The Age of Exploration 1500-1800

Chapter 11

Sec. 1 Exploration and Expansion On a quest for “God, glory and gold”, the

Portuguese and Spanish led the way in exploring new worlds. Setting sail to the east, Portuguese eventually gained control of the Spice Islands. In the west, Portugal and Spain each claimed new lands in the Americas. By the end of the 16th century, the Dutch, French & English began competing with the Portuguese and Spanish for these new lands and the riches they held.

Sec. 1 Exploration and Expansion

1500-1800 Europeans began to spread throughout the world

First, Portugal and Spain, later Netherlands, England & France

They set a remarkable series of overseas journeys

Expand trade (especially for the spices of the East), precious metals, religious zeal.

What caused the voyages?

Expand trade (especially for the spices of the East), precious metals

Hernan Cortes (conqueror of Mexico) ensured that natives were introduced the Catholic faith.

Adventure

Portuguese Explorers 1520-Prince Henry the Navigator- went

south along the western coast of Africa (Gold Coast)

In 1488- Bartolomeu Dias rounded the tip, called the Cape of Good Hope

Later, Vasco da Gama went around the cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India (found spices)

Made a profit off of these spices

Henry the NavigatorBartolomeu Dias

In 1509 Portuguese warships defeated a combined fleet of Turkish & Indian ships to take control of the area

Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (set up a port at Goa, on western coast of India) sailed to Melaska

Purpose: destroy Arab control of the spice trade and provide the Portuguese w/ a way stations on the route to the Moluccas (known as Spice Islands)

From Melaka, the Portuguese launched expeditions to China & Spice Island

Spanish Explorers Christopher Columbus- believed that he

could find Asia by sailing west instead of east around Africa

Persuaded Queen Isabella to finance the expedition

In October 1492, he reached the Americas, where he explored the coastline of Cuba & the Island of Hispaniola

Ferdinand Magellan- persuaded the king of Spain to finance his voyage to Asia through the Western Hemisphere

In Sep 1519 he sailed down the coast of South America

In 1520, he passed though the strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean

Killed by native American people, remembered as first person to

circumnavigate the globe.

New Lands to Explore Treaty of Tordesilla (1494) called for a line of

demarcation extending from north to south through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of the South American continent.

John Cabot-explored New England coastline of the Americas for England

Amerigo Vespucci- Florence, several voyages- His letters described the lands he saw led to the use

of the name America for the new lands (New World)

Spanish Empire Conquistadores- Spanish conquerors of

the Americas Their firearms, organizational skills, and

determination brought them incredible success.

Aztec Civilization Destroyed Aztec= central Mexico 1519,Hernan Cortes landed at Veracruz

(Gulf of Mexico) He arrived at Techtitlan and was welcomed Amazed by horses, firearms… etc Spanish captured Montezuma (Aztec ruler) New diseases destroyed the population Spanish ruled for the next 30 yrs/

expanded control of Mexico

Conquest of the Inca Francisco Pizarro- in 1530 landed on the

Pacific coast of South America w/ 180 men. Brought steel weapons, gun-powder,

horses. When the emperor died, 2 son claimed the

throne leading to a civil war Pizarro captured Atahuallpa, one the sons Captuted the Inca capital 1535, established a colony of the Spanish

Empire

Francisco Pizarro

Columbia Exchange By 1550, most of Mexico, Central and

South America was under Spanish territory Encomienda system- was the right of

landowners to use Native Americans as laborers

This system was supposed to protected the “indios”

Forced labor, starvation, disease Relationship b/w Spanish and native

american= “mestizos”

Established plantations and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock…etc

Columbia Exchange- exchange between plans and animals b/w Europe and the Americas

European Rivals End of 16th century European rivals begun

to challenge the Portuguese and Spanish Dutch formed the West India Company to

compete with in the Americas However, the company’s profits were less

than its expenditures Established the colony of New

Netherland from the Hudson River- Albany, NY

By the end of 17th century English had established control over North America

Seized the Dutch colony and renamed it New York- West India Company went bankrupt

Sec. 2 The Atlantic Slave Trade

As the number of European colonies increased, so did the volume and area of European trade. An Atlantic slave trade began. As many as 10 million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the early 1500s-1800s. Not until the late 1700s did European feeling against slavery begin to grow.

Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism European expansion affected Africa with slave trade Commercial Capitalism Colony- settlement of people living in a new

territory linked with the parent country by trade and direct gov’t control.

Mercantilism- set of principles that dominated economist thought in the 17th century

-Prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold & silver.

Balance of trade- difference in the value b/w what a nation imports and what it exports over time.

- when favorable, the goods exported are of greater value than those imported

To encourage exports, gov’t granted subsidies (payment), to new industries and imported transportation systems by building roads, bridges, and canals

They placed high tariffs, or taxes, on foreign goods to keep them out of their own countries

Slave Trade

Primary market for enslaves Africans was Southwest Asia where most served as domestic servants as in Europe and Portugal

Plantations- established in 1500s along the coast of Brazil & Caribbean islands

Triangular Trade

Connected Europe Africa, and the American continents

North America

Europe

Africa

Middle Passage- The journey of enslave people from Africa to the Americas.

Those who arrived died of diseases to which they had little or no immunity

Death rates were high

Many believed that buying a slave was cheaper than raising a child from birth to working age.

Effects of Slave Trade Vary from area to area Led to depopulation of some areas &

deprived many African communities from stronger and younger members

The desire of slave traders to provide a constant supply of enslaved persons led to increase warfare in Africa

Benin Brilliant and creative society in the 1500s,

was pulled into slave trade. Population declines and warfare increased,

lost faith in gods, their art deteriorated, and human sacrifice became common

Society of Friends- known as Quakers, began to condemn slavery in the 1770s, European feelings against slavery began to built.

After the French Revolution in the 1790s that the French abolished slavery.

Sec. 3 Colonial Latin America

Rich in natural resources, the Latin American colonies proved very profitable for Portugal and Spain. The interactions of native peoples, enslaved African, and Spanish colonies caused new social classes to form in Latin America. To convert Native Americans to Christianity, the Catholics Church set up missions throughout Latin America.

Colonial Empires in Latin America In the 1500s, Portugal came to dominate

Brazil. Spain had an empire that included parts of

North America (FL), Central America, & most of South America (LATIN AMERICA)

Social Classes Peninsulares (Spanish/Portuguese

officials/born in Europe) Creoles (descendants of Europeans born in LA) Mestizos (offspring b/w Europeans & Native

Americans) Mulattoes (offspring of African and Europeans) Enslaved/Conquered Native Americans

Eventually, mestizos grew rapidly Became artisans and small merchants in

cities, other became farmers or ranchers

State and Church Portuguese Brazil & Spanish Latin America

were colonial empires that lasted over 300 yrs.

Communication b/w LA and Europe= difficult

This made it impossible for the Spanish and Portuguese monarch to provide close regulations of their empires

Therefore, colonial officials in Brazil and LA had more freedom in carrying out policies

Mid-16th century, the Portuguese monarchy began to affirm its control over Brazil by creating a governor-general (later called a viceroy).

Had only loose control over officials below him who governed the districts into which Brazil was divided.

The Spanish king also appointed viceroys. Main Objective: Christianize Native

Americans

Catholic Missionaries- especially Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits- fanned out to different parts of the Spanish Empire.

Mission brought Native Americans together into villages, or missions where they could be converted and taught.

Jesuits They established more than 30 missions in

the region of Paraguay Built hospitals, churches, schools,

orphanages. Women could go to the convent and

become nuns Juana Ines de la Cruz- wrote poetry and

prose and urged that womenbe educated