.........- -"' 12 . . extbook on the I PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION By HECTORS. DE LEON LL.B., UniverR of the Philippines ity Member, Integrat ed Bar of the Philippines ~'orm er Associ ate Professor, Far Eastern Univers ity ~ 2005 EDITION .......---

Philippine Copyright, 2005 by ISBN 971-23-4207-7 No portion of this book may be copied or reproduced in books, pamphlets, outline s or notes, whether printed, mimeographed, typewritten, copied in different elec tronic devices or in any other form, for distribution or sale, without the writt en permission ofthe author except brief passages in books, articles, reviews, le gal papers, and judicial or other official proceedings with proper citation. Any copy of this book without the corresponding number and the signature of the author on this page either proceeds from an illegitimate source or is in possess ion of one who has no authority to dispose of the same. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BY THE AUTHOR . Ntl. (.1.J- 1 j : ; .

PREFACE As the supreme law of the land, the Constitution is by no means selfexplanatory. Yet it is so important a document with which every citizen should be fa milia r as it directly and constantly touches every aspect of h is everyday life; indee d, to be r espect ed, obeyed and defended if our nation must grow and survive. T his is the reason for the requirement that "all educational institutions shall i nclude the study of the Constitution as part of the curricula." (Art. XIV, Sec. 3[1] .) To help fill the need for a book on the subj ect, particularly on the coll ege level, this modest volume, now on its eighth edition, has been written. In a n attempt to make it easily understandable, the author avoids legal details and elabor ate citations of cases. The provisions are discussed section by section, amplified and explained in relatively nontechnical language for both the beginni ng student and the layman. The comments on the more important provisions, especi ally the new ones, occupy m ore space, s etting forth when deemed necessary, th e reasons for their adoption as wall as t heir practical s;gnificance. Also, muc h needE>d emphasis is given to the provisions on the rights of the citizens as i t is imperatively desirable that they have adequate knowledge of them so that th ey may bett.er exercise their rights and discharge t heir corresponding obligati ons to others as responsible m embers of a democratic society. HECTOR S. DE LEON May 2005 iii

OFFICERS OF THE 1986 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION President Vice-President Floor Leader Assistant Floor Leaders Cecilia Muiioz-Pal ma Ambrosio B. Padilla Napoleon G. Rama Jose D. Calderon and Ahmad Domacao Alont o Committee Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen PREAMBLE, NATIONAL TERRITORY AND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES Chairman Vice-Chairma n Decoroso R. Rosales Gregorio J. Tingson CITIZENSHIP, BILL OF RIGHTS POLITICAL RIGHTS AND airman Vice-Chairman Jose B. Laurel, Jr. Joaquin Vice-Chairman Hilario G. Davi de, Jr. Adol fo S. Chairman Lorenzo M. Sumulong Florenz D. Regalado n iv Roberto C. Concepcion Ricardo J. Romulo OBLIGATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS Ch G. Bernas LEGISLATIVE Chairman Azcuna EXECUTIVE Chairman ViceJUDICIARY Chairman Vice-Chairma

CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS AND AGENCIES Chairman Vice-Chairman Vicente B. Foz Ci rilo A. Rigos LOCAL GOVERNMENT Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose N. N olledo Jose D. C alderon ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS Chairman Vice-Chairman Christian S. Monsod Jos e C. Colayco NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY Chairman Vice-Chairman Bernardo M. Villegas Jaime S.L. Tadeo HUMAN RESOURCES Chairman Vice-Chairman Wilfredo V. Villacorta Lugum L. Uka GENERAL PROVISIONS Chairman Vice-Chairman Florangel Rosario Braid 'J.'eodo ro C. Bacani AMENDMENTS AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose E. Suarez Bias F. Ople STEERING Chairman Vice-Chairman Jose F.S. Bengzon, Jr. Napoleon G. Rama PRIVILEGES Chairman Vice-Chairman Yusuf R. Abubakar Minda Luz M. Quesada SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SERVICES Chairman v Teresa F . Nieva

Vice-Chairman Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon STYLE Chairman Vice-Chairman Francisco A. Rodrigo Efrain B. Trefias SPONSORSIDP Chairman Vice-Chairman Ser afin V.C. Guingona Edmundo G. Garcia PUBLIC HEARINGS Chairman Vice-Chairman E dmundo G. Garcia Jose Luis Martin C. Gascon NON-DELEGATE OFFICERS Secretary-General Sergeant-at-Arms -oOoFlerida Ruth Romero Roberto M. San Andres vi

THE 48 MEMBERS OF THE 1986 CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION Commissioners Abubakar , Yusuf R. Alonto, Ahm ad Domacao Aquino, Felicitas S. Azcuna, Adolfo S . Bacani, Teodoro C. Bengzon, Jose, J r. F.S. Bennagen, Ponciano L. Bernas, S . J., ,Joaquin G. Braid Rosario, Florangel Brocka, Lino 0 . (Resigned) Calderon, .Jose D. Castro, Cris pino M . de Colayco, Jose C. Concepeion, Roberto C. Davide, Hil ario, Jr. G. Foz, Vicente B. Garcia, Edmundo G. Gascon, Jose Luis Martin C. Guin gona, Serafin V.C. Jamir, Alberto, Jr. B. Natividad, Teodulo C. Nieva, Ter esa M a ria F. Nolledo, .Jose N. Ople, Blas F. Padilla, Ambrogio B. P alma, Cecilia Mu noz QueRada, Mi nda Luz M. Rama, Napol eon G. Regal ado, Florenz D. Reyes, Jr. , Rusti co F. de los Rigor, Ciri lo A. Rodrigo, Francisco A. Romulo, Rica rdo J . Rosales, Oecoroso R. Sarmiento. Rene V. Suarez, Jose E. Sumulong, Lorenzo M. Ta deo, J aime S.L. Tan , Christine 0. Tingson, Gregorio J . Trefias, Efrain B. Uka , Lugum L. Villacorta, Wilfreda V. Villegas, B{!rnardo M. Laurel, Jose B. Lerum , Eulogio R. Maambong, Regalado E. Monsod, ChristianS. - oOovii

PAMBANSANG AWIT NG PILIPINAS Bayang magiliw, Perlas ng silanganan, Alab ng puso sa dibdib mo'y buhay, Lupang hinirang, duyan ka ng magiting Sa manlulupig di ka pasisiil Sa dagat at bundok, sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw, May dilag ang tula at awit sa paglayang mina. mahal Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y tagumpay na nagniningning, Ang bituin at araw n iya, Kailan pa ma~y di magdidilim. Lupa ng araw ng luwalhati't pagsinta Buhay ay langit sa piling mo. Aming ligaya na pag may mang-a.api Ang mamatay nang dahil sa iyo. viii

SAYAN KO Ang bayan kong Pilipinas Lupain ng ginto't bulaklak Pag-ibig nasa kanyang palad Nag-alay ng ganda't dilag At sa kanyang yumi at ganda Dayuhan ay nahalina Bayan ko binihag ka Nasadlak sa dusa lbon mang may layang lumipad Kulungin mo at umiiy ak Bayan pa kayang sakdal dilag Ang di magnasang makaalpas Pilipinas kong minumu tya Pugad ng luha at dalita Aking adhika Makita kang sakdallaya ix

Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine Flag Ako ay Pilipino Buong katapatang nanunumpa Sa watawat ng Pilipin.as At sa bansan g kanyang sinasagisag Na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan Na pinakikilos ng sa mbayanang Maka-Diyos Maka -tao Makak alikasan at Makabunsa X

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ..................... ..... ........ ................................... ... ........................................... Officers of the 1986 Constitutio nal Commission............................................. The 48 Members of th e 1986 Constitutional Commission ............................. Pambansang A wit ng Pilipinas ................................................................... ....... Bayan Ko ............................................................... ................................................ Pledge of Allegiance to the Phi lippine id stressed ................................. ............................................... 6. N ational purposes and aims i n adopting the Constitution.................. 7. Attainment of the constitutiona l goals ... ......... .... ........... ... ........ .... ......... 8. Changes in the Preamble .......... ................................ ......... ............ ........... 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 ARTICLE I NATIONAL TERRITORY SECTION 1 Necess ity of constitutional pr ovision on National Territory ............... Na tional Territory of the Philippines................ ............................ .......... Meaning of a rchipelago .. ...... .... ... ...... ......... ... ... . ... .... .... .... ... ..... .. .. ........ .. ... Other territories over which the PQilippines has sovereignty or jur isdiction ............................... ................. ....... ........ .. 5. Other a reas included in the Philippine archipelago. ...... ....... .... .. .. ....... 6. Three-fold division of naviga ble waters......................................... ........ 7. Jurisdiction ove r n avigable w&.ters ... ....... ......................... .... ........ .. .... .... . 8 . The archipelagic concept or principle of terr itoriality.. .. ... ... .. .... ........ .. 9. The Philippine position ................................. ............................................ 1. 2. 3. 4. 38 39 39 39 40 41 41 42 42 ARTICLE II- DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES PRINCIPLES SECTION 1 1.

2. 3. 4. Th e Philippines , a democratic a nd republican state........................... .. Manifestations of a democratic a nd republican state. ...... ............ ... ..... Sovereignty of the people .... ........ .... .. ............. ....... ... .. ...... .. .... .... ............. .. Right of the people to revolt .......... ............................ ........ ............. .......... 44 44 45 45 SECTION 2 1. Renunciation of war as an instrument of nationa l policy .................... xii 46

2. 3. Adoption of the generally accepted principles of international law as part of ou r law ........... ...................... ........... Adherence to t he policy of peace, etc. , with all nations.................... .... 4-6 47 SECTION 3 1. 2. Supremacy of civilian authority over the military.......... .. .... ............ .... Armed Forces of the Philippine, protector of the people and the State.... .... ..... ........ ................................... .... ................... ......... 48 48 SECTION 4 l. 2. 3. Prime duty of the Government.......................... ......................... .............. Defense of the State by the people against foreign aggr ession .. ......... Military and civil service by the people.............. ............... . ... ..... ... ......... 49 50 50 SECTION 5 1. Mai ntenance of peace and order, etc. ......................... ..... .. ..... . .. .............. 51 SECTION6 1. 2. 3. Principle of separation of the church and State ..................... ...... ... ...... Meaning of "establishment of religion clause".......... ................. ............ No hostility towards religion .................... ................ ................................ 52 52 53 STATE POLICIES SECTION7 1. Foreign policy of the Philippinl:lS ..................... ........... .......... .............. ..... 54 SECTIONS 1.

Freedom from nuclear weapons policy ........ ................................. . .......... 56 SECTION9 1. Just and dynamic social order... ................. ............ .......... ..... ................. . 57 SECTION 10 1. Social justice ............ ....... .. .... .... ............................... ............. ................... .. 57 SECTION 11 1. Human dignity and human rights................................ ........... ..... ........... 57 SECTION 12 1. 2. Strengthening the famil y as a basic autonomous social institution ....... ... . .... ... ..... ................... ..... ...... ...... ....................... R ight to life of the unborn from conception and of the mother ........... xiii 58 58

3. Rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and development of moral character ... ............................................................... ..... ........ 59 SECTION 13 1. Role of the yout h in nation-building.................... ............. ........ .... ........... 60 SECTION 14 1. Role of women in nation-building. ....... ...... ............. ......... ... ... ...... ...... ...... 62 SECTION 15 1. Right r,f the people to health ................................................. ................... 64 SECTION 16 1. Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology ..................... . 64 SECTION 17 1. Priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports ........ .................................. ............. ....................... 66 SECTION 18 1. Labor as a primary social economic force ... ....... .... . ........ .... .... . . ....... .. .. ... S-1 SECTION 19 1. Self-reliant and independent national economy................................... . 66 SECTION 20

1. Role of the private sector i n the economy .... ......... ..... ......... .... . ....... ..... ... 66 SECTION 21 1. Comprehensive Tural development and Ul(Tarian reform..................... 67 SECTION 22 l. Rights of indigenous cultura l communities ..................................... ....... 67 SECTION 23 1. ~on-governmenta l , community-based or sectoral organizations ............ ......................... ..................... :............. ............... 68 SECTION 24 1. Vital role of communication and information in nat.ion-building ....... .. .. .. .... .. .... ... ........... .... ................ .. ..... ....... ......... xiv 69

SECTION23 1. Autonomy of local governments .................................................. ............. 69 SECTION 26 1. Equal access to opporluni ties tor public service............................... ..... 70 SECTION27 1. Honesty and integrity in public service ..................................... ............. 71 SECTION 28 1. Full disclosure by the State of all its transactions ........................ ....... 72 ARTICLE III -BILL OF RIGHTS 1. 2. 3. 4. Concept of a bill of rights .................................................... ...................... Classes of rights ..... ............ .............. ..... ......... ........ ..... ............................... Classification of const itutional rights..................................................... State auth ority and individual freedom.................................................. 73 73 74 75 SECTION 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Meaning of due process of law............ ...................................................... Aspects of due process of law.................................................................... Procedu ral due process................................................................. ............. Substantive due process........................................... ................................. Persons protected ......... ......... ........ .............. ... ..... .... ..... ................. .... ..... .... Meaning of life........................................................................... ................. Meaning of liberty............................................ .......................................... i\.feaning of property............... .................................................................... What consti tutes deprivation .............................................................. ..... Meaning of equal protection of the laws................................... .............. Reasonable classificat.ion permitted............................. ........................... Scope of the guarantee.............................. ................................................. 76 76 77 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 SECTION2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Meaning of search warrant and warrant of arrest.............................. .. Scope of the protection........................................................ ....................... When search and seizure unreasonable.................... .............................. Requisites for valid search warrant or warrant of arrest .................... lVteaning of probable cause........................ ................................................ Sufficiency of affidavit. upon which warrant is based........................... Sufficiency of de::;cription . ......................................................................... Right against unreasonable search and seizure, personal................... When search and seizure may be made without warrant .................... When arrest may be made without warrant.......................................... 81 81 8~ 82 83 83 83 84 85 85 SECTION 3 1. Meaning of right of privacy..................................................... .................. KV 86

2. a. 4. 5. Basics and purpose of the provision ....... .. .... ...... ... ............ .... ... ... .. ......... . Relationship with right againBt. unreasonable searches an d seiz !lres ...... ........ .................... ........ .. ......... ........ ... ......... Limitations on the right ......................................... ................................... Evidence illegally obtained ............... ........................ ..... ..... ...................... 86 86 87 87 SECTION 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Meaning of freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press ........ ... Scope of freedom of expression....................................................... .......... Scope of t erms "speech,'' "expression" and "press" ...... .......... ............ .... Importance of the guarantee .............. .... .............. ............................. ....... Freedom of expression not absolute ... ... ...... ........................................... . Abridgment of ireedom of sp eech and of the press................ ... ..... ........ Meaning of right of ass embly and r ight of petition............................... Relationship with fr eedom of s peech and of the press.......... .. .. ............ 88 88 88 88 89 89 90 90 SECTION 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Meaning of religious freedom ......... ................. ....................... .............. .... Meaning of religion ..... ..... ......... .... ........ .... ............ ...... ......... ......... ............. Aspects of religious freed om ..................... .. .............................................. Freed om of religious profession and worship......................................... Dissemination of religious beliefs ....... ....... .. ............ ...... .... . ........... .......... License fee or tax on sale of religious articles ........ ............................... Religious test prohibited .. ............. ..... ................. ....... .......... ........ ... .... ...... 91 91 91 92 92 93 93 SECTION 6 1. 2. Meaning of liberty of abode and travel ................. .... .................. ............ Limitations on the right ............. .... . ................. ... . ...... ..... .. ............. ........... 94 94 SECTION 7

1. 2. 3. Right to information on matters of public concern............................... . Scope of the right. .... ........ ... ........... .................. ... ..... ................................... Limitations on t he rig ht. ...... ...... .. .. .... ....................................................... 95 96 96 SECTION 8 1. 2. 3. J\.ieaning of right to form associations, etc. ........ ....................... .. ....... .... Purposes of the guarantee.. ..... ......... .... .. ....... .... ................ ......... .............. Limitation on the right............... ........... .................................................... 96 97 97 SECTION9 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Essential or inherent powers of government .................................. .. ..... Meaning of eminent domain ............................ ........... ,...... ........ ..... .......... Conditions for or limitations upon its exercise... ... ................................ Meaning of "taking" ............... ........... ........... ............................... ........ ....... Meaning of police p ower ................. ................................ ........................ ... Basis of police power ..... .............. ...... ............... .. ...... . ...... ............... ............ Illustrations of police power laws ....... ..................................................... "vi 97 98 98 99 99 99 100

8. 9. 10. 11. Meaning of taxation............................................................. ...................... Theory and basis of taxation ............................ ........................................ Meaning of taxes....................... .................................................................. Distinctions among the three powers...................................................... SEC TION 10 100 100 101 101 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Meaning of obligation of a contract ....... .................................... .............. Scope of terms "law" and "contract" ............................. ........................... Purpose of non-impairment prohibition............... ................................... Wben obligation of contract impaired........ ............................................. Freedom to contract not absolute.. ........................................................... SECTION 11 102 102 102 103 103 1. 2. 3. 4. Constitutional tights of the accused in criminal cases......................... Reasons for constitutional safeguards ......... .... ........................... ............ Right to free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies....... ......... Right to adequate legal assistance ................................... ....................... SECTION 12 103 104 105 105 1. 2. 3. 4. Rights of person under investigation ........................................... ........... Effect of violation of the rights................................... .............................. When rights can be invoked....................... ............................................... Waiver of right of silence and t o counsel................................................ SECTION 13 106 106 107 107 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Meaning of bail .................................................. ............. ............................ Purpose and for1n of bail ......................... .................................................. Who may not invoke the right to bail...................................................... Meaning of capital offense ................... ................................................... .. Excessive bail prohibited ................................................... ....................... SECTION 14 107

108 108 109 109 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Right to due process of law in criminal cases .................................. ...... Right to presumption of innocence ....................................... ................... Statutory presumptions of guilt............................. .................................. Right to be heard by himself and counsel..... .......................................... Meaning and purpose of arraignment .. ................................ .... .... ........... Importance of the right t o counsel........................................................... Right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him .... ... .. .... ... . ..... .. ...... ... ..... .... . ................. .... .... .... ....... .... .... .. . Right to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial.............. ................ Right to confrontation.of witnesses............................ ............................. Right to compulsory production of witnesses and ev idence.......................................................................... ............... Trial in the absence of the accused............................. ............................. SECTION 15 110 110 111 111 112 112 112 113 114 114 115 1. Meaning of writ of habeas corpus ............................................... ............. xvii 115

2. 3. 4. Purpose of the writ.. .................................... ..................... ....... ................... How writ operates .................... .... ........ ........ ..................... ............... .......... S uspenflion of the pr ivilege ofthe writ...... .... .. ............. ...... .... ........ .. .. .... 116 116 116 SECTION 16 1. Right to speedy dispos ition of cas es .... ....... ................ ..... ..... ............ .... ... 117 SECTION 17 1. 2. 3. 4. Right agai nst self-incrimination .............................................. ................ S cope of guarantee .. ........... .... .. .. ......... ....... .. .. ..... ... ......... ... ..... .... ...... ...... .. . Nature of guarantee .... .......... ..... .... ......... .............. .. ............ ... .. ..... . ............ Form of t estimony prohibited ................................... ................................ 118 118 118 :i 19 SECTION 18 L 2. 3. 4. Right aga inst detention soleiy by r eason of political beliefs and a spiraticns ............................................................................... ..... Meaning of involuntary servitude .... ............ ..................... . .............. ........ Purpose and basis of the prohibition ... .. .... .. .. . ... .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. Exceptions to prohi bition.... ...... ... .. .... .. ........... ........... .... .................. ..... .... 120 120 12 1 12 1 SECTION 19 1. 2. 3. 4. Right again st excessi ve fines ...... .. ... .......... .......... ...... .... ... ...... ......... .. ... .. .. Right aga ins t cruel , degrading, or inhuman punishments .................. Purpose of the guarantee ........................ .................................................. Imposition of the death penal ty ........................ ....................... ............ .... 122 122 123 12:3

SECTION 20 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. J\.leaning of debt .. .... ... . .... .. ...... ...... .... ..... ... .... .. .. ..... .............. ... ....... ............. P urpose of prohibition against imprisonment for debt ........... ......... .... . Prohibition limited to contra ctua l obligations only ............ ......... .... .. ... Meaning of poll t ax ................................................................................ ..... Purpose of prohibition against imprisonment for non-payment of poll tax .. ... ......................................... ........ ......... ..::-:.. 125 125 125 126 126 SECTION 21 1. 2. 3. 4. Right against double jeopardy................................................... ............... Requisites for existence of double jeopardy.................. .. ................... .. ... Right to appeal in criminal cases .. ... ......... .. .... ............ .. .. .. ... ........... .. .. .. .. . Classes of double jeopa rdy ..... ..... .................. .. ............................ ............ .. 126 127 127 127 SECTION 22 1. 2. 3. 4. Meaning of ex post facto law ... .. .. ... .. ......... .. ... ... .... ...... . .. ... .. ....... .. ........ .. ... Character istics of ex post facto law ..... ............................ ......................... Meaning of bill of attain der......... ............................................... .............. P ur pose of prohibition against bill of attainder ....... ....... ................ . .... . 128 128 128 129 xviii

ARTICLE IV- CITIZENSHIP SECTION 1 1. 2. Meaning of citizenship and citizen ....................................... .................. . Distinguished from nationality and nationals .............. ........................ . Meaning of subject and alien ........................ ............................................ General ways of acquiring citizensh ip .................................................. .. Citizens by birth ..... ................................................................................ ... . Citizens at the time of the adoption of the Constitution ................. .... . Citizens by blood relationship .......................................... ....................... . Citizens through el~ction under the 1935 Constitution ..................... .. Citizens by naturalization ............................ .......................................... .. Meaning of naturalization ........ ................................................................ Nature of natur alization ...................................................................... .... . Ways of acquiring citizenship by naturalization ......................... ......... . 130 130 131 131 131 132 132 132 133 134 134 134 . .... 6. 7. 3. 5. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. SECTION2 1. Kinds of citizens under the Constitution ....................................... ......... 135 SECTION3 1. 2. Loss of citizenship ................................................. .... ................................. Reacquisition of lost Philippine citizenship . .......................................... 136 137 SECTION4 1. Effect of marriage of citizen to an alien....................................... ........... 137 SECTION5 1. 2. 3. 4. Dual allegiance of citizens ....................................................

.................... Retention and reacquisition of citizenship ................ ...... ....................... Rights with corresponding obligations............ ........................................ Duties and obligations of citizens..... ....................................................... 137 1:18 139 140 ARTICLE V- SUFFRAGE SECTION 1 1. 2. 3. {. 5. 6. 7. 8. Meaning of suffrage . ..... .. ........ .......... ... . .. .. ................... .. ...... .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .... . Nature of suf frage ...................................... .............................. .... ... .. .... ..... Scope of suffrage............................................ ............................................. Qualifications of voters.......... .................................................................... Age qualifi cation.......................................................................... ............... Residence qualification......................................... ..................................... Persons disqualified td' vote............. ......................................................... Arguments justifying t he lowering of voting age from 21 to 18 ........................................ ................................................ Arguments justifying removal of literacy requirement........................ Property requirement prohibited... .......................................................... Other substantive req uirements prohibited........................................... Compulsory suffr age ............................................................................ ...... xix 144 144 144 145 145 146 146 147 147 148 149 150 9. 10. 11. 12.

SECTION 2 1. 2. System for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot ........ .... .. .... ....... .. . ..................................................... ......... Sys tem for absentee ,oting by qualified Filipinos ................................ 151 152 ARTICLE VI- LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 1 Meaning of legisla tive pov1er .......... ...................................... .......... .......... Meaning of law ... .. .. .... ........ ............. .... ........ ............. ... ........... ........... ... ....... 3 . Function of I a v;.s ...... ......................... ............. .......................... ................ ... 4. Legislative power vested in Congr ess ....... .......... .................................... 5. Advantages of bicameralism.......... ... ......... .... ........ ............... ............ ........ 6. Dis adv ant age s of bicameralism .............................................................. .. 7. Scope of legislative power of Congress .......... ........ .... .......... ........~. . .... ..... 8 . Clas5ification of powers of C ongress ........... .. .... .. .. ... ...... .. ........... ............ 9. Principle of separation of powers............................................................. 10. Principl e of checks and balances. ......................... ...... ...... ............ . ........... 1. 153 '2. 153 153 154 154 154 155 155 156 157 SECTIONS 2-4 1. 2. The S enate. ...... ........ .... .. ...... ............. ........ ....... ..... ....... ....... ..... ........ .. .......... Meanin g of r egistered voter and r esidence ............................................. 158 159 SECTIONS 5-7 1. 2. 3. 4. The House of Repre~ entative s .... ...... ... ... ... .......... ........ .. .. ................ ......... Number, el ection/selection a nd classificat ion of members ................... Apportionmen t of elected representatives .......... .............. ...................... Party-list and sector a l ;:epre sentation .... ............. ............ ... ....... .. .. ......... 160 161 162 163

SECTIONS 8-9 1. Kinds of election for member s of Congress ..................................... ........ 164 SECTION 10 1. Salariel:l of members of Congress .... ......... :............ ............ .... ............. ...... 165 SECTION 11 1. 2. 3. 4. Freedom fro m arrest of members of Congress ....... ......... .... ..... .... .. ... ..... When immunity cannot be invoked ...................................... .. ............. .... Freedom from being quest ioned for speech and debate ..... ................... When immunity cannot be claimed ........ .. .. ............. ..... .. .... ... .... ............ .. 165 166 166 166 SECTION 12 1. Disclosure of financial and business interests ................................. ...... 167 SECTION IS 1. Disqua lification to hold any other office or employment ........ .............. XX 167

SECTION 14 1. Fiduciary position of members ...... .................. .. ... .... ........ ... . .................... 169 SECTION 15 l. Sessions of Congress .... .................................... ............. ... ..... .... ................. 170 SECTiON 16 1. Officers of Congress .. ..... .. .. .... .... .... .... ...... .. . .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. .... .... ..... ..... . 2. Powers and functions of Senate President and House Speaker .......... 3. Meaning of quorum .. ..... .. ........ .. ... .................. ........................... .. .............. . 4. Basis of quorum in each House ................ ............................ .................... 5. Adjournment in absence of quorum ............ .......... ................................... 6. Meaning and function of rules of procedur e........................................... 7. Limitation"t on power to determi ne rules......................... ....................... 8. Nature of power of each House to punish its members........................ 9. Votcsrequired....... ............ ................................................ .................. ........ 10. Each House sole judge of disorderly behavior............... .... .. ................... 11. Meaning of legislative journa l ........................ .................. ........................ 12. Purpose of journal-keeping requi r ement........... .............................. ....... 13. Matters to be entere d in the journal ............................. ........ .................. 14. A djournment by either House without consent of the other................ 171 171 172 172 172 173 173 173 174 174 17 4 174 175 175 SECTIONS 1719 1. 2. Electoral Tribunal in each House .... .................................... ..... ............... The Commission ~n Appointments in Congress .. ..... ............ ................. 176 177 SECTION 20 1. Records of Congress open to public................................ ............. ......... .... 178 SECTION 21 1. 2. Power oflegislative inquiry and jnvestigation ........ ..... .... .......... ...

........ Scope of the power..................................................... .................. ......... ...... 179 179 SECTION 22 1. Appearance of heads of departments before each House ..................... 180 SECTION 23 1. 2. 3. Power to declare existence of a state of war... ........ .. ... ................ ........... War contemplated ..... ... ... ... ........ .. .................... .............. ..... ......... .............. Delegation of cmerge11cy powers . ............. .................. ....... ....................... 181 181 181 SECTION 24 1. 2. Meaning of appropriations bill.................................................. ............... Kinds of appropriations ..... ... ..... .... ......... ..... ... ..... .................. .................... xxi 182 182

3. 4. :Meaning of other bills.............. .... .... ................................ ............... ........... Bills which must originate exclu ~ ively in the H ou se of Representa tives.......................... ............. ................. .................. ..... 183 183 SECTION 25 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Meaning of bu dget....... ................................... .... ............. ............. ............. Submission of proposed budget by the President...... ................ ............ lncreaae of appropriation recommended by the Presi dent.. ............ ..... Prohibition agains t riders........ .. .... ....... .. ............ ... ......... .... .... ........ .......... Procedure in approving appro priations ........... ........... .... .. ............ .. ...... .. Requir ements with respect io special appropriations bill.................... Requir e ment t o insure a balanced budget.............................. ........ ....... Prohibition against transler of fun ds .......................... ............. .... ......... .. Rule as to discretionary funds ....... ....................... .. .............. .... .... .. .......... Automatic reap propriation ...... .. . ..... .............. .. .. .. ..... ........ ....... ....... .... ...... 185 185 185 186 186 187 187 187 187 188 SECTION 26 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Limitations on the power of Congress ................ ................ ......... ............ Prohibition agains t delegation oflcgislative powers ..... ....... .. .............. Prohibition agains t the enactment of irrepealable laws.. .... .. .. .. .. ... ..... Requirements a~:~ to subject a nd ti tle of bills........ ...... ..... ................... .. .. Meanin g of hodge-podge or log-r olling l egislation ...... ...... ... .............. .... Effect of violation of requirem ~n t ..................................... .. ............ ... .. .... Exception s to the requirement ..................... .... ..................... .......... ..... .... Steps in the pa8sage of a bill .. .. ..... ....... ...... .... ..... ............... ......... .... ... ... .. Purpose of provision requiring three r eadings of bill .. ........ .. .. .... ...... ... Certifica tion of bills by the President ............... .......................... ............ Purpose of re quirement that yea:; a nd nays be en tered in the journa l .. .................. ... ......... ............. ..... .... ..................... .... ........ 188 189 189 190 190 190 191 191 l92 193 193 SECTION27 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Meaning of bill ..... .................... ......... ..... ........ ........ .. ............ .... ................. .. Meaning of stat u te ...... ......... ... ...... ............................. .... ..................... ....... How stat

utes identified ............................... ....... ........................ ..... ... ...... Forma] parts of a Ja w................ .... .... .............. ............ .............................. When bill may become a law ..... .. ... ... ............ .. .. .......... ......... .. .. .. .. ...... ....... Veto power of the President .. ............. ..... .......... ....... .. .. ......... .... .... .. .. .. .. .... P urpose of veto .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . Pock et veto not a llowed ..... ... ...... .... ... ..... .... ...... ... ..... .... .... ...... .... ... .. .. .... ... When partial veto aJl owed ............ ....... ....... ....... ...... ... ......... .... ...... ... . ..... Mea n ing of resol ution.... ..... .... ....... .. .... ....... .. ... ... .............. .. .. ........ ..... ..... UAe of resolutions .. .. ............ ....... .. ... ... .. .. .... .. ............... ..... .. .. .. .. .. ........ . .... Kin ds of r esolutions .... .......... .. .. ... ....... ............. .... ........ ...... ................ .. .... .. 194 194 194 194 195 195 196 196 196 196 197 197 SECTION 28 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. U niformity in taxa tion...................... .............. .......... .. .... . ........... ....... .. ...... Equity in taxation .. .................. ...... .. .................. .. ... .. ..... ........ .. ...... ... .. ....... Progr es sive syst em of taxation.... .. .. ...... ............ ... .. .. .. ............ .. .. .. ......... .. Delegation of taxing power t o fix t a riff rat es, etc. .. ............. ................. Exe mption of certain entities and properties from property taxes..... xxii 1.98 198 199 199 199

6. Votes req uired for grant of t ax exemption .................................... .......... ~00 SECTION 29 1. 2. 3. 4. The powe r of appropriation ............ ........... ....... .... .. .. .... ........ ......... ......... ... Meanin g of ~ app ropria~ion made by la w" .................... .............. .............. P rohibition against "JSe of public money or property for religious rurpose ..... ............ .... .... . ..... ........ .... ............ ..... .... ..... ..... . Expenditure of special fund........ ...................... .... .................................... 2 00 20 1 20 1 202 SECTION 30 1. Law increasing appellate juris diction of Supreme Court ................. ... . 203 SECTION 31 1. P r ol-.ibitiun against gr anting title of royalty or nobility.. ....... ...... .. ...... 20~ SECTION 32 1. 2. Mean ing of initiative a nd referendu m ........ ..... .. .. .... ..... ........ .. ..... .. ......... C ongress to provide a system of initiative and referendu m ... .... .. ....... 204 204 ARTICLE VII- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 1 1. 2. President, t he E xecutive ................................................ .... ....................... Meaning of executive pow'3r ............................ ..................... .. ....... ... .. ....... 206 206 SECTION 2 1. q ualifications of the President and Vice-President.... .. ........ ... ... .... ...... 207 SECTION 3 1. The Vice-President ...................... .......................... ........

..................... ........ 207 SECTION 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. E lection of t h e Presi den t and Vice -P resident ....... .......................... ...... . Term of office of t h e President and Vice-P re ~ident ...................... ....... .. Term of office distinguished from te nure of office; right L(> hold office; and office... ..... .. .. ... ........... ... .... .. .... .. ......... .... ...... .... ...... Reelection of President a nd Vice-Presi dent ............ ...... .. ... .... ..... ........ ... Reasonll f or proh ibition 2.gainst r e-election of Pr esident ...... .. ............. Canv assing of r eturns and proclamation ............. ....... ... .... . ..... ..... ........ Election contest involving the position of President or Vice-President ................. ...................... ....... .... .............. .... ...... ....... 208 209 209 210 210 211 212 SECTION 5 1. Oath or affirmation of the President, Vice-Pr.esident , or Acting President.. .................... ............. .... .......................... .... ........ xxiii 212

SECTION 6 1. Official r esidence and compensation of the Presid~nt and Vice-President...... . .. ................. ................................................. ... 213 SECTIONS 7-8 1. 2. 3. 4. Classes of Presidenti al succe!!sion ......... .......... ....... .. . .............. ..... .... .... .. . When Vice-President s h all act as Preside nt .... .................. .................... When Vice-President shall become Prc!:!ident ....................... ................. Where there a re no Presi dent and Vice-President.......... .. .. .............. .... 214 215 215 215 SECTION9 1. Vacancy in the Office of the Vice-President ........................... .. ... . ........ . 216 SECTION 10 1. Vacancy in the Offices of both the President and Vice-President....... 216 SECTION 11 1. Rules in case of temporary disability of the Presiden t.. .......... ..... ..... ... SECTION 12 217 1. When public to be informed of Prt~sident's state of health................... 218 SECTION 13 1. 2. Disabilities of President , Vice-President, Ml~m bc rs of Cabinet. and their d e puties a nd assistants .................. .............. Rule on nepotis m .. .... ................. ......................... .................................... .... 219 220 SECTION 14 1.

Appoint ments extended h.v an Acting President..... ....... ............. ... .. .... .. 220 SECTION 15 1. Appointments preceding a presidential elction . ........ ............ ....... ... .. 221 SECTION 16 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Meaning of appointment ... .... ... ... ... .. ............ ....... .. .... .... ... ........ .. .. .. .. ...... Nat.t..re of power to appoint .. ....... .. .. . . ....... .. ................ ... .. .............. .. .... ... .. Officials who se appointments are vested in the President.................. Confirm ation of a ppoint ments by Commission on Appointments ....... Appointment by other official s......... ........... ..... ...... .... ................. .......... Kinds of p residential appointments ........................ ........................... .. ... Ad interim appointments ............................. .......... ........... .. .................... .. Kinds of appointment in the career services .. .. ... .. ............................... .. Steps in the a ppointing process ......... . ..... ............................. .. ........... .. .. .. xxiv 222 222 222 223 224 224 224 225 225

10. 11. 12. 13. Kinds of acceptance.......... .......................... ........ .............. .......................... Meaning of designation .............................. ........................... ..... ... ............ Removal power of t he Preside nt............................................................... Extent of the President's power to remove............................................. 226 226 226 227 SECTION 17 l.. 2. 3. Power of control over all executive departments, bureaus and offices ... ....... ........... ............................ ..................... ....... Nature an d extent of the power of control................... ................. .......... Power to insure that the laws be faithfully executed.. .. ..................... .. 227 228 228 SECTION 18 Military power of the President ................................................ ............... Powers of President as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces .. . .. .... ..... ........... ...... .... .... ... ..... .. .... ....... ..... ... . .... ... 3. Authority of Congress over the armed forces........ .............. ................... 4. Power to suspend privilege of writ of habeas corpus ..... ....................... 5. Power to declare martial law ........................ ...........................................: 6. Meaning of martial law ......... .................................................................... 7. Basis, o bject, and duration of martial law.. ........................................... . 8. Restr ictions on the exercise of the two powers . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . . . .. .. .. .. ... .. ...... 9. Effects of a state of martial law................ ............................................... 1. 2. 229 230 230 230 231 231 231 232 233 SECTION 19 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Pardoning power ......................... ................................................................ Meaning of repr ieve and suspension of sentence .................................. Meaning of co mmutation .. ..... ..................... ........ ...... ...... ................ ........... Meaning of pardon .................................................. ......................... .......... Object of pardoning power ................. .................................... ................... Kinds of pardon ..... . ..... ..................... .......................... ................... ..... ........ Limitations upon the pardoning power................................ .. ............ ..... Effects of pardon.... .. ......... ..... .................... ......................... ..... ....... ............ Remission of fines and forf eitures .................................................... ....... Meaning of amnesty............................................................... .... .... ............ Effect of amnesty.................................................. ......................... ............. Pardon and amnesty distinguished........ ................................................. 234 234 234 234 235 235 235 23 5 236 236 236 236 SECTION 20

1. Authority to contract and guarantee foreign loans .............................. . 237 SECTION21 1. 2. 3. Meaning of treaty ...... ,.......................................... ....... ... ..... ..... ..... ............. Distinguished from international agreement and e x~utive agreement ........................................ ..................... ...... Steps in treaty-making................................................... ........................... 238 238 239 SECTION22 1. Budgetary power of the President................................................ ........... XXV 239

SECTION 23 1. Prerogative to address and appear before Congress............................. 2 40 ARTICLE Vlll- JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT SECTION 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Meaning of judicial power............................... .......... ........... ..................... Scope of judicial power ........... ........................ ... .... .... .... ... ........... .............. Givin g of advisory opinions not a judicial function. ... ........................... Judicial power vested in one Supreme Court and in lower courts...... Organizatio n of courts ...... .............. .... ............. ........................... .. ............. Quasi-judicial agencies........ ................... ......... . ..... .................................... Importance of the judicia ry ........ .......................... ....... ................. ............. Independence of the judiciary ............................................................... ... 241 241 242 243 243 244 244 245 SECTION 2 1. 2. Power to apportion jurisdiction of various courts vested in Congress ........ .......................................... ... ......................... Jurisdi ction of courts ....... ............ ........................... ....... ....... .............. ....... 246 247 1. SECTION 3 Fiscal autonomy ......... ... .................. .. .... ............. ......... ..... ... .. .............. ........ SECTION 4 247 l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Composition of the Supreme Court................................................ .......... Sitting procedure ................................................... ......... ...... ...................... Cases to be heard or decided en bane and vote required...................... Meaning of executive agreement............. ............... .................................. Classes of executi 1e agreement s ........................ ...................................... Meaning of pow er of judicial review.......................... .................. ............ Limitations on exercise of power of judicial review ....................... .... ... Justiciable question disti n guished from political question .............. .... 248 248 249 250 250 250 251 251 SECTION 5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over cases aff ecting ambassadors, etc. ....................................................... ......... Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court over petitions for certiorari, etc. ....... ................. ............. ....... ..................... ..... .......... Exclusive appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court............. ..

......... Assignment of judges of lower courts to other stations ............... ...... ... Change of venue or place of trial ........ ................... ...... .................. .......... Rule-making power of the Supreme Court ........... ...:.............................. Limitations on the rule-making power of the S upreme Court ............ Substantive and procedural law/rights distinguished... ....................... Appointment of officials and employees ................. ................................. 253 254 255 255 256 256 258 259 259 SECTIONS 1. Administrative supervision over lower courts .................. ................ ..... xxvi 260

SECTION 7 1. 2. 3. 4. Qualifications for members of the Suprem~ Court and any lower collegiate court.. ......................................................... Authority of Congress to alter qualifications of certain constitutional officers ................. ... .......... ..... .. .................. ....... ........ ... Qualifications of ju dges of lower courts ..... ............ ................................. The ad mini stration of justice ....................................................... ............ 261 261 26 1 262 SECTIONS 8-9 1. Appointment of members of the Supreme Court and judges of lower courts . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .... .. . .. ... .. . .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. ................ 264 SECTION 10 1. Compensation of members of the judiciary ....................................... ..... 265 SECTION 11 1. 2. 3. Tenure of office of members of t he judiciary .................................. ........ Meaning of good behavior .............................................. ........................... Disciplining or dismissal of judges of lower courts ........................... .... 266 267 267 SECTION 12 1. Prohibition against designation to quasj-judicial and/or administrative agencies .................................. ....... ............. ... 267 SECTION 13 1. 2. Procedure in rendering decisions .................. ...................... ..................... Requirement in case of non-participation, dissent, or abst ention..... . 268 269 SECTION 14 1. 2.

Meaning of decision......................... ................................... ......... .............. . Form of decision of court ..... ..................... ............... .................. .... ........ .... 269 269 SECTION 15 1. 2. Maximum periods for rendition of decisions................................... .. ..... Time limitations mandatory..... .......................................... .. .. .................. 271 27 1 SECTION 16 1. Submission of annual report............................. .................. .... .................. 272 AR'l'ICLE IX- CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS A. COMMON PROVISIONS SECTION 1 1. Independent constitutional bodies............................................... ............ xxvii 273

SECTION2 1. Disabilities of members of Constitutional Commissions...................... 274 SECTION 3 1. Compensation of members of Constitutional Commissions ................. 27 4 SECTION4 1. 2. Appointment and removal of officials and employees........................ ... Other common features....................................................... ...................... 27 4 275 SECTION 5 1. Fiscal autonomy.............................................................. ............................ 276 SECTION 6 1. Rules of procedure........................................................... ........................... 276 SECTION7 1. Rendition of decision and judicial review....................................... ........ 276 SECTION 8 1. Additional functions under the law.............................................. ........... 27i B. THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION SECTION 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Composition of the Civil Service Commission..................................... ... Qualifications ofmembers ................................................... ..................... Appointment and terms of office .......................... .................................... Rotational scheme of appointment .......... ............. ................................... Reasons for creation of the Co mmission................................................. 277 278 278 278 279 SECTION2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. Meaning of Civit Service ....................................................... .................... Scope of the Civil Service ................................ .......................................... Constitutional classification of posi tions in the Civil Service............. The merit system........................ ................................................................ Non-competitive positions...................................................................... ... Guarantee of security of tenure .................................~.......... ................... Meaning of"for cause provided by law"....................... ........................... Abolition of position ................... .......... ...................................................... Prohibition against elect ioneering and other partisan political campaign................................. .............................................. Meaning of electioneering or part isan political campaign................... Activities not covered............... .................................................................. Right of gove rnment employees to self-organization ............................ xxviii 280 280 280 281 282 283 283 284 284 285 285 286

13. 14. Right of government employees to strike ..... .................................. ........ Protection oftemporttry employees.................... ......... ....... ...................... 286 287 SECTION 3 1. 2. 3. 4. Powers and functi on~; of the Commission ....................................... ........ Importance of a permanen t civil service .............................. ................... Purpose of providing a civil service system. ............... ............................ Basic requisites of a civil service system......... ... .......... ........... ............... 287 288 289 289 SECTION 4 1. Oath to dt!fend and support the Con:~titution ........................................ 290 SECTION 5 1. Standardization of compensation............... ..... ........................ ................. 290 SECTION 6 1. I neligibility for appointment of defeated candidate in an election ... .. .. .. ......... .. ... ...... .. ..... .................. .. ... .. ............ .. .. ......... 291 SECTION 7 1. 2. Ineligibility for a ppointment of e lective officials ....... .................. ........ .. P rohibition ag ain ~t hol ding more than one position by appoin tiv e officials ............... ... ........ ...... ......................... ...... .......... 292 292

SECTION 8 1. 2. 3. Prohibition agains t additional, double, or ind irect compensation...... E"c 2pt ions to the prohibition ........ .. .. ........... .. ...... .... ...... ....... ............. ... ... Prohibition again,-.t acceptance of any present, etc. from any foreign st.ate ................................. .......................... ....................... 293 293 294 C. T H E COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS SECTION 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Composition of the Commission on Elections ..................................... ... Qualifications of members ....... ................................. ........ ............. ........... Appointment and terms of office ....... .............. ........... ............ ............ ...... P urpose of the Commission ........ ....................... ....... .......... .. ..... ................ 295 295 296 296 SECTION 2 1. 2. 3. Powers and functions Ofthe Commission........................................... .... Finality of decisions ............... ........ ........ ......... ..... ... ................................ ... Rationale of r egistration of political par ties .............................. ............ 298 300 301 SECTION 3 1. Hearing of election cases.......... ............................ ............ ......................... xxix 301

SECTION 4 1. Regulation of public utilities a nd media ............................. ........ .... ........ 302 SEC'flON 5 1. 2. 3. Pardon, etc., of violators of eleetion laws ............. ............. ........ .......... ... Meaning of parole ..... ..... ................................... ........ ..... ..... ........................ Meaning of suspension of se ntence ............................... .. .... ........ ............. 303 303 303 SECTIONS 1. 2. Meaning of pol itical party .... .. .................. .. ... .. .. .. .. ...... .............. ........ .. .. .... F r ee and open party system.. ..... .. ..... ..................... ....... .... .. .. ..... ....... ........ 30:3 303 1. SECTION 7 Party-list. ~-;ystem ... ... ......................................... ............... .......................... SECTION 8 306 1. Membership ()f political pnrties, etc. in registration boards, etc. ....... 307 SECTION 9 I. 2. Election per iod ..... .... ... .. ... ...................... ............ ....... ..... .......... ........... .. .. .... Campaign period .............. . ................................................ .. ....................... 308 308 SECTION 10 1. Protection against harassment and discrimination ................... ........ ... 308 SECTION 11 1. AutomaLic relea~;e of appropriations .......... ................ .. ...........................

309 D. THE COMMISSION ON AUDIT SECTION 1 l. 2. 3. 4. Composition of the Commiss:on on Audit.......................................... ..... taken into account ............ ........... ............. ............. ........ ..... .......... .............. ... . 2. Institutions of hi gher !earning t o enjoy academic freedom ........... ...... 3 . 'Meaning of academic freedom ... .... ....................... ... ... .. ......... ................. .. 4 . Importance of g uarantee of aca demic free dom ...................................... 5. Guarantee not a cademic licens e . ... ....................... ....... .. ............. .............. 6. Right of every citizen to select a profession or cou n;~ of study ... . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .... .. ... .. .. .. .. .... 7. Right of teachers t o profession a l a dva nc ement ...... ... .. .... .. .. ... ............... 8. Right of non-tea ching aca demic a n d non-academic per sonnel ........... . 9. State to assign the h ighes t budget a ry priority to education................. .......... ................ .. ... ......................................... . 10. Duty of State to improve lot of t eachers .... ....... .................. ............. .... .. 1. 455 456 456 157 457 458 458 460 461 461

LANGUAGE SECTION 6 1. 2. Concept of lan guage .............. :......... ..... .... ................ ............... ................. .. Importance of la nguage ................... ............ ..... .......................... ........ .... .. National language is Filipino .. ..... .............................. .... ...................... .. .. Pilipino not immediately abrogated ...... ............ ..... .... ..... .. ............ ....... ... Need for a oHtionallanguage .. ..................... .. . ........ ..... .... .... .................. .. . Use of Filipino as a medium o f offici al communica tion and langu age of instruction .... ................... ............ ............................ 3. 4. 5. 6. 462 462 462 463 464 464 SECTION 7 l. 2. 3. 4. Official languages ofthe Philippines ...................... .................... ............ Need for communication skills in E nglish...... ...... .. ......... ...................... . Auxiliary offi cia l languages.. .. ... ......... ..... ........... .. .... .. ..... .... .. .............. .. ... Difference bet ween o fficia l la ng uage and national lan guage ...... ...... .. x.xxix 465 465 466 467

SECTION 8 1. 2. Constitution oflicially promulgated in Filipino and English...... ........ . Tra nslation and interpretation ............................... ..... .... .... .... ................ 467 467 SECTION 9 1. National language commi ~?s ion to be establi::;ht~d .................................. 46R SCIENCE &'lD TECHNOLOGY SECTIONS 10-13 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Concept of science and technology ... .......................................... ............. . Science and technology essen tial for national development and p rogress . ................. . ................ ......................... .... Pr omotion of science and t echnology................. ............................ .......... Science and technology education and training ............ .......... ....... ........ Right to inventions, etc ., to be secured...................... ............. .......... ...... ' ,,,',,, 469 469 4 71 4 72 473 \. ARTS AND CULTURE SECTION 14 1. 2. \\ 3. 4. Conceptofart sand culture... .. .. .. .. ..... .. ..................... .. ..... . .. .... .................. Importance of culture ............................. ................................................... Promotion of cultu re .... . ......... .... .... .................. .... .................................... .. Preservation, enrichmen t, and dynamic evolution of a Filipino national cultu re........ .. .................................. ................. 474 4 74 4 75 4 76

SECTIONS 15-16 1. Cultural trea::;ures ofthe nation .............................. .. .. ......... . .................. 4 78 SECTION 17 1. Rights of indigenous cult ural communities.......... .......................... ....... 4 79 SECTION 18 1. Equal access to cultural opportunities.......................................... .......... 480 SPORTS SECTION 19 1. 2. Concept of sports .......................... ................ .................. .. ......... ............... .. Promotion of s port;, ...... ................... ......... ....... ......... :...... .. .. .............. ......... 480 48 0 ARTICLE XV -THE FAMILY SECTION 1 l. Concept of family ...... ................................................. ..... .... ........................ xl 482

~Importance of the family to the State .......................................... ......... .. The Filipino family, the fonr.clation of the nation ............... ................. . Sphere of law on fan1ily ................................... ........................................ .. 482 483 484 SECTION 2 1. 2. Concept of marrid forcef8,616,536 with a growth rab of 2 a2'iL 1 1 ~See

6 TEX'l"SOOK 0~ THF. PHILIPPl~E CONSTlTCTION the ~tat~ .~~t.e.nds, but also the'f!Y~'=..~nd J.ik~ "therein , a .~Lt.ain area. o f.the ~ ~~ ,Zer _wl:lic!l th!:! jurisdiclion of sea wJ~~c_h.ab.ut& upon itB coasts and the a ir space above it. Thus, the domain of the state may be described as terrestrial,. fl uvial, maritiri1e, and C!eria l. ..... . . . -- -4 -The smallest s tate in point of territory is Vatican , located just outside the western boundary of Rome with a n area of on ly 1/() s quare mile or 0.43 squa r e kilometer. It would flt in Rizal Park in Manila. The Republic of Nau ru h as an area of about eight (8) square miles or 20 square kilometers . The former Sov i et Unjon 17 was t h e largest state in point of territory with its total la nd a rea of about 8,599, 776 square miles. Now, the biggest st.ate is Can ada, hav ing a n a r ea of:~,852 , 000 square miles whi.ch covers a sur face n early as l arge as E urope. T h e Ph jlippines has a total land area of about 115,707 squar e miles or 299,681 :.>quare kilometers; 1-'(3) Q.ourrnment.- It refers to th~~l:lcy__.thl:o a~h which thc.Yt:ill_Qf!,he ~d, ex.i.~~~~-~~:~ carried_.._lt. The word is sometimes u~ e'a Ql to refer to the person or aggregate of th ose persons in whose ha nd::; a r e pl aced for t he time being t he function of political control. This "body of men" is usually spoken of as "~drn.i.uisir.awm . " The ordinary citizens of a country a r e a par t of the state, but a.re not par t of the government; a nd ( 4) .SD..uerdg.n.ty. - The term m ay be defin ed as the _8!J-_2.J:e.m_e_,P 9."~ ~er_ of the state> to.Qm.111and a_~g _ e!lfor t enure. Monarchies a re fur ther classi fted in to: /_...r olute mona.rch:y or one in which the ruler rilles by divine r ight; and 21 L imited monarchy or one in whkh the ruler rule1-:. in accordantt! w!th a con stitution; ~W.\IIt ~~n-j~ c.,. .~~ lh J A t\~fa_cy or _pt~e in which political power i s exercised by a fe w privil eged class which is known 11!-; an a ristocracy or oligarch y; and . D L~\) . . tel . em?.lcracy or .P{te m w h IC h po1 . I power 1s e xercise d b y a ttld the Katipunan to be the "weapon of the weak" against. colo ni' l rnle in the country. The f(lunding of the radisort to force because the colonial authorities a.horted La Liga Filipina , the organization through which Filipino dema nds could be pursue d peacefull y. With the death of Del Pilar, nonifacio was th,u!;t into the mat>lst rom of the Philipp in(! revr> lution. He becam e the moving l'< piri t of the Ka tipunan. The word "Ka tipu nan'' suggests oneness.

l4 T XT fi00 K ON THE PHI LIPPI NE CONSTITUTION a nd indep end en t Phil ippine Rep ublic" whi ch wa s inaugu r a t ed on .Ja nu ary 23, 1899 with G(m. Aguina ldo as President. Our First P hili ppi ne Republic was not recognized by t he fa mil y of n at ions. It was neverth eless a n or g anized government beca use it actually existed a nd its author ity wa ~:> accept ed by the people. It exis ted from Janu ary 23, 1899 to Ma rch 23, 1901 Y In Feb ruary, 1899, the United States a nnexed the Philippines a s a r esult of the Spa nish-American War a nd in April, 1901, Gen. Aguina ldo was captured . Thus, the Republic was s hort-lived , its in depen dence cut short by the superior might. of a n ew colonia l power. The Ma lolos Constitution which provided for the est ablishment of a P hilippine Republic had no opportunity to opera te. However, th is in no way diminis hes t h e histor ica l signifi cance of the Ph ilippine Rev olution of 1896. It wa s the first war of independence fo ught by Asia ns a ga i nst fore ign domination and it gave birth to the first constitutiona l democracy in Asia and th e West P acific. Governments during the American regime. (1) The Military Government. - The America n military r ule in the P hilippines bega n on August 14, 1H98, the day aft er the ca pture of Ma nila. The exis ten ce of war gave t he President of the U ni ted St a tes the power to establish a Military Government in the Philippines , a s Comma nder-inChief of a ll A rmed F orces of the United States. His au thority was delegate d t o t he military gov ernor wh o exercis ed as long as t he war lasted, a ll power s of government - e xecutive, legislative, a nd judicia l. Th e fi rst Ame ri can Mili t a ry Govern or was General vVes ley Mer ritt, t he second was GeMral Elwell E. Ot is, and th e th ird and la st, was Major / Genera l Arth ur J\.b eArthur. (2) The Civil Gov ernment.- Pursuant to the s o-called Spoo ner Amendment (on the army a ppropria t ion a ct passed in the U.S. Congress on March 3, 1901) which ended the m ilita ry regime in th e Philippines , the Civi l Government was inaugurated in Man ila on July 4, 190 1, h eaded by a Civil Governor whose position was created on Oct ober 29, 1901. Th e Civil Governor (the title was la ter changed to Governor-Gen e ra l on Febru ary 6, 1905) also exercised legislative powers . He remained as Presiden t of the Philippine Commission, the sole lawma king body of th e govern ment from 1901 to 1907. From 1907 t o 1916, the Philippine Commission a cted a s the upper house of the legislative branch with th e Philippine Assembly serving a s th e lower house. With the pass age of t he Spooner Law in 1901, these two bodies ga ve way to th e Philippine Legislat ure. The Philippines was repr ese n ted in the Unite d State s by t wo Resident Commissioners who were elected by th e Ph i lip pine Legis lature. T hese com missioners had seats in 27 SE!e G.F . 7-!!idc. note 24, op. d t., pp. 38-45.

INTRODUCTJON C. The Govemm'!llt of t ht! Philippines iu Tr(l n sition 15 the United St at~s House of Representatives, r eeeiving the same emoluments and other privileges a.s the American members of that body, but without the right to vote.:t~< The fir ::~t Civtl Governor was JudgQ William H. 'I'aft 0901-1903 ). He was succeeded by Luke F. Wright (1904-1906) who wa~ the first American to enjoy the title of Governor-General of the Philippines. The last Governor-General was Frank Murphy (198:~-1935) who was also the first High Commissioner of the Unite d States to the Philippines upon the in au~ura tion of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines. ( 3 ) The Commonwealth Government of' the Philippines. - The next stage in the p olitical development of the Filipinos was the establishment of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines pursuant to an act. of the United States Congress on March 24, 1934, commonly known as the Tydings-McDuffi.e Law. Among other thin gs, the Jaw provided for a transition period often years during which the Philip pine Commonweal th would operate and at the expiration of ::.-aid period on July 4, 1946, the independence of the Philippines would be proclaimed new Constitution on February 2, 1987. (Art. XVIII , Sec. 27.) D. CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION Meaning of constitution. In its broad sense , the term constitution refers to "that body of rules and pri ncj_p].e.s ia accu:r.ry "national service" for all citizens of the Philippi nes which, a;; used ir, th e Decree, "shall con;;ist of three (31 main programs, namely: civil weltiue service, law enfnrcem!.'nl. .service, and military l.>er vice." Each citiY.tm shall rcndor the service in any of the program!~ or a combi nation thcrerof and t;uch senicc shall be 1.:redited in h is favor for the purpo se of fulfilling educational requiremcommendat ion,:;. Su bsequently, RA. No. 7077 (,Tunc 27, 19911, the ucitizcn Armed Forces of the Philippine:; Resen ist Act,'' was enacted . R.A. No. 916:1 (::;ee note 1 to Sec. 13.1 ame nded Sections 2 and a of Presidential Dccr~o No. l 706 ;ind Secti ons :JH and 39 of R.A. No. 7077. 'Pre~ide ntial

TEXTBOOK t)!\' THE PHILIPPINE CO:-;"STITUTION Sec. 6 Principle of separation of the church and State. The principle of the SE>para tion of Church and State being inviolable (i.e., se cured or protected from violation) is implied from the constitutional prohibitio ns that "no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion" (Art. III , Sec. 5.1 and that "no public money or property shall ever be appropriated, app lied, paid, or employed, directly or indirectly, for the use, benefit , or s upp ort of any sed, church, denomination, sectarian institution or system of n~ligio n.'' (Art. VI , Sec. 29l21.) Settion 6 merely affirms this old constitutional pr inciple. The principle simply mean s that the church is not to interfere in pure ly political matters or temporal aspects of man's life and the State, in purely matters of r elig ion and morals. which are the exclusive concerns of the other. 1 The demarcation line C'alls on the two institutions to "render unto Ceasar th e t hings that are Ceasar's and unto God the things t hat are God's." Thi s is n ot as simple as it appears for the exact di vidir.g line between t he r espectiv e domains or jurisdict ions of the Church and t he St~te has always been the sub ject matter of much disagreement.2 The term "church," as us~d in the Constitution, coYers all faiths . Meaning of "establishment of religion clause.'' The ph ase "no law respecting an establishment of religion " h as been referred to a s the "establishment of religion clau se."3 In the words of 'Durin~ th e Sp11 nish !egimf!. not only wa;; there no !>cpflrlltion of church and State, but the church arrogated unt u its;>lf powr:rs that properly be longed t o the Sll:lte. Th~ church tolerated, and l t ) 80m!c' extent. perpctun~ d the ab uses of the coloni al regi m e . The original ra ~ionale behi nd the separa tion was t hH;(ording to th e gos p e l a!! falli ng with in its di ,i ne missio n. In con nection wi t.h the Day of Prayt?r fo r th e Nation held on September 2 1, 1999 i11it.iated by the Cath olic Church, t h e Archh i;;h"P of ~1anil a issued a circular giving th e main r-pn;on, so ul a nd body, spiritual a nd temporal; F ourth, because the ii . 132-1 33; see Aglipa~ Y.i> . Ruiz. 64 Phil. 20 1. 11 'ln a speech before the Manila Rota rians on July 24 , 1979, Jaime Cardinal Sin said: "The Church and tho State are two e ntities that play an importa nt role in our life. Let us keep them separat e hy all means hut let us not interpre t se paration as segregation. Let us beli eve thrretary of ForP.ign Affairs, P a norama, .June 10, 2004, pp. 8, 26 .1 ~ By way of illust ration, the domestic policy of our count ry a fte r becomi ng independent in 1946 wa.'> to r econs t.ru ct th e economy r avaf::cd by World Wa r II for wh ich the Ph il i ppi ne ~ needed foreign aid rea di ly a vailab l e from t h o U.S. As a r c!lult. t.he foreign pCJlicy of t h e count ry was l o a lign itself with the U.S . on many international issu os.

56 TF.XTBOOK ON THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Sees. 8-9 In its relations with other states, the paramount consideration of the Philippin es shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, n ational interest, an d the right to self-determ ination. (Sec. 7. ) SEC. 8. The Philippines, consistent with the national inte rest, adopts and purs ue s a policy of freedom from nuclear weap ons in its territory. Freedom from nuclear weapons policy. The intent of Section 8 is to forbid the making, storing, manufacture or t estin g in our country of nuclear we apons, devices or parts thereof as well as the us e of our territory as dumping site for radioactive wastes and the transit within our territor y of ships or planes with nuclear weapons. It does not, however, p rohibit the use of nuclear energy for medicine, agriculture, and other peaceful or beneficial purposes. Congress will have to provide the mechanics to effective ly implement Section 8. (1) As subject to exception. - The records of the Const itutional Commission1 support the position that Section 8 does not absolutely ba n nuclear we-apons fr om Philippine territory. The phra s~ "consistent with the national interest," may reasonably be interpreted to mean "subject to national interest." In other words, if the n a tional interest so dictates, the storing o f nuclear weapons in our territory may be permitted at least on a transitory bas is, considering that it wa s not prohibited under the then existing mi litary ba ses agreement with the United States whose va lidity a nd term of effectivity un til 1991 are implicitly recognized by the Constitution. (see Art. XVIH , Sec. 25 . ) (2) As an absolute ban. - The phraseology, however, of Section 8 may be unde rs tood as providi ng no qualification, exception, or condition if the phrase "c onsistent with national interest" is taken as the reason for the poli~y, that is , the Philippines "adopts and pursues'' the policy because it is consistent with national interest. The Constitution itself bans nuclear weapons as a policy and precisely emphas izes t hat such policy is Mconsistent with the n ational inter est.'~~ SEC. 9. The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the p eople from pove rt y through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employmen t, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all. 1 !Vol. IV. St!pt. HJ, 1!186, p. SlB. Senaror Arturo M. Tol+mtino, Manila Bull eti n, July 28, l!:H\8, p. 7.

Se~:;;. 10-11 ART. II. - OF.CLAJ:{ATION OF P RINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES St.'llt! Policies 57 Just and dynamic social order. (1) Policies necessary to be pun~uecl. - The State shall promote a just and dyna mic social order. This is accomplished through policies that provide adequate so cial services (in the fie ld of health, education, housing, etc.), promote full employment (see Art. XII, Sec. 1, par. 2; Art. XIII, Sec. 3, pa1 1.), a rising sta nda rd of living, and an improved quality oflife for all. (]bid., Sec. 1.) The P reamble calls for the "establishment of a just and h umane society." Such a soci ety must insure th e prosper ity and independP.nce of the nation and fr ee the u nderprivileged and th e marginalized sectors of our popu lation from poverty. Th e goal is to reduce t he political and economic power of a privileged few by equ alizing widely differing standards and opportuniti!:!S for advancement and to ra ise the mass~~s of our people from their poverty to a qualitative life worthy of hum an dignity. With the eradication of mass poverty, the State solves a t the same time a chain of 'Social problem s that comes with it: social unrest, breakd own of family syste ms, diseases, ignorance, criminality, and low productivity.t (2) Soluing the problem of mass poverty. SEC. 10. The State sh a ll promote social justice in all phases of national deve lopment. Social justice. This policy mandates the State to promote social jus tice in all phasei:' of n a tional d~velopment. In the fu lfillment of this duty, th~ S tate must give prefe re ntial attention to the welfare of the less fortunate members of the community - the poor, the underprivileged, those who h ave less in life . It i!-1 discussed full y under Article XIII (Social Jus tice and H uman .Rights) . SEC. 11. The State values the dignity of every human person and guarantees full r espect for human rights. Human dignity and human rights. In a democratic state, the individual enjoys certain righ t" \\hich cannot be modi fied or taken away by the lawmaking body. Thc::e> rights are recog-

'!'over t.y h as alway~ been an issue in our cou ntry . .\bn, con~idt-r it as the root cause of oth er problems the people are facin~ whh. La test sun~,. , h:; t h ~> :\ationai Sta tistics Office iN SOJ show that the country's wealth r"'main!:' nne (J:l~ di;.tributed as the richest fP.w families continued to amass the lion's 11ha e of the ()L!mry~ to t;~ i income while ' he poor earned only a fraction of the riche>: lO'if. It wi;f ;;1 1:-;!) that Adam Sm ith, the father of modern economics wrot e: "No Sf)Cicty can S l!n:h be t1 u :ishmg and happy, of which by far the gr.eat.e of the members a1e poor anu miserahle.

58 TEXTBOOK ON TH~~ P HILIPPI!\E CONSTlT UTION Sec. 12 nized or guaranteed because of t.hP. of every human person. beli~f in the inherent dignity and worth The value accorded to human dignity is measured b,y the exte.nt of respect for h uman rights. In pursuit of this constitutional poli cy , it is the duty of th e State to enact measures and develop programs that will promote human dignity and protect the people from any threat of violence or use of force or deception for the purpose of exploitation. 1 This topic is discussed at length under Article III (Bill of Right.s) and Articl e XII! (Social Justice a r..d Human Rights). SEC. 12. The State r ecognizes the san ctity of family life and shall p rotect a nd strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equa Jly protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn ftom conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for c ivic efficie ncy and the d evelopment of moral character s hall receive the supp ort of the Government. Strengthening the family as a basic autonomous social institution. The above declaration not onl,Y has given constitutional ba:sis to the family as a basic autonomous social institution, but in addition, mandates the 3tate to r ecognize the sacredness of famqy life and to strengthen the family. (see Art. XV .) Under the provision, the government may not enact any law or initiate measure s that would break up or weak al;;o th ~ concern of t he influence of peen t h a t may lead children to j uvenile delinquE'ncy Without t heir parents guiding them, m a ny yo ung people arc led to go a 1:1 tray a nd to de,elop di~t orted values and undesirable beha viors. Both the church and i h "' ~sistance andiur inccntiv~ to t h ose l:l ludf~nts who wi ll take t his tomponen t . Tht RO TC i ~ made opt ional by t he Act.. The literru:y t raining .Yt!rt ice' is de~i gnlld lo train s tud ents to b~>co r:-u teachers of literac y. a nd numeracy :;kills to sc hoolchildren, out-ufllchoolyoulh and ';: h ~ r ~e-g ments of society. The ,ir.ic uel/'are train ing :>til'l!ice refers to programs or acti \'itit < t ~ .:l t ('~ntribute to the general we lfnn:: and betterment oflifc for com tic:; or t.he ~nhan c.:-n:cn t uf its facilitie$ , especially thoe devoted to im proving health, education, cnvirc>n::lelit . .-rttrepreneurship, safety, r~c reati on and rnol'als of the citizenry. The Commission on H igher Education !CHED a na T ~chn u:al Education and Skills Development Authority !.i t Corazun C. Aqu ino, 1986-1992 and P resident Gloria MacapagalArroyo, 2001prcsen t .

AR'J'. H.- DECLARATION 01'' PR1NCII'U:S AND STATE POLICIES State Polici{!S 63 welfare and the country as a whole. It 1~ sirnpleases. The State has the ob ligation to promote and pro tect the right of the people to health. To better fu lfill th is duty, it m ust instill health consciousn ess among the people. This topic is discus:sed lengthily under Article XUI (Social Justice and Human Rights ), Soctions 11 to 13. SEC.16. The State shall protect and advance the right of t he people to a balanced a nd healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and har mony of nature. Right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology. Ecology is tha t branch of science th at dealH with the study of the interrelati onships t1f living things (organis ms , pl ants and a nimal s! and their environ ments. (s ee Art. XII, Sec. 3. J (1) Causes of' environm ental degradation. -The Constitution, in Section 16, tak es cognizance of the continuing degrad ation of the Philippine environment which has become a matter of national concern caused by r a pid urbanizai.ion (migrat ion of peopie from rural area.;; to urban centersJ, industrial g rowth, populati on expansion, na tural r esources utilization, the us e of modern technology, an d ot.her socio-economic factors, and consequently, the need for at1 environmenta l protection program to prevent further injury an.d/or damage to plant and a nim al life and property and, more important, to protect human life, health and safe ty.' ( 2 ) Effect on quality of life.- Many people today are u nable t!:' wol'lu.wide attention to the importance of sustaining the env ironment and enhancing the political actwn to protect its lite-supporting featur es.

66 TEXTBOOK 0~ THE PH!LIPf>lNE CONSTITUTIOl" ::lcr ;;. 17-20 SEC. 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and t echnology, ar ts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and n ationalism , accelerate socia l progress, and promote total human liberation and develop ment. Priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture and sports. Thi::-; topic is discussed under Article XIV with the above subj ects as title. SEC. 18. The State affirms labor as a primary social economic force. It shall pr otect thE' rights of workers aud promote their welfare. Labor as a primary social economic force. This topic is discussed under Article Xl ll 1 Social Rights), Section 3. Ju~ti ctJ and Human SEC. 19. The State shall d e velop a self-reliant and independ ent national econom y effectively controlled by Filipinos. Self-reliant and independent national economy. Section 19 states the C)n;stitutiona] guidelines in the development of o the eco nomy: economic s!:!lf-reliance, independent national economy, a nd effective F i lipino control of the economy. This topic is di1;eussed in detail under Article XII (National Economy and P atrimony), Section J. SEC. 20. The State recognizes the indispe nsable role of the private sector, enc ourages private e nterprise, and provides incentives to needed investme nts. Rote of the private sector in the economy. In r ecognition of the jndispens able role of th ~ private sector as the main en gine of economic development, tht' S t a t e is mandated to encourage private ent erprise and to provide incentives to needed investments, whether local or foreig n. The Constit ution does n'Jt fa vor an economy managed or controlled by the St ate. Governme nt is often con.:,idered a poor manager . Controls breed corruptio n and d iscourage business. They play favorites, thus discouraging those not fav ored. Under the principle of subsidiary adoi-'ted by the Cons titution in the a bove provision, the government should not engage in particular busi ness

Sees. 21-22 ART. II. -DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES State Policies 67 activities which can be competently and efficiently undertaken by the private se ctor unless the latter is timid or does not want to enter into a specific indust ry or enterprise. (see Art. XII, Sec. 6.) The g