The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B.C. – A.D. 700

The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

Visual SummaryVisual Summary

SECTION Hunters and Farmers in the Americas 1

SECTION Early Mesoamerican Civilizations 2

SECTION Early Civilizations of the Andes 3

9CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Human settlement of the Americas begins toward the end of the last Ice Age. The first civilizations emerge in Mexico and Peru. The Olmec, Zapotec, Chavín, Nazca, and Moche cultures strongly influence those that come after them.

9CHAPTER The Americas: A Separate

World, 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700

7000 B.C. Agriculture begins in central Mexico.

1200 B.C. Olmec civilization emerges.

900 B.C. Chavín culture arises in Peru.

500 B.C. Zapotecs build Monte Albán.

9CHAPTER

Time Line

10,000 B.C. A.D. 700

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The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700

10,000 B.C. Last Ice Age ends; land bridge to Asia disappears.

200 B.C. Nazca civilization arises in southern Peru.

A.D. 100 Moche culture emerges.

More than 10,000 years ago, humans migrate from Asia to the Americas across a land bridge. Originally hunters and gatherers, these groups develop farming methods and create settlements.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Hunters and Farmers in the Americas

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Although isolated, the first Americans developed in ways similar to the other earliest humans.

The Americas’ first inhabitants developed the basis for American civilizations to come.

Overview


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AssessmentAssessment

• Beringia

• Ice Age

• maize

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. The events listed below had important effects on the development of the Americas. Identify the main effects for each event.


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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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Beringia land bridge forms.

Early Americans experiment with farming.

Crops provide a reliable food supply.

Animals and hunters cross into North America.

Hunters turn to smaller prey and plants.

Agriculture arises.

Population grows, and settled communities arise.

Large animals become extinct.

Cause Effects

2. Why do you think early Americans, isolated from the rest of the world, developed in ways similar to other early humans? THINK ABOUT

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1

1 Assessment

• similarities among all human beings • availability of similar resources • the development from hunting to farming

ANSWERANSWER

continued . . .

Early humans used easily available food sources first. These included wild animals that could be hunted. When hunters could no longer rely on big game, they developed other more complex ways of getting food, such as farming.

Possible Response:

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3. What type of person might hold power in a hunter-gatherer society? in a settled, agricultural society? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• qualities needed to succeed in a hunting society• qualities most admired in a settled, farming society

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Possible Response:

ANSWERANSWER

Authority in a hunting society might be based on physical strength and courage; authority in a settled society might be based on strong administrative skills.

End of Section 1

The first civilization in the Americas, the Olmec, emerges in southeastern Mexico around 1200 B.C., followed by the Zapotec of the Oaxaca Valley. Both cultures influence later civilizations.


Key Idea

Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

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2

The Olmec created the Americas’ first civilization, which in turn influenced later civilizations in the region.

Later American civilizations relied on the technology and achievements of earlier cultures to move forward.

Overview


• Mesoamerica

• Olmec

• Zapotec

• Monte Albán


TERMS & NAMES

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2

1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare the Olmec and Zapotec cultures.


continued . . .

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ZapotecOlmec Both

Ritual ball gamesmagnificent sculptures,jaguar worship

Pyramids, giant plazas Major urban center, hieroglyphic language, calendar

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2 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

The Olmec developed numerous institutions and styles that many later peoples of the region incorporated. These included Olmec sculpture and architecture styles, as well as the notion of ceremonial centers, ritual ball games, and an elite ruling class.

Possible Response:

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2. Why do you think the Olmec are called Mesoamerica’s “mother culture”? Consider the Olmec’s influence on later groups in the region. THINK ABOUT

• architecture • religion • art

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Andean civilization arises in the river valleys along the Peruvian coast. Around 900 B.C. the Chavín culture emerges in the mountains, followed by the coastal Nazca and Moche civilizations.


Key Idea

Early Civilizations of the Andes

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Around the harsh terrain of the Andes Mountains in South America, various groups created flourishing civilizations.

Like the early Andean civilizations, people today must adapt to their environment in order to survive.

Overview


• Chavín

• Nazca

• Moche


3


TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify important details about the earliest Andean civilizations.


continued . . .

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important religious centers;influential art styles and religious images

c. 900 B.C.

to 200 B.C.

northern and central Peruvian highlands

irrigation system, textiles, pottery, Nazca lines

irrigation systems, great wealth, elaborate pottery

northern coast of Peru

c. 200 B.C.

to A.D.600

c. A.D. 100to A.D. 700

Peru’s southern coast

LocationTime Span

AchievementsCulture

Chavín

Nazca

Moche

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ANSWERANSWER

Yes. It might have been easier for the Chavín to spread their culture along the more hospitable coastal region.

No. The fact that people made the difficult pilgrimage to the site indicates the culture’s influence did not depend on location.

Possible Responses:

2. Would the Chavín culture have been more influential if it had arisen along the Peruvian coast? Why or why not?THINK ABOUT

• the harsh environment of the Andes Mountain region • the effect of environment on the spread of culture • the nature of Chavín influence

continued . . .

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3. Describe how the Nazca and the Moche adapted to their environment in order to build flourishing societies.

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3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

To overcome their dry climate, the Nazca and Moche developed elaborate irrigation systems. This allowed them to farm the land.

Possible Response:

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End of Section 3

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The Americas: A Separate World, 40,000 B.C. – A.D. 700