THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

BLOODTHE HEART

BLOOD VESSELS/CIRCULATIONLYMPHATIC SYSTEM /

IMMUNITY

REQUIREMENTS

• THIS SLIDE SHOW DOES NOT TAKE THE PLACE OF READING THE CHAPTERS AND TAKING NOTES ON YOUR OWN FOR QUIZZES OR THE TEST

BLOOD – WHAT IS IT?

• IT IS ACTUALLY A CONNECTIVE TISSUE (BUT MOVES)

• IT BRINGS NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN TO CELLS AND CARRIES AWAY WASTE PRODUCTS (CO2)

• A THICK FLUID THAT CAN VARY IN THE RED COLOR BASED ON THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN

• AN AVERAGE MAN HAS 5 LITERS IN THEIR BODY• BLOOD VOLUME IS 8% OF TOTAL BODY WEIGHT

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

• TRANSPORTATION• REGULATION• PROTECTION

TRANSPORTATION

• Air comes into body, sent to all tissues• CO2 breathed out• Nutrients, electrolytes and vitamins

transported• Waste products carried to releasing

organs such as kidneys and liver• Hormones also transported

REGULATION

• PH of fluid kept about 7.4• Amount of fluid regulated by osmotic

pressure• Heat also transported to parts of the

body from muscles.

PROTECTION

• DEFENSE – CARRIES CELLS AND ANTIBODIES• FACTORS – HELP START THE CLOTTING

PROCESS – CREATE A WEBBING (LIKE SPIDERWEBS) TO STOP THE FLOW OF BLOOD (SOMETIMES KNOWN AS FIBRIN)

CONSTITUENTS

• TWO MAIN COMPONENTS:– PLASMA – LIQUID– FORMED ELEMENTS – CELLS / CELL FRAGMENTS• ERYTHROCYTES – RED BLOOD CELLS• LEUKOCYTES – WHITE BLOOD CELLS (PROTECT

FROM INFECTION – CREATE PUS• THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS) – BLOOD

CLOTTING

BLOOD PLASMA

• OVER HALF THE TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME• 90% WATER• PROTEINS – NEEDED FOR GROWTH AND

REBUILDING BODY TISSUES– ALBUMIN – MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN – CREATED

IN LIVER – FOUND IN EGG YOLKS AND PLACENTAS– CLOTTING FACTORS– ANTIBODIES– COMPLEMENT – HELP ANTIBODIES FIGHT

INFECTION

BLOOD PLASMA (CON’T)

• Glucose is the main carbohydrate – Supplies energy to the body

• Amino Acids – Product of protein digestion• Lipids (Fats) – small % of plasma • Electrolytes – Salts – Ex: Sodium, Potassium,

Calcium, and Magnesium– They help form bone, produce hormones, and

maintain an Acid – Base balance for PH.– SODIUM POTASSIUM REGULATION IS VERY, VERY

IMPORTANT IN BLOOD AND FEELING WELL.

ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)

• MATURE FORM IN BLOOD LACKS A NUCLEUS AS NEEDS ROOM TO CARRY OXYGEN

• OXYGEN BINDS TO HEMOGLOBIN IN THESE CELLS• THIS BINDING GIVES THE RED COLOR OF BLOOD• HEMOGLOBIN HELPS WITH PH AND CARRIES CO2

FOR WASTE RELEASE• HEMOGLOBIN IS BLOCKED BY CARBON

MONOXIDE – WHY YOU CAN DIE FROM BREATHING IN SMOKE AND CO.

ERYTHROCYTES (CON’T)

• MOST NUMEROUS OF BLOOD CELLS• ERYTHROPOIETIN (HORMONE) – HELPS

RELEASE NEW RED BLOOD CELLS INTO THE BODYS BLOODSTREAM

LEUKOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

• HAVE NUCLEI WHICH CHANGE THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS

• MUCH SMALLER IN NUMBER (700 TO 1)• USED FOR MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS DUE TO SIZE,

SHAPE, AND APPEARANCE (MAIN METHOD)– NEUTROPHILS – LAVENDAR GRANULES (MOST

NUMEROUS)– EOSINOPHILS – BRIGHT PINK GRANULES– BASOPHILS – DARK BLUE GRANULES– WHEN HAVING ALLERGIC REACTION THERE ARE

MORE E & B.

LEUKOCYTES (CON’T)

• CERTAIN NEUTROPHILS INDICATE INFECTION• FUNCTION IS TO DESTROY ANY PATHOGEN THAT

ENTERS YOUR BODY• LEUKOCYTES SURROUND PATHOGENS THROUGH

PHAGOCYTOSIS AND CREATE PUS

THROMBOCYTES (PLATELETS)

• TINY STRUCTURES THAT ARE FRAGMENTS OF CELLS

• ESSENTIAL FOR BLOOD COAGULATION• THEY STICK TOGETHER AND FORM A PLUG

THAT SEALS A WOUND • THEY ALSO RELEASE CHEMICALS THAT START A

CLOT

LIFE SPAN

• ERYTHROCYTES – 120 DAYS• LEUKOCYTES – 6 TO 8 HOURS IN BLOOD,

LONGER IN ORGANS AND TISSUES• THROMBOCYTES – 10 DAYS

HEMOSTASIS

• PROCESS THAT PREVENTS LOSS OF BLOOD AFTER AN INJURY– CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLES IN THE BLOOD VESSEL

WALL– PLATELET PLUG CREATED– FORMATION OF BLOOD CLOT

READ ABOUT BLOOD CLOTTING

BLOOD TYPES

• HEMORRHAGE IS WHEN THERE IS EXCESSIVE BLEEDING DUE TO INJURY

• TRANSFUSION IS BLOOD ARTIFICALLY GIVEN TO A PATIENT

• WHEN BLOOD CELLS BREAK AND RELEASE CONTENTS, THAT IS CALLED HEMOLYSIS

• THERE ARE 4 TYPES OF BLOOD WHICH IS DETERMINED BY WHICH ANTIGEN (REACTS TO OTHER PROTEINS IN BLOOD) IS INVOLVED.

BLOOD TYPES

• SEE CHART ON PG 188 IN PURPLE BOOK

BLOOD TYPES (CON’T)

• IF HAVE A ANTIGEN, HAVE TYPE A BLOOD• B ANTIGEN, TYPE B BLOOD• AB ANTIGEN, HAVE AB BLOOD• NO ANTIGENS AT ALL – TYPE O BLOOD• O BLOOD CAN BE GIVEN TO ANYONE• CANNOT GIVE BLOOD THAT THE BODY WILL

NOT TAKE – CAN CAUSE DEATH THROUGH SEVERE ALLERGIC SHOCK – WHY BLOOD BANKS DO SO MUCH TESTING.

BLOOD TYPES

• HOW DO THEY TEST THE BLOOD?– USE BLOOD SERUM (CLEAR) CONTAINING

ANTIBODIES TO THE A OR B ANTIGENS ON THE BLOOD CELLS

– THESE ANTIBODIES REACT WHEN THEY COME INTO CONTACT WITH A BLOOD CELLS, B BLOOD CELLS, OR AB BLOOD CELLS

– THEY DO NOT REACT TO O BLOOD CELLS AT ALL– SEE CHART PG 189 IN PURPLE BOOK

Rh FACTOR

• THIS IS AN ANTIGEN GROUP IN MOST PEOPLE THAT WAS NAMED FOR THE RHESUS MONKEY, AS IT WAS FIRST FOUND IN THE BLOOD OF THAT ANIMAL.

• ALSO CALLED THE D ANTIGEN• IF HAVE D ANTIGEN, YOU ARE Rh POSITIVE• IF DO NOT HAVE ANTIGEN, ARE Rh NEGATIVE• CAN DESTROY OTHER BLOOD CELLS IN A

TRANSFUSION

Rh FACTOR (CON’T)

• PROBLEM FOR PREGNANCIES, AS IF THE MOTHERS AND FATHERS BLOOD DO NOT AGREE, THE REACTION TO THE DIFFERENT CELLS MAY START TO DESTROY THE CHILD’S RED BLOOD CELLS WHILE IN THE WOMB OR IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

• HOSPITALS NOW GIVE Rho-GAM TO THE MOTHER DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTER DELIVERY TO CLEAR PRE-FORMED ANTIBODIES FROM THE BLOOD

Rh FACTOR

BLOOD STUDIES

• Please read on your own