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The ‘net and it’s Ecosystem
2
Routing reachability
Regional Registries assign addresses
IANA manages assigned
numbers
DNS Providers Resell domain names
TLD Owners Sell domain
names
ICANN manages TLDs
DNS resolves names
CDN caches/ &
serves content
IX Providers exchange points
Service Providers transit and access networks
Content, Hosting, and Cloud Providers
3
What is DNS?
4
http://www.rule11.tech Top Level Domain
Domain Sub-Domain
Service or Protocol
.com
rule11.tech
riw777.wpengine.com
wpengine.com
.tech
microsoft.com
bing.com
maps.bing.com
images.bing.com
linkedin.com
www.rule11.tech
5
Recu
rsiv
e Au
thor
itat
ive
TLD
Ro
ot • Hardware
• Software • Operations • Maintenance • Bandwidth • Standards
Development
Who pays for these?
6
Edge Providers
Transit Providers
Content Providers
Public Institutions
Corporations
Recursive servers are paid for by…
Recu
rsiv
e Au
thor
itat
ive
TLD
Ro
ot
7
Recu
rsiv
e Au
thor
itat
ive
TLD
Ro
ot
a.root-servers.net Verisign b.root-servers.net USC-ISI c.root-servers.net Cogent Communications d.root-servers.net University of Maryland e.root-servers.net NASA f.root-servers.net Internet Systems Consortium g.root-servers.net Defense Info Systems Agency h.root-servers.net US Army Research Lab i.root-servers.net Netnod j.root-servers.net Verisign k.root-servers.net RIPE NCC l.root-servers.net ICANN m.root-servers.net WIDE Project
Root servers are paid for by…
8
Recu
rsiv
e Au
thor
itat
ive
TLD
Ro
ot
TLD servers are paid for by…
9
Recu
rsiv
e Au
thor
itat
ive
TLD
Ro
ot
Authoritative servers are paid for by…
10
Costs of operating a root
Costs of operating j root
Costs of operating TLD servers
Costs of operating authoritative servers • Fixed fee per
domain name • Contract operating
fees from TLD holders
• Other operations
• Fixed fee per domain name
• Market value domain fees
• Hosting fees
Domain Reseller
11
Edge Provider
Internet Exchange (IX) Transit Providers
Content Provider Private Peering
“Enterprise”
12
Provider Serviced (Purchased Access)
Edge Provider
Internet Exchange (IX) Transit Providers
Content Provider Private Peering
“Enterprise”
13 Kind
s of
Pee
ring
Customer Edge (or provisioned, or “enterprise”)
Paid (or transit)
Settlement Free
Open
?
14 Edge
Pro
vide
r
DSLAM
WiFi, LTE, DSL, etc.
Cable Access Channel, Metro Ethernet, etc.
Metro Fiber Ring
ROADM
ROADM
Transit Provider ROADM
ROADM ROADM
A
B
C
D
E
F
15 Edge
Pro
vide
r Fi
nanc
ial
Infrastructure
Physical Cable
Right of Way/Access
Hardware & Software
Buildings/COs/POPs
DNS Servers
Transit
People
User Access Fees
Service Subscriptions
Colocation Fees
Physical Plant Rental
16 Inte
rnet
Exc
hang
e Po
int
Route Server
Member/peer
Member/peer
Member/peer Member/peer
A
B
17 IXP
Fina
ncia
l
Infrastructure
Physical Cable
Hardware & Software
Buildings/COs/POPs
DNS Servers
Transit
People
User Access Fees
Service Subscriptions
Colocation Fees
18 Tran
sit
Prov
ider
Cogent Communications
19 Tran
sit
Prov
ider
Fin
anci
al
Infrastructure
Physical Cable
Right of Way/Access
Hardware & Software
Buildings/COs/POPs
DNS Servers
Transit
People
Transit Fees
Service Subscriptions
Colocation Fees
Dark/Dim/Lit Fiber
Cont
ent
Dis
trib
utio
n N
etw
ork
Types of CDN
u Caching u Cache based on TTL
u Prepositioned Content u Common elements may appear on most pages u Preload these into the cache and serve locally
u Session Termination u Some sites can terminate sessions at the CDN u Draw only the information needed from
21
22
Edge Provider
Internet Exchange
23
Hardware and Software
Transit
People
Transit Fees
Advertising Placement
User Information
Colocation Costs
24 Cont
ent
Resh
apin
g th
e In
tern
et
AS65000
AS65003 edge operator
content provider
AS65004 edge operator
AS65005 edge operator
AS65001 transit provider
paid
25 Cont
ent
Resh
apin
g th
e In
tern
et
AS65000
AS65003 edge operator
content provider
AS65004 edge operator
AS65005 edge operator
AS65001 transit provider
IX
paid
26 Cont
ent
Resh
apin
g th
e In
tern
et
transit provider
IX
content provider edge
provider
edge provider content
provider edge provider
edge provider
transit provider
transit provider
transit provider
transit provider
content provider
edge provider
content provider content
provider
IX
edge provider
edge provider
edge provider
The Reshaping of the Internet
u What is the result of this change? u Transit providers are struggling to survive u Content providers are gaining more control over
their content u Raises the bar for entry into the content market
u Although public cloud may offset this somewhat u Difficult to determine
u Is this good or bad? Hard to tell right now
27
28
29
IESG IAB IRTF
ART Area General Area Internet Area OPS Area
RTG Area Security Area Transport Area
BABEL BESS IDR MANET
OSPF IS-IS SFC
Directorate
IETF
30
Working Group
AD Sponsored
IAB
IRTF
Independent Submission
Streams
RFC Process
Standards
BCP
Non-standards
Proposed
Internet
Experimental
Informational
Historic
Statuses
31
Initial Submission WG Presentation WG Acceptance WG Refinement WG Last Call
WG Request to Publish
Editor Assigned
AD Review
Directorate Reviews
IETF Last Call IESG Review
Directorate Reviews
IANA Review RFC Editor
Shepherd Assigned
IETF Notes
u The IETF is consensus driven u Running code is required
u Some states require two interoperable implementations
u Until the IETF last call is completed, any member of the community can comment on the document
u Management and security concerns must be addressed in protocol development
u This is a long, difficult process, designed to produce solid protocols with a lot of experience behind them
32
All layer 1 and layer 2 transport and control plane protocols, including Ethernet, spanning tree, wand ireless networking Markup languages (languages which describe how to display or render content), including HTML and XML Any international standard, including numbering, encryption schemes, and routing protocols (such as IS-IS)
33
• Corporate membership and participation • Members mostly vendors • Standardization through formal voting • Voluntary membership and participation • Members mostly vendors, providers, researchers • Standardization through rough consensus • Governmental and corporate (NGO) membership and
participation • Members mostly government and vendor representatives • Standardization through formal voting
34