◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ∑ÕÉ∏∂…Õ ◊ ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈![We-NOM on freedom-LOC! We-NOM breathe full chest-INST! Say everything-ACC,that-ACC think! Confidently look in future-ACC!]We are free! We breathe freely! We say everything that we think! We look confidently intothe future!

90Û≈Õÿ Õ…ŒÑ∏ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑œ∂ œ∫◊…ŒÖÃ ÕœÃœƒÉ«œ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ ◊ »πÃ…«ÄŒ∑∏◊≈, ¥œ∂Œœ«∂Ä∆…… …⁄¡∫◊ÅŒ…… ∂Ñ∑∑À…» «πÕ¡Œ…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…» ∏∂¡ƒÇ√…™.[Seven-ACC minutes-GEN professor-NOM accused young writer-ACC in hooliganism-LOC, pornography-LOC and neglect-LOC Russian humanistic traditions-GEN.]For seven minutes the professor accused the young writer of hooliganism, pornography andneglect of Russian humanistic traditions.

91· ±¥œƒÄ∂œÀ≤-∏œ, œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈∏∑µ, ÕŒ≈ π∑∏∂É…Ã ∫¡ŒÀ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ …ÕÅÃ «ÃÑ¥œ∑∏ÿ œ∏À∂á∏ÿ∑fi£∏ … ¥œÃπfiÇ∏ÿ ¥ÃÄ∑∏…Àœ◊π¿ ÀÄ∂∏œfiÀπ.[But “gift-ACC”, turns-out, me-DAT arranged bank-NOM, in which-LOC I-NOM had stu-pidity-ACC open account-ACC and received plastic card-ACC.]But the ±gift,≤ as it turns out, was from the bank where I had had the stupidity to open anaccount and get a credit card.

327

92Éƒ◊…« ∑œ∑∏œÖÃ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ π Œ¡∑ ∑Œ¡fiÄÃ¡ ŒÄƒœ ∫áÃœ Œ≈Œ¡◊Çƒ≈∏ÿ ⁄ÅÀœ◊, ¡ ¥œ∏ÉÕ -œ»∂ÄŒŒ…Àœ◊. · ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊ ⁄Œ¡Ã … Ã¿∫ÇÃ … ∏≈», … ƒ∂π«Ç».[Heroic-feat-NOM consisted in that-LOC, that by us-GEN at-first necessary was hate pris-oners-ACC, and then — guards-ACC. But Dovlatov-NOM knew and loved and those-ACC, and others-ACC.]His heroic feat consisted of the fact that at first in our country it was necessary to hate theprisoners, then the guards. But Dovlatov knew and liked both the former and the latter.

93‰π¤≈◊Œœ∫œÃÿŒá≈ »πƒÉ÷Œ…À… ¥∂œƒ¡â∏ ∑◊œÇ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ ⁄¡ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ∏á∑µfi ÕÄ∂œÀ …∫ÉÃ≈≈.[Mentally-ill artists-NOM sell own pictures-ACC for fifty-ACC thousands-GEN marks-GEN and more.]Mentally ill artists sell their pictures for fifty marks and more.

94Ô∫…∏Ä∏≈Ã… Ü∏œ«œ ƒÉÕ¡ — Ã¡π∂≈Ä∏Ÿ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» ¥∂ÅÕ…™, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊ÃÖÃ… ∑◊œÇ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ◊ Î£ÃÿŒ≈, ¡∂Ç÷≈ … Û¡Œ-ÄπÃœ.[Residents-NOM this house-GEN — laureates-NOM various prizes-GEN, exhibited ownpictures-ACC in Cologne-LOC, Paris-LOC and San Paulo-LOC.]The residents of this house are laureates of various prizes and have exhibited their picturesin Cologne, Paris, and San Paulo.

95∑…»…Ä∏∂ ¥∂…fi…∑ÃÖ≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö ∏É÷≈ À »πƒÉ÷Œ…À¡Õ, ≈«É «…«ÄŒ∏∑À…≈ ¥ÃÄ∑∏…Àœ◊Ÿ≈∆…«Ñ∂Ÿ πÀ∂¡¤Ä¿∏ ÕŒÉ«…≈ ¡Õ≈∂…ÀÄŒ∑À…≈ ¥Ä∂À….[Psychiatrist-NOM counts self-ACC also to artists-DAT, his gigantic sculptural figures-NOM decorate many American parks-ACC.]The psychiatrist counts himself among the artists as well; his gigantic scultural figuresdecorate many American parks.

96ÔŒ œ∑∏ÄÃ∑µ ◊∂¡fiÉÕ, ¡ Œ≈ ¥∂≈◊∂¡∏ÇÃ∑µ ◊ Õ≈√≈ŒÄ∏¡ œ∏ …∑ÀÑ∑∑∏◊¡.[He-NOM remained doctor-INST, and not turned into patron-ACC art-GEN.]He remained a doctor and didn¢t turn into an art patron.

97ÛœƒÅ™∑∏◊π≈∏ Ã… ƒπ¤Å◊Œ¡µ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œÿ ∂¡⁄◊Ç∏…¿ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑À…» ∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏≈™, ◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏…»πƒÉ÷Œ…À¡?[Contribute whether mental illness-NOM development-DAT creative abilities-GEN, in par-ticular-LOC artist-GEN?]Does mental illness contribute to the development of creative abilities, in particular those ofan artist?


328 Exercises

98ì∑≈Œÿ¿ 1923 «Éƒ¡ ◊ ∂Ä«π ¥∂…Å»¡Ã »œ∂œ¤É ⁄ŒÄ◊¤…™ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊π ¥œÜ∏ ̃ . Ê. Ëœƒ¡∑Å◊…fi.[Fall-INST 1923 year-GEN in Prague-ACC arrived well knew-NOM Tsvetaev-ACC poetV. F. Khodasevich-NOM.]In the fall of 1923 the poet V. F. Khodasevich, who knew Tsvetaeva well, arrived in Prague.

99—ÙŸ ∑ÄÕ¡µ œfi¡∂œ◊Ä∏≈ÃÿŒ¡µ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ¡ «É∂œƒ¡ Ìœ∑À◊á.—Ë¡, »¡, »¡! ˜¡ƒÇÕ, ◊á¥≈™∏≈ ÃÑfi¤≈ ≈›£ fiÄ¿.[—You-NOM most charming woman-NOM city-GEN Moscow-GEN.— Ha ha ha! Vadim-NOM, drink better more tea-GEN.]“You are the most charming woman in the city of Moscow.”“Ha ha ha! Vadim, you should have some more tea.”

100Î ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ¿, Ì. „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™ ◊∑µ Ü∏¡ ⁄¡¥Ñ∏¡ŒŒ¡µ … Œ≈¥∂…Ö∏Œ¡µ …∑∏É∂…µ, ◊Çƒ…Õœ, Œ≈Àœ∑ŒÑÃ¡∑ÿ.[To happiness-DAT, M. Tsvetaeva-GEN all that tangled-NOM and unpleasant story-NOM,evidently, not touched.]Luckily, that entire, tangled, unpleasant story evidently did not affect Tsvetaeva.

101È⁄ ÉÀœŒ ⁄ƒÄŒ…µ ÌÑ∂Õ¡Œ∑Àœ™ œ∫Ã¡∑∏ŒÉ™ ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…… ◊Çƒ≈Œ ∂á∫ŒŸ™ ¥œ∂∏.[From windows-GEN building-GEN Murmansk regional administration-GEN visible-NOMfishing port-NOM.]The fishing port can be seen from the windows of the Murmansk regional administrationbuilding.

102ÔƒŒÄÀœ Œ≈⁄¡ƒÉÃ«œ ƒœ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi… ƒÅÃ¡ ◊ ∑πƒ ÛœÃœ◊ÿ£◊¡ œ∏À¡⁄ÄÃ¡∑ÿ œ∏ π∑ÃÑ« œ∫É…»∑◊œÇ» ⁄¡›Ç∏Œ…Àœ◊.[However shortly before transfer-GEN case-GEN in court-ACC Soloveva-NOM refusedfrom services-GEN both own defense-lawyers-GEN.]However shortly before the case was brought to court Soloveva refused the services of bothof her defense lawyers.

103ÔŒÄ ¥œÀπ¥ÄÃ¡ Œ¡ Ü∏… ƒÅŒÿ«… … Œ≈∆∏ÿ, … …∑∏∂≈∫Ç∏≈Ã…, … ÕŒÉ«œ≈ ƒ∂π«É≈, fi∏É∫Ÿ¥œÃπfiÇ∏ÿ ¥∂Ç∫ŸÃÿ.[Obtain drug-ACC at one-LOC from central stations-GEN metro-GEN, in night club-LOC,and in discoteque-LOC big work-GEN not constitute.]Obtaining a narcotic at one of the central metro stations, at a night club, or at a discotequedoes not take a lot of effort.

329

104Ò ¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä¿ ◊¡Õ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ Œ¡ Õ…∂ … ÕœÇÕ… «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ…, «Ã¡⁄ÄÕ… ∂Ñ∑∑Àœ™ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ…⁄ ∫ÃÇ÷Œ≈«œ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷ÿµ.[I-_____ suggest you-DAT look at world-ACC also my eyes-INST, eyes-INST Russianwoman-GEN from near abroad-GEN.]I suggest that you look at the world through my eyes, the eyes of a Russian woman from anearby foreign country.

105œ ƒÄŒŒŸÕ Ì…Œ…∑∏Å∂∑∏◊¡ ⁄ƒ∂¡◊œœ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…µ Úœ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ™ Ê≈ƒ≈∂Ä√……, 20,3 ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏¡ÕÄÃÿfi…Àœ◊-¥œƒ∂É∑∏Àœ◊ ¥∂É∫œ◊¡Ã… Œ¡∂ÀÉ∏…À…, ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ¥Ö∏Ÿ™.[Along data-DAT Ministry-GEN health-GEN Russian Federation-GEN, 20.3-NOM per-cent-ACC boys-adolescents-GEN tried narcotics-ACC, every fifth-NOM.]According to the data of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 20.3 percent ofadolescent boys have tried narcotics, one in five.

106ÌœÖ ∫Ä∫π¤À¡ ∑fi…∏Ä≈∏, fi∏œ ƒ…∑Àœ∏ÅÀ¡ ∑∂ÉƒŒ… ∏¡Œ√¥Ãœ›ÄƒÀ≈ — fi∏œ-∏œ ∏∂É«¡∏≈ÃÿŒœ≈… ŒÅ÷Œœ≈.[My grandmother-NOM thinks, that discoteque-NOM like dance-floor-DAT — somethingmoving-NOM and tender-NOM.]My grandmother thinks that a discoteque is like a dance-floor, something moving and ten-der.

107Ù∂ÑƒŒœ ∫áÃœ ∂¡⁄œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ∏œÕ ƒŸÕÑ.[Difficult was understand in that smoke-LOC.]It was difficult to make out anything in that smoke.

108ÔŒÄ Œ¡∫…∂ÄÃ¡ ƒÃµ …⁄ƒÄ∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊ ◊∑≈ ÕœÇ ¥∂œ…⁄◊≈ƒÅŒ…µ. · ⁄ŒÄfi…∏, fi…∏Ä∏ÿ ÕœÇ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄Ÿ ≈™ π÷Å Œ≈ œ∫µ⁄Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ.[She-NOM set-up for publishers-GEN all my works-ACC. And means, read my stories-ACC she-DAT already not obligatory.]She typeset all of my works for the publishers. That means she doesn’t need to read mystories.

109ñ∏œ ∫ŸÃÄ ∂¡ƒ…œ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi¡ œ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕ »œ∂≈É«∂¡∆≈, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÇÃ Œ¡ ̇ Ä¥¡ƒ≈◊Å∂Œœ∑∏ÿ Ã¿∫ÇÕœ™ ¥∂œ∆Å∑∑…….[This was radio-broadcast-NOM about courageous choreographer-LOC, who-NOM pre-served in West-LOC faithfulness-ACC beloved profession-DAT.]This was a radio program about a courageous choreographer, who remained faithful to hisbeloved profession in the West.


330 Exercises

110œƒœ∫∂ÄÃ ◊É…Œ ∑ ⁄≈ÕÃÇ Œ≈ƒœ⁄∂ÅÃπ¿ ∆Ç«π, ÀÇŒπÃ ≈£ ◊ ¥≈◊√Ä, … π«œƒÇÃ ≈ÕÑ ¥∂ÖÕœ ◊∂œ∏.[Picked-up warrior-NOM from earth-GEN unripe fig-ACC, threw it-ACC in singer-ACC,and hit him-DAT straight in mouth-ACC.]The warrior picked up an unripe fig from the ground, threw it at the singer, and hit him rightin the mouth.

111Û∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ œ∏◊≈fiÄ∏ÿ ∫¡ŒÄÃÿŒŸÕ …ƒ≈ÄÃ¡Õ ÕÑ÷≈∑∏◊¡, Àœ∏É∂ŸÕ… ∂πÀœ◊Éƒ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã∑µ ◊∏≈ «ÉƒŸ.[Tried answer banal ideals-DAT courage-GEN, which-INST was-guided in those years-ACC.]He tried to answer to the banal ideals of courage that he was guided by in those years.

112Ì≈÷∂≈Ã…«…É⁄Œ¡µ ∂œ⁄Œÿ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∑¥œ∑É∫∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∂¡∑¥Äƒπ Úœ∑∑Ç….[Interreligious disagreement-NOM may assist break-up-DAT Russia-GEN.]Interreligious disagreement may further the break up of Russia.

113ˆπ∂ŒÄÃ ±Û∏œÃÇ√¡≤ ∂≈¤ÇÃ ¥∂≈π∑¥Å∏ÿ ⁄¡ ∑fi£∏ Õ¡»…ŒÄ√…™. ÂÕÑ ∑¥œ∑É∫∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã ∫¡ŒÀ±Û‚Û-ê«∂œ.≤[Magazine Capital -NOM decided succeed for account-ACC machination-GEN. He-DATassisted bank SBS-Agro-ACC.]Capital magazine decided to be successful at the expense of machination. The SBS-Agrobank assisted it.

114ÏÄ∏Ÿ Œπ÷Œá ∏≈Õ, π Àœ«É Œ≈∏ ∆…«Ñ∂Ÿ.[Armor-NOM needed-NOM those-DAT, by whom-GEN not figures-NOM.]Those who don’t have figures need armor.

115˜∑≈ ÕŸ ¥œ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ… ƒ≈ÃÇÃ…∑ÿ ŒÉ◊œ™ …Œ∆œ∂ÕÄ√…≈™.[All we-NOM along turn-DAT shared new information-INST.]We all shared the new information in turns.

116ÌŸ Œ≈ ∂¡∑¥œÃ¡«Ä≈Õ ∏¡ÀÇÕ… ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡Õ….[We-NOM not have-at-disposal such means-INST.]We don’t have such means at our disposal.

331

117˜á¥¡Ã…◊ Ü∏œ, œŒÄ »ÃÉ¥¡≈∏ ƒ◊Å∂ÿ¿.[Having-blurted-out this-ACC, she-_____ slams door-INST.]Having blurted this out, she slammed the door.

118Ó¡ ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…µ ∑œ∫…∂Ä≈∏∑µ ◊∑µ Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…µ — fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ; ¥∂œ»Éƒµ∏ œŒÇ ◊∫œÃÿ¤É™, ∑œ∑ÅƒŒ≈™ ∑ ŒÄ¤≈™ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏≈.[To classes-ACC gathers all laboratory-NOM — people-GEN 20-NOM; go-through they-NOM in big, neighboring-LOC with ours-INST room-LOC.]The whole laboratory, around 20 people, gathers at the classes which are held in the bigroom neighboring ours.

119Û≈™fiÄ∑ ∑Öƒπ ⁄¡ ∑◊ÉƒŒŸ™ «∂Ä∆…À, ŒÄƒœ ∑ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ∏¡À, fi∏É∫Ÿ œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ ◊Œ≈∑∏Ç ◊ Œ≈«É∏ÉÃÿÀœ ŒÉ◊Ÿ≈ …∑¥Ÿ∏ÄŒ…µ.[Now I-will-sit behind combined graph-ACC, necessary do so, in-order-that remaninedintroduce in it-ACC only new tests-ACC.]Right now I’ll sit down with the combined graph; it needs to be done so that only the newtests remain to be added to it.

120Ò fiπ∏ÿ ¥∂…À¡∑Ä¿∑ÿ À ≈£ ∂πÀÅ ›≈ÀÉ™.[I-NOM hardly touch to her hand-DAT cheek-INST.]I gently touch her hand with my cheek.

121‰Ãµ ∂≈∫Ö∏ Ü∏œ ¥œ⁄ƒŒœ◊Ä∏œ, Œœ ŒÄƒœ ÷≈ …Õ »œ∏ÿ ◊ ◊Ÿ»œƒŒÉ™ ¥œ«πÃÖ∏ÿ À¡À ∑ÃÅƒπ≈∏.[For kids-GEN this-NOM late, but necessary EMPHATIC them-DAT even to day-off-ACCwalk as follows.]It’s a little bit late for the kids, but even on a day off they need to go for a proper walk.

122“˜œ∏ À¡ÀÇ≈ π Œ¡∑ À∂¡∑Ç◊Ÿ≈ ƒÅ∏…,” «œ◊œ∂â µ … ⁄œ◊Ñ …» Œ¡ ÀÑ»Œ¿ Œ¡À∂Ÿ◊Ä∏ÿ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈Œ¡ ∑∏œÃ.[“There what-kind-of by us-GEN pretty children-NOM,” say I-NOM and call them-ACC tokitchen-ACC cover together on table-ACC.]“There’s what kind of pretty children we have,” I say and call them into the kitchen to setthe table together.

123‰…Õ, ƒ¡◊Ä™ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈Õ œ∫∑π÷ƒÄ∏ÿ Ü∏œ, ¥∂œ¤Ñ ∏≈∫Ö, ¥œ«ÃÄƒÿ ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ ∑◊œÇ ∫∂âÀ… ∑¡Õ,ÕŒ≈ ŒÄƒœ ƒœ¤Ç∏ÿ.[Dima-NOM, let’s not will discuss this-ACC, ask you-ACC, iron today own pants-ACCself-NOM, me-DAT need finish-up-sewing.]Dima, let’s not discuss this, I’m asking you to iron your own pants today yourself, I need tofinish up the sewing.


332 Exercises

124Ô ÁÉ∑¥œƒ…, œŒ, ÀÄ÷≈∏∑µ, ƒÑÕ¡≈∏, fi∏œ ∂Äƒ… Ü∏œ™ ◊∑∏∂Åfi… µ ∂≈¤ÇÃ¡ πÀœ∂œ∏Ç∏ÿ â∫Àπ![O Lord-NOM, he-NOM, it-seems, thinks, that for this date-GEN I-NOM decided shortenskirt-ACC!]O Lord, it seems that he thinks I decided to shorten my skirt for this date!

125Ò ¤ÿ¿ … ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡¿ ‰ÇÕ≈, fi∏œ ¥œƒ∑fi…∏ÄÃ… ŒÄ¤… ƒŒ… <<¥œ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…>>, fi∏œ πÕ≈ŒÖ ∑ÅÕÿƒ≈∑µ∏ ◊É∑≈Õÿ ƒŒ≈™ — ¥œfi∏Ç √ÅÃŸ™ À◊¡∂∏ÄÃ.[I-NOM sew and tell Dima-DAT, that tally-up our days-ACC “along illness-DAT”, that byme-GEN 78-NOM days-GEN — almost whole quarter-NOM]While I sew I tell Dima that they tallied up our sick days, that I have 78 — almost a wholequarter.

126Ú≈∫Ö∏¡ ¥ÿ¿∏ ÕœÃœÀÉ, ƒ◊≈ Õ…ŒÑ∏Ÿ ÕŸ ∂≈¤Ä≈Õ, …ƒ∏Ç Ã… ≈›£ «πÃÖ∏ÿ, … —œ∏ÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡≈Õ∑µ.[Kids-NOM drink milk-ACC, two-ACC minutes-GEN we-NOM decide, go whether stillwalk, and — decline.]The kids are drinking milk, we’re deciding for two minutes whether to still go for a walk,and...we decline.

127Ô¥ÃÄfi…◊¡≈∏ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ …Œœ«œ∂ÉƒŒ…Õ ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ … ¥∂…Å⁄ƒ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ñ Œ¡ ◊∂πfiÅŒ…≈∑∏…¥ÅŒƒ……, ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ ¥∂œ÷…◊ÄŒ…µ ◊ ∑∏œÃÇ√≈.[Pays-for company-NOM out-of-town students-DAT and trip-ACC to Moscow-ACC to hand-ing-out-ACC stipend-GEN, two-ACC days-ACC stay-GEN in capital-LOC.]The company is even paying the out-of-town students for the trip to Moscow to get theirstipends and for a two-day stay in the capital.

128˜…√≈-¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥œ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ Õ≈ŒÖ, fi∏É∫Ÿ µ œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã∑µ ◊ Û∂ÅƒŒ¿¿ ê⁄…¿ ƒÃµπÀ∂≈¥ÃÅŒ…µ ŒÄ¤…» ƒ◊π»∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…» ∑◊Ö⁄≈™ … ƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ä√…… ŒÄ¤≈™ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À…∑∏∂ÄŒ¡Õ Ü∏œ«œ ∂≈«…ÉŒ¡.[Vice-president-NOM asked me-ACC, in-order-to I-NOM set-off to Central Asia-ACC forstrengthening-GEN our bilateral ties-GEN and demonstration-GEN our support-GEN coun-tries-DAT this region-GEN.]The vice-president asked me to set off for Central Asia to strengthen our bilateral ties and todemonstrate our support for the countries of that region.

129˜¥≈∂◊á≈ ⁄¡ ÕŒÉ«…≈ «ÉƒŸ ∫≈⁄ ¥ÉÕœ›… ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏œ◊ ∂≈¤ÇÃ… π∫∂Ä∏ÿ π∂œ÷Ä™⁄≈ÕÃ≈ƒÅÃÿ√Ÿ ŒÄ¤≈™ É∫Ã¡∑∏….[First-time for many years-ACC without help-GEN students-GEN decided gather harvestfarmers-NOM our province-GEN.]For the first time in many years, the farmers of our province have decided to gather theharvest without the help of students.

333

130∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ Ù¡ƒ÷…À…∑∏ÄŒ¡ π∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ ¥∂œƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ç∂œ◊¡Ã, fi∏œ ∑…∏πÄ√…¿ ◊∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À≈ œŒ ÀœŒ∏∂œÃÇ∂π≈∏.[President-NOM Tajikistan-GEN convincingly demonstrated, that situation-ACC in repub-lic-LOC he-NOM controls.]The president of Tajikistan convincingly demonstrated that he controls the situation in therepublic.

131Ó¡∫É∂ ¥∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä≈ÕŸ» ∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…™ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ ¤…∂ÉÀ, À ¥∂…ÕÅ∂π <<œ∂Ä œ∫Åƒ¡∏ÿ>>ÇÃ… <<Ò ⁄¡™ƒÑ ⁄¡ ∏œ∫É™ ◊ ¤ÀÉÃπ>>.[Set-NOM offered messages-GEN, not very broad, to example-DAT “Time eat” or “I-NOMwill-drop-by behind you-INST to school-ACC.]The set of offered messages isn’t very broad, for example “Time to eat dinner” or “I’mcoming to pick you up at school”.

132Ûœ∫ÄÀ ÀÉ∂Õµ∏ ¥œ∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…≈ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ, Œ¡ ∑◊œÇ ƒÅŒÿ«… ¥œÀπ¥Ä¿∏ …Õ ≈ƒÑ, ¥œÜ∏œÕπ∑œ∫ÄÀ… …» Ãâ∫µ∏ … ¥∂…⁄Œ¡â∏.[Dogs-ACC feed outside women-NOM, to own money-ACC buy them-DAT food-ACC,therefore dogs-NOM them-ACC love and recognize.]Women outside the organization feed the dogs, they buy food for them on their own money,therefore the dogs love them and recognize them.

133Û◊œâ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ñ ¥∂É∏…◊ ÎÄ∑∏∂œ ∆œŒƒ √≈Ã…ÀÉÕ ¥∂œ◊Éƒ…∏ ◊ ∂ÄÕÀ¡» ¥∂œ¥¡«¡ŒƒÇ∑∏∑Àœ™◊œ™Œá.[Own struggle-ACC against Castro-GEN fund completely leads in frames-LOC propagandawar-GEN.]The fund carries on the struggle against Castro completely within the framework of a pro-paganda war.

134˜¡¤…Œ«∏ÉŒ∑À¡µ ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…µ œ¥∂Ä◊ƒŸ◊¡≈∏∑µ ∏≈Õ, fi∏œ ÖÀœ∫Ÿ œ¥œ⁄ƒÄÃ¡ ∑ ¥œƒÄfi≈™ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑π Œ¡ ¥∂œƒÃÅŒ…≈ ⁄Ãœ¥œÃÑfiŒœ«œ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ¡.[Washington administration-NOM justifies-self that-INST, that supposedly were-late withsending-INST Congress-DAT to extension-ACC unfortunate law-GEN.]The Washington administration justifies itself by saying that they were late about askingCongress for an extension of this unfortunate law.

135∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ Â«Ç¥∏¡, œ¥…∂Äµ∑ÿ Œ¡ ∑∏¡∂œƒÄ◊Œ…™ … ¥œÃπ⁄¡∫á∏Ÿ™ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ, ∂≈¤ÇÃœÃ…À◊…ƒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿ ◊ ∑∏∂¡ŒÅ ∑ÃÑ÷∫π ∏≈Ãœ»∂¡ŒÇ∏≈Ã≈™.[Government-NOM Egypt-GEN, relying on ancient and half-forgotten law-ACC, decidedliquidate in country-LOC service-ACC bodyguards-GEN.]The government of Egypt, relying on an ancient and half-forgotten law, decided to liquidatebodyguard service in the country.


334 Exercises

136Ù∂… ∏∂πƒŒÅ™¤…» «Éƒ¡ µ ¥∂œ÷ÇÃ ◊ »ÉÃœƒ≈ … ∏≈ÕŒœ∏Å.[Three-ACC quite-difficult year-GEN I-NOM lived-through in cold-LOC and dark-LOC.]I lived through three rather difficult years in the cold and dark.

137˜∑µ ∑≈ÕÿÖ ∑∂ÉfiŒœ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ œ∆œ∂ÕÃÅŒ…≈Õ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕŸ» ƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏œ◊, … Ó¡ƒÅ÷ƒ¡·Œ∏ÉŒœ◊Œ¡ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ◊∑≈«É ∫œÇ∏∑µ, fi∏œ Œ≈ π∑¥Å≈∏ ◊∑£ œ∆É∂Õ…∏ÿ ƒœ ¥œÅ⁄ƒÀ….[All family-NOM urgently does filling-out-INST necessary papers-GEN, and NadezhdaAntonovna-NOM more all-GEN is-afraid, that not have-time all-ACC fill-out before trip-GEN.]The whole family is urgently filling out the necessary papers and Nadezhda Antonovna,most of all, is afraid they won’t have time to fill out everything before the trip.

138˜∑≈ ¥∂œ…⁄◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∏œ◊Ä∂œ◊ Œ¡ ◊á∑∏¡◊À≈ π∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…, fi∏œ ◊◊œ⁄Ç∏ÿ ∏œ◊Ä∂Ÿ …⁄-⁄¡«∂¡ŒÇ√Ÿ Œ¡ÕŒÉ«œ ¥∂É›≈, fi≈Õ ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ∏ÿ …» ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç….[All producers-NOM goods-GEN at exhibition-LOC confirmed, that import goods-ACCfrom-beyond border-GEN much simpler, than-INST produce them-ACC in Russia-LOC.]All the producers of goods at the exhibition confirmed that it is much simpler to importgoods from abroad than to produce them in Russia.

139Û ∏œ∂«É◊ŸÕ… Œ¡√ÅŒÀ¡Õ… ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ≈ ¥œƒÉ∫ŒŸ≈ ∏≈∏∂ÄƒÀ… ¥œƒŒÇÕπ∏∑µ ƒœ ¤≈∑∏Ç ∏á∑µfi∂π∫ÃÅ™.[With sales taxes-INST in store-LOC similar notebooks-NOM rise to six-GEN thousand-GEN rubles-GEN.]With the sales tax in stores, similar notebooks will go up to six thousand rubles.

140¸¥É»¡ ÕœŒ≈∏¡∂Ç⁄Õ¡ ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… ⁄¡ÀÄŒfi…◊¡≈∏∑µ. Ù∂ÑƒŒœ ∑À¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, Àœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ ⁄¡ÀÉŒfi…∏∑µ∑œ◊∑ÅÕ, Œœ …«∂Ä∏ÿ ◊ ƒÅŒÿ«… ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒπ∏.[Epoch-NOM monetarianism-GEN in Russia-LOC ends. Difficult say, when it-NOM will-end completely, but play in money-ACC in Russia-LOC more not will-be.]The epoch of monetarianism in Russia is coming to an end. It is hard to say when it will endcompletely, but there won’t be any more playing with money in Russia.

141ÎÑfi≈∂-Õπ÷ÇÀ ◊∑Ã≈¥Ñ¿ «Œ¡Ã Ãœ¤¡ƒÅ™, Œœ ◊∂ÅÕµ œ∏ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ… œ∫œ∂Äfi…◊¡Ã∑µ … À∂…fiÄÃ∑À◊œ⁄ÿ ¥π∂«Ñ: “Ó…fi≈«É, ∫Ä∂…Œ! Ó…fi≈«É, ◊á∫≈∂≈Õ∑µ!”[Coachman-peasant-NOM blindly drove horses-ACC, but time-ACC from time-GEN turned-around and shouted through blizzard-ACC: “Nothing-GEN, sir-NOM! Nothing-GEN, get-out!”]The peasant driver blindly drove the horses, but from time to time he would turn around andshout through the blizzard: “It’s nothing, sir! It’s nothing. We’ll manage!”

335

142Îœ«ƒÄ ◊ ¥µ∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ ∑œ⁄ƒ¡◊ÄÃœ∑ÿ ∏≈Ã≈◊Çƒ≈Œ…≈, ∏πƒÄ ¤Ã… Œ≈πƒÄfiŒ…À… À…ŒÉ …∏≈Ä∏∂¡, ¡ ∏ÄÀ÷≈ Ãâƒ…, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã…: ⁄¡ Ü∏…Õ ƒÅÃœÕ — ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈.[When in fifties years-ACC created television-NOM, there went unfortunate-ones-NOMmovies-GEN and theater-GEN, but also people-NOM, which-NOM felt: beyond this thing-INST — future-NOM.]When television was created in the fifties, the unfortunate ones of the movies and the the-ater went to it, but also people who sensed that the future lay in this area.

143ÙπƒÄ œƒÇŒ-ƒ◊¡ ∂Ä⁄¡ ◊ Œ≈ƒÅÃ¿ ¥∂…≈⁄÷ÄÃ¡ ¡◊∏œÃÄ◊À¡, …∑∏ÉfiŒ…À ◊∑≈» ∫Ã¡« ◊ ◊Çƒ≈ ≈ƒá… ¥…∏ÿÖ.[There one-two-ACC occasions-GEN in week-ACC came lunch-wagon-NOM, source-NOMall blessings-GEN in form-LOC food-GEN and drink-GEN.]The lunch wagon, source of all goodness in the form of food and drink, came there one ortwice a week.

144Ò πfiÄ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã ◊ ¥µ∏Ç ◊É™Œ¡», »œƒÇÃ ◊ ¡∏ÄÀπ, ∏¡À fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ÕÉ∂≈ À∂É◊….[I-NOM participated in five wars-LOC, went in attack-ACC, so that was sea-NOM blood-GEN.]I participated in five wars and went into battle where there was a sea of blood.

145ÛÅÃÿ∑À…≈ Ãâƒ… ◊ƒ∂π« Œ¡fi…ŒÄ¿∏ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ∏ÿ: …» Œ…ÀœÕÑ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷Œ¡µ ⁄≈ÕÃÖ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕƒÅÃ≈ …ÕÅ≈∏ ∫œÃÿ¤Ñ¿ √ÅŒŒœ∑∏ÿ...[Village people-NOM suddenly begin understand: their no-one-DAT not needed land-NOMin actual fact-LOC has big value-ACC...]The villagers suddenly begin to understand: their land, which no one needed, actually hasgreat value...

146˙…ÕÉ™ …⁄-⁄¡ ¥œÃÖ∂Œœ™ ŒÉfi… Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥∂œ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ, ÃÅ∏œÕ Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ π∑ŒÑ∏ÿ¥œ ƒ∂π«É™ ¥∂…fiÇŒ≈: ◊ ∏∂… fi¡∑Ä ŒÉfi… ◊ œÀŒÉ ÃÑ¥…∏ ∑ÉÃŒ√≈.[Winter-INST because-of polar night-GEN impossible wake-up, summer-INST impossiblefall-asleep along other reason-DAT: in three-ACC hours-GEN night-GEN to window-ACCthrashes sun-NOM.]In the winter, it is impossible to wake up because of the polar night, in the summer it isimpossible to fall asleep for another reason: at three o’clock in the morning the sun thrashesthrough the window.


336 Exercises

147ˆ…◊£∏ œŒÄ Œ¡ ∑∂Åƒ∑∏◊¡ “∑¥ÉŒ∑œ∂¡” — ÷≈ŒÄ∏œ«œ ∫…⁄Œ≈∑ÕÅŒ¡, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ∑Œ…ÕÄ≈∏ ƒÃµŒ≈£ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂π … ¥≈∂…œƒÇfi≈∑À… ¥∂É∑…∏ ≈£ ∫∂É∑…∏ÿ Ü∏π ƒπ∂Ä√Àπ¿ ∂¡∫É∏π ◊ ÀÃÑ∫≈ …◊¡∂Ç∏ÿ ƒÉÕ¡ ¥≈ÃÿÕÅŒ….[Lives she-NOM on means-ACC “sponsor”-GEN — married businessman-GEN, who-NOMrents for her-GEN apartment-ACC and periodically asks her-ACC quit this foolish work-ACC in club-LOC and cook at-home pelmeni-ACC.]She lives on the resources of a “sponsor”, a married businessman, who rents an apartmentfor her and periodically asks her to quit this foolish job in a club and cook pelmeni at home.

148Ô∏ŒáŒ≈ ¥∂… π∏∂Ä∏≈ ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ãÿ∑Àœ«œ πƒœ∑∏œ◊≈∂ÅŒ…µ ¡◊∏œÕœ∫…ÃÇ∑∏¡Õ Œ≈ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∫Ñƒ≈∏∑ƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ ŒÉ◊Ÿ™ ‹À⁄ÄÕ≈Œ.[From-now-on in loss-LOC driver’s identification-GEN drivers-DAT not necessary will-betake new exam-ACC.]From now on, driver’s who lose their driver’s licenses will not have to take a new test.

149∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ ¥œƒfi≈∂ÀŒÑÃ, fi∏œ Úœ∑∑Ç… ŒÑ÷Œœ ∑¡ÕÉ™ ∂¡⁄œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ … ¥œŒÖ∏ÿ, fi∏œ¥∂œ…∑»Éƒ…∏ ◊ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À≈ ∑∏∂¡Œá.[President-NOM emphasized, that Russia-DAT necessary self-DAT understand and under-stand, what-NOM happens in economics-LOC country-GEN.]The president emphasized that Russia itself must make sense of and understand what isgoing on in the economics of the country.

150˜≈∂»É◊Œ¡µ ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏π, ∑fi…∏Ä¿∏ ∏∂Çƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏∂…¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏¡ ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ.[Supreme power-NOM should-NOM belong president-DAT, consider 33-ACC percent-GENRussian citizens-GEN.]Thirty-three percent of Russian citizens think that the supreme power should belong to thepresident.

151Û◊Å÷π¿ fi≈∂ŒÇÀπ, À ¥∂…ÕÅ∂π, ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ¿∏ ¥œ 3-4 ∂π∫ÃÖ ⁄¡ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ, ∑π¤£Œπ¿ —œ∏ 20 ƒœ 40 ∂π∫ÃÅ™ (◊ ÀÄ÷ƒœÕ ∂¡™ÉŒ≈ ∑◊œÇ √ÅŒŸ).[Fresh bilberry-ACC, to example-DAT, takes around 3-4-ACC rubles-GEN for kilogram-ACC, dried-ACC — from 20-GEN to 40-GEN rubles-GEN (in each region-LOC own prices-NOM).]For example, they take fresh bilberries for 3-4 rubles per kilogram, dried ones from 20 to 40rubles (each region has its own prices).

337

152˙¡ Õ…ÕÉ⁄œ◊Ÿ™ “∑≈⁄ÉŒ”, ¡ Ü∏œ, ¥∂…ÕÅ∂Œœ, ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ∑ ƒ◊¡ƒ√Ä∏œ«œ ∆≈◊∂¡ÃÖ ¥œ∑≈ƒÿÕÉ≈ ÕÄ∂∏¡, ÕÉ÷Œœ ⁄¡∂¡∫É∏¡∏ÿ ÉÀœÃœ ¥µ∏…∑É∏ ∂π∫ÃÅ™.[In mimosa “season”-ACC, and this-NOM, about, two weeks-NOM from twentieth-GENFebruary-GEN to seventh-ACC March-GEN, possible earn around five-hundred-GENrubles-GEN.]During the mimosa “season”, this is about two weeks from the twentieth of February to theseventh of March, it is possible to earn around 500 rubles.

153˙¡ÕÅ∏Œœ π»Ñƒ¤…Ãœ∑ÿ ∑¡ÕœfiÑ◊∑∏◊…≈, ◊¥Ãœ∏ÿ ƒœ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ◊∂¡fiÇ Œ¡∑∏Ä…◊¡¿∏ Œ¡∑Àœ∂Å™¤≈Õ π»Éƒ≈ ◊ É∏¥π∑À Œ≈ ÕÅŒ≈≈ fi≈Õ Œ¡ 30 ƒŒ≈™.[Noticeably worsened condition-NOM, right-up to that-GEN, that doctors-NOM insist onimmediate departure-LOC to leave-ACC not less than to 30-ACC days-GEN.]The condition had noticeably worsened right up to the point of the doctors’ insisting on animmediate departure for a leave of no less than 30 days.

154Î ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿ¿, É∫¡ ¥…ÃÉ∏¡ π∑¥ÅÃ… À¡∏¡¥πÃÿ∏Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ⁄¡ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ∑≈ÀÑŒƒ ¥Å∂≈ƒ ∏≈Õ,À¡À ∂≈¡À∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ∑¡ÕœÃ£∏ ◊∂Å⁄¡Ã∑µ ◊ ⁄ÅÕÃ¿.[To fortune-DAT, both-NOM pilots-GEN had time eject within several-ACC seconds-GENbefore that-INST, as jet airplane-NOM dug-into to ground-ACC.]Fortunately, both pilots had time to eject within seconds before the jet plane crashed into theground.

155ñ∏œ œ∫áfiŒ¡µ ¥∂ÄÀ∏…À¡ — ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ ∑fi£∏ ⁄¡ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ ¥É∂œ◊Œπ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ¥∂œ÷…◊Ä¿›…Õ…◊ ŒÉÕ≈∂≈.[This-NOM usual practice-NOM — divide bill-ACC for telephone-ACC evenly betweenliving-together-INST in room-LOC.]This is the usual practice, to divide the bill evenly between those sharing the room.

156Ò ∑¡ÕÄ ∑≈∫Å À¡⁄ÄÃ¡∑ÿ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊Œœ™ œ∏∏œ«É, fi∏œ Àœ«ƒÄ-∏œ ∑ Œ…Õ √≈Ãœ◊ÄÃ¡∑ÿ.[I-NOM self-NOM self-DAT seemed nasty-INST from-that, that sometime with him-INSTkissed.]I seemed repulsive to myself because I had ever kissed him.

157ÌÄ¤¡ ¥œƒÑÕ¡Ã¡, fi∏œ, Àœ«ƒÄ œŒÄ Œ¡ÀÉ¥…∏ ƒÅŒ≈«, œŒÄ ∑ ÕÄ∏≈∂ÿ¿ ÷…∏ÿ Œ≈ ∫Ñƒ≈∏.[Masha-NOM thought, that, when she-NOM will-accumulate money-GEN, she-NOM withmother-INST live not will.]Masha thought that when she got got together enough money, she wouldn’t live with hermother anymore.


338 Exercises

158

“ÙŸ ÕŒÉ«œ«œ ƒœ∫ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥¡∂∏Ç™Œœ™ fiÅ∑∏Œœ∑∏ÿ¿?” ∑ ∑¡∂ÀÄ⁄ÕœÕ ∑¥∂É∑…∏ ≈£ÌÄ¤¡.[“You-NOM much-GEN got own party honesty-INST?,” with sarcasm-INST asks her-ACCMasha-NOM.]“Did you get so much through your party loyalty?” Masha will ask with sarcasm.

159· ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ƒœfiÿ ÷…◊£∏ œ∏ƒÅÃÿŒœ, ◊Ã¿∫Ã≈ŒÄ ƒœ πÕœ¥œÕ∂¡fiÅŒ…µ ◊ ∑◊œ≈«É ÕÑ÷¡.[And now daughter-NOM lives separately, in-love-NOM unto derangement-of-mind to ownhusband-ACC.]And now the daughter lives separately, tremendously in love with her husband.

160Ô ∂ÉÃ… ƒœÕœ∆ÉŒ¡ ◊ ÷Ç⁄Œ… Õœ∑ÀÉ◊∑Àœ«œ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ¡ ÕŸ «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ… ∑ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À¡Õ…Ô∏ƒÅÃ¡ ¥œ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Å ∑ À∂Ä÷¡Õ… fiπ÷É«œ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊¡.[About role-GEN intercom-GEN in life-LOC Moscow entryway-GEN we-NOM spoke withemployee-INST Department-GEN along struggle-DAT with robberies-INST other’s prop-erty-GEN.]Concerning the role of the intercom in the life of the Moscow entryway, we spoke with anemployee from the Department for the Prevention of Property Theft.

161ÌŒ≈ ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ…, fi∏œ ◊ µŒ◊¡∂Å ∫áÃœ ∑œ◊≈∂¤≈ŒÉ 435 À◊¡∂∏Ç∂ŒŸ» À∂¡÷.[Me-DAT told, that in January-LOC was committed 435-NOM apartment robberies-GEN.]They told me that 435 apartment robberies were committed in January.

162ßŸÃ ∑ÃÑfi¡™, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À¡ Œ¡¤ÃÇ ¥œ œ∏¥≈fiÄ∏À¡Õ ⁄π∫É◊ — œŒ ∫ŸÃ «œÃÉƒŒŸ™ …Œ¡ƒÀÑ∑…Ã Àπ∑ÉÀ ÕÄ∑Ã¡.[Was incident-NOM, when criminal-ACC found along imprints-DAT teeth-GEN — he-NOM was hungry-NOM and took-bite piece-ACC butter-GEN.]There was an incident where they found a criminal by the imprint of his teeth, he had beenhungry and had taken a bite from a piece of butter.

163ÁÃÄ◊Œœ≈ — Œ≈ ¥∂…œ∏◊œ∂Ç∏ÿ Œ¡ ⁄◊œŒÉÀ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ, Œ≈ ¥œƒƒÄ∏ÿ∑µ Õ…ŒÑ∏Œœ™ ∑ÃÄ∫œ∑∏….[Main-thing-NOM — not open to ring-ACC door-ACC, not give-in minute’s weakness-DAT.]The main thing is not to buzz open the door when it rings, not to give in to a moment’sweakness.

339

164œŒ…ÕÄ≈∏≈, ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ¥œ ÕÉÃœƒœ∑∏… ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ ∑ π∏∂Ä ƒœ ◊Åfi≈∂¡ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ»œ⁄Ö™∑∏◊œÕ, ¡ ◊Åfi≈∂œÕ …«∂Ä∏ÿ Àœ∂œÃÅ◊π.[You-understand, only along youth-DAT possible from morning-GEN to evening-GEN oc-cupy-self domestic-work-INST, and evening-INST play queen-ACC.]You understand that only in youth is it possible to do housework from morning until evening,and then in the evening play the queen.

165Úœ∑∑Ç≈™ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡ ¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂Ä∏…µ, … œŒ ¥œ ∑◊œ≈ÕÑ É∫∂¡⁄π ÕŸ¤ÃÅŒ…µ ¡∂…∑∏œÀ∂Ä∏ƒœ ÕÉ⁄«¡ Àœ∑∏Å™.[Russia-INST always ruled aristocracy-NOM, and he-NOM along own form-DAT think-ing-GEN aristocrat-NOM to marrow-GEN bones-GEN.]An aristocracy always ruled Russia, and he in his own way of thinking is an aristrocrat tothe core.

166· ¥É◊≈∑∏… Á¡ÃÇŒŸ ˝≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ «ƒÅ-∏œ ¥œ∑≈∂≈ƒÇŒÀ≈: Œ¡ ¥œÃ¥π∏Ç œ∏ Õ≈Ãœƒ∂ÄÕŸ À∫Ÿ∏œ◊É™ ƒ∂ÄÕ≈.[But stories-NOM Galina Shcherbakova-GEN somewhere in-middle: on half-path-LOCfrom melodrama-GEN to domestic drama-DAT.]But the stories of Galina Shcherbakova are somewhere in the middle: on the half-way pointfrom melodrama to domestic drama.

167Ò Œ≈ ◊Ç÷π Œ…fi≈«É ¥Ãœ»É«œ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ̋ ≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ πƒ¡£∏∑µ π«¡ƒÄ∏ÿ ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈ fi…∏Ä∏≈Ãµ∂É◊Œœ ⁄¡ Õ…ŒÑ∏π ƒœ ∏œ«É, À¡À ∑¡Õ fi…∏Ä∏≈Ãÿ Ü∏œ ÷≈ÃÄŒ…≈ fi£∏Àœ œ∑œ⁄Œ¡£∏.[I-NOM not see nothing-GEN bad-GEN in that-LOC, that Shcherbakova-DAT is-success-ful guess desire-ACC reader-GEN exactly to minute-ACC until that-GEN, as self-NOMreader-NOM this desire-ACC clearly realizes.]I don’t see anything bad in Shcherbakova’s success in figuring out the desire of the readerexactly a minute before the reader himself clearly realizes the desire.


340 Exercises

Level III Key1ÔŒ ÕÅÃÿÀœÕ ◊⁄«ÃÖŒπÃ Œ¡ Õ¡∏ÿ, «Ã¡⁄Ä π Œ≈«É ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ… π∏œÕÃ£ŒŒœ, À¡À ∫πƒ∏œ œŒ Œ≈ƒ≈∂÷ÄÃ À¡À ∑ÃÅƒπ≈∏ ◊ÅÀ….[He-NOM cursorily glanced on mother-ACC, eyes-NOM by him-GEN looked wearily, asif he-NOM not held as should eyelids-ACC.]He gave his mother a cursory glance, his eyes gazed wearily, as if he was not holding up hiseyelids as he should.

2‚∂¡⁄ÇÃ…µ µ◊ÃÖ≈∏∑µ À∂π¥ŒÅ™¤…Õ ◊ ÕÇ∂≈ ¥∂œ…⁄◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã≈Õ … ¥∂œƒ¡◊√ÉÕ ÀÉ∆≈,◊Ÿ∂Ä›…◊¡µ ÉÀœÃœ ∏∂…ƒ√¡∏Ç ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ ◊∑≈«É Õ…∂œ◊É«œ π∂œ÷Äµ ¡∂œÕÄ∏ŒŸx ∫œ∫É◊.[Brazil-NOM is biggest-INST in world-LOC producer-INST and seller-INST coffee-GEN,growing around thirty percent-GEN entire world harvest-GEN aromatic beans-GEN.]Brazil is the world’s biggest producer and seller of coffee, growing around thirty percent ofthe entire world’s harvest of the aromatic beans.

3∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…≈ ◊á¥π∑∏…∏ ¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi Õ¡¤ÇŒ, œƒÇŒŒ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi …⁄ Àœ∏É∂Ÿx∂≈¡Ã…⁄Ñ¿∏∑µ ⁄¡ «∂¡ŒÇ√≈™.[Enterprise-NOM will-produce sixteen-ACC thousand-GEN cars-GEN, eleven-NOM thou-sand-GEN from which-GEN will-be-sold beyond border-INST.]The enterprise will produce sixteen thousand cars, eleven thousand of which will be soldabroad.

4˜ Úœ∑∑Ç… ∑≈™fiÄ∑ …⁄-⁄¡ ∑¥Äƒ¡ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒ∑∏◊¡ ∑œÀ∂¡›Ä≈∏∑µ ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…≈‹Ã≈À∏∂œ‹ŒÅ∂«……, ∏¡À fi∏œ …⁄ÃÇ¤À… ÕŸ ∑ πƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…≈Õ ¥∂œƒ¡ƒÇÕ Œ¡ ˙Ä¥¡ƒ.[In Russia-LOC now from-beyond fall-GEN production-GEN declines use-NOM electric-ity-GEN, so that surplus-ACC we-NOM with pleasure-INST will-sell to West-ACC.]Because of the fall in production, the demand for energy is declining now in Russia, so wewill gladly sell the excess to the West.

5ÓÉ◊Ÿx ∑ÃÑfi¡≈◊ ∂¡∑¥∂œ∑∏∂¡ŒÅŒ…µ xœÃÅ∂Ÿ Œ¡ ƒ∂π«Ç≈ ∏≈∂∂…∏É∂…… Úœ∑∑Ç… Œ≈œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈Œœ.[New-GEN cases-GEN spread-GEN cholera-GEN to other areas-ACC Russia-GEN notdiscovered.]New cases of the spread of cholera to other areas of Russia have not been discovered.

341

6œ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÃÅŒ…≈ œ ¥œƒ¥…∑ÄŒ…… ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ÕÅ÷ƒπ ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ ÚÑ∑∑Àœ™Ê≈ƒ≈∂Ä√…… … ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ Ú≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À… Î…¥∂ œ ∫≈⁄◊Ç⁄œ◊œÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕ≈ ◊flÅ⁄ƒ¡ …◊á≈⁄ƒ¡ ¥œƒ¥Ç∑¡Œœ ¥∂≈ÕÿÅ∂-Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ.[Resolution-NOM about signing-LOC agreement-GEN between government-INST Rus-sian Federation-GEN and government-INST Republic-GEN Cyprus-NOM about visa-lessprocedure-LOC entering-GEN and leaving-GEN signed-NOM prime-minister-INST.]A resolution to sign an agreement between the government of the Russian Federation andthe government of the Republic of Cyprus to allow entry and exit without visas was signedby the prime minister.

7∂œÅÀ∏ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏, fi∏œ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ≈ œ∫É…x «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊, …ÕÅ¿›…≈ƒÅ™∑∏◊π¿›…≈ ⁄¡«∂¡ŒƒœÀπÕÅŒ∏Ÿ, ÕÉ«π∏ ◊fl≈⁄÷Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ∏≈∂∂…∏É∂…¿ ƒ∂π«É«œ«œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ∫≈⁄ ◊…⁄ Œ¡ ∑∂œÀ ƒœ ƒ≈◊µŒÉ∑∏¡ ƒŒ≈™.[Draft-NOM agreement-GEN stipulates, that citizens-NOM both states-GEN, having-NOMvalid international-documents-ACC can enter territory-ACC other state-GEN without vi-sas-GEN for period-ACC to ninety days-GEN.]The draft of the agreement stipulates that citizens of both states who have valid intermationaldocuments can enter the territory of the other state without a visa for a period of up to ninetydays.

8˜ ∑œ⁄ƒÄ◊¤…»∑µ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ» ∂≈÷ÇÕ ∑∏∂≈ÕÇ∏∑µ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸÕ… ¥π∏ÖÕ… ◊Œ≈∑∏Ç ∂¡∑ÀÉÃ ◊œ¥¥œ⁄…√…ÉŒŒŸ≈ ∂µƒá.[In created conditions-LOC regime-NOM tries different ways-INST introduce division-ACC in opposition ranks-ACC.]Given the present conditions, the regime is trying various means to introduce division amongthe ranks of the opposition.

9œÃ…√Å™∑À…™ ∑fi£Ã ∑≈∫Ö œ∑Àœ∂∫Ã£ŒŒŸÕ … ¥∂…◊Ã£À œ∫Çƒfi…À¡.[Policeman-NOM considered self-ACC offended-INST and sued offender-ACC.]The policeman felt offended and sued the offender.

10∑…»Çfi≈∑À…Õ… Œ≈ƒÑ«¡Õ… ◊œ ◊∑£Õ …» ∑¥ÅÀ∏∂≈ ∑ÇÃÿŒœ ¥ÿâ›…≈ ¥œ∂¡÷≈Œá ◊ ƒ◊¡ ∂Ä⁄¡fiÄ›≈, fi≈Õ ¥œ¥πÃÖ√…µ ◊ √ÅÃœÕ.[Psychiatric illnesses-INST in all their spectrum-LOC strongly drinking-NOM afflicted-NOM in two times-ACC more-frequently, than population-NOM in whole-LOC.]Heavy drinkers are afflicted with the whole range of psychiatric illnesses twice as fre-quently as the population as a whole.

Key to Level 1II Exercises

342 Exercises

11œ∑∏¡Œœ◊ÃÅŒ…≈Õ No. 315 «Ã¡◊Ä œ∫Ã¡∑∏ŒÉ™ ¡ƒÕ…Œ…∑∏∂Ä√…… πfi∂≈ƒÇÃ ≈÷≈ÕÅ∑µfiŒŸ≈∑∏…¥ÅŒƒ…… ∑∏πƒÅŒ∏¡Õ ◊Ñ⁄œ◊, œÀÉŒfi…◊¤…Õ ¤ÀÉÃπ ∑ ⁄œÃœ∏É™ Õ≈ƒÄÃÿ¿.[Decree-INST No. 315 head-NOM regional administration-GEN established monthly sti-pends-ACC students-DAT institutions-of-higher-education-GEN, graduated-DAT school-ACC with gold medal-INST.]By decree No. 315 the head of the regional administration estblished monthly stipends forstudents of institutions of higher learning who graduated from school with a gold medal.

12œÃ…∏Çfi≈∑À¡µ ¥œÃÇ√…µ ∂¡∑¥œÃ¡«Ä≈∏ ∫œ«¡∏Å™¤…Õ ¡∂»Ç◊œÕ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ, À¡Àπ∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄ¿∏, ∑œƒÅ∂÷¡∏∑µ ƒœ∑ÿÅ Œ¡ ¥œÃÕ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ¡ ∆∂¡Œ√Ñ⁄œ◊.[Political police-NOM have-at-disposal most-rich archive-INST, in which-LOC, as claim,are-kept files-NOM on half-million-ACC French-GEN.]The political police have at their disposal rich archives in which, as they maintain, files onhalf a million French people are kept.

13¸∑∏ÉŒ∑À…≈ ∂œµÃÇ∑∏Ÿ ◊œ∑»…›≈Œá ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑Àœ™ ÕœŒÄ∂»…≈™ …, ◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏…, ¥∂ÇŒ√≈Õ¸ƒ◊Ä∂ƒœÕ, µ◊ÃÖ¿›…Õ∑µ, ∑ …» ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ, ¥∂≈◊œ∑»ÉƒŒŸÕ … ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒŸÕ ◊œ ◊∑≈»œ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…µ» ¥∂ÇŒ√≈Õ.[Estonian royalists-NOM delighted-NOM English monarchy-INST and, in particular-LOC,prince Edward-INST, being-INST, from their point-GEN view-GEN, superb-INST and per-fect-INST in all relations-LOC prince-INST.]The Estonian royalists are delighted with the English monarchy and with prince Edward inparticular, who is, from their point of view, a superb and perfect prince in every way.

14Å∂◊Ÿ≈ 169 ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒœ œ∏É∫∂¡ŒŒŸ» ◊œeŒŒœ∑ÃÑ÷¡›…» … ƒœ∫∂œ◊ÉÃÿ√≈◊ π÷Å ŒÄfi¡Ã…∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒπ¿ fi≈∏Ÿ∂£»Œ≈ƒÅÃÿŒπ¿ ¥œƒ«œ∏É◊Àπ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ◊ ∑ÃÑfi¡≈ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕœ∑∏… ∫á∏ÿ«œ∏É◊ŸÕ… œ∏¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ ◊ Ã¿∫É™ ∂¡™ÉŒ ¥Ã¡ŒÅ∏Ÿ ¥œƒ ∆ÃÄ«œÕ ÔÔÓ.[First 169-NOM specially chosen servicemen-GEN and volunteers-GEN already startedspecial four-week preparation-ACC, so-that in case-LOC necessity-GEN be prepared-INSTgo to any region-ACC planet-GEN under flag-INST UN-GEN.]The first 169 specially chosen servicemen and volunteers have already started a specialfour-week preparation so that if necessary they are prepared to go to any region of theplanet under the UN flag.

343

15êŒµ ◊∑≈∂ÿ£⁄ Àπ¥ÇÃ¡ ∫…ÃÅ∏ Œ¡ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À ÓÉ◊œ«œ «Éƒ¡, Œ≈ ¥œƒœ⁄∂≈◊Äµ œ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ Œ¡Ü∏œÕ ¥∂Ä⁄ƒŒ…À≈ ƒœÃ÷Œá ∫Ÿ∏ÿ ∏¡ÀÇ≈ ÷≈ œƒ…ŒÉfiÀ…, À¡À œŒÄ ∑¡ÕÄ, ∏≈, Àœ«É Œ≈ ¥∂ÇŒµÃ…,œ∏◊Å∂«Ã… ∑∏πƒÅŒfi≈∑À…≈ ◊≈fi≈∂ÇŒÀ….[Anya-NOM seriously bought ticket-ACC on party-ACC New Year-GEN, not suspectingabout that-LOC, that at this party-LOC should-NOM be such just lonely-women-NOM,like she-NOM herself-NOM, those-NOM, who-ACC not accepted, spurned student par-ties-NOM.]Anya bought the ticket for the New Year¢s party in all seriousness, not suspecting that at thisparty would be the same kind of lonely women like herself, those who weren¢t accepted,and who were spurned at the student parties.

16ÔŒ ◊∑≈«ƒÄ ¥∂…Œœ∑ÇÃ ∑ ∑œ∫É™ ∫π∏áÃÀπ ◊…ŒÄ, ◊Ÿ¥…◊ÄÃ ≈£ œƒÇŒ, ◊ƒœ◊Ä ∏ÅÕ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ≈ÕπÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡Ã¡ ∂≈∫£ŒÀ¡ ∑¥¡∏ÿ, Œ¡∂≈⁄ÄÃ¡ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂œ∑∏É™ ∑¡ÃÄ∏, fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ¥œƒ ∂πÀÉ™,∏œ Ã… ◊¡∂ÇÃ¡ µ™√É ◊À∂π∏Ñ¿, Àœ∂Éfi≈, »Ãœ¥œ∏ÄÃ¡, Œœ Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ.[He-NOM always brought with self-INST bottle-ACC wine-GEN, drank-up it-ACC one-NOM, widow-NOM that time-INST put-down child-ACC sleep, cut-up some simple salad-ACC, what-NOM was under hand-INST, that or boil egg-ACC hard-boiled, in-short, fussed,but not very.]He used to always bring with him a bottle of wine that he would finish off himself, duringwhich time the widow would put the child to bed, cut up a simple salad, from whatever wasat hand, or she would make a hard-boiled egg, in short, she would fuss about, but not toomuch.

17Ûœ∫ÄÀ¡ ¤¡∂Ä»ŒπÃ¡∑ÿ œ∏ À∂ÇÀ¡ … œ∫≈∂ŒÑÃ¡ À Œ≈™ πƒ…◊Ã£ŒŒπ¿ ÕÉ∂ƒπ.[Dog-NOM was-startled from scream-GEN and turned to her-DAT surprised muzzle-ACC.]The dog was startled at the scream and turned its surprised muzzle towards her.

18OŒ ∫ŸÃ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ ÑÕŒŸ™, Œœ … œ∫∂¡⁄É◊¡ŒŒŸ™ … ¥œ∑∏œÖŒŒœ œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷…◊¡Ã ∑◊œÇ⁄ŒÄŒ…µ, œƒŒÄÀœ Œ≈ Œ∂Ä◊…Ã∑µ ƒ≈◊fiÉŒÀ¡Õ, ¥œ∏œÕÑ fi∏œ ≈«É Ã…√É ∫áÃœ ¥œÀ∂á∏œâŒœ¤≈∑À…Õ… ◊πÃÀ¡ŒÇfi≈∑À…Õ… ¥∂Ÿ›ÄÕ….[He-NOM was not only smart-NOM, but and educated-NOM and constantly displayed ownknowledge-ACC, however not pleased girls-DAT, because his face-NOM was covered-NOM youthful volcanic pimples-INST.]He was not only smart, but well-educated and he consistently displayed his erudition, how-ever the girls didn¢t like him because his face was covered with volcanic, teenage pimples.


344 Exercises

19Û◊≈∏ÃÄŒ¡ ∑…ƒÅÃ¡ ¥≈∂≈ƒ ‰âÀœÕ, ≈£ ¥ÃÅfi… ∫áÃ… Ã≈«ÀÉ ¥∂…∑á¥¡ŒŸ ¥Å∂»œ∏ÿ¿, ¡¤ÀÉÃÿŒ¡µ ∆É∂Õ¡ …ÕÅÃ¡ ∏¡ÀÉ™ ◊…ƒ, ∫Ñƒ∏œ œŒÄ ∑¥¡ÃÄ, Œ≈ ∂¡⁄ƒ≈◊Äµ∑ÿ, Œ¡ ÕÅÃÿŒ…√≈ Œ¡Õ≈¤ÀÄ» ∑ ÕπÀÉ™.[Svetlana-NOM sat before Duke-INST, her shoulders-NOM were lightly sprinkled-NOMdandruff-INST, and school uniform-NOM had such look-ACC, as-if she-NOM slept, notgetting-undressed, at mill-LOC on bags-LOC with flour-INST.]Svetlana was sitting in front of Duke, her shoulders were lightly sprinkled with dandruffand her school uniform looked as if she had slept in a mill on bags of flour, without havinggotten undressed.

20ı Õ≈ŒÖ ∑Ãœ÷ÇÃœ∑ÿ ◊¥≈fi¡∏ÃÅŒ…≈, fi∏œ œ ∏œÀÇ™∑Àœ™ ƒ≈ÀÃ¡∂Ä√…… 1993 «Éƒ¡, «ƒ≈ ∫áÃœƒ¡ŒÉ œ∫≈›ÄŒ…≈ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∏≈∂∂…∏œ∂…ÄÃÿŒπ¿ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕπ, ◊ Úœ∑∑Ç… À¡À-∏œ Œ≈◊∑¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏.[By me-GEN formed impression-NOM, that about Tokyo declaration-LOC 1993 year-GEN,where was given-NOM promise-NOM solve territorial problem-ACC, in Russia-LOC some-how not remember.]I’ve gotten the impression that people in Russia somehow don’t remember the 1993 Tokyodeclaration, which promised to solve the territorial problem.

21Ó¡ Œ≈ƒÄ◊Œ≈™ ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√…… Ô∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…… ¡⁄…¡∏∑Àœ∏…»œœÀ≈ÄŒ∑Àœ«œ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇfi≈∑Àœ«œ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊¡, πfiÄ∑∏Œ…À… Àœ∏É∂œ™ ¥∂œ…⁄◊Éƒµ∏ ¥œÃœ◊ÇŒπ Õ…∂œ◊É«œ ◊¡Ãœ◊É«œ¥∂œƒÑÀ∏¡, Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ≈ πfiÄ∑∏◊œ◊¡Ã¡.[At recent conference-LOC Organization-GEN Asian-pacific economic collaboration-GEN,participants-NOM which-GEN produce half-ACC world gross product-GEN, Russia-NOMnot participate.]Russia did not participate in the recent conference of the Organization for Asian Pacificeconomic collaboration, the participants of which produce half of the world’s gross product.

22ÁÉ∂œƒπ Ü∏œ ∫áÃœ ÃÅ∑∏Œœ, ¡ ∫…ÉÃœ«¡Õ — ¥œÃÅ⁄Œœ ∑œ∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊∑≈Õ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ … ƒœÃœ÷Ç∏ÿœ ∑◊œÇ» ƒ≈ÃÄ», ¡ ⁄¡œƒŒÉ ¥œ∑Õœ∏∂Å∏ÿ Ê∂ÄŒ√…¿.[City-DAT this-NOM was flattering, but biologists-DAT — useful gather all-DAT togetherand report about own affairs-LOC, but at-same-time see France-ACC.]It was flattering for the city, and for the biologists, and useful to gather together to givereports on their affairs, and at the same time to visit France.

23ı Œ≈£ Ã…√É ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ ÕÄÃ≈ŒÿÀœ™ ƒÅ◊œfiÀ…, … Ü∏œ ƒÅ∏∑Àœ≈ ÃÇfi…Àœ Œ¡ÃÅ¥Ã≈Œœ Œ¡ÕÅÃÀπ¿, À¡À ∏áÀœ◊À¡, «œÃÉ◊Àπ.[By her-GEN face-NOM completely small girl-GEN, and that child’s face-NOM stuck-NOM on small-ACC, like little-pumpkin-NOM, little-head-ACC.]She has the face of a very young girl, and that small child¢s face is stuck onto a tiny head,like a little pumpkin.

345

24Ù∂Å∏…™ ¥∂≈∏≈ŒƒÅŒ∏ Œ¡ ∂ÑÀπ ÕœÅ™ ƒÉfi≈∂… œÀ¡⁄ÄÃ∑µ ◊⁄∂É∑ÃŸ™, ∏∂…ƒ√¡∏…¥µ∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™Õπ÷ÇÀ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ ◊œœ∫›Å ¥œŒ¡fiÄÃπ Œ≈ Õœ« œ¥∂≈ƒ≈ÃÇ∏ÿ∑µ, ⁄¡ À≈Õ ≈ÕÑ π»Ä÷…◊¡∏ÿ —⁄¡ Œ≈™ ÇÃ… ⁄¡ ÕŒœ™.[Third aspirant-NOM to hand-ACC my daughter-GEN turned-out adult-NOM, thirty-five-year-old fellow-NOM, who-NOM in-general at-first not could determine, behind who-INSThim-DAT court — behind her-INST or behind me-INST.]The third aspirant for my daughter¢s hand turned out to be a grown thirty-five year-oldfellow who at first had no idea who he should be courting — her or me.

25˜»Éƒ…∏ Õœ™ ¡∑¥…∂ÄŒ∏, Œ¡ ≈«É Ã…√Å Œ¡¥Ç∑¡Œœ œ∏◊∂¡›ÅŒ…≈ À ÷Ç⁄Œ…: ∏œ Ã… ¥≈∂≈¥ÇÃ,∏œ Ã… Œ≈ƒœ∑¥ÄÃ.[Enters my graduate-student-NOM, on his face-LOC written-NOM disgust-NOM towardlife-DAT, that either over-drank, that either underslept.]My graduate student enters the room with disgust for life written on his face: either he haddrunk too much or slept too little.

26ÚÄŒÿ¤≈ œŒ ¥∂…»œƒÇÃ À Œ¡Õ ∑ ÷ÄÃœ∫¡Õ… Œ¡ ∑œ∑Åƒ≈™, œ∏∂¡◊ÃÖ¿›…» …⁄-⁄¡ ∑∏ÅŒÀ…¥Ç›π … œ∫÷…«Ä¿›…» ≈«É fiÅ∂≈⁄ ¥œ∏œÃÉÀ Œ≈◊Çƒ…ÕŸÕ… ÃπfiÄÕ….[Earlier he-NOM came to use-DAT with complaints-INST on neighbors-ACC, poisoning-ACC from-beyond wall-GEN food-ACC and burning-ACC him-ACC through ceiling-ACCinvisible rays-INST.]He used to come to us with complaints about his neighbors, who poisoned his food throughthe wall and burned him through the ceiling with invisible rays.

27Ú¡∑∏∂É«¡ŒŒŸ™ ≈£ µ◊ÃÅŒ…≈Õ, ̃ ¡ƒÇÕ ƒÄ÷≈ Œ≈ ∑¥∂œ∑ÇÃ, œ∏ÀÑƒ¡ ≈™ …⁄◊Å∑∏≈Œ ŒÉÕ≈∂ ≈«É∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒ¡.[Touched-NOM her appearance-INST, Vadim-NOM even not asked, from-where her-DATknown-NOM number-NOM his telephone-GEN.]Touched by her appearance, Vadim did not even ask where she had gotten his telephonenumber.

28Û≈«ÉƒŒµ ∂¡◊Œœ¥∂Ä◊…≈ ¥∑…»Çfi≈∑À… ∫œÃÿŒá», …» ¥∂Ä◊œ Œ¡ “∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ≈ ÕŒÅŒ…≈≤∑◊Éƒ…∏∑µ À ∂Ä◊ŒœÕπ ƒÃµ ◊∑≈» ¥∂Ä◊π ∫Ÿ∏ÿ œ∫ÕÄŒπ∏ŸÕ.[Today equal-rights-NOM mentally ill-GEN, their right-NOM to “own opinion”-ACCamounts to equal-DAT for everyone-GEN right-DAT be deceived-INST.]Today the equal rights of the mentally ill, their right to their “own opinion”, amounts to theequal right for everyone to be deceived.


346 Exercises

29ÔŒ Œ≈ πfi≈ŒÇÀ … Œ≈ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏≈Ãÿ ŒÅÀœ≈«œ À∂Ñ¥Œœ«œ ÕÄ∑∏≈∂¡, Œ≈ ¥∂…◊Å∂÷≈Œ≈√ À¡ÀÉ™-Ã…∫œ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏œ™ ∏≈¡∏∂ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¤ÀÉÃŸ.[He-NOM not disciple-NOM and not follower-NOM some prominent master-GEN, notadherent-NOM any famous theatrical school-GEN.]He isn¢t a disciple and isn¢t a follower of any prominent master, he isn¢t an adherent of anyfamous theatrical school.

30·∂»≈ÉÃœ« ¥œ À∂É»¡Õ ◊œ∑∑∏¡ŒÄ◊Ã…◊¡≈∏ …∑∏É∂…¿ »¡⁄Ä∂ À¡À ∂¡⁄ ƒÃµ ∏œ«É, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œŒÖ∏ÿ,À¡ÀÇÕ É∫∂¡⁄œÕ Œ¡∂ÉƒŸ …∑fi≈⁄Ä¿∏, ¡ Œ¡ ÕÅ∑∏œ …» …∑∏É∂…… ¥∂…»Éƒµ∏ ¡¥ÉÀ∂…∆Ÿ,Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ◊ ∑ÇÃπ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ» ¥∂…fiÇŒ ¥∂ÇŒµ∏œ ƒ¡ … πƒÉ∫Œœ ∑fi…∏Ä∏ÿ Ç∑∏…Œœ™.[Archeologist-NOM along fragments-DAT reconstruct history-ACC Khazars-GEN as timefor that-GEN so-that understand, what means-INST nations-NOM disappear, and on place-ACC their history-GEN come apocryphas-NOM, which-NOM in strength-ACC variousreasons-GEN not usual and and convenient consider truth-INST.]The archeologist reconstructs the history of the Khazars from fragments just in order tounderstand how these nations disappeared, and in place of their history there came apocryphaswhich for various reasons it was usual and even convenient to consider to be the truth.

31˜œœ∫›Å Ã…√É ≈∑∏ÿ, Œœ fi≈∂∏á Œ≈ ∑◊Ö⁄¡ŒŸ œƒŒÉ™ ∏ÅÕœ™ … À¡À ∫Ÿ ◊⁄Ö∏Ÿ ∑ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀ…»Ã…√.[In-general face-NOM is, but features-NOM not connected-NOM one theme-INST and asit taken-NOM from several faces-GEN.]There is a face there, but the features are not connected by a theme and it is as if they hadbeen taken from several different faces.

32˜∂Äfi, Œ≈ ∑Œ…ÕÄµ ∫œ∏ÇŒœÀ, ƒÄ÷≈ Œ≈ ◊á∏≈∂≈◊ ŒÉ«…, ƒ◊ÇŒ≈∏∑µ ¥∂ÖÕœ ◊ ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π.[Doctor-NOM, not removing shoes-GEN, even not having-wiped feet-ACC, moves straightin room-ACC.]Ùhe doctor, without taking off her shoes or even wiping her feet, goes straight into theroom.

33‰◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ Œ¡⁄Äƒ œŒÄ ∏É÷≈ ∫ŸÃÄ ◊Ã¿∫Ã≈ŒÄ ◊ œƒŒœ«É ¡∂∏Ç∑∏¡ ƒœ ¥œ∏Å∂… ¥ÑÃÿ∑¡, …◊≈∑ÿ …» ÀÃ¡∑∑ ∑»œƒÇÃ ∑ πÕÄ.[Twenty-ACC years-GEN ago she-NOM also was in-love-NOM in one artist-ACC to loss-GEN pulse-GEN, and all their class-NOM was-going from mind-GEN.]Twenty years ago she also was in love with an artist, to the point of losing her pulse, andtheir whole class was going crazy.

347

34∂… ◊⁄«ÃÖƒ≈ Œ¡ Ü∏π ÀÉÕŒ¡∏π ∑ Ã≈÷Ä›…Õ ¥œ∑∂≈ƒÇŒ≈ Œ¡ ¥œÃÑ ∏∂Ñ¥œÕ ∑∏Ä∂œ™ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ¥œfi≈ÕÑ-∏œ ◊œ⁄Œ…ÀÄÃ¡ ¡∑∑œ√…Ä√…µ ∑ ‰œ∑∏œÅ◊∑À…Õ.[At sight-LOC on that room-ACC with lying-INST in-middle on floor-LOC corpse-INSTold woman-GEN somehow sprung-up association-NOM with Dostoevsky-INST.]At the sight of that room with the corpse of an old woman lying in the middle of the room,an association with Dostoevsky somehow sprung up.

35ı∫Ç∏¡µ ÷≈, «œ◊œ∂ÇÃ…, ∫ŸÃÄ ¥œ∫≈ƒÇ∏≈ÃÿŒ…√≈™ ÀÉŒÀπ∂∑¡ À∂¡∑œ∏á.[Dead-NOM, said, was winner-INST contest-GEN beauty-GEN.]The dead woman, they said, was the winner of a beauty contest.

36ì¥Ÿ∏ŒŸ™ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œ…À ∑Œ¡fiÄÃ¡ ¥œƒ«œ∏É◊…∏ ∑≈∫Å À¡ŒÄÃ ∫á∑∏∂œ«œ ∑∫á∏¡, Œ¡™ƒ£∏¥≈∂≈ÀÑ¥›…Àœ◊, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ∑πÕÅ¿∏ ∑¥ÃÄ◊…∏ÿ À¡∂∏ÇŒŸ … πÀ∂¡¤ÅŒ…µ.[Experienced criminal-NOM first prepare self-DAT channel-ACC quick sale-GEN, findssecond-hand-dealers-ACC, who-NOM know-how get-rid pictures-ACC and decorations-ACC.]An experienced criminal will first prepare a channel for quick sale, and he will find second-hand dealers who know how to get rid of paintings and decorations.

37ÙŸ ÕÉ÷≈¤ÿ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ «ÅŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂œ◊Çƒ√≈Õ. ˜≈ÃÇÀ…Õ ≈∂≈∏ÇÀœÕ … «≈∂É≈Õ ∏∂πƒÄ. ñ∏œ Œ≈…ÕÅ≈∏ ⁄Œ¡fiÅŒ…µ. Ì¡∏≈∂…ÄÃÿŒŸ≈ ¥Ãœƒá fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑À…x π∑ÇÃ…™ Œ≈Õ…ŒÑ≈Õœ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊µ∏∑µ œ∫flÅÀ∏œÕ ∂áŒœfiŒœ™ ∏œ∂«É◊Ã….[You-NOM can be genius-INST and prophet-INST. Great heretic-INST and hero-INSTlabor-GEN. This-NOM not have meaning-GEN. Material fruits-NOM human efforts-GENinevitably become object-INST market trade-GEN.]You can be a genius and a prophet. A great heretic and a labor hero. That means nothing.Material fruits of human effort inevitably become the object of trade.

38Ã¡ŒÇ∂œ◊¡Ã …⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ƒÅ∏∑À…x ÀŒÇ«. ̇ ¡∏ÅÕ ◊ŸŒÄ¤…◊¡Ã ¥∂œÅÀ∏ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx¤ÄxÕ¡∏. Ó¡ÀœŒÅ√, ¥∂…¤£Ã À ◊œÃŒÑ¿›≈™ …ƒÅ≈ ∑fl≈ƒÉ∫ŒŸx ƒÄÕ∑À…x ∏∂Ñ∑…Àœ◊.[Planned publication-ACC edible children’s books-GEN. Then brought-forth design-ACCedible chess-set-GEN. Finally, came to exciting idea-DAT edible women’s underpants-GEN.]He planned the publication of edible children’s books. Then he brought forth a design foran edible chess set. Finally he came upon the exciting idea of edible women’s underpants.

39ÌŒÉ«œ «œ◊œ∂Ç∏∑µ œ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ ÷π∂Œ¡ÃÇ∑∏…À¡ ƒÃµ Ã…∏≈∂Ä∏œ∂¡ — ⁄¡ŒÖ∏…≈ ¥Ä«π∫Œœ≈.[A-lot-NOM is-said about that-LOC, that journalism-NOM for writer-GEN — professionpernicious-NOM.]A lot is said about the fact that for a writer journalism is a pernicious profession.


348 Exercises

40‰¡ ◊≈ƒÿ Ü∏œ ÷≈ … ≈∑∏ÿ ∏ÅÕ¡ ŒÄ¤≈«œ ∑…Õ¥É⁄…πÕ¡.[Yes after-all that-NOM and is theme-NOM our symposium-GEN.]Well, after all that is the theme of our symposium.

41ÛŒ¡fiÄÃ¡ Œ¡Õ ¥œÀÄ⁄Ÿ◊¡Ã… À¡ŒÿÉŒ, fi∏É-∏œ ◊∂Éƒ≈ π›ÅÃÿµ.[First us-DAT showed canyon-ACC, something-ACC like ravine-GEN.]They first showed us a canyon, something like a ravine.

42ÔŒÇ ◊∏Ö«…◊¡¿∏ ÷…◊œ∏á, ∂¡∑∑∏¡◊ÃÖ¿∏ ÃÉÀ∏…, Àœ∂Éfi≈, …⁄Œ≈Õœ«Ä¿∏ ¥œƒ ∂≈ÕŒ£Õ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑Àœ«œ ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒ∑∏◊¡.[They-NOM suck-in stomachs-ACC, hold-out elbows-ACC, in-short, wear-out under strap-INST physical perfection-GEN.]They suck in their stomachs, hold out their elbows, in short, they wear themselves out forthe sake of physical perfection.

43Î∂ÉÕ≈ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒŸx πfiÄ∑∏Œ…Àœ◊ ƒœÃ÷Œá ∑flÅx¡∏ÿ∑µ ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈ÕŸ≈ «É∑∏….[Aside-from official participants-GEN should-NOM gather so called guests-NOM.]Aside from the official participants, the so-called guests should also gather.

44Û≈™fiÄ∑ «¡⁄Å∏¡ ÕŒ≈ œ¥∂œ∏Ç◊≈Ã¡, Œœ ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ∫ŸÃ ¥ÉÃœŒ ‹Œ∏π⁄…Ä⁄Õ¡.[Now newspaper-NOM me-DAT become-repulsive, but then I-NOM was full-NOM enthu-siasm-GEN.]Now the newspaper has become repulsive to me, but then I was full of enthusiasm.

45˜ ÀπÃπÄ∂¡x ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ œÀ∂π÷ÇÃ¡ ∏œÃ¥Ä ≈ƒ…ŒœÕá¤Ã≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊ … ¥œfi…∏Ä∏≈Ã≈™.[In entrance-hall-LOC writer-GEN swarmed crowd-NOM like-minded-people-GEN andadmirers-GEN.]A crowd of like-minded people and admirers swarmed in the writer’s entrance hall.

46‰≈ÀÄ∫∂ÿ∑À…Õ Ñ∏∂œÕ ¥∂É¤Ãœ«œ «Éƒ¡ µ œ∏œ∑ÃÄÃ √ÅÃπ¿ ¥ÄfiÀπ ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄œ◊ ◊ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ±ÓÉ◊Ÿ™ Õ…∂.≤ Ô∏À∂œ◊ÅŒŒœ «œ◊œ∂Ö, µ Œ≈ ¥…∏ÄÃ …ÃÃâ⁄…™.[December morning-INST last year-GEN I-NOM sent whole bundle-ACC stories-GEN tojournal-ACC “Novy mir-NOM”. Frankly speaking, I-NOM not entertained illusions-GEN.]On a December morning last year, I sent a whole bundle of short stories to the journal NovyMir . Frankly speaking, I entertained no illusions.

349

47ÛÃœŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œxÉ÷ Œ¡ «∂œÕÄƒŒπ¿ Àœ¥ŒÑ ∑ÅŒ¡.[Elephant-NOM was resembling-NOM on enormous stack-ACC hay-GEN.]The elephant looked like an enormous hay-stack.

48Ùœ«ƒÄ ¥œfiÅÕπ ÷≈ µ œ›π›Ä¿ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ «∂ÄŒ… ∆…⁄Çfi≈∑Àœ™ À¡∏¡∑∏∂É∆Ÿ? Ô∏ÀÑƒ¡ πÕ≈ŒÖ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ∫≈⁄Œ¡ƒ£÷Œœ™ ÷Ç⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ™ Œ≈¥∂…«ÉƒŒœ∑∏…? ̃ fi£Õ ¥∂…fiÇŒ¡ ÕœÅ™ ∏œ∑ÀÇ?[Then why I-NOM feel self-ACC on edge-LOC physical catastrophe-GEN? From-whereby me-GEN feeling-NOM hopeless life uselessness-GEN? In what-LOC cause-NOM mymelancholy-GEN?]Then why do I feel I am on the edge of a physical catastrophe? Where did I get this feelingof hopeless uselessness in my life? What is the cause of my melancholy?

49ÔŒ Œœ∑ÇÃ «ÄÃ∑∏πÀ √◊Å∏¡ ∂ÑxŒπ◊¤≈™ Œ¡ƒÅ÷ƒŸ.[He-NOM wore tie-ACC color-GEN dashed hope-GEN.]He wore a tie the color of dashed hope.

50Á≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒ¡µ …ƒÅµ! ∂…Œ≈∑£∏ Œ¡Õ ∏∂… Õ…ÃÃ…ÉŒ¡ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊! ı∑¥Åx Œ¡ ∑∏œ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊«¡∂¡Œ∏Ç∂π≈∏∑µ. Ó…À¡ÀÉ«œ ∂Ç∑À¡. ˛Å∂≈⁄ ∏∂… Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ÕŸ œ∏À∂Ÿ◊Ä≈Õ ∆Ä∫∂…Àπ.[Brilliant idea-NOM! Will-bring us-DAT three-ACC million-GEN dollars-GEN! Success-NOM on hundred-ACC percent-GEN is-guaranteed. No risk-GEN. In three-ACC weeks-GEN we-NOM open factory-ACC.]A brilliant idea! It will bring us three million dollars! Success is one hundred percentguaranteed. There’s no risk involved. In three weeks we will open a factory.

51˜ ≈«É ƒ◊…÷ÅŒ…µx — …⁄Ö›≈∑∏◊œ âŒœ«œ ÀŒÖ⁄µ.[In his movements-LOC — elegance-NOM young prince-GEN.]His movements have the elegance of a young prince.

52Ò — ◊¡¤ ¥œƒ¥Ç∑fi…À ∑ ∑ÄÕœ«œ ƒŒµ ∂œ÷ƒÅŒ…µ: ±Ï…∏«¡⁄Å∏π≤ ◊Ÿ¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡Ã… ≈›£ ÕœÇ∂œƒÇ∏≈Ã…. ÌŒ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ …Õ¥œŒÇ∂π≈∏ ◊Ä¤¡ ∂Ñ∫∂…À¡ ±˛∏œ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ¥œƒÅÃŸ◊¡≈∏...≤[I-NOM — your subscriber-NOM from very day-GEN birth-GEN: “Litgazeta-ACC” sub-scribed still my parents-NOM. Me-DAT very impresses your column-NOM “What-ACCnow does...”]I have been a suscriber of yours since the day I was born: my parents even subscribed to±Litgazeta≤. I am very impressed by your column ±What is ... doing now≤


350 Exercises

53Û ŒÅÀœ∏œ∂Ÿx ¥œ∂ Õœ™ ¥œfi∏É◊Ÿ™ Ö›…À ∑∏ÄÃ… ⁄¡◊ÄÃ…◊¡∏ÿ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒœ«œ ∂Éƒ¡Õ¡ÀπÃ¡∏Ñ∂œ™.[From some time-GEN my mail box-ACC started stuff various kind-GEN pulp-fiction-INST.]A while ago they started stuffing my mailbox with various kinds of pulp fiction.

54˜Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂ ˆ…∂…ŒÉ◊∑À…™, «œ◊œ∂Ö ◊ ‰ÑÕ≈ œ Œ≈…∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈ÕŸx ¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œÕ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ∑∏µx ¥œ¥œÃŒÅŒ…µ ∫¿ƒ÷Å∏¡, «ŒÅ◊Œœ œ∫◊…ŒÇÃ ¥œ∑ÃÅƒŒ≈≈ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ œŒÉ Œ≈∑œ∫…∂Ä≈∏ Œ¡ÃÉ« ∑ ¥∂œ∑∏…∏Ñ∏œÀ.[Vladimir Zhirinovsky-NOM, speaking in Duma-LOC about unutilized-LOC government-INST opportunities-LOC supplement-GEN budget-GEN, angrily accused latter-ACC inthat-LOC, that it-NOM not collect tax-ACC from prostitutes-GEN.]Vladimir Zhirinovsky, speaking in the Duma about opportunities to supplement the budgetthat have not been utilized by the governement, angrily denounced the latter for not collect-ing taxes from prostitutes.

55ÔŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ∏œ«ƒÄ «œ∂Ä⁄ƒœ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏≈≈ Û≈∂«Åµ, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ «ÃÑxœ ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃ ◊ Ä∂Õ……,Œ…fiÅÕ Œ…Àœ«É œ∑É∫≈ŒŒœ Œ≈ ⁄¡Œ…ÕÄµ; ¥ÿâ›…≈ «ÅŒ……, ◊ŸÃ≈∏Ä¿›…≈ …⁄ …Œ∑∏…∏Ñ∏œ◊,∫áÃ… ∏œ«ƒÄ ◊ ŒÄ¤…x À∂π«Äx ∑Àœ∂Å≈ ŒÉ∂Õœ™, fi≈Õ ∑œ∫á∏…≈Õ.[She-NOM was then much more-famous Sergei-GEN, who-NOM quietly spent-time inarmy-LOC nothing-INST no-one-ACC particularly not interesting; drinking geniuses-NOM,flying-out-NOM from institutes-GEN, were then in our circles-LOC rather norm-INST,what-INST event-INST.]At that time she was much more famous than Sergei, who spent his time quietly in the army,not being particularly interesting to anyone in any way; drinking geniuses, flying out fromthe institutes, were more the norm then in our circles, than a special case.

56ñ∏œ∏ ƒπ¤Å◊ŒŸ™ ¥Éƒ◊…« ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡ Œ≈¥œ◊∏œ∂ÇÕ, … ≈«É Œ≈ ¥œƒƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ…ÀœÕÑ,À¡À ∫Ÿ À∏É Œ… ∑∏¡∂ÄÃ∑µ.[Th¡t emotional achievement-NOM Dovlatov-GEN unrepeatable-NOM, and it-ACC notfake more no-one-DAT, how would who-NOM not tried.]Dovlatov¢s emotional achievement can¢t be repeated, and it can¢t be faked by anyone, nomatter how someone might try.

57Î¡ÀÇ≈ ¥œ∂¡⁄Ç∏≈ÃÿŒŸ≈ …∑∏É∂…… ÕÉ÷Œœ π∑Ãá¤¡∏ÿ ◊ ‹Ã≈À∏∂ÇfiÀ≈ œ∏ œ∫É∂◊¡ŒŒœ«œ∑ÃπfiÄ™Œœ«œ ∑œ∑Åƒ¡![What shocking stories-ACC possible hear in commuter-train-LOC from ragged randomneighbor-GEN!]What shocking stories one can hear on the commuter train from a randomly selected raggedfellow-passenger!

351

58Ìœ™ ◊…ƒ …∑¥π«ÄÃ ÕœÇ» ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏≈Ã≈™. ÔŒÇ π∑∏ŸƒÇÃ…∑ÿ, ∑¡¥œ«Ç ¥∂…À¡⁄ÄÃ… ◊≈∂ŒÑ∏ÿ,»œ∏Ö µ Œ…fi≈«É π Œ…» Œ≈ ¥∂œ∑ÇÃ¡.[My appearance-NOM frightened my interrogators-ACC. They-NOM were-ashamed, boots-ACC ordered return, although I-NOM nothing-GEN by them-GEN not asked.]My appearance frightened my interrogators. They were ashamed and they ordered myboots be brought back, though I hadn¢t asked them for anything.

59Óœ ÕŸ, ∑ÃÄ◊¡ ‚É«π, ⁄¡›…›eŒá œ∏ Ü∏œ«œ ∑ ƒÅ∏∑∏◊¡.[But we-NOM, glory-NOM God-DAT, protected-NOM from that-GEN from childhood-GEN.]But we, thank God, have been protected from that since childhood.

60Ó¡ ≈£ ÕÅ∑∏≈ µ ¥œ∑∏Ä◊…Ã¡ ∫Ÿ Œ¡ ∑∏ÉÃ…À ∫π∏áÃÀπ, ¥œÃœ÷ÇÃ¡ ∫ÑÃœfiÀπ … ∑œ ◊∑≈» Œœ«∫∂É∑…Ã¡∑ÿ Œ¡ ±Ìœ∑∆ÇÃÿÕ≤ ∑Œ…ÕÄ∏ÿ∑µ ◊ «ÃÄ◊Œœ™ ∂ÉÃ….[On her place-LOC I-NOM stood would on table-ACC bottle-ACC, laid roll-ACC andfrom all legs-GEN throw-self at “Mosfilm-ACC” be-filmed in starring role-LOC.]In her place, I would put the bottle on the table, lay down the roll, and would run at fullspeed to “Mosfilm” to be filmed in a starring role.

61˜œ ÕŒ≈ ¤Ã¡ ∫œ∂ÿ∫Ä ∏£ÕŒœ«œ ∑œ ∑◊Å∏ÃŸÕ, ¥œƒœ⁄∂Ç∏≈ÃÿŒœ∑∏… ∑ ◊Å∂œ™ ◊ fi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑∏◊œ.[In me-LOC went battle-NOM dark-GEN with light-INST, suspicion-GEN with faith-INSTin humanity-ACC.]A battle was going on inside of me between dark and light, between suspicion and faith inhumanity.

62Úœ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ ƒ≈ÕœŒ∑∏∂Ç∂π≈∏ ¥ÉÃŒœ≈ ∫≈∑∑ÇÃ…≈, Œ≈∑¥œ∑É∫Œœ∑∏ÿ ⁄¡›…∏Ç∏ÿ ∑◊œÇ»«∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ … «œ∏É◊Œœ∑∏ÿ ∑ÃÅ¥œ …ƒ∏Ç Œ¡ ¥œ◊œƒÑ ·Ã≈À∑ÄŒƒ∂¡ ÏπÀ¡¤ÅŒÀœ, ¥∂…Œ…ÕÄµ≈«É ¡∂«πÕ≈Œ∏Ä√…¿ … ≈«É ¥∂Ä◊…Ã¡ …«∂á.[Russian regime-NOM demonstrates complete paralysis-ACC, inability-ACC defend owncitizens-ACC and readiness-ACC blindly go on rein-LOC Aleksandr Lukashenko-GEN,accepting his arguments-ACC and his rules-ACC play-GEN.]The Russian regime is demonstrating complete paralysis, an inability to defend its citizensand readiness to blindly follow the command of Aleksandr Lukashenko, accepting his argu-ments and playing by his rules.


352 Exercises

63œƒœ™ƒ£Õ À ∑…∏πÄ√…… ∑∏∂É«œ ∑ ∏ÉfiÀ… ⁄∂ÅŒ…µ Õ≈÷ƒπŒ¡∂ÉƒŒœ«œ ¥∂Ä◊¡, œ∑∏Ä◊…◊ Œ¡◊∂ÅÕµ ◊ ∑∏œ∂œŒÅ ∑¥≈√…∆Çfi≈∑À…™ »¡∂ÄÀ∏≈∂ ◊⁄¡…Õœœ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…™ Ìœ∑À◊á ∑∫≈Ãœ∂Ñ∑∑À…Õ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏œÕ.[Approach to situation-DAT strictly from point-GEN view-GEN international law-GEN,having-left for time-ACC in side-LOC specific character-ACC mutual-relations-GEN Mos-cow-GEN with Belorussian president-INST.]Let’s approach the situation strictly from the point of view of international law, leavingaside for the time being the specific character of the mutual relations between Moscow andthe Belorussian president.

64Û¥≈√∑ÃÑ÷∫Ÿ ⁄¡∂π∫Å÷Œœ«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ ¡∂≈∑∏É◊Ÿ◊¡¿∏ … ∫∂œ∑Ä¿∏ ◊ ∏¿∂ÿÕÑ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À…» «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ, Œ≈ ∑œ◊≈∂¤Ç◊¤…» Œ…À¡ÀÉ«œ ¥∂≈∑∏π¥ÃÅŒ…µ.[Special-services-NOM foreign government-GEN arrest and throw in jail-ACC Russiancitizens-ACC not having-committed-ACC no crime-GEN.]The special service forces of that foreign government arrest and throw in jail Russian citi-zens who have not committed any crime.

65Ó≈π÷ÅÃ… ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑À¡µ ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ ¥ÉÃŒœ∑∏ÿ¿ π∏∂Ä∏…Ã¡ π◊¡÷ÅŒ…≈ Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ À ∑◊œÇÕ«∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ¡Õ, Œœ … À ∑¡ÕÉ™ ∑≈∫Å?[Can-it-be Russian regime-NOM completely lost respect-ACC not only to own citizens-DAT, but also to own self-DAT?]Can it be that the Russian regime has completely lost its respect not only for its own citi-zens, but also for itself?

66œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ ◊∂¡fiÅ™, œŒÇ ƒÅÃ¡¿∏ ◊∑£ ◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ≈ … Œ≈◊œ⁄ÕÉ÷Œœ≈, fi∏É∫Ÿ ◊á◊≈∑∏…ŒÄ¤≈«œ ¥∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏¡ …⁄ ∏µ÷≈ÃÅ™¤≈«œ ∑œ∑∏œÖŒ…µ, Œœ ¥≈∂≈Œ≈∑£ŒŒŸ≈ …Õ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ…œ∑Ãœ÷ŒÖ¿∏ ⁄¡ƒÄfiπ.[Along words-DAT doctors-GEN, they-NOM do everything possible-ACC and impossible-ACC, so-that lead-out our president-ACC from most-serious condition-GEN, but endured-NOM him-INST diseases-NOM complicate task-ACC.]According to the doctors, they are doing everything possible and impossible to restore thepresident given his very serious condition, but his diseases are complicating the task.

67∂≈⁄…ƒÅŒ∏ √ÅŒ∏∂¡ »…∂π∂«Ç… ŒÄ⁄◊¡Ã fiÑƒœÕ ∏œ, fi∏œ ∑≈Õ…ƒ≈∑µ∏…¤≈∑∏…ÃÅ∏Œ…™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ,¥≈∂≈Œ£∑¤…™ ∑œ∂œÀœÕ…ŒÑ∏Œπ¿ ÀÃ…ŒÇfi≈∑Àπ¿ ∑Õ≈∂∏ÿ, ÷…◊£∏ π÷Å ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃ….[President-NOM center-GEN surgery-GEN named miracle-INST that-ACC, that seventy-six-year-old man-NOM, experienced-NOM forty-minute clinical death-ACC, lives alreadytwo-ACC weeks-GEN.]The president of the surgery center has called it a miracle that a seventy-six-year-old man,after experiencing clinical death for forty minutes, has now lived for two weeks.

353

68Ú≈¡Œ…Õ¡∏ÉÃœ«… ∫≈∑¥∂≈∂á◊Œœ ƒÅÃ¡Ã… ¥∂µÕÉ™ Õ¡∑∑Ä÷ ∑Å∂ƒ√¡, … ◊∑≈ ∑É∂œÀ Õ…ŒÑ∏ÀÃ…ŒÇfi≈∑Àœ™ ∑ÕÅ∂∏… À∂œ◊ÿ ¥œ∑∏π¥ÄÃ¡ ◊ «œÃœ◊ŒÉ™ Õœ⁄«.[Resuscitators-NOM continuously did direct massage-ACC heart-GEN, and all forty-ACCminutes-GEN clinical death-GEN blood-NOM flowed to head brain-ACC.]The resuscitators performed continuous heart massage, and for all forty minutes of clinicaldeath blood was flowing to the brain.

69‰Å∏… ∑Öƒπ∏ ⁄¡ ¥Ä∂∏Ÿ, À¡À œ∫áfiŒœ, ◊ ¥Å∂◊Ÿ™ ƒ≈Œÿ É∑≈Œ…, ¡ ∑ÃÑ»… ¥œµ◊ÇÃ…∑ÿ ◊ ∑◊µ⁄Ç∑ ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏œÖ›…Õ… ∏œ∂÷≈∑∏◊ÄÕ… ◊ fi≈∑∏ÿ ¿∫…ÃÅµ «É∂œƒ¡.[Children-NOM sit behind desks-ACC, as usual, in first day-ACC fall-GEN, and rumors-NOM appeared in connection-LOC with upcoming festivities-INST in honor-ACC anni-versary-GEN city-GEN.]Children start school on the first day of fall, as usual, but the rumors got started in connec-tion with the upcoming festivities for the city’s anniversary.

70Ì…ŒÇ∑∏∂¡ ◊ŒÑ∏∂≈ŒŒŸ» ƒ≈Ã œ∏¥∂Ä◊…Ã… ◊ œ∏∑∏Ä◊Àπ ≈›£ ◊ …âŒ≈ ⁄¡ ∑œƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈À∂…Õ…ŒÄÃÿŒœ™ ‹ÀœŒÉÕ…À≈.[Minister-ACC internal affairs-GEN sent in dismissal-ACC already in June-LOC for col-laboration-ACC criminal economy-DAT.]They dismissed the minister of internal affairs back in June for black market activities.

71∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊œ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ fi∏œ œ∫flµ◊ÇÃœ œ ◊á¥π∑À≈ ∫œÃÿ¤É«œ ¥¡ÀÅ∏¡ œ∫Ã…«Ä√…™ Œ¡É∫›π¿ ∑ÑÕÕπ ∏∂£» Õ…ÃÃ…Ä∂ƒœ◊ ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊, ¥∂Ç⁄◊¡ŒŒœ«œ ÀœÕ¥≈Œ∑Ç∂œ◊¡∏ÿ¡∂«≈Œ∏ÇŒ√¡Õ ¥œ∏Å∂¿ …» ∂Éƒ∑∏◊≈ŒŒ…Àœ◊ ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈Õœ™ <<«∂Ö⁄Œœ™◊œ™Œá>>.[Government-NOM only that announced about issue-LOC large packet-GEN obligations-GEN for total sum-ACC three billion dollars-GEN, designated-GEN compensate Argentin-ians-DAT loss-ACC their relatives-GEN in time-ACC so called “dirty war-GEN”.]The government has just announced the issue of a large packet of obligations for a total ofthree billion dollars, designated to compensate Argentinians for the loss of their relativesduring the so-called “dirty war”.

72˜ƒ∂Ñ« …⁄ fi£∂Œœ-∫ÅÃŸ» ¥Ö∏≈Œ ∂¡⁄Ã…fiÄ¿ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ⁄¡∑ŒÅ÷≈ŒŒŸ» ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿ≈◊ ∑¥ÇŒπÕÄÃÿfi…À¡.[Suddenly from black-white spots-GEN make-out among snow-covered trees-GEN back-ACC boy-GEN.]Suddenly, from the black and white spots I can make out a young boy¢s back amongst snow-covered trees.


354 Exercises

73ÔŒ ¥≈∂≈ÀÃ¿fiÄ≈∏ ∑ÀÉ∂œ∑∏ÿ. Ò ∫œâ∑ÿ ∑Àœ∂œ∑∏Å™, Œœ ∑≈™fiÄ∑ ÕŒ≈ »Éfi≈∏∑µ, fi∏É∫Ÿ œŒÅ»¡Ã ≈›£ ∫Ÿ∑∏∂Å≈, »Éfi≈∏∑µ ◊∂Å⁄¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊œ fi∏É-Œ…∫πƒÿ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ Œ≈ ƒÑÕ¡∏ÿ.[He-NOM switches speed-ACC. I-NOM fear speeds-GEN, but now me-DAT wants, so-that he-NOM went ever faster, wants run into something-ACC, so-that more not think.]He changes gears. I am afraid of speed, but now I want him to drive even faster, I want torun into something so that I won’t have to think any more.

74∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊ÿ∏≈, fi∏œ ◊Ÿ ƒœ«œ◊œ∂ÇÃ…∑ÿ ⁄¡Å»¡∏ÿ ◊Åfi≈∂œÕ ⁄¡ ∑◊œÅ™ ◊œ⁄Ãâ∫Ã≈ŒŒœ™ …œ∏¥∂Ä◊…∏ÿ∑µ ∑ Œ≈™ ◊ ¤…ÀÄ∂ŒŸ™ ∂≈∑∏œ∂ÄŒ, ¡ Œ¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ◊¡∑ œƒœÃÅÃ… «œÃœ◊Œá≈ ∫ÉÃ….[Imagine, that you-NOM agreed go evening-INST for your beloved-INST and go with her-INST to fancy restaurant-ACC, but night-before you-ACC overcame head aches-NOM.]Imagine that you had made a date to pick up your beloved girlfriend in the evening and takeher to a fancy restaurant, but the night before you were overcome by headaches.

75Óœ Àœ«ƒÄ µ ¥œ◊Åƒ¡Ã Œ≈◊Å∑∏≈ œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕ≈, œŒÄ ƒœ∑∏ÄÃ¡ …⁄ ∑◊œÅ™ Õ…Œ…¡∏â∂Œœ™∑ÑÕœfiÀ… À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ ¥∂…∫É∂, ¥∂…Ãœ÷ÇÃ¡ À ÕœÅ™ «œÃœ◊Å … ∫œÃÿ …∑fiÅ⁄Ã¡.[But when I-NOM told fiancee-DAT about own problem-LOC, she-NOM took from ownminiature purse-GEN some-kind gadget-ACC, placed to my head-DAT and pain-NOM dis-appeared.]But when I told my fiancee about my problem, she took some kind of gadget out of her tinypurse, placed it against my head, and the pain disappeared.

76‚á◊¤…™ fi≈Õ¥…ÉŒ ÕÇ∂¡ ¥œ ∫ÉÀ∑π Ìπ»ÄÕÕ≈ƒ ·ÃÇ, ¥∂…∫á◊¤…™ ◊ ¡∆∂…ÀÄŒ∑Àπ¿Ú≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…Àπ Îœ∏-ƒ¢È◊πÄ∂ ∑ ÕÇ∑∑…≈™ ƒÉ∫∂œ™ ◊ÉÃ… — ƒÃµ œÀ¡⁄ÄŒ…µ ¥ÉÕœ›… ∑…∂É∏¡Õ-∫Å÷≈Œ√¡Õ …⁄ Ï…∫Å∂……, ∫ŸÃ ∑ ¥œfi£∏œÕ ◊∑∏∂Åfi≈Œ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä∏œ∂¡Õ… ≈«œ ◊…⁄Ç∏¡.[Former champion-NOM world-GEN along boxing-DAT Muhammed Ali-NOM, having-arrived-NOM in African Republic-ACC Cote-d’Ivoire-NOM with mission-INST good will-GEN — for rendering-GEN assistance-GEN orphans-refugees-DAT from Liberia-GEN,was with honor-INST met-NOM organizers-INST his visit-GEN.]When the former world boxing champion Muhammed Ali arrived in the African republic ofCote d’Ivoire on a good-will mission to help orphaned refugees from Liberia, he was metwith honor by the people who organized his visit.

77˜ ∑∏∂¡ŒÅ Œ¡»Éƒµ∏∑µ ƒ≈∑Ö∏À… ∏á∑µfi ∫Å÷≈Œ√≈◊ …⁄ Ï…∫Å∂……, …∑¥á∏Ÿ◊¡¿›…» À∂¡™Œâ¿Œπ÷ƒÑ ◊ ¥∂œƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…… … ¥∂≈ƒÕÅ∏¡» ¥Å∂◊œ™ Œ≈œ∫»œƒÇÕœ∑∏….[In country-LOC are tens-NOM thousands-GEN refugees-GEN from Liberia-GEN, expe-riencing-GEN extreme need-ACC in food-LOC and items-LOC first aid-GEN.]There are tens of thousands of refugees from Liberia in the country, and they are experienc-ing extreme need for food and first aid items.

355

78˜ ¡Œ«ÃÇ™∑ÀœÕ «É∂œƒ≈ ˜É∫≈∂Œ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä∏œ∂Ÿ ∑∫É∂¡ ∑∂≈ƒ∑∏◊ ◊ ∆œŒƒ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷À…À¡Õ¥ÄŒ…… ¥œ ∑œ»∂¡ŒÅŒ…¿ ƒÇÀœ™ ¥∂…∂ÉƒŸ ◊ ∑∏∂ÄŒ¡» ê⁄…… ◊á◊≈Ã… Œ¡ ÑÃ…√Ÿ ∏∂£»∑ÃœŒÉ◊ …⁄ ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ ⁄œœ¥Ä∂À¡.[In English city-LOC Woburn-NOM organizers-NOM collection-GEN funds-GEN in fund-ACC support-GEN campaign-GEN along protection-DAT wild nature-GEN in countries-LOC Asia-GEN led-out on streets-ACC three elephants-ACC from local zoo-GEN.]In the English city of Woburn the organizers of a fund to support a campaign for the protec-tion of wildlife in Asian countries led three elephants from the local zoo out into the streets.

79ÌŸ ∑∏œÇÕ ∑ Œ≈™ ¥œ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈ ÀœŒ√á «É∂œƒ¡, À¡À ƒ◊¡ ∫¡∂ÄŒ¡ Œ¡ ÕÉ∑∏…À≈ «œ∂∫Ä∏œÕ,ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∑œ ∑◊œÅ™ ¥∂Ä◊ƒœ™.[We-NOM stand with her-INST along various ends-ACC town-GEN, like two-NOM ram-GEN on bridge hump-backed-LOC, each-NOM with own truth-INST.]She and I are on different ends of the city, like two rams on a hump-backed bridge — eachwith his own truth.

80Ô∏∏œ«É, fi∏œ µ ∫ŸÃ ◊Ã¿∫Ã£Œ, µ À¡À ∫Ÿ ¥∂…Àœ∑ŒÑÃ∑µ À ∫≈∑∑ÕÅ∂∏…¿ … ∑∏¡Ã Œ≈ÕŒÉ÷≈fiÀœÕœÃÉ÷≈.[Because, that I-NOM was in-love-NOM, I-NOM as if touched to immortality-DAT andbecame somewhat younger.]Because I was in love, it was as if I had made contact with immortality and became some-what younger.

81ÌŸ ∑∫≈÷ÄÃ… Œ¡ ŒÄ∫≈∂≈÷Œπ¿ … ¥œ¤ÃÇ ◊ƒœÃÿ ÕÉ∂µ.[We-NOM ran-down on embankment-ACC and walked along sea-GEN.]We ran down to the embankment and walked along the sea.

82ìfi≈Œÿ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∑∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ, fi∏œ ÷…⁄Œÿ ⁄¡ƒÑÕ¡Œ¡, À¡À ƒœ∂É«¡ À ◊≈∂¤ÇŒ≈. ‰œ™ƒÑ Ã… µ ƒœ∑◊œÅ™ ◊≈∂¤ÇŒŸ ÇÃ… π∑∏ÄŒπ … ◊≈∂ŒÑ∑ÿ, fi∏É∫Ÿ Ã≈fiÿ Œ¡ ƒ…◊ÄŒ?[Very can happen, that life-NOM planned-NOM, like road-NOM to summit-DAT. Reach ifI-NOM to own summit-GEN or get-tired and return, so-that lie-down on couch-ACC?]It can certainly be the case that life is planned like a road to the summit. Will I reach mysummit or will I get tired and go back to lie down on my couch?

83ÌŒ≈ À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, fi∏œ, ¥œÕÇÕœ Ã¿∫◊Ç Àœ ÕŒ≈, π ∏≈∫Ö ƒœÃ÷ŒÉ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ fiÑ◊∑∏◊œ ƒÉÃ«¡, Œœ∏Ÿ ∑fi…∏ÄÃ, fi∏œ Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ, ∏œ«ƒÄ … µ ∏≈∫Å Œ…fi≈«É Œ≈ ƒœÃ÷ŒÄ.[Me-DAT seemed, that in-addition love-GEN to me-DAT, by you-GEN should-NOM befeeling-NOM obligation-GEN, but you-NOM thought, that nothing-GEN not obliged-NOM,then and I-NOM you-DAT nothing-GEN not obliged-NOM.]It seemed to me that besides your love towards me you ought to have a feeling of obligation,but since you thought that you didn¢t owe anything, then I don¢t owe you anything either.


356 Exercises

84‰ÅÃœ Œ≈ ◊ ∏œÕ, ∂¡⁄∫ÇÃ∑µ ∏Ÿ ÇÃ… Œ≈∏, ¥∂É∑∏œ µ …⁄Œœ∑ÇÃ¡ ŒÄ¤… œ∏Œœ¤ÅŒ…µ. Î¡À∏Ñ∆Ã…. œƒÉ¤◊¡ œ∏Ã≈∏ÅÃ¡.[Affair-NOM not in that-LOC, got-hurt you-NOM or not, simply I-NOM wore-out ourrelationship-ACC. Like shoes-ACC. Sole-NOM came-off.]The point isn¢t whether you got hurt or not, it¢s just that I wore out our relationship. Likeshoes. The sole came off.

85Ò π◊Å∂≈ŒŒœ ¥œƒœ¤£Ã … ¥œ∑∏πfiÄÃ ◊ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ Àœ∑∏Ö¤À¡Õ… ¥ÄÃÿ√≈◊.[I-NOM confidently went-up and knocked on door-ACC knuckles-INST fingers-GEN.]I confidently went up and knocked on the door with my knuckles.

86Ò ¥ÉƒŒµÃ ∂ÑÀπ … ¥œ∏µŒÑÃ Œ¡ ∑≈∫Ö fi≈ÕœƒÄŒ. Û◊Å∂»π Ã≈÷ÄÃ… ∂¡ÀÅ∏Ÿ ƒÃµ ∫¡ƒÕ…Œ∏ÉŒ¡.ÔŒÇ ¥œÅ»¡Ã… … π¥ÄÃ… ŒÄ ¥œÃ.[I-NOM raised arm-ACC and pulled on self-ACC suitcase-ACC. On-top lay rackets-NOMfor badminton-GEN. They-NOM slipped-out and fell on floor-ACC.]I raised my arm and pulled my suitcase toward me. On top of it were badminton rackets.They slid out and fell on the floor.

87˜≈∑ÿ ƒœÕ Œ¡»œƒÇÃ∑µ ¥œƒ ∏≈∂∂É∂œÕ ŒÉ◊œ«œ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡, Àœ∏É∂Ÿ™ »œ∏ÅÃ ¥≈∂≈…ŒÄfi…∏ÿ∑Ñ∏À… ¥œ ∑É∫∑∏◊≈ŒŒœÕπ π∑Õœ∏∂ÅŒ…¿.[Whole house-NOM was under terror-INST new person-GEN, who-NOM wanted alter day-ACC along own discretion-DAT.]The whole house was being terrorized by the new person, who wanted to alter the dailyrhythm according to his own discretion.

88Ì≈ŒÖ ◊ fi≈∏á∂Œ¡ƒ√¡∏ÿ Ã≈∏ ¥œŒ≈∑ÃÉ ◊ ÀœÕ∑œÕÉÃ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ µ Œ≈ Œ¡¤ÃÄ Œ…À¡ÀÉ™∂≈◊œÃ¿√…ÉŒŒœ™ ∂œÕÄŒ∏…À….[Me-ACC in fourteen-ACC years-GEN brought to communist-youth-league-ACC, in which-LOC I-NOM not found any revolutionary romance-GEN.]At age fourteen I was brought to the communist youth league, where I didn’t find anyrevolutionary romance.

89œ-ÕÉ≈Õπ, œŒ Œ≈ ¥œŒ…ÕÄÃ, fi≈Õ Ü∏œ ÀÉŒfi…∏∑µ, »œ∏Ö … ∑À¡⁄ÄÃ, fi∏œ œ∫Ö⁄¡Œ Ã≈fiÿ ¥œ¥≈∂£Àƒ◊Å∂… … Õ≈ŒÖ Œ≈ ¥π∑∏Ç∏ÿ, Œœ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ≈∏, fi∏œ ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ◊á¥∂Ÿ«Œπ ◊ œÀŒÉ.[In-my-opinion-DAT, he-NOM not understood, what-INST this-NOM ends, although andsaid, that obliged-NOM lie-down across door-ACC and me-ACC not let-out, but under-stands, that then I-NOM jump-out in window-ACC.]In my opinion, he didn¢t understand how this would end, although he said that he is obligedto lie down across the doorway and not let me out, but he understands that I would thenjump out the window.

357

90Ú≈¤ÅŒ…≈ œ ¥∂…ŒÖ∏…… Ü∏œ«œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡, Œ¡∑≈ÃÅŒ…≈ Àœ∏É∂œ«œ Œ¡∑fiÇ∏Ÿ◊¡≈∏¤≈∑∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ ∏á∑µfi fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ◊ ÔÔÓ Á≈Œ≈∂ÄÃÿŒ¡µ ·∑∑¡Õ∫ÃÅµ ¥∂…ŒµÃÄ ∫≈⁄«œÃœ∑œ◊ÄŒ…µ, Œ…À∏É Œ≈ ◊œ⁄∂¡÷ÄÃ.[Resolution-ACC about acceptance-LOC this state-GEN, population-NOM which-GENcounts sixteen-ACC thousands-GEN people-GEN, in UN-ACC General Assembly-NOMaccepted without voting-GEN, no-one-NOM not objected.]The resolution to accept this state with a population of sixteen thousand in the UN waspassed by the General Assembly without a vote, no-one objected.

91È Éfi≈Œÿ Ã¿∫œ¥á∏Œœ ◊∏œ∂É≈ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ ∏¡ÀÉ™ «∂Ñ∫œ™ ⁄≈ÕŒÉ™Õ¡∏Å∂……, À¡À ∏¡ÕÉ÷Œµ.[And very interesting-NOM second agreement-NOM, which-NOM touches such coarseearthly material-GEN, like customs-NOM.]And the second agreement, which concerns such coarse earthly materials as customs, isvery interesting.

92ÔƒŒÄÀœ ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÉ Œ≈ ◊∑≈ ∆ÇÃÿÕŸ, ¥∂≈ƒ∑∏Ä◊Ã≈ŒŒŸ≈ Œ¡ ¥¡∂Ç÷∑ÀœÕ ∆≈∑∏…◊ÄÃ≈,œÀ∂Ä¤≈ŒŸ ∏∂¡«Çfi≈∑À…Õ ÇÃ… ƒ∂¡Õ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…Õ ¥Ä∆œ∑œÕ.[However far not all films-NOM, shown-NOM at Paris festival-LOC, tinged-NOM tragic-INST or dramatic pathos-INST.]However by no means all of the films shown at the Paris festival are tinged with tragic ordramatic pathos.

93˙Œ¡fiÇ∏≈ÃÿŒœ≈ ◊∂ÅÕµ ∂¡∫É∏Ÿ ÀœŒ∆≈∂ÅŒ√…… ∫áÃœ ¥œ∑◊µ›≈ŒÉ ¥∂≈⁄∂ÅŒŒœ™ ¥∂œ∑∏Ñƒ≈.[Considerable time-NOM work-GEN conference-GEN was dedicated-NOM contemptiblecold-DAT.]At the conference a considerable amount of time was spent on work dedicated to the con-temptible common cold.

94·À∏…◊…⁄Ç∂πµ ƒ…¡∆∂Ä«ÕŸ, ∑Õ≈» π«Ãπ∫ÃÖ≈∏ ƒŸ»ÄŒ…≈, œ∫œ«¡›Ä≈∏ À…∑Ãœ∂ÉƒœÕ À∂œ◊ÿ… ◊≈Œ∏…ÃÇ∂π≈∏ Ã£«À…≈.[Activating diaphragms-ACC, laughter-NOM deepens breathing-ACC, enriches oxygen-INST blood-ACC and ventilates lungs-ACC.]By activating the diaphragm, laughter deepens the breathing, enriches the blood with oxy-gen, and ventilates the lungs.

95‰◊œ™ŒÉ™ ∑∏¡ŒƒÄ∂∏ ◊ ¥œÃÇ∏…À≈ œ∫Ã¡ƒÄ≈∏ ∑◊É™∑∏◊œÕ ∫πÕ≈∂ÄŒ«¡.[Double standard-NOM in politics-LOC has property-INST boomerang-GEN.]A double standard in politics has a boomerang effect.


358 Exercises

96ÓÅÀœ«ƒ¡ ¥∂œ√◊≈∏Ä◊¤…™ ÷¡Œ∂ ¥≈ÀÇŒ∑Àœ™ É¥≈∂Ÿ Œ≈ ◊ŸƒÅ∂÷…◊¡≈∏ ⁄¡ÀÉŒœ◊ ∂áŒÀ¡.[Once having-blossomed genre-NOM Peking opera-GEN not withstand laws-GEN mar-ket-GEN.]The long since faded genre of the Peking opera cannot compete on the market.

97œfiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏≈ ∑≈∫Ö ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸÕ … Œ≈¥ÉŒµ∏ŸÕ.[Feel self-ACC thrown-INST and not-understood-INST.]You feel that you are ignored and misunderstood.

98∂≈ƒÃ¡«Ä≈∏∑µ ¥œ∑Õ≈Ö∏ÿ∑µ Œ¡ƒ ¥∂…ÀÃ¿fiÅŒ…µÕ… ∏∂£» ∫∂Ä∏ÿ≈◊-∫Ã…⁄Œ≈√É◊, ⁄ÄŒµ∏Ÿ»¥É…∑À¡Õ… πÀ∂Äƒ≈ŒŒœ«œ ¡ÃÕÄ⁄¡ πŒ…ÀÄÃÿŒœ™ ◊≈Ã…fi…Œá … √ÅŒŒœ∑∏….[Suggests laugh over adventures-INST three brothers-triplets-GEN, occupied-GEN searches-INST stolen diamond-GEN unique size-GEN and value-GEN.]It’s an opportunity to laugh at the adventures of three brothers, identical triplets, who arebusy searching for a stolen diamond of unique size and value.

99˜ÕÅ∑∏≈ ∑ «ÃÄ◊ŒŸÕ «≈∂É≈Õ ÕÉ÷Œœ ¥œ∑œfiÑ◊∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿ ∑œ◊∂≈ÕÅŒŒœ™ …∑∏É∂…… Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ∑fi¡∑∏ÃÇ◊œ™ ∑≈ÕÅ™Œœ™ ¥Ä∂Ÿ, ∂¡∑∑ÀÄ⁄¡ŒŒœ™ ◊ ∆ÇÃÿÕ≈ <<ÌÑ⁄ŸÀ¡ ƒÃµ ƒ≈À¡∫∂Ö>>.[Together with main hero-INST possible sympathize modern story-DAT not very happyfamily pair-GEN, told-DAT in film-LOC “Music-NOM for December-GEN.”]Together with the main hero one can sympathize with the modern story of a not very happycouple, told in the film “Music for December”.

100Ó≈◊ƒ¡Ã≈ÀÅ œ∏ Õ≈ŒÖ ∑…ƒÅÃ œƒÇŒ …⁄ ∏¡ŒÀÇ∑∏œ◊, ∂œ∑∏œ◊fiÄŒ…Œ, ∂É∑ÃŸ™ »ÕÑ∂Ÿ™ ∑∏Ä∂¤…™Ã≈™∏≈ŒÄŒ∏.[Not-far from me-GEN sat one-NOM from tank-crew-members-GEN, Rostovian-NOM,tall gloomy older lieutenant-NOM.]Not far away from me one of the tank crew was sitting, a Rostovian, a tall, gloomy oldlieutenant.

101Ùπ∏ ∑¥∂Ä◊¡ …⁄ ∑¡∂Äµ ◊á∫≈÷¡Ã ÕœÃœƒÉ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ …, ¥≈∂≈¥∂á«Œπ◊ fi≈∂≈⁄ Àœ∂á∏œ, Œ¡Àœ∏É∂œÕ ∑∂≈ƒÇ ¥œÕÉ≈◊ Ã≈÷ÄÃ¡ ∑◊…ŒÿÖ, ∑ À∂ÇÀœÕ ¥œ∫≈÷ÄÃ À ◊œ∂É∏¡Õ.[Here on-right from barn-GEN ran-out young man-NOM and, having jumped over trough-ACC, on which-LOC among slop-GEN lay pig-NOM, with shout-INST ran to gate-DAT.]Just to the right a young man ran out of the barn, jumped over the trough in which a pig layin the slop, and ran up twards the gate with a shout.

359

102˜⁄µ◊ Õ≈ŒÖ ◊ ∑◊œâ «∂Ñ¥¥π … ¥œ∂πfiÇ◊ ÕŒ≈, ¥œÃ«Éƒ¡ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …∑¥Ÿ∏ÄŒ…µ ŒÉ◊œ«œÕ¡∏≈∂…ÄÃ¡, ƒ…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂, ÀœŒÅfiŒœ, ∂…∑Àœ◊ÄÃ.[Having-taken me-ACC in own group-ACC and entrusted me-DAT, half-year-ACC ago,experiments-ACC new material-GEN, director-NOM, of-course, risked.]By taking me into his group and entrusting to me six months ago the experiments on thenew material, the director, of course, was taking a risk.

103Û¥π∑ÀÄ¿∑ÿ ◊Œ…⁄, ∏œÃÀÄ¿ ƒ◊≈∂ÿ Œ¡ ¥∂π÷ÇŒ≈, Œ¡◊∑∏∂Åfiπ ÕŒ≈ ◊Ÿ∂Ÿ◊Ä≈∏∑µ ◊œÃŒÄ ¤ÑÕ¡,Œœ µ ¥∂≈œƒœÃ≈◊Ä¿ ≈£ … ¥∂œ»œ÷Ñ ⁄¡ ∑∏≈ÀÃÖŒŒπ¿ ¥≈∂≈«œ∂ÉƒÀπ.[Descend down, push door-ACC on spring-LOC, toward me-DAT rushes wave-NOM noise-GEN, but I-NOM overcome it-ACC and walk-through behind glass barrier-ACC.]I go downstairs, push the swinging door, and a wave of noise rushes out toward me, but Iovercome it and walk over behind the glass barrier.

104ÎÑ»Œµ ¥∂≈◊∂¡∏ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ◊ ‹Ã≈À∏∂Çfi≈∑Àœ≈ ¥ÉÃ≈ ∑ ∂¡⁄Œœ⁄¡∂µ÷£ŒŒŸÕ… fi¡∑∏Ç√¡Õ…,Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡¿∏∑µ.[Kitchen-NOM turned into electical field-ACC with variously-charged particles-INST,which-NOM collided.]The kitchen turned into an electrical field with variously charged particles that were collid-ing.

105‰Å◊œfiÀ¡ ∑Õœ∏∂ÅÃ¡ ◊ œÀŒÉ, … ◊ ≈£ ∑◊Å∏ÃŸ» «Ã¡⁄Ä» œ∏∂¡÷ÄÃ…∑ÿ ƒ≈∂Å◊ÿµ, ƒœÕÄ, ŒÅ∫œ.ÁÃ¡⁄Ä ∫áÃ… ¥£∑∏∂Ÿ≈ … ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ≈, ◊ ⁄¡◊Ç∑…Õœ∑∏… œ∏ ∏œ«É, fi∏œ ∫áÃœ ⁄¡ œÀŒÉÕ.[Girl-NOM looked in window-ACC, and in her bright eyes-LOC reflected trees-NOM,houses-NOM, sky-NOM. Eyes-NOM were mottled-NOM and varied-NOM, in dependence-LOC from that-GEN, what-NOM was beyond window-INST.]The girl looked out the window, and the trees, houses, and sky were reflected in her brighteyes. Her eyes were mottled and varied, depending on what was outside the window.

106È ∏π∏ Œ¡ ≈£ «œ∂…⁄ÉŒ∏≈ ◊œ⁄ŒÇÀ ⁄Œ¡Õ≈ŒÇ∏Ÿ™ ‹∑∏∂ÄƒŒŸ™ ¥≈◊Å√. Û≈™fiÄ∑ ≈«É ÇÕµ ⁄¡∫á∏œ,Œœ ◊ ¤≈∑∏…ƒ≈∑Ö∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ œŒ ∫ŸÃ ¥œ¥πÃÖ∂Œ≈≈ Û…ŒÄ∏∂Ÿ.[And here on her horizon-LOC appeared famous stage singer-NOM. Now his name-NOMforgotten-NOM, but in sixty years-ACC he-NOM was more-popular Sinatra-GEN.]A famous stage singer now appeared on her horizon. His name is now forgotten, but in thesixties he was more popular than Sinatra.


360 Exercises

107Û∏œÖÃ ◊ ¥¡∑ÀÑƒŒœ™ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ…, ∏œÃÀÄÃ∑µ, ÷ƒ¡Ã fi≈«É-∏œ. È ◊ƒ∂π« ¥ÿ¿ ◊…ŒÉ ∑œfi¡∂œ◊Ä∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ ÷ÅŒ›…Œœ™.[Stood in filthy line-LOC, pushed, waited something-GEN. And immediately drink wine-ACC with charming woman-INST.]I was standing in a filthy line, pushing, waiting for something. And now I’m drinking winewith a charming woman.

108ÉÕŒ¿ œ«∂ÉÕŒœ«œ, À∂¡∑Ç◊œ«œ, Õ∂ÄfiŒœ«œ ‰œ◊ÃÄ∏œ◊¡, ◊Ÿ»œƒÖ›≈«œ ∑ ∏ÉÃ∑∏œ™ ¥Ä¥Àœ™◊ ∂πÀÄ» …⁄ ÷π∂ŒÄÃ¡ ±ÓÅ◊¡.≤[Remember huge, handsome, gloomy Dovlatov-ACC, emerging-ACC with thick file-INSTin hands-LOC from journal-GEN “Neva-NOM”.]I remember a huge, handsome, gloomy Dovlatov, emerging with a thick file in his handsfrom the journal ±Neva.≤

109˛∏œ À¡∑Ä≈∏∑µ ∑¡ÕÉ™ Ì¡∂ÇŒŸ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™, ∏œ œŒÄ ∫ŸÃÄ ƒœ «Ãπ∫…Œá ƒπ¤Ç ∏∂ÉŒπ∏¡⁄¡∫É∏œ™ … ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ, ¥∂œÖ◊Ã≈ŒŒŸÕ… ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…Õ À ≈£ ∑≈∑∏∂Å.[What-NOM touches self-GEN Marina Tsvetaeva-GEN, that she-NOM was to depth-GENsoul-GEN touched-NOM concern-INST and attention-INST, shown-INST Gorky-INST toher sister-DAT.]As concerns Marina Tsvetaeva herself, she was touched to the depths of her soul by theconcern and attention that Gorky showed to her sister.

110·Œ¡∑∏¡∑Çµ ¥∂…Å»¡Ã¡ ◊ Ûœ∂∂ÅŒ∏œ ≈›£ ◊ Œ¡fiÄÃ≈ Ä◊«π∑∏¡, Œœ Ì¡∂ÇŒ¡, Œ≈ ¥œÃπfiÄµ œ∏Œ≈£ …⁄◊Å∑∏…™, ƒ◊Äƒ√¡∏ÿ fi≈∏◊£∂∏œ«œ Ä◊«π∑∏¡ œ∫∂¡∏ÇÃ¡∑ÿ ∑ ⁄¡¥∂É∑œÕ À ÁÉ∂ÿÀœÕπ.[Anastasia-NOM arrived in Sorrento-ACC already in beginning-LOC August-GEN, butMarina-NOM, not receiving from her-GEN news-GEN, twenty fourth-GEN August-GENturned with inquiry-INST to Gorky-DAT.]Anastasia arrived in Sorrento at the beginning of August, but Marina, not having receivednews from her, turned to Gorky to inquire about her.

111Ëœ∏Ö ¥π∫ÃÇfiŒœ ÁÉ∂ÿÀ…™ ¥∂É∏…◊ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™ Œ…Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ ◊Ÿ∑∏π¥ÄÃ, ÕÉ÷Œœ¥∂≈ƒ¥œÃœ÷Ç∏ÿ, fi∏œ ≈£ ∑≈∑∏∂Ä ◊ À¡ÀÉ™-∏œ œ∑∏œ∂É÷Œœ™ ∆É∂Õ≈ ¥≈∂≈ƒ¡ÃÄ ≈™ Œ≈ÃÅ∑∏Œœ≈ÕŒÅŒ…≈ ¥…∑Ä∏≈Ãµ œ ≈£ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊≈.[Although publicly Gorky-NOM against Tsvetaeva-GEN never not spoke-out, possible as-sume, that her sister-NOM in some cautious manner-LOC passed-on her-DAT unflatteringopinion-ACC writer-GEN about her work-LOC.]Although Gorky never publicly spoke out against Tsvetaeva, one could assume that hersister had passed on to Tsvetaeva, in a cautious manner, the writer¢s unflattering opinion ofher work.

361

112Ú¡⁄ƒ∂¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ÁÉ∂ÿÀœ«œ, Àœ∏É∂œ≈ fiÑ◊∑∏◊π≈∏∑µ ◊œ ◊∑£Õ ∏ÉŒ≈ Ü∏œ«œ ¥…∑ÿÕÄ, Œ≈∑œÕŒÅŒŒœœ∏∂¡⁄ÇÃœ∑ÿ … Œ¡ ≈«É »¡∂¡À∏≈∂Ç∑∏…À≈ ∏◊É∂fi≈∑∏◊¡ Ì¡∂ÇŒŸ „◊≈∏Ä≈◊œ™.[Irritation-NOM Gorky-GEN, which-NOM is-felt in all tone-LOC this letter-GEN, cer-tainly was-reflected also on his description-LOC work-GEN Marina Tsvetaeva-GEN.]Gorky’s irritation, which is felt all through the tone of this letter, was certainly reflected inhis description of Marina Tsvetaeva’s work.

113‰¡, œŒ ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ Œ≈ÕŒÉ÷Àœ ∑Õ≈¤ŒáÕ, ÕÄÃœ∑∏ÿ Œ≈ÃÅ¥ŸÕ, fiπ∏ÿ ∏œ∂œ¥ÃÇ◊ŸÕ …ƒÄ÷≈, ∑πƒÇ ≈«É ßœ«, »¡Õœ◊Ä∏ŸÕ.[Yes, he-NOM may be somewhat silly-INST, bit absurd-INST, trifle hasty-INST and even,judge him-ACC God-NOM rather-loutish-INST.]Yes, maybe he is somewhat silly, a bit absurd, a trifle hasty and even, may God be his judge,rather loutish.

114Ò Œ≈ ∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ≈ ∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ…À, Œœ … ¡À∏Ç◊ŒŸ™ ¥∂œ∏Ç◊Œ…À ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸ» ∏≈É∂…™ ±Õ…∂œ◊É«œ⁄Ä«œ◊œ∂¡.≤[I-NOM not only not supporter-NOM, but and active opponent-NOM various theories-GEN “worldwide conspiracy-GEN”.]I am not only not a supporter but even an opponent of the various “worldwide conspiracy”theories.

115Îœ∂Éfi≈ «œ◊œ∂Ö, ∂≈fiÿ …ƒ£∏ œ Œœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒœÕ ¥∂œ√Å∑∑≈ ∫œ∂ÿ∫á Õ…∂œ◊á» ∑…Ã ⁄¡ ◊Ã…ÖŒ…≈… ⁄¡ ◊Ÿ÷…◊ÄŒ…≈.[Shorter speaking, speech-NOM goes about normal process-LOC struggle-GEN world’spowers-GEN for influence-ACC and for survival-ACC.]To put it briefly, the subject is the normal way in which the world’s powers struggle forinfluence and survival.

116Îœ«ƒÄ ◊ ∏∂…ƒ√Ä∏Ÿ≈ «ÉƒŸ ◊œ⁄ŒÇÀÃ¡ Œπ÷ƒÄ ◊ ƒπ»œ¥œƒfl£ÕŒœ™, ∑¥ÃÄfi…◊¡¿›≈™ Œ¡∂Éƒ«≈∂É…À≈, ◊Ã¡∑∏ÿ …∑¥ÉÃÿ⁄œ◊¡Ã¡ ƒÃµ Ü∏œ«œ ÇÕ≈ŒŒœ ÛÅ◊≈∂.[When in thirty years-ACC arose need-NOM in spiritually-uplifting-LOC, galvanizing-LOC nation-ACC heroics-LOC, regime-NOM used for this-GEN precisely North-ACC.]When during the thirties there arose the need for spiritually uplifting heroics that wouldgalvanize the nation, the regime used the North for this purpose.

117˜Ÿ ∫áÃ… ≈£ ¡ƒ◊œÀÄ∏œÕ ∑ ∏œ«É ÕœÕÅŒ∏¡, À¡À Œ¡ Œ≈£ ⁄¡◊≈ÃÇ π«œÃÉ◊Œœ≈ ƒÅÃœ, …¥∂¡À∏Çfi≈∑À… ƒœ œÀœŒfiÄŒ…µ ∑ÃÅƒ∑∏◊…µ.[You-NOM were her attorney-INST from that moment-GEN, how on her-ACC broughtcriminal case-ACC, and practically to end-GEN investigation-GEN.]You were her attorney from the moment a criminal case was brought against her and nearlyuntil the end of the investigation.


362 Exercises

118Ìœ¤ÅŒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊œ — Ü∏œ ÃÇ∫œ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅŒ…≈ ÃÇfiŒŸÕ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œÕ «∂Ä÷ƒ¡Œ, ÃÇ∫œ¥∂…œ∫∂≈∏ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂Ä◊¡ Œ¡ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅŒ…≈ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œÕ ¥π∏£Õ œ∫ÕÄŒ¡ ÇÃ… ⁄Ãœπ¥œ∏∂≈∫ÃÅŒ…µƒœ◊Å∂…≈Õ.[Swindling-NOM — that-NOM either taking-possession-NOM person property-INST citi-zens-GEN, or acqusition-NOM right-GEN on taking-possession-ACC property-INST way-INST deceit-GEN or abuse-GEN trust-INST.]Swindling is either the taking possession of the personal property of citizens or acquisitionof the right to take possession of property by means of deceit or abuse of trust.

119ÛÃÅƒ∑∏◊…¿ ŒÑ÷Œœ ∫áÃœ ƒœÀ¡⁄Ä∏ÿ, fi∏œ œŒÄ ⁄¡◊Ã¡ƒÅÃ¡ fiπ÷ÇÕ …ÕÑ›≈∑∏◊œÕ.[Investigative-team-DAT needed was prove, that she-NOM took-possession others’ prop-erty-INST.]The investigative team needed to proved that she had taken possession of others’ property.

120îÕ≈∂ œŒ ◊œ ̃ Ã¡ƒÇÕ…∂≈, »œ∂œŒÇÃ… ÕŸ ≈«É Œ¡ ÕœÅ™ ∂Éƒ…Œ≈ ◊ Úœ∑ÃÄ◊Ã≈, «ƒ≈ ¥œ»œ∂ÉŒ≈Œ¡ÕœÖ ∂œƒŒÖ.[Died he-NOM in Vladimir-LOC, buried we-NOM him-ACC on my native-soil-LOC inRoslavl-LOC, where buried-NOM my kin-NOM.]He died in Vladimir, and we buried him in my native soil in Roslavl where my kin areburied.

121Ô∏ƒÅÃœÕ ∑¥É∂∏¡ ⁄¡◊Åƒœ◊¡Ã ƒœ∫∂œƒÑ¤ŒŸ™, ∫≈∑∑Ãœ◊Å∑ŒŸ™ fi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ. ÔŒ Œ≈…⁄ÕÅŒŒœ¥∂≈∫Ÿ◊ÄÃ ◊ «Ãπ∫ÉÀœÕ ∑¡Õœ⁄¡∫◊ÅŒ……. œ ∏≈Õ¥≈∂ÄÕ≈Œ∏π ∫ŸÃ ∂Ä◊≈Œ Õ£∂∏◊œ™ ∑œ∫ÄÀ≈.[Department-INST sport-GEN managed kind-hearted, silent man-NOM. He-NOM invari-ably remained in deep selflessness-LOC. Along temperament-DAT was equal-to dead dog-DAT.]A kind-hearted, silent man was in charge of the athletic department. He invariably wentabout in a deep selflessness. His temperament was on par with a dead dog.

122OŒÄ Œ¡¤ÃÄ ÕÅ∑∏œ ƒÃµ ÕÑ÷¡, ¥∂œ¥Ä◊¤≈«œ ◊ ∏≈ «ÉƒŸ ◊ «Ãπ¤Ç.[She-NOM found place-ACC for husband-GEN, who-had-disappeared-GEN in those years-ACC in backwoods-LOC.]She found a job for her husband, who in those years had disappeared into the backwoods.

363

123Ú≈Ã…«…É⁄ŒŸ≈ ∑≈Õ…ŒÄ∂Ÿ ¥∂œ»œƒÇÃ… ◊ √≈∂ÀÉ◊Œœ™ ∫…∫Ã…œ∏ÅÀ≈. Ù¡Õ ∑œ∫…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ¥∂¡◊œ∑ÃÄ◊ŒŸ≈, …πƒ¡Ç∑∏Ÿ, Õπ∑πÃÿÕÄŒ≈, À¡∏ÉÃ…À…. ÎÄ÷ƒœ™ …⁄ «∂π¥¥ ∫áÃœ ◊áƒ≈Ã≈Œœœ∏ƒÅÃÿŒœ≈ ¥œÕ≈›ÅŒ…≈.[Religious seminars-NOM went-through in church library-LOC. There gathered Ortho-dox-NOM, Jews-NOM, Muslims-NOM, Catholics-NOM. Each-DAT from groups-GENwere assigned separate accomodation-NOM.]The religious seminars took place in the church library. Orthodox Christians, Jews, Mus-lims, and Catholics gathered there. Separate accomodations were assigned to each of thegroups.

124œÜ∏ ◊œ⁄◊∂¡∏ÇÃ∑µ À ∑∏œÃÑ. ı Œ≈«É ∫áÃœ ∂Äƒœ∑∏Œœ≈, ∑œ◊≈∂¤ÅŒŒœ …⁄Õ≈ŒÇ◊¤≈≈∑µ œ∏Ü∏œ«œ Ã…√É. ÔŒ ¥œÀÃÉŒ…Ã∑µ ¡À∏∂Ç∑≈.[Poet-NOM returned to table-DAT. By him-GEN was joyful, complete changed-NOMfrom this-GEN face-NOM. He-NOM bowed actress-DAT.]The poet returned to the table. His face was joyful, completely changed by it. He bowed tothe actress.

125˛…∏Äµ «≈Œ…ÄÃÿŒŸ≈ ∑∏…»Ç, Œ≈ ƒÑÕ¡™, À¡ÀÇ≈ œ∫œ∂É∏Ÿ ∫ÉÃÿ¤≈ ÇÃ… ÕÅŒÿ¤≈ πƒ¡ÃÇ∑ÿÄ◊∏œ∂π.[Reading brilliant poetry-ACC, not think, which phrases-NOM more or less succeeded au-thor-DAT.]When reading brilliant poetry, don’t think about what phrases more or less worked out forthe author.

126—˜Ÿ ¥∂≈π◊≈ÃÇfi…◊¡≈∏≈. Ï…∏≈∂Ä∏œ∂ ƒÉÃ÷≈Œ ¥π∫Ã…Àœ◊Ä∏ÿ∑µ. Ú¡⁄πÕÅ≈∏∑µ, Œ≈ ◊ π›Å∂∫∑◊œ≈ÕÑ ∏¡ÃÄŒ∏π.[—You-NOM exaggerate. A literary-man-NOM should-NOM publish. It-is-understood,not to detriment-ACC own talent-DAT.]“You’re exaggerating. A literary man should publish. Of course, not to the detriment of histalent.”

127±˜Ÿ Œ¡ ∑ÄÕœÕ ƒÅÃ≈ ‹ÀœŒœÕÇ∑∏.... Óπ fi≈«É ∏Ÿ «ÉÃœ◊π Õœ∂Éfi…¤ÿ ÃâƒµÕ ⁄ƒ≈∑ÿ?≤[“You-NOM in very matter-LOC economist-NOM.... Well what-GEN you-NOM head-ACC fool people-DAT here?”]“You’re actually an economist...Well then why are you fooling these people here?”


364 Exercises

128Ûœ«ÃÄ∑≈Œ, ÛœÃ÷≈ŒÇ√ŸŒ — Ü∏œ «œ∂Ä, ∫áÃœ ∫Ÿ ∑Õ≈¤ŒÉ ¥œ¥Ÿ∏Ä∏ÿ∑µ ≈£ ¥≈∂≈ƒÅÃ¡∏ÿ¥œ ŒÄ¤…Õ ÕÅ∂À¡Õ. ‰ÅÃœ ∏≈¥Å∂ÿ ◊ Œ¡∑ ∑ ◊ÄÕ…. Ó¡Õ œ∑Õá∑Ã…◊¡∏ÿ, Œ¡Õ ∂≈¤Ä∏ÿ, Œ¡Õ◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ, ÀπƒÄ …ƒ∏Ç ƒÄÃÿ¤≈.[Agree-NOM, Solzhenitsyn-NOM — this-NOM mountain-NOM, was would laughable at-tempt it-ACC remake along our measures-DAT. Matter-NOM now to us-LOC with you-INST. Us-DAT interpret, us-DAT decide, us-DAT choose, where go further.]I agree, Solzhenitsyn is a mountain, it would be laughable to attempt to remake him to ourscale. Now the ball is in our court. It is for us to interpret, to decide, and to choose whereto go on from here.

129ÌÉ÷≈∏, ◊œ⁄ÿÕ£∏ ∏≈∫Ö Œ¡ ∂¡∫É∏π Ã…∏∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…ÀœÕ ÇÃ… »œ∏Ö ∫Ÿ Àœ∂∂ÅÀ∏œ∂œÕ.[May, will-take you-ACC to work-ACC literary-assistant-INST or although would proof-reader-INST.]Maybe, he’ll take you for work as a literary assistant, even if only a proof-reader.

130Ëœ⁄Ö™À¡ Ã¡ŒfiœŒÅ∏¡ ÕÇ∑∑…∑ ‚ÉŒœ ∑ «∂É»œ∏œÕ ¥œƒŒ…ÕÄ≈∏ ÷≈ÃÅ⁄Œπ¿ ∂≈¤£∏Àπ.[Owner-NOM luncheonette-GEN Mrs. Bono-NOM with crash-INST lifts iron grill-ACC.]The owner of the luncheonette, Mrs. Bono, lifts the iron grill with a crash.

131œƒ Ü∏œ∏ ¡ÀÀœÕ¥¡Œ≈ÕÅŒ∏ µ ¥œ∏…»ÉŒÿÀπ ¥≈∂≈∏Ä∑À…◊¡¿ ◊∑≈ ∑◊£∂∏À… À Œ¡Õ ◊Ã¡∫œ∂¡∏É∂…¿.[Under this accompaniment-ACC I-NOM noiselessly drag all bundles-ACC to us-DAT tolaboratory-ACC.]To this accompaniment I noiselessly drag all of the bundles to our laboratory.

132Ò ¥≈∂≈¥Ç∑Ÿ◊¡¿ ◊ ƒŒ≈◊ŒÇÀ ∂≈⁄πÃÿ∏Ä∏Ÿ ◊fi≈∂Ä¤Œ≈«œ É¥Ÿ∏¡, πÀÃÄƒŸ◊¡¿ ◊ Àœ∂É∫Àπ∫∂É¤≈ŒŒŸ≈ ◊fi≈∂Ä œ∫∂¡⁄√á, ∂◊π … ◊ŸÀÇƒŸ◊¡¿ fi≈∂Œœ◊…ÀÇ ∑ ∂¡∑fi£∏¡Õ….[I-NOM rewrite in journal-ACC results-ACC yesterday’s experiment-GEN, pack-away inbox-ACC thrown-away-ACC yesterday samples-ACC, shred and toss-out rough-drafts-ACCwith calculations-INST.]I rewrite the results of the previous day’s experiment in the notebook, put the samples whichwere left off from the day before into a box, and shred and toss out the rough drafts with thecalculations.

133Ò ÕÉÃfi¡ ◊Ÿ∏Ä∑À…◊¡¿ ∂ÑÀπ …⁄-¥œƒ œƒ≈ÖÃ¡ … ¥∂œ∏Ö«…◊¡¿ À Œ≈ÕÑ.[I-NOM silently pull-out hand-ACC from-under blanket-GEN and extend towards him-DAT.]I silently pull my hand out from under the blanket and stretch it towards him.

365

134ˆÄÃœ∑∏ÿ … ∏£¥Ã¡µ ◊œƒÄ ƒÅÃ¡¿∏ ∑◊œ£ ƒÅÃœ — …⁄-¥œƒ ƒÑ¤¡ µ ◊Ÿ»œ÷Ñ ¥œƒœ∫∂Å◊¤¡µ …œ∑◊≈÷£ŒŒ¡µ.[Pity-NOM and warm water-NOM do own matter-ACC — from-under shower-GEN I-NOM exit made-kinder-NOM and refreshed-NOM.]Pity and warm water do their work — from under the shower I step out in a better mood andrefreshed.

135ÎÉ∑∏µ ∑∫…Ã œƒ≈ÖÃœ, ÁÑÃÿÀ¡ ∑flÅ»¡Ã¡ ∑ ¥œƒÑ¤À…, ◊á∑πŒπÃ¡ ŒÉ÷Àπ …⁄ À∂œ◊Ä∏….[Kostya-NOM dislodged blanket-ACC, Gulka-NOM came-down from pillow-GEN, stuck-out little-leg-ACC from bed-GEN.]Kostya kicked off the blanket, Gulka came off the pillow and stuck her little leg out fromthe bed.

136ı ∆Ç∂ÕŸ ∫ÉÃ≈≈ ƒ◊π»∑É∏ ∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ» ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…™ ¥œ ◊∑≈ÕÑ ÕÇ∂π, «ƒ≈ π∑¥Å¤Œœ∏∂Ñƒµ∏∑µ ƒ≈∑Ö∏À… ∏á∑µfi ∑ÄÕŸ» ◊Ÿ∑œÀœÀ◊¡Ã…∆…√Ç∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ» ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏œ◊ ∂Ä⁄ŒŸ»Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ∑∏≈™.[By firm-GEN more two-hundred joint businesses-GEN along all world-DAT, where suc-cessfully work tens-NOM thousands-GEN most highly-qualifed specialists-GEN variousnationalities-GEN.]The firm has more than two hundred joint businesses across the whole world, where tens ofthousands of the most highly qualified specialists of various nationalities work success-fully.

137Û≈™fiÄ∑ œŒ ÷…◊£∏ ◊ÕÅ∑∏≈ ∑ ÷≈ŒÉ™ … ∑ŸŒœ◊ÿÖÕ… ◊ ÌœŒÄÀœ, œƒŒÄÀœ ∑ÀÃœŒÖ≈∏∑µ À∏œÕÑ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥≈∂≈∫∂Ä∏ÿ∑µ ◊ ˚◊Å√…¿.[Now he-NOM lives together with wife-INST and sons-INST in Monaco-LOC, howeveryielding to that-DAT, in-order-to move to Sweden-ACC.]Now he lives together with his wife and sons in Monaco, however he is leaning towardsmoving to Sweden.

138˜ …âÃ≈ ◊ »Éƒ≈ ◊…⁄Ç∏¡ ◊ Ìœ∑À◊Ñ Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂ …Œœ∑∏∂ÄŒŒŸ» ƒ≈Ã ˜≈Ã…Àœ∫∂…∏ÄŒ……⁄¡◊≈∂¤ÇÃ œ∫∑π÷ƒÅŒ…≈ ¥∂œÅÀ∏¡ ƒ◊πx∑∏œ∂ÉŒŒ≈«œ ∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ¥œ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…fi≈∑∏◊π ◊∫œ∂ÿ∫Å ∑ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄É◊¡ŒŒœ™ ¥∂≈∑∏Ñ¥Œœ∑∏ÿ¿.[In July-LOC in course-LOC visit-GEN to Moscow-ACC minister-NOM foreign affairs-GEN Great-Britain-GEN completed discussion-ACC project-GEN bilateral agreement-GENalong cooperation-DAT in struggle-LOC with organized crime-INST.]In the course of his July visit to Moscow, the foreign affairs minister of Great Britain com-pleted the discussion of a project of bilateral agreement for cooperation in the struggleagainst organized crime.


366 Exercises

139Ó¡fi…ŒÄµ ∑ ∑≈Œ∏µ∫∂Ö µ¥ÉŒÀ¡Õ Œ≈ ¥∂…ƒ£∏∑µ À∂…fiÄ∏ÿ …⁄ œÀŒ¡, ⁄¡⁄Ÿ◊Äµ ∑◊œÇ» ƒ≈∏Å™ Œ¡œ∫Åƒ.[Starting from September-GEN Japanese-women-DAT not come-to yell from window-GEN,summoning own children-ACC to dinner-ACC.]Starting in September, the Japanese women won’t have to cry out from the window whensummoning their children to dinner.

140Ò¥ÉŒ∑À¡µ ÀœÕ¥ÄŒ…µ ¥Å™ƒ÷…Œ«œ◊œ™ ∑◊Ö⁄… ◊Ÿ¥π∑ÀÄ≈∏ ◊ ¥∂œƒÄ÷π Œ≈ƒœ∂œ«Ç≈¥Å™ƒ÷≈∂Ÿ, ∑¥≈√…ÄÃÿŒœ ¥∂≈ƒŒ¡⁄ŒÄfi≈ŒŒŸ≈ ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈ƒÄfi… ÀœƒÇ∂œ◊¡ŒŒŸ» ∑œœ∫›ÅŒ…™ƒÅ∏µÕ.[Japanese company-NOM paging network-GEN puts-out to sale-ACC inexpensive pagers-ACC especially intended-ACC for transmission-GEN coded messages-GEN children-DAT.]A Japanese paging company is putting inexpesive pagers on sale which are intended espe-cially for the transmission of coded messages to children.

141Â∑∏ÿ, ¥œ-ÕÉ≈Õπ, πƒÄfiŒœ≈ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂œ∫ÃÅÕŸ ⁄¡»œ∂œŒÅŒ…µ ∏ÅÃ¡ ÏÅŒ…Œ¡, Àœ∏É∂¡µ∑≈«ÉƒŒµ ∑∏œÃÿ ∫œÃÅ⁄Œ≈ŒŒœ ◊œ∑¥∂…Œ…ÕÄ≈∏∑µ ∂¡⁄ÃÇfiŒŸÕ… À∂π«ÄÕ… ∂œ∑∑Ç™∑Àœ«œÉ∫›≈∑∏◊¡.[There-is, in-my-opinion, successful solution-NOM problem-GEN preservation-GEN body-GEN Lenin-GEN, which-NOM today quite sickly is-received various circles-INST Rus-sian society-GEN.]There is, in my opinion, a successful solution to the problem of preserving Lenin’s body, aproblem which is rather morbidly occupying various circles of Russian society.

142œ ∂Éƒπ ∑◊œÅ™ ∂¡∫É∏Ÿ µ À¡÷ƒœƒŒÅ◊Œœ ∑∏ÄÃÀ…◊¡¿∑ÿ ∑ Ã¿ƒÿÕÇ, ¥œ∑∏∂¡ƒÄ◊¤…Õ… œ∏πÀÑ∑œ◊ ÷…◊É∏ŒŸ».[Along sort-DAT own work-GEN I-NOM daily bump-into with people-INST, having-suf-fered-INST from bites-GEN animals-GEN.]According to the nature of my work, I run into people every day who have suffered fromanimal bites.

143Û¥œ∂∏∑ÕÅŒŸ, «œƒÄÕ… ÷…◊Ñ›…≈ ◊ ‹À∑∏∂≈ÕÄÃÿŒœÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕ≈, ◊œÃÿŒá ◊Ÿ∫…∂Ä∏ÿ ∑≈∫Å∑∏∂¡ŒÑ ƒÃµ ÷Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊¡, «¡∂¡Œ∏Ç∂π¿›π¿ …Õ ∏≈ π∑ÃÉ◊…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂Ÿ» …Õ »Éfi≈∏∑µ ÷…∏ÿ.[Athletes-NOM, years-INST living-NOM in extreme regime-LOC, free-NOM choose self-DAT country-ACC for residency-GEN, guaranteeing-ACC them-DAT these conditions-ACC, in which-LOC they-DAT want live.]The athletes, who lived for years under an extreme regime, are free to choose for them-selves the country of residence, guaranteeing them the conditions under which they want tolive.

367

144ÚπÀœ◊œƒÇ∏≈Ã… ∆ÉŒƒ¡ ¥∂Å÷ƒ≈ Œ≈œƒŒœÀ∂Ä∏Œœ π∏◊≈∂÷ƒÄÃ…, fi∏œ œŒÇ ¥œƒƒÅ∂÷…◊¡¿∏ŒÅÀ…≈ ∑◊Ö⁄… ∑ ƒ…∑∑…ƒÅŒ∏∑À…Õ… ‹Ã≈ÕÅŒ∏¡Õ… ◊Œπ∏∂Ç Àπ∫ÇŒ∑À…» ◊œœ∂π÷£ŒŒŸ» ∑…Ã,Àœ∏É∂Ÿ≈ ÖÀœ∫Ÿ π÷Å ∑œ⁄∂ÅÃ… ƒÃµ ¥≈∂≈◊œ∂É∏¡.[Leaders-NOM fund-GEN formerly repeatedly insisted, that they-NOM support certainconnections-ACC with dissident elements-INST within Cuban armed forces-GEN, which-NOM supposedly already matured for revolution-GEN.]Formerly, the leaders of the fund had repeatedly insisted that they support certain connec-tions with dissident elements within the Cuban armed forces, which supposedly are ripe forrevolution.

145· Å∑Ã… ÷≈ŒÄ ∑÷…«Ä≈∏ ∑≈∫Ö Œ¡ ¥œ«∂≈∫ÄÃÿŒœÕ Àœ∑∏∂Å ÕÑ÷¡, œŒÄ πƒœ∑∏Ä…◊¡≈∏∑µ ¥œfi∏Ç∂≈Ã…«…É⁄Œœ«œ ¥œÀÃœŒÅŒ…µ.[But if wife-NOM burns self-ACC on funeral pyre-LOC husband-GEN, she-NOM receivesalmost religious worship-GEN.]But if the wife burns herself on the husband’s funeral pyre, she receives almost religiousworship.

146ÊœŒƒ Ú¡ƒ÷Ç◊¡ ÁÄŒƒ…, œ∑ŒÉ◊¡ŒŒŸ™ Å¿, ¥œÕœ«Ä≈∏ ƒÅ∏µÕ, ÷ÅŒ›…Œ¡Õ … ∫ÅƒŒŸÕ …∑∏¡Ã ∑ÄÕœ™ ◊Ã…Ö∏≈ÃÿŒœ™ Œ≈¥∂¡◊Ç∏≈Ãÿ∑∏◊≈ŒŒœ™ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…≈™ ◊ íŒƒ…….[Fund-NOM Rajiva Gandi-GEN, founded-NOM her-INST, helps children-DAT, women-DAT and poor-DAT and became most influential non-governmental organization-INST inIndia-LOC.]The Rajiva Gandi Fund, founded by her, helps children, women, and the poor and hasbecome the most influential non-governmental organization in India.

147˜ œ¥π∫Ã…ÀÉ◊¡ŒŒœÕ π ◊¡∑ …Œ∏≈∂◊ÿâ ∑ Õ…ŒÇ∑∏∂œÕ ∑ÅÃÿ∑Àœ«œ »œ⁄Ö™∑∏◊¡ …¥∂œƒœ◊ÉÃÿ∑∏◊…µ ∑ÀÄ⁄¡Œœ, fi∏œ Úœ∑∑Çµ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√-∏œ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ Œ≈ ¥œÀπ¥Ä∏ÿ ⁄≈∂ŒÉ, ¡,Œ¡œ∫œ∂É∏, ÕÉ÷≈∏ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ, ¥∂œƒ¡◊Ä∏ÿ.[In published-LOC at you-GEN interview-LOC with minister-INST village economy-GENand foods-GEN said-NOM, that Russia-NOM finally will not buy grain-ACC, but, oppo-site, may be, sell.]In the interview you published with the minister of agriculture and foods it was said that, atlong last, Russia will not buy grain, but just the opposite, perhaps will sell it.

148˛≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ, ∑œ◊≈∂¤Ç◊¤…™ ∑ÄÕŸ™ À∂œ◊Ä◊Ÿ™ ∏≈∂∂œ∂…∑∏Çfi≈∑À…™ ¡À∏ ⁄¡ ◊∑¿ …∑∏É∂…¿·ÕÅ∂…À…, ∫ŸÃ Œ¡ÀœŒÅ√ ¥∂…«œ◊œ∂£Œ À ∑ÕÅ∂∏Œœ™ ÀÄ⁄Œ….[Man-NOM, committed-NOM most bloody terrorist act-ACC for all history-ACC America-GEN, was finally sentenced-NOM to death penalty-DAT.]The man who committed the bloodiest terrorist act in the entire history of America wasfinally sentenced to the death penalty.


368 Exercises

149ÏÇ√¡ ◊∑≈» ∑…ƒÅ◊¤…» ◊ ⁄ÄÃ≈ œÀ¡Õ≈ŒÅÃ….[Faces-NOM all sitting-GEN in hall-LOC turned-to-stone.]The faces of all those sitting in the hall turned to stone.

150Êœ∂ÕÄÃÿŒŸ™ ¥É◊œƒ ƒÃµ ⁄¡À∂á∏…µ ÕÇ∑∑…… ∏¡ÀÉ◊: ÀœŒ«∂Å∑∑ Û˚· π¤£Ã Œ¡ À¡ŒÇÀπÃŸ,∏¡À … Œ≈ ¥∂œƒÃÇ◊ ƒÅ™∑∏◊…≈ ⁄¡ÀÉŒ¡, ∂¡⁄∂≈¤Ä¿›≈«œ Ûœ≈ƒ…Œ£ŒŒŸÕ ˚∏Ä∏¡Õ …ÕÅ∏ÿƒ…¥ÃœÕ¡∏Çfi≈∑À…≈ ÀœŒ∏ÄÀ∏Ÿ ∑ ÔÔÓ.[Formal cause-NOM for closing-GEN mission-GEN such-NOM: Congress-NOM USA-GEN left for vacation-ACC, so even not extended action-ACC law-GEN, allowing-GENUnited States-DAT have diplomatic contacts-ACC with UN-INST.]The formal cause for the closing of the mission is such: the US Congress left for vacationwithout extending the operation of the law that allows the United States to have diplomaticcontacts with the UN.

151˜∑ÀÉ∂≈ ¥É∑Ã≈ œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…µ ∂≈¤ÅŒ…µ ∑πƒÄ, ◊œ ◊∂ÅÕµ fi∏ÅŒ…µ Àœ∏É∂œ«œ ∏≈∂∂œ∂Ç∑∏ ∫ŸÃ¡∫∑œÃâ∏Œœ ∑¥œÀÉ≈Œ, ≈«É ¥≈∂≈◊≈ÃÇ ◊ ∏¿∂ÿÕÑ ∑ Õ¡À∑…ÕÄÃÿŒœ π∑ÇÃ≈ŒŒŸÕ ∂≈÷ÇÕœÕ∫≈⁄œ¥Ä∑Œœ∑∏… ◊ ¤∏Ä∏≈ ÎœÃœ∂Äƒœ.[Soon after announcement-GEN decision-GEN court-GEN, in time-ACC reading-GENwhich-GEN terrorist-NOM was absolutely calm-NOM, him-ACC took to prison-ACC withmaximal strengthened regime-INST security-GEN in state-LOC Colorado-NOM.]Soon after the announcement of the court’s decision, during the reading of which the terror-ist was absolutely calm, they took him to a maximum security prison in the state of Colo-rado.

152Ó¡À¡ŒÑŒ≈ ¤◊≈™√Ä∂∑Àœ™ ◊∑∏∂Åfi… ¥∂œ∏…◊œ∂Åfi…µ ÕÅ÷ƒπ œ∫›ÇŒ¡Õ… Œ¡ ÎÇ¥∂≈Œ≈œ÷Çƒ¡ŒŒœ œ∫œ∑∏∂ÇÃ…∑ÿ: ¤≈∑∏É«œ Ä◊«π∑∏¡ Œ…ÀÅÕ, À∂ÉÕ≈ ·ŒÀ¡∂á, Œ≈ ¥∂Ç⁄Œ¡ŒŒ¡µ<<Ùπ∂Å√À¡µ ∂≈∑¥Ñ∫Ã…À¡ ÛÅ◊≈∂Œœ«œ ÎÇ¥∂¡>> … Õ¡∏≈∂…ÀÉ◊¡µ ÙÑ∂√…µ ¥œƒ¥…∑ÄÃ…∑œ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ œ∫ œ∂«¡Œ…⁄Ä√…… ∏¡À Œ¡⁄Ÿ◊Ä≈Õœ«œ <<…Œ∏≈«∂¡√…ÉŒŒœ«œ ∑œ◊Å∏¡>>.[On-eve Swiss meeting-GEN conflicts-NOM between communities-INST on Cyprus-LOCunexpectedly became-strained: sixth-GEN August-GEN no-one-INST, besides Ankarra-GEN, not recognized “Turkish Republic-NOM North Cyprus-GEN” and continental Tur-key-NOM signed agreement-ACC about organization-LOC so called “integration council-GEN”.]On the eve of the Swiss summit the conflicts between the communities on Cyprus unex-pectedly became strained: on the sixth of August the “Turkish Republic of North Cyprus”— not recognized by anyone except Ankarra — and continental Turkey signed an agree-ment about the organization of a so-called “integration council”.

369

153ÊÇ∂ÕŸ, Œ¡∂π¤Ä¿›…≈ Ü∏œ ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈, ∫Ñƒπ∏ Ã…¤Ä∏ÿ∑µ Ã…√ÅŒ⁄…… Œ¡ ∑◊œâƒÅµ∏≈ÃÿŒœ∑∏ÿ.[Firms-NOM, violating-NOM this order-ACC, will be-deprived license-GEN for own op-eration-ACC.]Firms that violate this order will be deprived of their license to operate.

154ˆ…⁄Œÿ ÷≈ ◊ ·∂ÕÅŒ……, … ◊ fiÄ∑∏Œœ∑∏… ◊ Â∂≈◊ÄŒ≈, ¥≈∂≈∑∏Ä◊ ∫Ÿ∏ÿ Œ≈◊ŸŒœ∑ÇÕœ™,¥≈∂≈¤ÃÄ ◊ À¡∏≈«É∂…¿ ∏≈∂¥ÇÕœ™ … π÷Å ¥œƒ∫…∂Ä≈∏∑µ À œ∏ÕÅ∏À≈ <<∫ÃÇ⁄Àœ Àfi≈Ãœ◊Åfi≈∑Àœ™>>.[Life-NOM very in Armenia-LOC, and in part-LOC in Yerevan-LOC, having-stopped beunbearable-INST, moved to category-ACC bearable-GEN and already approaches towardsmark-DAT <<close to human-DAT>>.]Life in Armenia, and in part in Yerevan, having stopped being unbearable, has moved intothe category of bearable and already is approaching the mark “close to human”.

155˜œ⁄Õπ›£ŒŒŸÕ ∂œƒÇ∏≈ÃµÕ ƒ…∂ÅÀ∏œ∂ œ∫≈›ÄÃ ◊∑ÀÉ∂≈ Œ¡™∏Ç πfi…∏≈ÃÅ™, Œœ ◊ ∑≈∂≈ƒÇŒ≈«Éƒ¡ ¥∂…⁄ŒÄÃ∑µ ◊ ∑◊œ£Õ ∫≈∑∑ÇÃ…… … ¥∂≈ƒÃœ÷ÇÃ ¥∂…⁄◊Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ fiÄ∑∏Œπ¿ ∆Ç∂Õπ.[Upset parents-DAT director-NOM promised soon find teachers-ACC, but in middle-LOCyear-GEN acknowledged in own powerlessness-LOC and proposed summon to help-ACCprivate firm-ACC.]The director promised the upset parents to find teachers soon, but in the middle of the yearhe acknowledged his powerlessness and proposed calling in a private firm to help.

156ÔŒ ¥ÉÃÿ⁄π≈∏∑µ ◊∑≈É∫›…Õ ◊Œ…ÕÄŒ…≈Õ … ¥∂…⁄ŒÄŒ…≈Õ ¥œ ∑…â ¥É∂π, Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ œ∑∏ÄÃœ∑ÿ◊ ≈«É ÷Ç⁄Œ… π÷Å Œ… œƒŒÉ™ œ∆…√…ÄÃÿŒœ™ ¥œƒ¥É∂À…, Àœ«ƒÄ ¥œfi∏Ç ⁄¡∫á∏œ, fi∏œ œŒ∫ŸÃ ¥∂≈ƒ∑≈ƒÄ∏≈Ã≈Õ ¥∂¡◊ÃÅŒ…µ Ûœâ⁄¡ ÀœÕ¥œ⁄Ç∏œ∂œ◊, Àœ«ƒÄ Œ≈ π¥œÕ…ŒÄ¿∏ œ ≈«É⁄◊ÄŒ…µ» … Œ¡«∂Äƒ¡».[He-NOM enjoys universal attention-INST and acknowledgment-INST along this time-ACC, when not remained in his life-LOC already not one official support-GEN, when al-most forgotten-NOM, that he-NOM was representative-INST board-GEN Union-GEN com-posers-GEN, when not remembers about his titles-LOC and awards-LOC.]He enjoys universal attention and recognition evennow, when there no longer remains evenone official support, when it is almost forgotten that he was the chairman of the board of theComposer’s Union, when no one remembers his titles and awards.


370 Exercises

157ÁÃÄ◊Œœ≈ ÷≈ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ …«∂Ä ∑∫É∂Œœ™ Úœ∑∑Ç… Œ¡ Ü∏œ∏ ∂¡⁄ ¥œ-Œ¡∑∏œÖ›≈Õπ ¥œŒ∂Ä◊…Ã¡∑ÿ⁄∂Ç∏≈ÃµÕ … ∑¥≈√…¡ÃÇ∑∏¡Õ, œŒ¡ ◊á⁄◊¡Ã¡ Œ≈¥œƒƒÅÃÿŒœ≈ π◊¡÷ÅŒ…≈ ∑œ¥Å∂Œ…Àœ◊.[Main very in that-LOC, that game-NOM combined Russia-GEN on this occasion-ACCalong-real-DAT liked viewers-DAT and specialists-DAT, it-NOM call-forth genuine respect-ACC rivals-GEN.]The main thing about this is that the game for a combined Russia was actually pleasing toits audience and the specialists, it commanded the genuine respect of its rivals.

158ñ∏œ «≈ŒÅ∏…À ÚÇfi¡∂ƒ Û…ƒ, ⁄¡µ◊Ç◊¤…™, fi∏œ π÷Å fiÅ∂≈⁄ ∏∂… ÕÅ∑µ√¡ Œ¡fiŒ£∏ ÀÃœŒÇ∂œ◊¡∏ÿfi≈Ãœ◊ÅÀ¡.[This-NOM geneticist Richard Seed-NOM, announced-NOM, that already through three-ACC month-GEN begins clone man-ACC.]This is the geneticist Richard Seed, who announced that in three months he will begin toclone a person.

159Ï≈∏ ¥µ∏ŒÄƒ√¡∏ÿ Œ¡⁄Äƒ, …ƒÖ ¥œ ∑ŒÅ÷Œœ™ Ã≈∑ŒÉ™ √≈Ã…ŒÅ Œ¡ Ãá÷¡», ÕÉ÷Œœ ∫áÃœŒ¡∏ÀŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ … Œ¡ ⁄Äµfiÿ…, … ƒÄ÷≈ Œ¡ ÃÇ∑ÿ… ∑Ã≈ƒá.[Years-GEN fifteen-ACC ago, going along snowy forested virgin-lands-DAT on skis-LOC,may was stumble-upon and on rabbit-ACC, and even on fox tracks-ACC.]Around fifteen years ago, skiing along the snowy, forested virgin-lands, one could stumbleupon rabbit, and even fox tracks.

160ı Õ≈ŒÖ ≈∑∏ÿ ∏◊£∂ƒœ≈ π∫≈÷ƒÅŒ…≈: ¥∂œÃ…◊Äµ À∂œ◊ÿ, ∑fiÄ∑∏ÿµ ƒÃµ ƒ∂π«Ç» Œ≈ ƒœ∫ÿ£¤ÿ∑µ,¡ ∑≈∫Å ÷…⁄Œÿ …∑¥É∂∏…¤ÿ.[At me-GEN firm conviction-NOM: pouring-out blood-ACC, happiness-GEN for others-GEN not secure, but self-DAT life-ACC ruin.]I have a firm conviction: by pouring out blood, you won’t secure happiness for others andyou’ll ruin your own life.

161œƒ ⁄≈ÕÃ£™ fiÅ∂≈⁄ ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ ∑¡Œ∏…ÕÅ∏∂œ◊ Ã£ƒ, ◊ÅfiŒ¡µ Õ≈∂⁄Ãœ∏Ä, ∑◊Å∂»π ∑Œ≈«.[Under ground-INST through several-ACC centimeters-GEN ice-NOM, eternal frost-NOM,on-top snow-NOM.]Several centimeters under ground is ice, the permafrost, and there is snow on top.

371

162ÔŒ ƒÉÃ«œ ¥…Ã …⁄ ◊≈ƒ∂Ä, ¥∂œÃ…◊Äµ ¥∂ÖÕœ Œ¡ «…ÕŒ¡∑∏£∂Àπ, Œ¡ «∂πƒÿ, ¥œ∏ÉÕ ∑ÃÅ¥œ¤¡«ŒÑÃ ◊ ∑∏É∂œŒπ …, Œ≈ ◊Ÿ∫…∂Äµ «ƒ≈, ∑◊¡ÃÇÃ∑µ ◊ Àπ∑∏Ä» ∑¥¡∏ÿ.[He-NOM long-time drank from bucket-GEN, pouring directly on soldier’s-shirt-ACC, onchest-ACC, then blindly stepped to side-ACC and, not deciding where, collapsed in bushes-LOC sleep.]He drank for a long time from the bucket, pouring straight onto his soldier’s shirt, onto hischest, then he blindly took a few steps to the side, and, not deciding where, collapsed intothe bushes to sleep.

163Û◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ≈ ∑⁄Äƒ… ¥œ∑…ŒÅ◊¤…≈ ∂ÑÀ… ¥∂… Ü∏œÕ ⁄¡ƒ…∂ÄÃ…∑ÿ À◊Å∂»π; À¡⁄ÄÃœ∑ÿ, œŒÕÉÃ…∏∑µ À¡ÀÇÕ-∏œ Œ≈œ∫áfiŒŸÕ ∑¥É∑œ∫œÕ.[Bound-NOM from-behind turned-blue hands-NOM in this-LOC broke upwards; seemed,he-NOM prays some unusual means-INST.]His hands, which were tied from behind and had turned blue, broke upwards, it seemed thathe prays in some unusual way.

164ÔŒÄ π∏ŸÀÄ≈∏∑µ «œÃœ◊É™, ∂∏œÕ ≈ÕÑ ◊ «∂πƒÿ; »Éfi≈∏∑µ ∑Ãœ◊ π∏≈¤ÅŒ…µ...[She-NOM sticks head-INST, mouth-INST him-DAT to chest-ACC; wants words-GENconsolement-GEN...]She sticks her head, her mouth to his chest; she needs words ofconsolement...

165· µ ∏¡À ◊œ∏ ¥œƒ»œ÷Ñ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ À Õµ∑Œ…ÀÑ, «œ◊œ∂â, ÕŒ≈ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ¡ ∏∂… »œ∂É¤≈«œÕÖ∑¡ ∫Ÿ. È ¥œƒÕ…«ŒÑÃ ≈ÕÑ.[And I-NOM there approach once towards butcher-DAT, say, me-DAT kilogram-GEN three-ACC good meat-GEN should. And winked him-DAT.]And once I went up to the butcher and said, “I need three kilos of good meat.” And I winkedat him.

166˜ ∏≈Ã≈∆ÉŒŒœÕ ∂¡⁄«œ◊É∂≈ ◊ fi≈∏◊Å∂« œŒÇ ∫áÃ… ≈ƒÇŒŸ ◊ ∏œÕ, fi∏œ «œ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊¡ÕÛœƒ∂Ñ÷≈∑∏◊¡ Ó≈⁄¡◊Ç∑…ÕŸ» Áœ∑πƒÄ∂∑∏◊ ŒÄƒœ ∂≈¤Ç∏ÿ ∂µƒ ◊œ¥∂É∑œ◊, ∑◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒŸ» ∑πÀ∂≈¥ÃÅŒ…≈Õ â÷ŒŸ» ∂π∫≈÷Å™ Ûœƒ∂Ñ÷≈∑∏◊¡.[In telephone conversation-LOC on Thursday-ACC they-NOM were one-NOM in that-LOC, that states-DAT Commonwealth-GEN Independent States-GEN necessary decide row-ACC questions-GEN, connected-GEN with strengthening-INST southern borders-GENCommonwealth-GEN.]In a telephone conversation on Thursday, they were united in that the states of the Com-monwealth of Independent States must decide a string of questions connected with strength-ening the southern borders of the Commonwealth.


372 Exercises

167œ ≈«œ ∑Ãœ◊ÄÕ, ◊ ¥œŒ≈ƒÅÃÿŒ…À Ñ∏∂œÕ …⁄ Ì…Œ∆ÇŒ¡ ¥∂…¤ÃÉ ∂¡∑¥œ∂µ÷ÅŒ…≈, ∑œ«ÃÄ∑ŒœÀœ∏É∂œÕπ ◊Ÿƒ≈ÃÖ≈ÕŸ» ƒÅŒ≈« ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ÅÃ≈-ÅÃ≈ »◊¡∏Ä∏ÿ Œ¡ ⁄¡∂¥ÃÄ∏Ÿ ∑œ∏∂ÑƒŒ…À¡Õ.[Along his words-DAT, on Monday-ACC morning-INST from Minfin-GEN came order-NOM, agreeing which-DAT alloted money-GEN will barely suffice for wages-ACC em-ployees-DAT.]In his words, an order came from the Ministry of Finance on Monday morning, according towhich the alloted money will barely suffice for the employees’ wages.

168Ûœ«Ã¡¤ÅŒ…≈ ¥∂≈ƒπ∑ÕÄ∏∂…◊¡≈∏ ∑œ⁄ƒÄŒ…≈ Œ¡ ∫Ä⁄≈ “Î…Œœ√ÅŒ∏∂¡” ∑œ◊ÕÅ∑∏Œœ«œ¥∂≈ƒ¥∂…Ö∏…µ, ◊ Àœ∏É∂œÕ ÀÄ÷ƒœ™ …⁄ ⁄¡…Œ∏≈∂≈∑É◊¡ŒŒŸ» ∑∏É∂œŒ ∫Ñƒ≈∏ ¥∂…Œ¡ƒÃ≈÷Ä∏ÿ¥œ ¥µ∏ÿƒ≈∑Ö∏ ¥∂œ√ÅŒ∏œ◊ ÄÀ√…™.[Agreement-NOM envisions creation-ACC on base-LOC “Cineplex”-GEN combined en-terprise-GEN, in which-LOC each-DAT from interested sides-GEN will belong around fifty-ACC percent-GEN shares-GEN.]The agreement envisions the creation of a combined enterprise on the scale of a Cineplex,in which each of the interested sides will have around fifty percent of the shares.

169· ƒ◊¡ ƒŒµ Œ¡⁄Äƒ ◊ Ï≈Œ…Œ«∂Äƒ∑ÀœÕ ◊œÅŒŒœÕ ÉÀ∂π«≈ ∫ŸÃ ⁄¡ƒÅ∂÷¡Œ œ∆…√Å∂, π Àœ∏É∂œ«œ∫áÃ… œ∫Œ¡∂Ñ÷≈ŒŸ ¥…∑∏œÃÅ∏ ∑ ƒ◊πÕÖ œ∫É™Õ¡Õ…, œƒÇŒ À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕ ∏∂œ∏ÇÃ¡ ◊ ¤Ä¤À¡»¥œ ∏∂Ç∑∏¡ «∂ÄÕÕœ◊, ÉÀœÃœ 50 ¥¡∏∂ÉŒœ◊ À¡ÃÇ∫∂¡ 7,62 … 5,6, ¥µ∏ÿ ∑…«ŒÄÃÿŒŸ» ∂¡ÀÅ∏ …∫ÉÃ≈≈ ¤≈∑∏Ç ∏á∑µfi ƒÉÃÃ¡∂œ◊.[But two-ACC day-GEN ago in Leningrad military district-LOC was detained-NOM of-ficer-NOM, at which-GEN were discovered-NOM pistol-NOM with two clips-INST, onekilogram-NOM TNT-GEN in charges-LOC along three-hundred-ACC grams-GEN, around50 cartridges-GEN caliber-GEN 7.62 and 5.6, five-NOM signal rockets-GEN and more sixthousands-GEN dollars-GEN.]And two days ago in the Leningrad military district, an officer was detained, on whom werediscovered a pistol with two clips, one kilogram of TNT in three-hundred-gram charges,around 50 7.62 and 5.6 caliber cartridges, five signal flares, and more than six thousanddollars.

170ñ∏œ∏ …ƒ…É∏ ∂≈÷…∑∑£∂ ⁄¡∑∏Ä◊…Ã Õ≈ŒÖ ∑ÃÅƒœ◊¡∏ÿ ⁄¡ƒÑÕ¡ŒŒœÕπ ¥ÃÄŒπ.[This idiot-NOM director-NOM forced me-ACC follow proposed plan-DAT.]This idiot director forced me to follow the proposed plan.

171ßœÀœ◊áÕ ⁄∂ÅŒ…≈Õ œŒÄ œ∏ÕÅ∏…Ã¡, fi∏œ Œ¡ ƒ∂π«É™ ƒœ∂É÷À≈ œ∑∏ÄÃ…∑ÿ ∑∏œÖ∏ÿ Éfi≈Œÿ∏ÉÃ∑∏¡µ ∏£∏≈ŒÿÀ¡, À…Ãœ«∂ÄÕÕœ◊ Œ¡ ∑∏œ, … ◊Ÿ∑ÉÀ…™ ÕÄÃÿfi…À.[Side vision-INST she-NOM noticed, that on other road-LOC stopped stand very fat lady-NOM, kilograms-GEN to 100-ACC, and tall boy-NOM.]With her peripheral vision she noticed that a very fat lady, up to around 100 kilograms, anda tall boy, had stopped to stand.

373

172ÎÉ∑∏…À, ƒ◊≈ Œ≈ƒÅÃ… ƒœ ∏œ«É ¥∂œÃ≈÷Ä◊¤…™ ∑ ∂¡ƒ…ÀπÃÇ∏œÕ, ◊ ∏∂… Õ≈∏∂É◊Ÿ» ¤¡«Ä¥≈∂≈ÕÄ»…◊¡≈∏ fiÅ∂≈⁄ «¡⁄ÉŒ, ¡ Œ¡ ¡∑∆ÄÃÿ∏≈, ∑√≈¥Ç◊ ⁄Ñ∫Ÿ œ∏ ¥∂≈⁄∂ÅŒ…µ, ∑∏œÇ∏ Ï¿ƒÕÇÃ¡.[Kostik-NOM, two-ACC weeks-GEN to that-GEN laid-up-NOM with radiculitis-INST, inthree-ACC meter steps-GEN leaps through lawn-ACC, and on asphalt-LOC, having-clinchedteeth-ACC from disdain-GEN stands Ludmila-NOM.]Kostik, who just two weeks before was laid up with radiculitis, jumps across the lawn inthree meter bounds, while Ludmila stands on the asphalt, her teeth clinched in disdain.

173˙¡¥ÉÕŒ…∏ÿ ∫Ÿ ÕŒ≈ Ü∏… …» ÃÇ√¡.[Memorize would me-DAT these their faces-ACC.]I should memorizethese faces of theirs.

174ÔŒÄ ∑Õπ›£ŒŒœ ∂¡⁄ƒÅÃ¡∑ÿ, ∑∏ŸƒÖ∑ÿ ∑◊œ≈«É ∫ÅÃœ«œ, ∂á»Ãœ«œ ∏ÅÃ¡...[She-NOM embarrassed got-undressed, being-ashamed own white, pudgy body-GEN...]Embarrassed, she got undressed, ashamed of her white, pudgy body...

175ÔŒ πƒÄ∂…Ã∑µ «∂Ñƒÿ¿ œ ◊œƒœ¥∂œ◊ÉƒŒπ¿ ∏∂π∫Ñ, Àœ∏É∂¡µ ¥∂œ»œƒÇÃ¡ ¥œ «¡⁄ÉŒπ.[He-NOM hit chest-INST against water pipe-ACC, which-NOM ran along lawn-DAT.]He hit his chest on the water pipe which ran along the grass.

176œ∏ÉÕ ÀÄ÷ƒŸ™ ∂¡⁄, «ƒ≈ ∫Ÿ œŒÇ ŒÇ ∫ŸÃ…, œŒ ≈£ «ÃÄ⁄œÕ ⁄¡√Å¥…∏ … ƒÅ∂÷…∏, À¡À ÀÉ¤À¡√á¥Ã¿.[Then each time-ACC, where would they-NOM not were, he-NOM her-ACC eye-INSThook and holds, like cat-NOM chick-ACC.]Then every time, wherever they may be, he’ll catch her with his gaze and hold her, like a cata chick.

177Ûœ ◊∂ÅÕ≈Œ≈Õ ∑∏¡ŒÉ◊…∏∑µ œfi≈◊ÇƒŒœ, fi∏œ ∑ ∑ÄÕœ«œ Œ¡fiÄÃ¡ ∫ŸÃÄ ∑ƒÅÃ¡Œ¡ œ¤Ç∫À¡:◊ÕÅ∑∏œ ƒ≈¤£◊œ«œ ‹Ã≈À∏∂œÕ≈»¡ŒÇfi≈∑Àœ«œ ⁄¡ÕÀÄ, ÃÑfi¤≈ π∑∏¡Œœ◊Ç∏ÿ ◊ ƒ◊≈∂Ç‹Ã≈À∏∂œÕ¡«ŒÇ∏ŒŸ™ ⁄¡ÕÉÀ![With time-INST becomes obvious, that from very beginning-GEN was made mistake-NOM: instead cheap electromechanical lock-GEN, better install in door-LOC electromag-netic lock-ACC!]With time it becomes obvious, that a mistake was made from the very beginning: instead ofa cheap electromechanical lock, it is better to install an electromagnetic lock in the door!


374 Exercises

178˜É∂Ÿ ⁄¡Ã≈⁄Ä¿∏ ◊ À◊¡∂∏Ç∂Ÿ ◊Å∂»Œ…» ‹∏¡÷Å™ ∑ À∂á¤…, ¥œ ◊≈∂£◊À≈, ¥∂…◊Ö⁄¡ŒŒœ™ À¡Œ∏ÅŒŒ≈.[Thieves climb in apartments-ACC upper floors-GEN from roof-GEN, along rope-DAT,tied-DAT to antenna-DAT.]Thieves climb into apartments on the upper floors from the roof or along a rope tied to anantenna.

179Ûœ◊≈∂¤Ç◊ À∂Ä÷π, ◊É∂Ÿ ¥œÀ…ƒÄ¿∏ ¥œƒflÅ⁄ƒ π÷Å Œ≈π⁄Œ¡◊Ä≈ÕŸ≈: œŒÇ“¥≈∂≈ÀÇƒŸ◊¡¿∏∑µ” œƒÅ÷ƒœ™ Œ¡ ∫≈«Ñ, ◊ ÃÇ∆∏≈.[Having-completed theft-ACC, thieves-NOM desert entryway-ACC already not-recognized-NOM: they-NOM “throw” clothes-INST in run-LOC, in elevator-LOC.]Having completed the robbery, the thieves leave the entryway unrecognized: they got rid oftheir clothes on the run in the elevator.

180ı Õ≈ŒÖ ∫áÃœ ƒ◊¡-∏∂… ¥ÃÄ∏ÿµ, ¡ œƒŒÄ÷ƒŸ ŒÅ ∫ŸÃœ fiπÃÉÀ, fi∏É∫Ÿ ¥œ™∏Ç ◊ «É∑∏… Œ¡ÓÉ◊Ÿ™ «œƒ, … ∏œ«ƒÄ µ ¤œ◊ Œ¡∂…∑œ◊ÄÃ¡ fi≈∂ŒÇÃ¡Õ… Œ¡ «ÉÃœ™ Œœ«Å.[By me-GEN was two-three-NOM dresses-GEN, and once not was hose-GEN, in-order-togo to guests-ACC to New Year-ACC, and then I-NOM seam-ACC drew ink-INST on bareleg-LOC.]I had two or three dresses, and one time I didn’t have any hose to go out in for New Year’s,and so I drew a seam in ink on my bare leg.

181Ù≈¥Å∂ÿ µ ¥œŒ…ÕÄ¿, fi∏œ ◊ «∂¡÷ƒÄŒ∑Àœ™ ◊œ™ŒÅ Œ≈ ∫Ÿ◊Ä≈∏ ¥∂Ä◊Ÿ» … ◊…Œœ◊Ä∏Ÿ», ¡≈∑∏ÿ Ãâƒ…, ¥œ-∂Ä⁄ŒœÕπ ◊Çƒµ›…≈ ∫Ñƒπ›≈≈ ∑◊œÅ™ ∑∏∂¡Œá.[Now I-NOM understand, that in civil war-LOC not are right-GEN and guilty-GEN, butthere-is people-NOM, differently seeing-NOM future-ACC own country-GEN.]Now I understand that in a civil war there aren’t good guys and guilty parties, but peoplewho see the future of their country in different ways.

182Û ¥ÉÕœ›ÿ¿ ÕÅ∑∏ŒŸ» ∑∏¡∂Ñ¤≈À, ◊á∑Ÿ¥¡◊¤…» ¥É∑Ã≈ ∑ÃÑ÷∫Ÿ …⁄ √Å∂À◊…, œ∏Ÿ∑ÀÄÃ…¥œƒ ∑ŒÅ«œÕ ≈«É Õœ«ÇÃπ.[With help-INST local old-ladies-GEN, who-had-poured-GEN after service-GEN fromchurch-GEN found under snow-INST his grave-ACC.]With the help of the local old ladies who poured out of church after the service, we foundhis grave under the snow.

375Key to Level 1II Exercises

183Â◊∂Å… … ¡∂ÕÖŒ≈, ¥≈∂≈Œ£∑¤…≈ ∑∏∂Ä¤ŒŸ≈ «œŒÅŒ…µ … «≈Œœ√Çƒ, »œ∏ÿ Œ¡ ™É∏π π∏∂Ä∏…Ã…∑◊œ£ Œ¡√…œŒÄÃÿŒœ≈ ∑◊œ≈œ∫∂Ä⁄…≈?[Jews-NOM and Armenians-NOM, having-borne-NOM terrible persecutions-ACC and geno-cide-ACC, even to iota-ACC lost own national originality-ACC?]Have the Jews and the Armenians, having borne horrible persecutions and genocide, losteven an iota of their national uniqueness?

184ñ∏π ÀŒÇ«π ¥œfi∏Ç ◊∑≈ ÷ÅŒ›…ŒŸ, âŒŸ≈ … Œ≈ Éfi≈Œÿ, fi…∏ÄÃ… ÇÕ≈ŒŒœ ∏¡À —⁄¡»Ã£∫Ÿ◊¡µ∑ÿ œ∏ ◊œ∑∏É∂«¡.[This book-ACC almost all women-NOM, young-NOM and not very, read just so — chok-ing from delight-GEN.]Almost all women, young and not very, have read this book in just such a fashion — chok-ing on delight.

185Á≈∂œÇŒ¿ ̋ ≈∂∫¡ÀÉ◊œ™ ◊Ÿ Ã≈«ÀÉ ÕÉ÷≈∏≈ ◊∑∏∂Å∏…∏ÿ ◊ Éfi≈∂≈ƒ… ⁄¡ ƒ≈¤£◊ŸÕ… ∏Ñ∆ÃµÕ…Œ¡ ∂¡∑¥∂œƒÄ÷≈, ◊ ¡◊∏É∫π∑≈ ◊ fi¡∑ ¥…À, ◊ Õ¡«¡⁄ÇŒ≈ (∏ÉÃÿÀœ Œ≈ ◊ ∫Ã≈∑∏Ö›≈Õ∑π¥≈∂ÕÄ∂À≈∏≈).[Heroine-ACC Shcherbakova-GEN you-NOM easily may meet in line-LOC behind cheapshoes-INST on sale-LOC, in bus-LOC to time peak-ACC, in store-LOC (only not in spar-kling supermarket-LOC.]You could easily meet one of Shcherbakova’s heroines in line for cheap shoes on sale, on abus during rush hour, in a store (only not in a sparkling supermarket).

186œ∏ÉÕ ÀœÃÇfi≈∑∏◊œ ÷ÅŒ›…Œ, Ãâ∫µ›…» ÌÇ∏¿, ∑∏ÄÃœ π◊≈ÃÇfi…◊¡∏ÿ∑µ ◊«≈œÕ≈∏∂Çfi≈∑Àœ™ ¥∂œ«∂Å∑∑…….[Then collection-NOM women-GEN, loving-GEN Mitya-ACC, began expand in geomet-ric progression-LOC.]Then the collection of women who love Mitya began to expand in a geometric progression.

Documents

The Case Book for Russian