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INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt , 1632. Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D . 17 . September 201 3 TUESDAY . . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. MOLECULES. ATOMS. . INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632
INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 17 . September 2013 TUESDAY
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
ATOMS MOLECULES
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Trillions of the cells in the human body
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Tissues
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
78 organs in the body
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
9 -13 systems
1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
HUMAN BODY
1. Skeletal System2. Articular system 3. Muscular System 4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive (Alimentary) System7. Urinary (Excretory) System8. Reproductive (Genital) System 9. Endocrine System10.Nervous system11.Integumentary system
SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
Locomotor system
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMNone of the systems
functions in isolation.
passive skeletal & articular systems active muscular system collectively constitute a supersystem
locomotor system
must work together to produce locomotion of the body.
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEMbrain and nerves of the nervous system
stimulate them to act.
arteries and veins of the circulatory system
supply oxygen and nutrients remove waste from these structures.
sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)
play important roles in directing their activities.
Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages form the skeletal system.
Skeletal Systembones and cartilages
For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a framework is required.
The sketetal system actually provides this framework for the body with its strong composure.
Skeletal Systembones and cartilages
Provides our basic shape. Supports the soft tissuesVital for the movement.Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle.
Skeletal System
Skeletal System
PROTECTION
Cranium (Skull)skeleton of the head
protects the brain which resides within itself.
Vertebral column
In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae
protects the spinal cord
Thorax
Skeletal framework formed by
sternum in the middle12 ribs on each side a12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
Thorax
The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs; the heart and the lungs.
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
PelvisThe bones of the pelvis Right and left pelvic (hip) bones SacrumCoccyx
The three hip bones Ilium ischium Pubis
PelvisSacrum articulates superiorly with vertebra LV @ lumbosacral joint.
Pelvic bones articulate posteriorly with sacrum @ sacro-iliac joints anteriorly with each other @ pubic symphysis.
Pelvic skeleton protects
lower part of the digestive system and urinary system reproductive system.
Pelvis
BONES OF THE ARM & FOREARMBONES OF THE THIGH & LEG
1 bone
2 bones
Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur.
Articular systemjoints & their associated ligaments
3 types of muscles
FXN controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear
APPEARANCE striated (striped) or smooth
LOCATION associated with the body wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral)
Muscular System
transports fluids throughout the body.
the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system.
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemHeart pumps blood throughout the bodyBlood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.
3 types of blood vessels Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins transport blood toward the heart.Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.
where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemArteries in 3 classes
According to;1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media2. Size of the vessel3. Its function
1.Large elastic arteries
2.Medium muscular arteries
3.Small arteries and arterioles
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemLarge elastic arteries
Too much elastic fibers @ tunica mediaExpansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart
An example aorta
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemMedium muscular arteries
Smooth muscles @ tunica media Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the parts of the body.
An example radial artery
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemSmall arteries and arterioles
control the filling of the capillaries contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system.
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemVeins into three classes
Large veins thickest layer tunica externa superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
Small and Medium veins small amounts of smooth musclesuperficial veins in the upper and lower limbs deeper veins of the leg and forearm
Venulessmallest veins drain the capillaries
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemWalls of the blood vessels consist of
three layers or tunics1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue
layer2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer 3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood
vessels
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Right heart (Suction)poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood
from the bodysuperior vena cava & inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle
pulmonary arteries lungs
Left heart (Pumping)well- oxygenated (arterial) blood
from the lungs pulmonary veins
left atrium left ventricleaorta
the body
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemThe main artery in the body aorta.
Arteries have also branches themselves.
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) SystemBlood flow in arteries
Blood flow in veins
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Arteries have branchesArteries from the artery
Veins have tributaries Veins drain into veins
maxillary artery
Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles!
Lymphatic systema network of lymphatic vessels
These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymphfrom the body's intercellular fluid compartment
returns it to the bloodstream.
Lymphatic systemlymph
lymph vessels
regional lymph nodes
larger lymph nodes
venous system
Right heartFinal destination
supply oxygen to the blood
eliminate carbon dioxide from it.
Respiratory Systemair passages &
lungs
Respiratory SystemUpper respiratory tractNose-Pharynx-Larynx
Lower respiratory tractRespiratory organs of the thorax
The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax.
superior thoracic aperture superiorly
inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly.
Superior thoracic aperture open, allowing continuity with the neck
Inferior thoracic aperture closed by the diaphragm.
THORAXirregularly shaped cylinder
important muscle for respiration forms a section between thorax and abdomen.
DIAPHRAGM
consists of skeletal elements and muscles
THORACIC WALL
Po s te r i o r l y12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs L a te ra l l y Ribs (12 on each side) & 3 layers of flat muscles
AnteriorlySternummanubrium of sternum, body of sternum, andxiphoid process
THORACIC CAVITYenclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm
digestive tract from the mouth to the anus
all its associated organs & glands function in:
ingestion
chewing
Swallowing
digestion
absorption of food
elimination of the solid waste (feces)
Digestive (Alimentary) System
Digestive (Alimentary) System
bounded superiorly xiphoid process third-most inferior part- of the sternum costal margins
posteriorly vertebral column
inferiorly upper parts of the pelvic bones
Abdomen Abdominal wall
Digestive (Alimentary) SystemSurface anatomy
Digestive (Alimentary) SystemSurface anatomy
filter blood produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete
urine (liquid waste)
Urinary (Excretory) Systemkidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, &
urethra
Urinary (Excretory) SystemThe two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal region.
The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Urinary (Excretory) SystemThe ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys on each side.
They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the bladder.
Pelvis (L.basin)part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen
area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs
Pelvic cavity inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Abdominopelvic cavity
extends superiorly into the thoracic cage inferiorly into the pelvisits superior and inferior parts are relatively protected.
Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the abdominopelvic cavity and its contents.
Pelvic cavitylimited inferiorly by musculofascial
pelvic diaphragm
suspended above the pelvic outletforming a bowl-like pelvic floor.
Pelvic cavitybounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum
superior part of the sacrum formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity.
Pelvic cavityAnteroinferior wall
Bodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them
Posterosuperior wall & ceilingSacrum & Cocyx
Pelvic cavity
Terminal parts of the uretersUrinary bladderRectumPelvic genital organsBlood vesselsLymphatics Nerves +an overflow of abdominal viscera
contains
consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and
the genitalia that enable their union.
Reproductive (Genital) System
Reproductive (Genital) SystemThe reproductive tracts are located
in the pelvic cavity. between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm
inferiorlycontains
terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systemsinternal genital organsassociated vascular structuresnerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs.
Hormonesinfluence metabolism & other processes
menstrual cyclepregnancyparturition (giving birth)
Endocrine System
discrete ductless endocrine glands
isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls
specialized nerve endings.
specialized structures secreting hormones
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM1.C.N.S.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain + spinal cord
2. P.N.S.PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS.conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures
Nerve cell Neuron structural & functional units of the nervous system
Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons
Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.Neuron has:Axon carries information Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons
A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)
In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)
In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)
A nerve fiber TWO TYPES
efferent fibersgoes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord to the periphery
carrying information to accomplish a behavior/actionafferent fiberscarries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain
Arc reflex
Transmit sensations from the body to the CNSExteroceptive sensations from
skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or painProprioceptive sensations from
muscles, tendons, and joints
Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers
General sensory fibersgeneral somatic afferent [GSA] fibers
Somatic motor fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.
Somatic & Visceral FibersSomatic fibers
Visceral fibersVisceral sensory fibers
general visceral afferent [GVA] fiberstransmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels
from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS
Visceral fibersVisceral motor fibers
general visceral efferent [GVE] fibersTransmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.
presynaptic & postsynapti fibers conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.
presynaptic fibers
postsynaptic fibers
somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMsomatic parts of the CNS & PNS
provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body (G. soma)
except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMvisceral nervous system or
visceral motor systemmotor fibers that stimulate
smooth (involuntary) muscle
modified cardiac muscle
glandular (secretory) cells
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
CORONAL SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD
In a spinal nerve you will find:Motor fibers
Sensory fibers
Autonomic nervous system fibers
CRANIAL NERVES Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves
bundles of sensory or motor fibers innervate muscles or glandscarry impulses from sensory receptorsor a combination of motor and sensory fibers.
CRANIAL NERVES12 pairs part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.
CRANIAL NERVES
All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered I-XII, from rostral to caudal .
Their names reflect their general distribution or function.
CRANIAL NERVEScarry one or more of the five main functional components.
1. Motor (efferent) fibers 2. Sensory (afferent) fibers 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.
4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera 5. Fibers transmitting unique sensationse.g., taste, smell
Motor (efferent) fibers
1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) musclesinclude somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Motor (efferent) fibers
include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system.
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
Motor (efferent) fibers
Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS) @ a parasympathetic ganglion.
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
CRANIAL NERVESSensory (afferent) fibers
3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc from the skin and mucous membranes. Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers.
CRANIAL NERVES4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera
include visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) fibers conveying information from carotid body and sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.
Sensory (afferent) fibers
CRANIAL NERVES5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations special visceral afferent fibersspecial sensory fibers conveying taste and smellspecial somatic afferent fibersspecial senses of vision, hearing, and balance
Sensory (afferent) fibers
Skin is the largest organ of the body.
It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.
Integumentary system