Age of ExplorationAge of Exploration

Chapter 13Chapter 13

““God, Glory, and Gold”God, Glory, and Gold”

What does this mean?What does this mean?

Motives and MeansMotives and Means What caused them to undertake such What caused them to undertake such

dangerous voyages to the ends of the earth?dangerous voyages to the ends of the earth? Economic motives were one of reasons that Economic motives were one of reasons that

Europeans pushed for expansion. Merchants, Europeans pushed for expansion. Merchants, adventurers, and state officials had high hopes adventurers, and state officials had high hopes of expanding trade for spices in the far east.of expanding trade for spices in the far east.

Europeans were tired of paying the Arab Europeans were tired of paying the Arab middlemen high prices to ship in spices, they middlemen high prices to ship in spices, they believed there was a better way to receive the believed there was a better way to receive the spices.spices.

One Spanish Explorer wrote that he One Spanish Explorer wrote that he went to the Americas “ to give light to went to the Americas “ to give light to those who were in darkness, and to those who were in darkness, and to grow rich, as all men desire to do.”grow rich, as all men desire to do.”

Another reason behind the push for Another reason behind the push for exploration is religious zeal. Many exploration is religious zeal. Many explorers shared the belief that they explorers shared the belief that they must convert the heathens, to the must convert the heathens, to the catholic faith.catholic faith.

Finally the last reason explorers left in Finally the last reason explorers left in search for new worlds was for glory, search for new worlds was for glory, grandeur and for the spirit of grandeur and for the spirit of adventure.adventure.

The ItaliansThe Italians

Marco PoloMarco Polo Italian MerchantItalian Merchant First who traveled First who traveled

the length of Asiathe length of Asia Served 20 years of Served 20 years of

Kublai KhanKublai Khan Wrote Books about Wrote Books about

products of the products of the OrientOrient

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus Believe the earth was Believe the earth was

round.round. Planned to sail westward to Planned to sail westward to

AsiaAsia Financed by Ferdinand and Financed by Ferdinand and

Isabella of SpainIsabella of Spain 3 Ships, Nina, Pinta and 3 Ships, Nina, Pinta and

the Santa Maria.the Santa Maria. Landed on San Salvador on Landed on San Salvador on

Oct. 12, 1492 Oct. 12, 1492 Died penniless and in Died penniless and in

prison.prison.

Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire

Portuguese EmpirePortuguese Empire

Portugal took the lead in European Portugal took the lead in European exploration. In 1420, Prince Henry exploration. In 1420, Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored the the Navigator sponsored the Portuguese fleets that sailed along Portuguese fleets that sailed along the western coast of Africa. They the western coast of Africa. They found gold. Europeans named the found gold. Europeans named the west coast of Africa the “Gold Coast”.west coast of Africa the “Gold Coast”.

Prince HenryPrince Henry Developed a Developed a

navigation school.navigation school. Explored the west Explored the west

coast of Africa.coast of Africa. Ironically he never Ironically he never

sailed.sailed. His goal was to find His goal was to find

a route to Asia for a route to Asia for spice tradespice trade

Bartholomew DiasBartholomew Dias In 1488, In 1488,

Bartholomeu Dias Bartholomeu Dias rounded the tip of rounded the tip of Africa looking for a Africa looking for a route to India.route to India.

Sailed looking for Sailed looking for treasures.treasures.

Sailed for King John Sailed for King John IIII

Vasco da GamaVasco da Gama Opened the sea route to India Opened the sea route to India

by way of the Cape of Good by way of the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Africa.

Nationality - PortugueseNationality - Portuguese Lifespan - 1469 – 1524Lifespan - 1469 – 1524 Education - Well educated Education - Well educated

befitting his status befitting his status Career - Explorer and Career - Explorer and

NavigatorNavigator Famous for : Discovered an Famous for : Discovered an

ocean route from Portugal to ocean route from Portugal to the East, assumed to be the East, assumed to be impossible feat as it was impossible feat as it was believed that the Indian believed that the Indian Ocean was not connected to Ocean was not connected to any other seasany other seas

Both Spain and Portugal feared the other Both Spain and Portugal feared the other would get more powerful, and claim some would get more powerful, and claim some of it’s newly “discovered” land.of it’s newly “discovered” land.

They resolved the problem by agreeing on They resolved the problem by agreeing on a line of Demarcation dividing their new a line of Demarcation dividing their new domains. In 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas domains. In 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas they decided on a north-to-south line they decided on a north-to-south line through the Atlantic Ocean and the through the Atlantic Ocean and the easternmost part of South America.easternmost part of South America.

Portugal claimed the unexplored land east Portugal claimed the unexplored land east of the line and Spain claimed the west.of the line and Spain claimed the west.

SpainSpain

Vasco de BalboaVasco de Balboa Crossed the Isthmus of the Crossed the Isthmus of the

Panama and Discovered the Panama and Discovered the Pacific ocean in 1513Pacific ocean in 1513

Realized the vast ocean between Realized the vast ocean between the New World and the Far Eastthe New World and the Far East Nationality - SpanishNationality - Spanish

Lifespan - 1475 - 1519Lifespan - 1475 - 1519 Family - Poor Spanish familyFamily - Poor Spanish family Education - UneducatedEducation - Uneducated Career - Spanish Conquistador Career - Spanish Conquistador

and Explorerand Explorer Famous as the first European Famous as the first European

to see the Pacific Ocean from to see the Pacific Ocean from its eastern shore after its eastern shore after crossing the Isthmus of crossing the Isthmus of Panama overland in 1513Panama overland in 1513

MagellanMagellan Nationality - PortugueseNationality - Portuguese Lifespan - 1480 - 1521Lifespan - 1480 - 1521 Family - son of wealthy Mayor.Family - son of wealthy Mayor. Education - Tutored at the Court of Education - Tutored at the Court of

PortugalPortugal Career - Explorer and NavigatorCareer - Explorer and Navigator Famous for : Ferdinand Magellan a Famous for : Ferdinand Magellan a

Portuguese sea captain who led Portuguese sea captain who led five Spanish ships and 251 men in five Spanish ships and 251 men in the first voyage around the Worldthe first voyage around the World

The government of Spain provided The government of Spain provided the 5 ships for the expedition - the 5 ships for the expedition - Ferdinand Magellan ShipsFerdinand Magellan Ships • Magellan commanded the Magellan commanded the

TrinidadTrinidad Funded by the SpanishFunded by the Spanish Proved the world was round. Only one Proved the world was round. Only one

of his ships made it home, of his ships made it home, He was killed in the PhillippinesHe was killed in the Phillippines

FranceFrance

Jacques CartierJacques Cartier Nationality - FrenchNationality - French Lifespan - 1491 - 1557Lifespan - 1491 - 1557 FamilyFamily Education - Well educatedEducation - Well educated Career - Explorer and Career - Explorer and

NavigatorNavigator Famous for : leading three Famous for : leading three

expeditions to Canada. Cartier expeditions to Canada. Cartier named Canada "Kanata" named Canada "Kanata" meaning village or settlement meaning village or settlement in the Huron-Iroquois in the Huron-Iroquois languagelanguage

Samuel de ChamplainSamuel de Champlain Nationality - FrenchNationality - French Lifespan - 1567 - 1635Lifespan - 1567 - 1635 Family - Son of Antoine Family - Son of Antoine

Champlain, a sea captain, Champlain, a sea captain, and Marguerite Le Royand Marguerite Le Roy

Education - Well educatedEducation - Well educated Career - French Explorer, Career - French Explorer,

Cartographer and Cartographer and NavigatorNavigator

Famous as : The Founder Famous as : The Founder of Quebec City. Known as of Quebec City. Known as 'The Father of Canada‘'The Father of Canada‘

At 40 years old he married At 40 years old he married 12 year old Helen-Yes 12 year old Helen-Yes quite legal.quite legal.

Slave tradeSlave trade

In the 15In the 15thth century, the primary market for century, the primary market for African slaves was Southwest Asia, where African slaves was Southwest Asia, where they were used principally as domestic they were used principally as domestic slaves.slaves.

The Demand for slaves rose dramatically The Demand for slaves rose dramatically with the European voyages to the with the European voyages to the Americas and the planting of sugar cane Americas and the planting of sugar cane there.there.

Plantations- Plantations- Triangular Trade- refers to the route that Triangular Trade- refers to the route that

the Spanish ships used when transporting the Spanish ships used when transporting the African slaves to the Americas in1518.the African slaves to the Americas in1518.

The slaves were shipped and sold in The slaves were shipped and sold in Americas. Europeans merchants then Americas. Europeans merchants then brought tobacco, molasses, sugar, brought tobacco, molasses, sugar, and cotton for sale in Europe.and cotton for sale in Europe.

It is estimated 275,000 African slaves It is estimated 275,000 African slaves were exported during the 16were exported during the 16thth century.century.

In the 17In the 17thth century the number rose century the number rose to 1 million. 6 million in the 18to 1 million. 6 million in the 18thth. .

One reason for the high numbers was One reason for the high numbers was the death rate. Many slaves died on the death rate. Many slaves died on the middle passage. Many that the middle passage. Many that survived the middle passage died of survived the middle passage died of diseases after arriving.diseases after arriving.

Before the Europeans entered the Before the Europeans entered the slave trade, most slaves were African slave trade, most slaves were African war captives.war captives.

The slave trade depopulated areas, The slave trade depopulated areas, deprived African communities of the their deprived African communities of the their youngest and strongest men and women. youngest and strongest men and women.

According to a Dutch slave trader “ From According to a Dutch slave trader “ From us they learned strife, quarreling us they learned strife, quarreling drunkenness, trickery, theft, unbridled drunkenness, trickery, theft, unbridled desire for what is not one’s own.”desire for what is not one’s own.”