The American Colonies

American History

The American Colonies

Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

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England forces the Dutch from North America and establishes thirteen colonies. Later, Britain clashes with France and gains more territory in North America.

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION

The American Colonies


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The English Settle VirginiaLESSON 1

LESSON 2 Colonial Settlement Continues

LESSON 3 Relations with England

LESSON 4 Colonial Economies

LESSON 5 Life in the Colonies

LESSON 6 The French and Indian War

Why did American colonies in different regions develop varying economic, political, and societal practices?

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The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

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English settlers Struggle in North America

• Disease and starvation nearly end England’s attempts at a colony in North America

The Business of Colonization

• Joint-stock companies—investors fund colony, get profits

• In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found Jamestown

A Disastrous Start

• Colonists seek gold, suffer from disease and hunger

• John Smith forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people

• 1609, 600 colonists arrive; Powhatan destroy farms; “starving time,” only 60 survive

Continued…

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Lesson 1


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English settlers Struggle in North America (continued)

Jamestown Begins to Flourish• New arrivals revive and expand colony; grow tobacco

“Brown Gold” and Indentured Servants• Tobacco becomes profitable; export 1.5 million pounds by late 1620s

• Headright system, purchaser of passage gets 50 acres; lures settlers

• Plantation owners use indentured servants; work 4 to 7 years for passage

The First African Laborers• 1619, First Africans arrive; treated as indentured servants

• Late 1600s, owners begin importing costly slaves because:

– indentured population decreases

– colony becomes wealthy

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The Settlers Clash with Native Americans

• As the Virginia colony expanded, clashes with Native Americans increased

The English Pattern of Conquest

• Laws of Conquest, English do not live or intermarry with Native Americans

The Settlers Battle Native Americans

• Continued hostilities between Powhatan and English after “starving time”

• 1614, marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary peace

• Colonists claim more land, fighting resumes

• Virginia Company sends more troops, supplies; nearly bankrupt

• King makes Virginia royal colony under his control

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Conflict with Virginia’s Government

• Virginia Company establishes representative government; only landowners can vote

The House of Burgesses

• 1619, first meeting in Jamestown

• Authority to tax and make laws, royal governor can veto

Hostilities Develop

• Former indentured people settle frontier

– cannot vote, pay high taxes

– tax money used mainly to benefit rich planters

• Frontier settlers battle natives; tension between frontier, wealthy

• Governor refuses to give tax money to help frontier fight natives

Continued…

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Lesson 1


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Conflict with Virginia’s Government (continued)

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raises army to fight natives on frontier

• Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon rebels sets fire to Jamestown

• Bacon dies of illness, rebels defeated; but power of frontier settlers grows

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Colonial Settlement ContinuesLESSON 2

English Puritans come to North America beginning in 1620. The Dutch settle New Netherland; English Quakers settle Pennsylvania.

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Puritans Create a “New England”

• Puritans emigrate to create a model new society

Puritans and Pilgrims

• Puritans, religious group, want to purify Church of England

• Separatists, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations

• In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found Plymouth Colony

• Mayflower Compact establishes majority rule

The Massachusetts Bay Company

• In 1630, joint-stock company founds Massachusetts Bay Colony

• John Winthrop is Massachusetts Bay Colony’s first governor

“City Upon a Hill”

• Political power spread broadly in Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Puritan adult males vote for General Court; Court chooses governor

Continued…

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Lesson 2


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Puritans Create a “New England” (continued)

Church and States

• Civic officials are church members, have duty to do God’s will

• Puritan laws criminalize sins

Importance of Family

• Puritans generally migrate as families

• Community makes sure family members behave in “God-fearing” way

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Dissent in the Puritan Community

• Dissent, division soon threaten the social order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Founding of Providence

• Roger Williams—extreme Separatist minister with controversial views

– lands rightfully belong to Narragansett

– can’t punish settlers for religious beliefs

• General Court orders his arrest; Williams flees

• Williams founds colony of Providence

– negotiates for land with Narragansett tribe

– guarantees separation of church and state, religious freedom

Anne Hutchinson Banished

• Hutchinson teaches that church, ministers are unnecessary

• Hutchinson banished 1638; family, followers leave colony

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Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion

• Settlers spread to western Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut

Disputes Over Land

• Natives think land treaties temporary, Europeans think permanent

The Pequot War

• 1637, Pequot War—Pequot takes stand against colonists

– Colonists form an alliance with Narragansett; nearly destroy Pequot

King Philip’s War

• Deprived of land, natives toil for English, must follow Puritan laws

• Wampanoag chief Metacom organizes tribes to wipe out settlers

• 1675, King Philip’s War fierce, hit-and-run tactics

– hunger, disease, casualties defeat tribes

– settlers gain control of New England, but many killed in war

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The Dutch Found New Netherland

• 1621, the Dutch West India Company colonizes New Netherland

• 1625, New Amsterdam becomes capital of colony

• 1655, Dutch take over New Sweden colony

A Diverse Colony

• Settlers from other European countries and Africa welcomed

• Good relations with Native Americans; Dutch trade for furs

English Takeover

• Colonists use their right to petition to determine border between New England, New Netherland

• 1664, duke of York captures New Netherland without firing a shot

– renames colony New York

– later gives part of land to friends, names it New Jersey

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The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania

• With New Netherland, England extends its American empire

Penn’s “Holy Experiment”

• In 1681, King Charles repays debt to Penn family with American land

– William Penn founds Pennsylvania on Quaker principles

• Quakers ideas: equality, cooperation, religious toleration, pacifism

• Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment”

– adult males get 50 acres, right to vote

– representative assembly

– freedom of religion

Native American Relations

• Penn treats native people fairly

– regulates trade

– court of colonists, Native Americans to settle disagreements

– over 50 years without conflict

Continued…

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Lesson 2


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The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania (continued)

A Thriving Colony

• Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of Germans go to Pennsylvania

• Quakers become minority; slavery is introduced

Thirteen Colonies

• Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds Maryland; has religious freedom

• Key supporters of King Charles found Carolina

– southern part, estates depends on slave labor

– northern part, mostly small farms

– 1729, King splits colony into North Carolina and South Carolina

• James Ogelthorpe founds Georgia as haven for debtors

• By 1752, there are 13 British colonies in North America

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Relations with EnglandLESSON 3

England and its largely self-governing colonies prospered under a mutually beneficial trade relationship.

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England and Its Colonies Prosper

• Colonial system designed mostly to enrich Britain

Mercantilism

• Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient

• English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods

• Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out

The Navigation Acts

• Colonial merchants pursue foreign markets; embrace capitalism

• England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat

• 1651, Parliament passes Navigation Acts, laws restrict colonial trade

– Acts benefit both England and most colonists

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Tensions Emerge

• Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad

• 1684, King Charles acts to punish colonist who resist English authority

Crackdown in Massachusetts

• In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony

The Dominion of New England

• In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England

– land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony

– to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler

• Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants

Continued…

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Lesson 3


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Tensions Emerge (continued)

The Glorious Revolution

• King James unpopular in England; is Catholic, disrespects Parliament

• 1689, Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch

– Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange

– English Bill of Rights limits monarchs’ power

• Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors

• Parliament restores separate colonial charters

• 1691, Massachusetts charter has royal governor, religious toleration

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England Loosens the Reins

• After 1688, England focuses attention on its rivalry with France

Salutary Neglect

• Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries

• Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade

• England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws in exchange for economic loyalty

The Seeds of Self-Government

• Local governments have more influence than Parliament

– town meetings; elected assembly

– assembly influences governor, pay his salary

• Royal colonies, governor appointed by king; proprietary, governor appointed by proprietor

– commands military; power to veto, make treaties, choose officials

• Colonists still consider themselves British

Continued…

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Colonial EconomiesLESSON 4

In the southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. The northern colonies develop an economy based mostly on commerce and trade.

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A Plantation Economy Arises

• Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture

• Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale, not personal use

• Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets

• Plantations produce most of what they need on their property

– Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed

• 1600s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants

• 1700s, reports of hardship keep European laborers away

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Slavery Becomes Entrenched

• European colonists gradually begin to meet labor needs with enslaved Africans

The Evolution of Slavery

• English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans

• Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy

• Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery

The European Slave Trade

• 1600s, large numbers of slaves working on Caribbean plantations

– 1700s, slave populations in 13 colonies grow

• 3-way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies

– New England exports rum to Africa

– Africa exports slaves to West Indies

– West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England

Continued…

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Lesson 4


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Slavery Becomes Entrenched (continued)

The Middle Passage

• Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves

• 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide

Slavery in the South

• 80% to 90% of slaves work in fields; 10% to 20% work in house or as artisans

• Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death

• Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful

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Commerce Grows in the North

• 1650–1750, colonies’ economy grows twice as fast as Great Britain’s

• Most growth in New England, middle colonies

A Diversified Economy

• Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to small farms

• Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export surplus

• Diverse commercial economy develops in New England, middle colonies

• By mid-1700s, merchants are powerful group in North

Urban Life

• Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston

• Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan

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Life in the ColoniesLESSON 5

Both the northern and southern colonies develop diverse societies. The South is mostly rural, and the North is mostly urban.

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Northern Society is Diverse

• Diverse groups in the North sometimes class with those in power

Influx of Immigrants

• 1700s, large influx of immigrants; Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews

• Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier Native Americans

Slavery in the North

• Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still exists

• Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted

Women in Northern Society

• Women have extensive work responsibilities, few legal rights

• Only single women, widows can own businesses

• Wives must submit to husbands

Continued…

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Lesson 5


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Northern Society is Diverse (continued)

Witchcraft Trials in Salem

• 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria

• Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich

• Several victims were women considered too independent

• 19 persons hanged, 1 crushed to death, 4 or 5 die in jail, 150 imprisoned

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New ideas Influence the Colonists

• 1700s, people begin to make changes in how they view the world

The Enlightenment

• Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation

– ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets

• Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas; experimentation

• Enlightenment views affect social, political thought in colonies

The Great Awakening

• Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines

• Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s love

• Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s

• Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches

• Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges

• Enlightenment, Great Awakening both question authority, stress individual’s importance

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Life in Southern Society

• The rich, fertile land and warm climate of the South attracts immigrants

A Diverse and Prosperous People

• 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish immigrants settle in South

– Germans: farmers and artisans

– Scots, Scots-Irish: willing to fight for political rights; push westward into frontier

• Mostly small farmers, but planters control economy

• By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous

The Role of Women

• Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling

• Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores

• Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will

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Africans Cope in Their New World

• Africans in North America have different cultures, languages

• Diverse Africans bond together for support and to resist

Culture and Family

• Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance

• Merchants, owners split families; other slaves raise children left behind

• Ring shout, circular religious dance; endures despite efforts to stop it

Resistance and Revolt

• Slaves resist subservient position, fake illness, break tools, stage work slowdowns

• 1739, Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeats slaves

• Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions continue

• Slaves attempt escape, find refuge with Native Americans

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The French and Indian WarLESSON 6

British victories helped spread the English language throughout North America.

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Rivals for an Empire

• 1750s, Britain, France colonial rivals; both want Ohio River Valley

France’s North American Empire

• France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley

• By 1754, French colony of New France has small population

– 70,000 French colonists, 1 million British in North America

A Different Kind of Colony

• French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests

• French have good relations, military alliances with natives

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Britain Defeats an Old Enemy

• France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700s

• French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia

• 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated

• French and Indian War begins, fourth war between Britain and France

Early French Victories

• General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne

• 1755–1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies

– Washington, other colonists begin to question competence of British army

Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide

• William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British

• 1759, British capture of Quebec, leads to victory in war

• 1763, Treaty of Paris ends war; land divided between Britain, Spain

Continued…

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Lesson 6


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Britain Defeats an Old Enemy (continued)

Victory Brings New Problems

• Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts

• British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened

• British issue Proclamation of 1763, colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians

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The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart

• Halt to western expansion upsets colonists

• Britain’s financial crisis brings new laws to colonies

British Policies Anger Colonists

• Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling

• 1761, writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes; merchants outraged

Problems Resulting from the War

• Colonists feel threatened by 10,000 British troops stationed in colonies

• Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt

• 1764, Parliament passes Sugar Act

– duty on foreign molasses halved

– new duties placed on other imports

– smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court

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The American Colonies