Upload
eustacia-jenkins
View
216
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Trendler’s PHYSO 2A Fall 2008
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicholaes Tulp, oil on canvas by Rembrandt van Rijn (1632)
Lecture 1- Slide 1
Introduction
1-2
Unit One: Foundations Pages
1 Major Themes of A&P 24
Atlas A General Orientation 7
2 The Chemistry of Life 33
3 Cellular Form & Function 33
4 Genetics & Cellular Function 25
Total 122
Unit Two: Surviving Pages
5 Histology 31
6 The Integumentary System 22
7 Bone Tissue 25
8 The Skeletal System 45
Total 123
Unit Three: Moving Pages
9 Joints 28
10 The Muscular System 63
Atlas B Surface Anatomy 1
11 Muscular Tissue 32
12 Nervous Tissue 36
Total 160
Unit Four: Being Pages
13 The LNS & Somatic Reflexes
28
14 The Brain & Cranial Nerves
46
15 The ANS & Visceral Reflexes
18
16 Sense Organs 46
Total 138Total: 16 Chapters 538 Pages
Teri’s Top Ten Topics of Chapter 1
10 History
9 Imaging
8 Properties of life
7 Terminology
6 Organization
5 Fields of Science
4 Scientific Method
3 Form & Function
2 Evolution
1 Homeostasis
1-3
History
1-4
History
Universe
matter & energy Living things
increasingly complex
Dead white guys
Us
The future
1-5
Beginnings of Medicine
Physicians in Mesopotamia and Egypt
3000 years ago used herbal drugs, salts and physical therapy
Greek physician Hippocrates
established a code of ethics urged physicians to seek causes of
disease1-6
Beginnings of Medicine 2
Aristotle
called causes for disease physiologi complex structures are built from simpler
parts
Galen (physician to the Roman gladiators)
saw science as a method of discovery did animal dissections since use of cadavers
banned wrote book advising followers to trust their
own observation
1-7
Birth of Modern Medicine
Middle Ages little advancement medicine was taught as dogma with no new
ideas Avicenna from Muslim world
supported free inquiry over dogma wrote The Canon of Medicine, used in medical
schools until 16th century Vesalius (1543)
published accurate gross anatomy atlas Harvey (1628)
realized blood flow out from heart and back in
1-8
Birth of Modern Medicine 2
Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
invented a simple microscope (200x) to look at fabrics
Hooke (1665) and Zeiss (1860)
developed and improved compound microscope described plant cell walls in 1665
Schleiden and Schwann (1839)
concluded that all organisms were composed of cells
1st tenet of cell theory1-9
Living in a Revolution
Early pioneers were important
established scientific way of thinking replaced superstition with natural laws
Modern biomedical science
technological enhancement diagnostic ability and life-support
strategies Genetic Revolution
human genome is finished gene therapy is being used to treat disease
1-10
Imaging
1-11
Early Medical Illustrations
1-12
Medical ImagingJust a form of technology
1-13 Sonag
raph
y
Mic
rosc
opy
Props of Life
1-14
Properties of Life
Only if they…Are these alive?
1-15
Characteristics of Life
Organization
Cellular composition
Excretion
Metabolism and excretion
Responsiveness and movement
Homeostasis
Development
Reproduction
Evolution 1-16
Terms
1-17
Anatomical Terminology
Medical terms from Greek and Latin roots
Naming confusion during the Renaissance
same structures with different names structures named after people (eponyms)
Search for uniform international terminology
1895 Nomina Anatomica (NA) rejected all eponyms each structure = unique Latin name
Terminologia Anatomica was codified in 1998
1-18
Analyzing Medical Terms
Terminology based on word elements
lexicon (Appendix C) Scientific terms
one root (stem) with core meaning combining vowels join roots prefix modifies core meaning suffix modifies core meaning Acronyms
first few letters of series of words
1-19
Useful Tables in Textbook
1-20
Organization
1-21
Hierarchy of complexity
organism is composed of organ systems
organ systems composed of organs
organs composed of tissues
tissues composed of cells
1-22
Hierarchy of Complexity 2
Cells contain organelles
Organelles composed of molecules
Molecules composed of atoms
1-23
Fields of Science????
1-24
Scientific Meth
1-25
Scientific Method
Bacon (1561-1626) and Descartes (1596-1650)
new habits of scientific thought
England and France
academies of science --still exist today
Science
produces reliable, objective and testable information about nature
1-26
Inductive Method Philosopher Francis Bacon
observations, generalizations and predictions
anatomy
Proof in science
reliable observations
tested repeatedly
not falsified by any credible observation
In science, all truth is tentative
“proof beyond a reasonable doubt”
1-27
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
Physiological knowledge
Test your hypothesis (answer) to a specific question
Good hypothesis
consistent with what is already known
testable and falsifiable with evidence
Hypotheses are written as If-Then statements
1-28
Proper Experimental Design
Sample size
sufficient to prevent chance event Control group and treatment group
identical treatment except for the variable being tested
Prevention of psychosomatic effects
use of placebo in control group
1-29
Proper Experimental Design 2
Experimenter bias
prevented with double-blind study
Statistical testing
difference between control and test subjects was not random variation
due to the variable being tested
1-30
Peer Review
Critical evaluation by other experts in the field
done prior to funding or publication
done by using verification and repeatability of results
Ensures honesty, objectivity and quality in science
1-31
Form & Fxn
1-32
Anatomy - The Study of Form
Observation of surface structure
Cadaver dissection
cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships
Comparative anatomy
study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends
1-33
Anatomy - The Study of Form 2
Physical examination
palpation, auscultation, percussion
Gross anatomy
visible with naked eye
Histology
examination of cells with microscope
1-34
Physiology - The Study of Function
Study of bodily functions
using methods of experimental science
Comparative physiology
study of different species
Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures
1-35
Anatomical Variation
No 2 humans are exactly alike
variable number of organs
variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)
1-36
Physiological Variation
Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity
Typical values
reference man 22 years old, 154 lbs, light physical activity
consumes 2800 kcal/day
reference woman same as man except 128 lbs and 2000
kcal/day
1-37
Evil-ution
1-38
Facts, Laws and Theories
Scientific fact
information independently verified
Law of nature
description of the way matter and energy behave results from inductive reasoning and repeated
observations written as verbal statements or mathematical
formulae
Theory
summary of conclusions drawn from observable facts it provides explanations and predictions1-39
Human Origins and Adaptations
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
The Descent of Man (1871) Theory of natural selection
how species originate and change through time changed view of “our origin, our nature and our
place in the universe” increases understanding of form and function
1-40
Evolution, Selection, and Adaptation
Evolution
change in genetic composition of population development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics
Adaptations
individuals with hereditary advantages
produce more offspring under given selection pressures (harsh climate, predators)
inheritable characteristics genetic change in the population (evolution)
1-41
Animal Relations
Closest relative = chimpanzee
difference of only 1.6% in DNA structure
chimpanzees and gorillas differ by 2.3%
Study of evolutionary relationships
chose animals for biomedical research (the animal model)
rats and mice used extensively due to issues involved with using chimpanzees
1-42
Primate Adaptations Earliest primates
squirrel-sized, arboreal, insect-eating mammals due to safety, food supply and lack of competition
Adaptations for aboreal life style
mobile shoulders opposable thumbs manipulate small objects forward-facing eyes (stereoscopic vision)
depth perception for leaping and catching prey color vision
distinguish ripe fruit larger brains and good memory
remember food sources1-43
Walking Upright
African forest became grassland
millions of years ago
Bipedalism
standing and walking on 2 legs spot predators, carry food or infants
Adaptations for bipedalism
skeletal and muscular modifications
1-44
Walking Upright 2
Australopithecus
gave rise Homo habilis (2.5mya) taller, larger brain volume, speech, tool-
making
Homo habilis
gave rise to Homo erectus (1.1mya)
Homo erectus
gave rise to Homo sapiens (.6 to .2mya?)
Diseases and imperfections from our evolutionary past
1-45
Primate Phylogeny
1-46
Homeo-stasis
1-47
Homeostasis
Claude Bernard (1813-78)
stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
Homeostasis
Walter Cannon (1871-1945) coined the term
fluctuates within limited range around a set point
Loss causes illness or death
1-48
Negative Feedback Loop
Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it
1-49
Negative Feedback, Set Point
Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees 1-50
Human Thermoregulation
Brain senses change in blood temperature
if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins
if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins1-51
Control of Blood Pressure
Circulatory stretch receptors
detect a rise in BP
Cardiac center in brainstem
sends out nerve signals
Heart slowed and BP lowered
1-52
Structure of Feedback Loop
Receptor = senses change
Integrator = control center that responds
Effector = structures that restore homeostasis
1-53
Positive Feedback Loops
Self-amplifying change
leads to change in the same direction Normal way of producing rapid changes
occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals
1-54
Life-Threatening Fever
Temperature > 108 degrees F
increases metabolic rate
body produces heat even faster
Cycle continues to reinforce itself
Becomes fatal at 113 degrees F
1-55
Review
1-56
Review of Major Themes
Cell theory
activity of cells determine structure and function
Homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions Evolution
our body evolved by natural selection Hierarchy of structure
levels of complexity Unity of form and function
physiology is inseparable from anatomy1-57
The end!
Clap now!
Any questions?
What comes next….
General Info, Handouts (Syllabus & Schedule)
Start Lab Activities 1-4, because all through 6 must be done by Monday
1-58