Notes on Textbook

8/3/2019 Notes on Textbook

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Notes on Textbooks (WHY, TR)

Ch. 1:

Geography Appenines and Po good way to orient. Position of Italy.

Iron Age Villanovan Culture in Etruria; Latial culture in Latium.Outside Contacts Phoenicians. Spotlight on Carthage.Greece Around 800 BCE, contacts between Greece and Italy begin toincrease. Settlements. Spotlight on Pithecusae (775), Cumae (750),and Neapolis.Civilization and Urbanization in Central Italy. Under stimulus of contactwith Greece and Phoenicia the city-state develops. Orientalizingperiod: 725-580 and Archaic Period: 580-480. From the sixth C., thecity-states enter into a period of wider conflict. In Etruria, beginningin the late eighth century, a number of communities begin to developrapidly into city states. Precise nature of Etruscans and Non-Etruscans

relationship is hard to define. Influence is either direct they directthe affairs of their neighbors; or indirect they provide models forthem.Writing: alphabet borrowed from Greeks and modified. The earliestwriting on the archaeological from Etruria beginning of 7th C.Appearance of Elite. Aristocratic ethos. Tomb burials importantevidence for lite self-display. from beginning of 7th C. lite familiesbegin to construct monumental structures and public spaces signs oftheir ability to marshal great resources and manpower. Temple bothfor religious and other public uses (e.g. delivering speeches to people,performance of public duties). Defenses fossa and agger. Elites

control many dependents and much land. Elites and dependents;patrons and clients. Gens. Ultimately, every member of thecommunity would belong to one. Debt a chief source of conflict.Warfare impacts social and political organization of communities,power and influence of aristocracy, physical layouts. Warriors asfollowers of an aristocratic leader who organizes raids. Gradualtransition to a communal mode of warfare. Factors that lead tocommunal, phalanx warfare?

Ch. 2: Etruscans and Greeks in Pre-Roman Italy WHY

Phoenician and Greek traders bring peoples of Italy into contact withcultures and economies of eastern Mediterraneanstimulates growthof complex societies in Italy, particularly the growth of towns and citiesin Etruria.

Etruscans most knowledge from archaeology, esp. tombs; there aremany (more than 10,000!) Etruscan inscriptions. Written accounts allwritten by Greek and Roman enemies.


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Origins- Hdt (1.94); Dio. Halic. (1.25-30): Asia Minor? Natives?Modern scholars Etruscan culture is an evolution from earlierVillanovan culture: most early Etruscan towns appear on or nearearlier Villanovan sites without a radical break in the archaeological

record to indicate invasion of a new people (12).

Orientalizing 8th and 7th C. BCE.

Strong States centered around a rich and powerful city. Each stateinsists on its own autonomy, which prevents formation of federalunion; perhaps if one had formed external attacks could have beendeflected (?). Kings assisted by councils of aristocratic chiefs.Symbols of his power are lictors, fasces, and double-bitted axes. By 6th

or 5th C. aristocratic councils.

Family and Women Two or three names, like Romans. Etruscanwomen are freer than those in Greece can dine with husbands,appear in public with them, attend public games. [this was shocking tothe Greeks.]

Arts and Music they were renowned in Rome and throughout Greeceas flutists, trumpeters, and lyre players; dancing also an element oftheir culture [Etruscan ballet dancers brought in 364, according to Livy:this was the beginning of the Roman theatrical tradition.]

Economy fertility of soil and mineral resources exploited. Trade kept

Etruscan Italy in contact with advanced urban cultures ofMediterranean (13).

Greeks earliest settlements are trading posts: Pithecusae (Aenaria,Ischia), Cumae. Chalcidians (and Eretrians?) found Pithecusae (750BCE), Cumae, then ultimately Neapolis. Significance: alphabet fromGreeks (via Cumae or Etruscans mediate between Romans andGreeks). Other influences: Greek gods, Sibyl at Cumae. Achaeans Sybaris and Croton. Spartans Tarentum. Magna Graecia. Tarentumcalls in King Pyrrhus against Romans an event which leads to Romancontrol of Magna Graecia. Sicily. Phoenicians in West, Greeks most of

rest. Corinth Syracuse (730). Roman intervention in dispute overMessana between Carthage and Syracuse leads to 1st Punic War.

Chapter 3: Early Rome

Development from farming villages to city with military and a complexpolitical organization. Kicks out its tyrants at about the same timeother Etruscan cities do.


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Monarchy/Regal Period ends ca. 500 BCE (right around whendemocracy starts in Athens). M. Terentius Varro calculates April 21753 BCE as date for Romes founding.

Sources (23). Data on which poets, antiquarians and historians basetheir accounts: wax images of ancestors, and the songs and storiestold about them and passed from generation to generation. Hereditarypriests who pass on their knowledge of lore and ritual. Monuments.Customs and oral (and written) traditions from Etruscan and Greekcities.

These poets, antiquarians, etc. have to make sense of the oral andwritten tradition, monuments etc. They produced the basic outlinethat was further enhanced, embellished, and modified by the writers ofthe late 1st BCE and early empire.

Basic outline: starts with Trojan hero Aeneas, etc. Greek settlersconnect their area with the epic tradition of their native land (why?)E.g. Latinus son of Circe and Odysseus (king of Tyrrhenians). OneGreek legend claims that Rome founded by Rhomus, son of Od. andCirc. Greeks associate Etruscans with Aeneas. Etruscans adoptAeneas as their own. He is found on some Etruscan ceramic ware (26).Etruscans may have added the story about the she-wolf and the twins:there is a relief sculpture dating from 600 BC. The Alban King list fillsin the gap between the fall of Troy and the date for the founding ofRome.

Pastoral origins peoples of Latium lives simple lives as herders andfarmers. This simple past is reflected in terms like egegius,pecunia.Parilia and Fordicidia. Rome would have needed access to summerpasturage in Apennines. Perhaps the early wars and treaties were foraccess to this pasturage (27).

Via Salaria because Etruscans control the western route along Tiberto salt beds, and Fidenae, Rome becomes an important point along the(changed) route to the salt beds.

Population increase in late ninth early 8th C; many communitiesurbanize between 750-625 BCE.

Organization and development of infrastructure at this period impliesthe existence of an organized, monarchic state, which is basically thepicture the sources present.

Archaeological evidence points to monarchy at Rome in 6th C. (30)


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Linguistic evidence in later times period of no elected leadership interregnum.

Rome is a diverse community Greeks, Etruscans, Phoenicians livethere. Perhaps an Etruscan did rise to power at Rome. Archaeological

evidence for Tarquins.

The Etruscan period at Rome should not be attributed to dominationof Rome by Etruscans, but participation by Rome in a culture that wasshared by other city-states of the time.

Early Roman Kingship combines the functions of priest, militaryleader, and law-giver. Not unlike the kings of the Near East. PerhapsTarquinius Priscus, S. Tullius, and Superbus like tyrants of ArchaicGreece take control at Rome and reduce power of king.

Senate a body of advisors whom the king would do well not to ignore

Comitia Curiata the citizen body mustered by curia and in attendanceto listen to King as he for instance announced peace treaties, declaredwar, etc. In attendance at appointment of new king. Replaced by theComitia Centuriata pretty early on. The three tribes: Tities, Ramnes,Luceres each subdivided into then curiae.

Army hoplite warfare introduced by Greeks in 7th C. BCE. Discussionof organization at 33-34.

Chapter 4: Early Roman Society, Religion, Values

Principle of hierarchy is especially important there is always someonehigher up to whom obedience is owed and from whom in turn benefitsare expected.

State is the heads of households (familiae) who govern the res publicawith the interests of the familiae in mind (cf. concern for stability andcontinuity ofoikos in the laws of Solon).

Mos Maiorum the traditions passed down by ones ancestors

Familia includes ones cognates, plus slaves, freed slaves, andclients; also property. A state unto itself, operating under self-givenrules, free from interference by the state.

Patriapotestas

Paterfamilias: because he had to ensure that the household had areliable source of labor in its children, he had the power to choose


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whether his children might live or die.

Marriage Ceremony: confarreatio, coemptio, usus. divorce. difficult inmanu, easier sine manu. Tollere.

Authoritarian and hierarchical nature of family fosters obedience tosuperiors and willingness to do ones duty. This served as a forcechecking the centrifugal one of pursuit of family interests.

Patrons and Clients. patronus, cliens, fides. Cursed be the patronwho has done his client wrong 12T. If one did not have theprotection of apaterfamilias, then one might be subject to arbitraryabuse if not for apatronus. This also governs Roman foreignrelationships: Rome always extends peace, does not accept a piece asdefeated. Mutual obligations, these are not always spelled out in atreaty.

Slavery and Freedmen. Causes: failure to pay off debts. Warcaptives. Slaves probably not numerous in early Rome. Worked sideby side with masters, and within family. As freedmen/women, theywould become clients.

Gens larger, ostensibly genealogical group. Origin in warrior bands?Story of Attus Clausus and his dependents getting citizenship en blocwould seem to support. Perhaps the band gives its name to theregion; (what about Luceres, Ramnes, Tities?)Caesar, Cicero, Pompey

For adoption, use the name of Gaius Plinius SecundusFamily more important than the individual: so fathers and sons oftenbore the same praenomen for generations. Or names alternate. Sothe number of praenomina in Rome are limited.Women take the female form of the gentilicium since women counteven less as individuals than men. After first, daughters arenumbered. E.g. the sisters of P. Clodius: Clodia Prima, Secunda, andTertia. After marriage, identified by possessive form of husbandspraenomen: Terentia Marci.

Patrician and Non-Patrician Gentes

Some gentes become distinguished from others, with more privileges,and prestige=patrician gentes. Non-patrician come to be identified asplebiean. But wealth doesnt distinguish the patrician and non-patrician families.

Openness to Outsiders: Romans remarkably willing to incorporateoutsiders into their communities as citizens. Traditions illustrateopenness: Rome an asylum under Romulus.


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Incorporated inhabitants of new territory as new tribes. Romans takeover cults and deities of those newly incorporated these, too, enterthe community the divine community: give Romans confidence ofdivine favor, and lessen alienation of those who have been

incorporated. Examples? Asclepius, Hercules, Magna Mater (?)(check Livy index). Roman expansion under monarchs meansincorporation of more citizens, which means bigger armies, whichmeans more expansion.

Religion Spirits and gods occupy pinnacle in hierarchical layering.Much of Roman religion devoted to ensuring their cooperation andgood will. Magic attempt to influence world around one throughspells, rituals, etc. E.g. Lupercalia; Lapis Manalis. Taboo: prohibitionagainst persons, things, or acts, regarded as dangerous to individualsor comm.=nefas. Numen (power-life-will) is the life force inherent in

all things, and has an existence separate from them. Janus spirit ofdoor; Vesta (fireplace), and boundary stones (Termini). Some spiritsthough were malignant. The numen inspires religio a fear or anxietybefore the spirit, and a desire to establish right relations throughprayer, sacrifice, etc. Sacrifice restores the store of vital forceconsumed by the spirit. Fordicidia. Sacrifice could also endow a thingwith numen, such as consecration through sacrifice of a boundarystone. Prayer expresses the desire of the worshiper as to thedirection in which that power was to exert itself Carefully worded used exact and careful language so that theres no ambiguity aboutthe desire: formulae. Cults and festivals ofhouse and field oldest

and most vital. Spirits of the house: Janus represents insecurerelation of home to outside world. Vesta spirit of the fireplace.Janus begins and Vesta ends the roll of deities invoked in familysprayer. Penates a collection of nameless spirits: the guard thefood that Vesta cooks. Synonym for home. Lares. Originally spirits ofthe fields. Festivals: Fordicidia, Compitalia (thanksgiving festivalcelebrated at end of seasons work), Ambarvalia (lustration of farm andproperty at end of May to secure divine favor for growing andripening crops). Contact with the Greeks leads to rise ofanthropomorphic deities among the Romans. E.g. Etruscan Tinia andItalic Jupiter take on features of Zeus. From Greeks also come temples

and statues fit homes for these anthropomorphic Gods. Jupiter andMars. Jupiter tribal deity of Latins and guardian of many Latin towns.At Rome=greatest of all gods, symbol of Roman state, giver of victory,spirit of law and justice. Mars. God of agriculture and becomes god ofwar. Association with agriculture lost.Juno and Minerva. Hercules patron god of Greek and Roman traveling salesmen. Altar to him setup in Forum Boarium. Other transfers: pp. 45-46. Consultation ofSibylline Books leads to importation of new gods. Divination


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Romans believed the will and intentions of the gods were revealed byomens, and other sacred signs.

Religion of the State. Janus and Vesta both find their way into statereligion. Gates of Janus at NE of Forum open except during times of

peace. The worship of both fostered the sense of belonging to onegreat national family. Beloved by Romans were Mars and Jupiter.

Valuesenshrined in mos maiorum and consciously fostered by men andwomen through education and example. Virtusvir. Roman ideal oftrue man and useful member of society. Lucilius quote. to place firstones countrys good, next that of ones parents, and last that of onesself. Heroism in war, but not individual heroism of Achilles. Thisheroism only a virtue when used in service of the state. Examples inmoral education of young men drawn from history not something like

Iliad. Pietas Fidesthe foundation of religious, public, and privatelife; violation of it offense against gods and community Gravitasabsolute self-control a dignified, serious, and unperturbed attitudetoward both good and bad fortune. Constantia under even the mosttrying circumstances, to do what seemed necessary until success iswon. Examples of these in action.

Those who exhibit these four acquire dignitas- reputation for worth,honor, esteem; auctoritas prestige, respect. These in turn sanctioncontinued leadership. These are scalar, can be augmented.

Rome conservatism and change. Forces that made Romans aconservative people: mos maiorum. maybepietas - obedience tosuperiors might discourage res novas, new things. customs sanctionedby the gods could not be changed for fear of angering the gods. SoRomans didnt get rid of obsolete institutions, rituals etc. They keptthem.

Chapter 5: Rise of Roman Republic

Republic: 500-27 BCE. Res Publica common property, commonaffairs (lit. public thing) as opposed to private property and private

affairs. Aristocrats govern, with some attention paid to the lowerclasses, and constrained by a set of laws, some of which preventarbitrary exercise of power.

--Good: Polybius Book 6; Cicero De Re Publica 25-37 on the Romanrepublican constitution.--Consular Fasti and the genesis of theAnnales Maximi (51). What isour source of information for the pontifex yearly boards? Why did


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these stop being done in 130 BCE?--Capitoline Fasti relying on the pontifical records, or copies of these;Augustus has a list made of the chief yearly magistrates from 509 to18 BCE. and all military triumphs since Romulus (symbolic!). Cos. listhalf complete, no entry earlier than 483 BCE.

--How did Rome go from Monarchy to Republic: debated question;well probably never no the answer.--One theory: Tyrants assume control of Rome in mid 6th C, endingmonarchic rule. They are backed by loyal armies.

Evidence Macstrna, the name used to designate Servius Tullius (who

seizes control after Tarquin the elder) is the Etruscan equivalentfor magister, and magister populi is the name of the military(infantry) leader in monarchic Rome. [Francois tomb near Vulciattests to existence of Tarquins]

The same thing is happening at this time throughout theGreek world; Rome, which shares many social, economic andpolitical characteristics with Greek city states, may have followedthe same trend.

--Servian Reforms (compare the reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 BCE):each century composed of men from each geographic tribe: thereforeno one century owes allegiance to any one aristocratic leader. Thetribes are redrawn along new boundaries (52). This is probably a wayto break the power of the aristocrats.

--Brutus, Collatinus, Poplicola: WHYs explanation. Powerful groups

vying for control of Rome. Probably aristocracy, which backs kings, vs.popular tyrants, backed by people and merchants.--archaeological evidence seems to point to replacement of populartyranny with conservative republican constitution in and around 500BCE.-->system created that makes it difficult to acquire too muchpower at the expense of the rest.

Constitution. Two consuls right from the start as the Fasti indicate.Each command a legion. As legionary commanders, they hold earlierkings right ofimperium power to command military. Each can veto

the other (cf. Bibulus later attempt to veto the land bill in 58 BCE). Soeach can check the other militarily and legally prevents any one fromgaining too much power. Judges; summon meetings ofcomitiacenturiata, place legislative proposals before it Purple hemdistinguishes their daily clothes. Curule magistrates. Each attendedby 12 lictors with fasces.Dictator appointed by consul in times of crisis (or an interrex);tenure lasts for 6 mos. only, coss. are subordinate to him. E.g.


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Cincinnatus in the war against the Aequi given dictatorship, defeatsAequi, then returns to his plow.Military Tribunes 24 elected; each one heads up a contingent of menin a legion; highest junior office in Roman army. Leader of century centurion. WORK UP A DIAGRAM OF ROMAN ARMY ORGANIZATION.

Senate can only meet at summons of consul or other official withimperium. Remains an advisory body only. Their advice is not legallybinding. Only presiding magistrate could make it legal by enforcing it.To make sure that public actions are in accord with divine will,meetings take place within a consecrated place, like a temple. Parsingofpatres et conscripti patres probably leaders of state cult, whoensured that meeting was in accordance with divine will; conscripti,those chosen by current consul, and probably among them wereformer consuls who could provide advice to current one.Comitia Centuriata assembly of armsbearing men. Right to electchief magistrates and other officers above rank of centurion. Hears

cases of appeal.Comitia Curiata (declines after Servian reforms); ratifies election ofmagistrates with imperium, witnesses wills, adoptions, andappointment of public priests.All male Roman cit. members of all assys. Speeches and discussionsconcerning issues could take place previously to meetings in meetingscalled contiones (summoned by elected officials). Convened bypontifex maximus (e.g. Caesar convenes this assy to witness Clodiusadoption into a plebeian family).HOW DID VOTING TAKE PLACE EXACTLY?

Priesthoods and Priestly CollegesColleges are those bodies of priests which had been appointed underkings and continued into Republic:No professional priestly class these were men of high social status,lots of experience, and knowledge.--Pontiffs: custodians and interpreters of sacred law governing bothreligious and legal relations of community to the gods. Among otherduties, organize calendar that fixes fasti and nefasti for that year. Holda monopoly on jurisprudence in first two cent. of Rep. They areconsultants and interpreters of the law.

--Augurs look to flight of birds, unusual behavior of animals, andheavenly phenomena to determine gods if gods are favorable toaction, person undertaking it, or place undertaken. They had the rightto block public business, particularly at public assemblies, byannouncing unfavorable omens (e.g. Bibulus tries to block land bill bydeclaring an unfavorable omen at an assembly).--Fetials: dealt with issues of peace and war. LIVY--Duoviri sacris faciundis: protect, consult Sibylline books, at behest of


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senate. Oversee Greek cults and rituals brought over as a result.

--sodalitates societies or associations of lesser priests.--Salii--Luperci

--Arval

Social and Political Conflicts

--Between 50-486 a number of nonpatrician names appear in theconsular lists.--Tensions and discontented groups certainly existed in the youngRepublic.

--nonpatricians exist as a spectrum: at one end, very wealthy; at theother end, farmers, shopkeepers, artisans, and further, the poor.

These latter are disenfranchised effectively since they couldnt affordarms. They probably experience serious economic problems.--farmers lose land in attacks by surrounding peoples; dividing

inheritancesmaller plots for heirs.--Persian Wars Greek exports decline in 5th C.--harsh laws relating to debt

group of discontented that it may be convenient to identify asplebs.--494: plebs occupy sacred Mt. N. of Rome. Constitute themselves asconcilium plebis, and their representative the tribuni plebis;plebeianaediles are assistants to tribuni; oversee treasury and archives, have

other functions, too; temple-wardens of Temple of Ceres on Aventine.--471: secession to Aventine. Original concilium plebis reorganized asConcilium Plebis Tributum. plebiscita.--456: Lex Icilia (plebiscita) opens up land in Aventine district for dist.to needy--454: Lex Aternia-Tarpeia (comitia): limit size of fine coss. couldimpose.--451-450: Decemviral commission codifies laws (Twelve Tables).Significance: establish the principle of all men equal before thelaw: arbitrary abuses of power are avoided, since punishments aredefined. Codified existing practices, so doesnt get at root of

discontent.--449: Valerio-Horatian Laws: what plebs passed in conc. pl. trib. wasbinding on populus; sacrosanctitas of tribuni is now recognized by law.

Comitia Tributa: assy of all citizens voting by tribes, comes aboutaround this time: elects quaestors.

445: by this time the patricians agree to create the equivalent to


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consulship, military tribune with consulare imperium; open to the plebsbut cant celebrate triumphs, nor become members of senate. 444-367: these rule instead of consuls. However, this office is probablycreated to meet the growing outside threats of the time: Aequi, Volsci,Gauls.

444: creation of office of censor compile census (official list ofRoman citizens, eligible for military service, voting, taxation). After339, the acquire the power of appointing and removing senators fromsenate if they do not meet standards of Roman moral code.

376 Licinio-Sextian Laws. Abolishes military tribuneship; probablyopens up one of the coss. to plebs. Part of Ager publicus acquired fromwars is distributed to needy. Alleviates debt.367: office of praetor revived, a junior colleague of coss. (in responseto growing complexity of public business and war). Sort of a deputy

cos.; curule aedileship- municipal administration. duoviri s.f. becomedecem; five of whom have to be plebeians.326/313: Lex Poetilia practically ends debt slavery.339: Lex Publilia patres must give their sanction to bills before theycome to the vote304/303: First plebeian pontifex maximus Tiberius Coruncaniusannounces that he is prepared to give free legal advice to anyone.300: Lex Valeria guaranteed right of appeal, provocatio.241: number of tribes becomes fixed at 4 urban, 31 rural.

By last quarter of 4th

C., Plebeians have access to all rungs ofcursushonorum.Promagistracies. By end of 4th C. appointment to senate conferredlifetime membership.

Centuries based on census class; no longer supply units to army.Organization favors domination by conservative, wealthy landowners inhigher classes.

New nobility plebeio-patrician replaces the old (patrician) nobility:this consists of those who had had a family member hold the office of

cos. novus homo.

Roman republic essentially oligarchic and in interests of wealthpatricio-plebeian landowners, even though the less well off had gainedimportant concessions.

Ch. 6 Roman Conquest of Italy and Its Impact


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Some main ideas Rome wants land as its population expands; non-patricians, dissatisfied leverage Romes external wars to get what theywant (e.g. ); Rome will kick out, enslave, or kill the original occupantsof land and settle poor Roman farmers there. Land hunger of wealthyalso satisfied. Rome fears powerful neighbors this fear becomes

paranoia (perhaps) after wars with Latins, Etruscans, Samnites areover. Warfare becomes a way of life almost yearly warfare. Citizensbecome accustomed to supplementing income with plunder and booty.Some principles divide et impera (alliance with Hernici situatedbetween two enemies, Aequi and Volsci, making it easier to defeateach in turn in the long run); strategic alliances (see previous and, e.g.with Carthage and with Samnites when Greeks and Gauls arethreatening); create buffer zone with Latin and Roman colonies tocontain enemy (e.g. second Samnite war); alliances which createserious problems with third parties (e.g. with Mamertines in 1st PunicWar).

496: Battle at Lake Regillus indecisive493: Foedus Cassianum390: Gallic sack of Rome338: Latins and Volsci crushed, and Old Latin League dissolved.327-304/3: Second Samnite War.321: Loss at Caudine Forks Roman army re-organized to better beable to fight mountain campaigns. From about 350-early 3rd C. theSamnites are losing territory to the Romans.295: Sentinum (Publius Decius Mus): Rome fights against Samnites,Etruscans, Gauls, Sabines, Umbrians

290: Manius Curius Dentatus defeats Samnites, who surrender andsue for peace; they accept the status of socii.

Actions which upset Tarentum presence of Latin colony Venusia at itsApulian border; Thurii and other Greek city-states receive and getRoman protection. In violation of treaty of 334, Romans sail into Gulfof Tarentum.

280: Pyrrhus lands in Italy275: Victory over Pyrrhus272: Capture of Tarentum

264: Volsinii (Orvieto) destroyed

IMPACT OF GREEK CULTURE

System of alliances and citizen communities

Latin Allies (and Latin colonies) All Latin allies had enjoyed ius Latii,after 338 Rome forms Latin alliances with individual Latin cities, one-


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on-one.

Municipia: have control over their own affairs, but always under thesupervision of a watchful prefect from Rome--civitas optimo iure

--civitas sine suffragio

Roman Colonies 338-288, sent to protect Latin coast, and to keepSamnites and Gauls in check GET MAP

Socii

Appius Claudius the Blind

Reasons for success (78)

From 338-264 Ager Romanus increases from 2K to 95K sq. mi.; Urbanpopulation approaching 100K ppl. in 264From 350-300 Urban Population doublesTreaty with Carthage in 348 and again in 306 presupposes tradeabroad for perhaps grainArchaeological evidence supports burgeoning maritime trade

--Ostia founded 380-350--Portus and Forum Boarium undergo expansion--first levels of temple of Portunus date to this time

Monumental construction

--Appius Claudius, cens. 312: Via Appia and AqueductCoinage

--289 BCE triumviri monetales

Art and Literature--impact of classical Greek art becoming more and more evident

by 300 BCE (scene from tale of Argonauts on Ficoroni cista)--by 272 BCE, importation of Greek culture an attempt by

aristocracy to appropriate Greek art and literature. Hellenization they expropriate Greek works of art (e.g. story of sack of Volsinii);adopt Greek cognomina; new temples built resemble Hellenistic victory

cults--Lit. : knowing Greek lit. and philos. a mark of distinction--Lucius Livius Andronicus

Ch. 7: First Punic War

264-133 BCE. Roman Republic at its height.--Victory over Carthage in Punic Wars lead ultimately to Romes


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becoming one of the major powers in the Mediterranean world.--acceleration of integration of Roman culture and Hellenistic Greekcivilization--conquests have an impact on the nature of the Republic itself.

Among Sources for the first time there are contemporary works of lit.-- coins SOURCE FOR COINS--inscriptions more numerous

--Both Carthage and Rome rapidly rising in a Hellenistic Rome.--History of Carthage and Geography. Extent of Empire.

--Forces subjects to become tribute-paying, but does not includethem in Carthages military and civic institutions, as did Romans.

--access to mineral wealth in W. Medit.; tin from Cornwall, slaves,ivory, elephants from Africa.

--government: supreme court, senate, assy. Assy votes forgenerals and suffetes (2) from a group of wealthy who comprisedpowerful oligarchy.

-Army composed of non-Carthaginians from Sardinia, Spain,Libya and elsewhere.

SPEECH OF APPIUS CLAUDIUS CAUDEX

Causes--Carthage threatens stranglehold on southern Italian Gk. trade--Roman fear

--aristocratic desire for glory--people want booty

Carthage--doesnt want to appear weak, esp. when justice seems to be on

their side--doesnt want to risk losing Sicily

262: Roman victory at Agrigentum261: Rome begins building fleet of quinqueremes mostly. corvus.260: Victory at Mylae. Rostra258: Victory near Sardinia

255: Regulus captured in Battle at Bagradas247: Carthage has the upper hand sends young Hamilcar Barca toSicily.

Internal politics at Carthage mean that more emphasis placed onAfrican conquest. 244: entire Carthaginian navy laid up anddemobilized.


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241: Peace treaty indemnity levied; Carthage has to cede Sicily. Hernaval power in western Medit. ended for all time. Rome becomesmajor naval power and becomes an important player in internationalscene.

Chapter 8: Between warsAfter 1st Punic, time of reform social, economic, constitutional, legal.In particular:

Those who had given loans to Rome during first Punic are repaidin land.

Sicilian grain imports drive down the overall cost of grain.Farmers of smaller plots had been conscripted and been away

from farm. Perhaps the family takes out a loan to live in the interim.Farmers of smaller plots have difficulty repaying these loans.

Another cause of grievance lack of land suitable for redistribution. A

certain Gaius Flaminius, a tribune in 232, circumvents senate inpassing a law which makes land south of Rimini available fordistribution to poor. Sets a precedent for later reforms like T and GGracchus.

241: Peace treaty, two new tribes added to bring total of rural to 35.Purely administrative, not geographical. New citizens added to this orthat tribe regardless of place of residence. Centuriata Reform. In thisnew reform, at least some of the lower-classes need to vote for amajority to be reached: upper classes make up only 88 of the unit-votes (18+70 of the first class); the lower classes control the rest of

the unit votes proletarii 5, and the rest (second to fourth classes).DIAGRAM NEEDEDAfter peace treaty, Carthage tied up with mutiny of mercenaries, thenrevolts; Rome takes advantage of revolt in Sardinia to steal it andCorsica away from Carthage.Nevertheless starting in 237, Hamiclar Barca recovers Carthaginianpossessions in Spain. New Carthage naval and army base.Massilia stands to lose from Carthaginian expansion (how do youbecome a friend of Roman ppl?).236: Boii make an abortive attack on Rimini229-228: Illyrian War, purpose to prevent further pirate attacks.

Demetrius of Pharos sides with Romans, then, later, flees to court of KPhillip Vth.227: Comitia votes for two additional praetors one as gov. of Sic.,one of Sard./Cors. Praetor would publish an edict basicallyregulations/laws that he intended to follow in his year of office. Praetorin command of army, administration of justice, supervised a staffincluded quaestors, legates, and his personal retinue. Power is nearlyabsolute. This will create problems corruption, and the near-royal


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power provincial governors enjoy abroad makes it difficult to re-integrate into equal sharing of power culture back at Rome.226: Ebro Treaty225: Victory over invading Gauls.225: Sardinia and Corsica organized as second Roman provinces.

223: G. Flaminius (cos) victory over Insubrian Gauls Gauls with fewexceptions submit by 220.220: G. Flaminius (cens.) arranges for construction of Flaminian way.219: Hannibal besieges Saguntum218: Lex Claudia makes it illegal for a senator or his son to own oroperate ships large enough for overseas trade: prevent conflict ifinterest (?), also gain support of nonsenatorial classes who dont wantto compete with rich senators.204: Sext. Ael. Pat. publishes his commentaries on the 12T.

Romans apply lex Hieronica in Sicily. tithe that ultimately goes back

to Egypt and Near East.International law: urban praetor and praetor peregrinus. A iusgentium begins to replace a narrower Roman civil code, as Romeexpands throughout Mediterranean. This ius gentium would be thebasis for the code of Justinian and the Napoleonic code; also the basisof international law.

Hamilcar Barca Son in Law: Hasdrubal, who brings almost all of Spainsouth of Ebro under Carthaginian control. Hannibal, eldest son ofBarca. POLYBIAN AND LIVIAN ACCOUNT OF HANNIBAL.

Saguntum So. of Ebro, trading partner of Massilia, and probably allyof Rome after 226.

Chapter IX: Second Punic War makes Rome the strongest power inMediterranean world and sets it up to conquer Hellenistic kingdoms ofGreek East.

From CAH ch.3 on second Punic Wars.219: Siege of Saguntum falls not long after.

Italian/Sicilian Theatre

218: War declared on Carthage.One cos. Publius Cornelius Scipio to SpainAnother Cos T. Sempronius Longus to Sicily.Hannibal begins march on Italy: Plan. To prevent Roman

expansion by decimating population; weakening hold of Rome on Italy.In Turin by mid Oct. Skirmish at R. Ticinus near Pavia.218: Trebia. Half of Roman army of Scipio and Sempronius Longusdestroyed.


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217: Battle of Trasimene. Gaius Flaminius killed with 15k of histroops! After this point, Rome generally adopts a policy of avoidingfull-scale battles with Hannibal. Instead, 1) concentrate on winningback defected towns and areas, 2) put a vastly increased no. of troopson the field 3) Force Hannibal to get separated from his troops or be

unable to help allies 4) maritime domination

Cost: --enormous demands on Roman and Italian manpower--enormous financial sacrifice--accept that Hannibal can ravage large parts of countryside

Lex Genucia forbidding iteration of cos. w/in 10 years suspendedduring course of war.216: coss. L. Aemilius Paullus and C. Terentius Varro. Hannibaloccupies Cannae.

Cannae: Only 14.5k escape death or captivity out of an 80karmy. Consequences: defection to Hannibal of large part of So. Italy

(most part they dont fight, but their resources arent available toRome); defection includes Capua.215: L. Postumius Albinus and T. Semp. Gracchus. Rome holdsposition and even regains some towns in Campania and Samnium.Syracuse defects.214: Romans recapture some towns (Fab. Max; M. Claud. Marc.)212: Hannibal captures Tarentum followed by defection of threeothers. Siege of Capua by Roman cos. From 212/11 on, Hannibal willretreat to So. Italy every winter. M. Claudius Marcellus capturesSyracuse (under siege since 213); enormous booty; harsh treatment ofcity.

211: Capua falls.210: Romans recapture some defected towns209: This is Fabius Maximus 5th cos. And Q. Fulvius Flaccus 4th.208: Hannibal obtains possession of Marcellus signets. (signets inCurc.!) Raises siege on Locri. Romans dont confront.207: C. Claudius Nero Face Hann. M. Livius Salinator: faceHasdrubal, whos coming in from N.

Massacre of Hasdrubals forces at river Metaurus.206: Lucania returns to Roman control205: Scipio recovers Locri.204: Coss. regain a number of towns.

203: Mago defeated in N; he and Hannibal order to cross over to faceScipio in Africa.

In Spain: immediate aim to prevent reinforcements from beingsent to Hannibal. W/one exception, unbroken successes. ResultCarthaginians driven out of Spain.

218: Gn. Scipio brings area N. of Ebro and hinterland under R. control.


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217: Naval victory at mouth of Ebro.216: Gnaeus and P. Scipio prevent Hasdrubals army from meetingHannibal in Italy. Consolidates Roman position in Spain.214: Romans extend control deep into territory under Carthaginiandomination.

211: P. and Gn. Scipio killed.210: P. Cornelius Scipio (Privatus cum imperio) arrives (son ofdeceased) and in209: Carthago Nova Captured. Important: Capture of huge amount ofbooty, material and human.208: Def. of Hasdrubal at Guadalquivir206: Gades surrenders to Romans.205: Scipio stands for cos.

Africa

204: Scipio arrives at and besieges Utica. Defeats combined forces ofHasdrubal and Syphax tribal king.202: Zama. Defeat of Carthage.201: Peace Treaty Terms prisoners and fugitives handed over;surrender all elephants and fleet save 10 ships. No attack outsideterritory w/o Roman permission. Indemnity of 10k talents in 50 annualinstalments. Remain w/in bounds as they were before the war.

Factors in Roman Victory--reserves of manpower in citizenry, Italian Allies, and Latins. Carthageon the other hand is over-dependent on mercenaries. [emergency

measure after Cannae criminals, debtors and slaves enrolled. In 214,210 Rich compelled to give slaves to state as rowers and provide payas well. 216, 212: those under normal military age enrolled]--Finances

--voluntary contributions from all sectors--contractors told Rome would pay when Spanish mines became

available.--Tributum heavy and levied throughout war--Reform of R. monetary system.

--System of alliances in return for support allies received security anda share of profit of conquest. Many allies stay loyal (percentage?)

How does Rome deal with defectors?

Results--Negative effect on agriculture. Devastation of large parts of Italy.Continued absence of farmers.--fear of foreign invasion--resistance to change vis--vis allies.


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Chapter 10: War and Imperialism in the Hellenistic East

Roman Relations in E.

273 on: Egypt enjoys an amicitia with Rome.

215: Phillip V of Macedon allies with Hannibal. Tries to seize Romanprotectorates and naval bases in Illyria Rome thwarts. Rome alliesoffensively with Phillip against the Aetolian league and other city states anti-Macedon coalition. An ensuing Greek war keeps Phillip occupiedin Greece; unable to help Hannibal.206: Aetolians make separate peace with Phillip205: Peace of Phoenice Rome makes peace with Phillip too caughtup with Carthage to deal (end of first Macedonian war, 215-205).202: Phillip strengthens hand against Rome by acquiring some

territory in Illyria. Hes in competition with Ptolemies for influence anddominance in Aegean isles.201: By this time Phillip has acquired a fleet and attacks Egyptianpossessions in Aegean, including free Greek city states. Attalus I andRhodians send an embassy to Rome.200-196: Second Macedonian War.200: War declared. Why? Commercial interests. Supporting warlucrative. Will open up trade in E. Phillip has taken control of traderoute to Black Sea). Fear. Revenge. Expanding market for Greekslaves. Galba had captured slaves in 1st Macedonian war and profitedfrom their sale. Booty/indemnity. Bolster glory of Galba and coss.

after him. Athenians and Aetolians back Galba, cos. this year.198: Flaminius promises Greeks freedom and self determination. Hemaneuvers Phillip out of nearly all of Greece, and in 197 P. is confinedto Thessaly.197: Cynoscephalae. Decisive battle. Phillip sues for peace. Romepreserves Macedonian state, and Phillips leadership. Terms (111).196: Proclamation of Greek freedom. Sparta defeated, plundered,and pays indemnity.196: Antiochus III Great expanding his power. Alliance throughmarriage with Ptolemy V. King of Pergamum alarmed appeals toRome. Flaminius authorized to present ultimatum. Hannibal advises

Antiochus to ally with enemies; Ant. instead allies with the little powersof Greece, e.g. Aetolians. They invite and receive help from Antiochus.W/ a large alliance Rome defeats at Thermopylae.

Scipio Africanus younger brother C. Cornelius Scipio.Scipio Africanus son in law, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, good

gov. of Spain, 180-178.


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190: Lucius Cornelius Scipio cos. appoints legate Africanus. Antiochusdefeated in naval battle; terms to heavy for him to accept, finallydefeated at Magnesia.188: Apamea Peace Treaty. Cede a large amount of territory in AsiaMinor; 15k talents of indemnity. Surrender navy.

Cato the Elder diagrees with Africanus; his unorthodox careerand his aggressive military policy.

171-167: Third Macedonian War. L. Aemilius Paullus philhellenist.182, 168 coss. confiscation of Perseus treasury and yearly tributeimposed on Macedon. After this all Romans cease to be subject todirect taxes. Macedon divided into four separate republics goesagainst nature of Macedonian state more a nation than any otherstate in the ancient world. 1000 deported from Achaea, incl. Polybius.From Epirus, 150k sold into slavery.

149-148: Fourth Macedonian War: Kingdom reunited; but Romanarmy defeats pretender. Macedon organized as a province.146: Lucius Mummius arrives in Corinth to punish it and Achaeanleague for rebellion against Rome. Greek leagues dissolve; each c.s. inGreece now has separate relations with Rome.

Cato defends Rhodians when Praetor urges Rome to declare war;because Rhodes wished to mediate between Rome and Perses, Romeweakens Rhodes economically.

161 BCE Romans recognize newly formed Jewish temple state as ally.

By 146: Greece and Macedon are wholly subject to Rome; large partsof Asia Minor, too. Hellenistic East weakened through Romes policiesand goes into a long period of decline.

Why did Rome turn East?

--Repair reputation among the Greeks (?)--Revenge on Phillip V for 215--prevent Hellenistic successors from expanding in W.--secure personal glory, political advancement, financial gain.

Why Was Rome Successful?

--Greek city-states and kingdoms divided--Rome divide et impera--Greece fails to adopt military improvements

CH. 11: Roman Imperialism in the West


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In W. and N. Italy territorial acquisition only way to keep territory out ofenemy hands.

Rome begins subduing tribes in Cispadana; efforts halted by Second

Macedonian.197-175: Rome begins founding colonies on both sides of the Po.196: Mediolanum181: Aquileia172: Subdue Italian and French Rivieras up to Massilia

In a short time N. Italy had become an integral part of Italy (119).

Rome wants to use Spanish wealth and resources to recoup aftersecond Punic. Guerilla warfare in Spain makes conquest difficult. ThePenninsula not fully subdued until Augustus.

197: Nearer and Farther Spain organized. Stipendium tribute; andregular tax defray costs of provincial administration. War breaks outb/c of extortion/tyranny of praetors.195: Cato Elder cos in Spain; reorganizes province.

Carthage continues to control trade between Africa andHellenistic world; rebounds economically; Massinissa starts to seizeCarthaginian coastal territory; Carthage appeals (acc. to terms oftreaty cant even start defensive war without Romes say-so), butRoman commission either decides in favor of Massinissa or leaves the

dispute unsettled. one boundary commission headed by Cato theelder. Catos survey of wealth Carthage leads to his demand thatdelendam esse.

151-141: Viriathic War149: War declared. Siege lasts three years.134: Numantia starved into submission. Another case where Romehad shamelessly broken an earlier treaty.133: King of Pergamum bequeaths his kingdom (Attalus).

In little less than 70 years Rome has obtained control over much of the

Mediterranean. Increase in brutality as Rome expands massenslavements, wholesale massacres, total destruction. Why? Romefrustrated that others wont submit to Roman conceptions of peaceand order. greed. ambition.Third Punic War


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What will cause fall? Separate control of civilian government andmilitary (which Caesar, p. 205, and Augustus solve).

Chapter 16: Marius and Sulla

Political competition between aristocracy intensifies.Romes wars put much power into the hands of ambitious militaryleaders.Marius military Reforms Marius name associated with popular policiesBeginning in 88 BCE Republic rocked by a series of civil wars thatultimately destroyed it

Mithridates VI Eupator

goal to overthrow R. rule in E. Medit. and create empire of his own ad

Alexander the Great.

Romans hated for their exploitation by residents of Asia Minor

As Rome recovers from the Social War, Mithridates has established anaval base at Piraeus, taken over Southern Greece, besides alsogaining the upper hand in Asia Minor.

Sullas friends in the senate procure for him the coveted commandagainst Mithridates.

P. Sulpicius Rufus, whom Cicero had praised as the best orator hedever heard, puts forth an omnibus bill at the concilium plebis:evidently there was a deal with Marius: if Sulpicius gets Marius thecommand, Marius veterans will supply the votes to pass the bill as awhole (168).

The Bill passes, and Sulla marches on Rome with part of his army thismarks the first time in its history that Rome is rent by civil strife. Setshomes on fire at Rome to prevent further resistance. Gets a senatorialdecree passed naming Marius among others as enemies of the state.Use of the organs of government and the military to further personal

ends. Rescinds Sulpicius laws. Effects reactionary reforms. Thenheads off East.

With Sulla gone, Cinna and Octavius are colleagues in cos. Cinnawants to restore Sulpicius laws, but Octavius has him exiled. Cinnathen wins support of army at Nola and brings Marius back. Mariusstarves Rome, then massacres enemies in the city. After assuming hisseventh cos. M. dies.


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Cinna takes up cos. and holds from 86-84. Restores Sulpicius laws,which have the effect of stripping Sulla of his power. But Sulladisregards this and continues successful campaign in E. Support shiftsto Sulla. Mutinous soldiers kill Cinna in 84.

Abroad, Sulla kicks Mithridates out of Greece and forces him to cometo peace terms in 85. These are bad for M., but particularly bad forAsia Minor.

Sulla returns in 83. His supporters: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius,Marcus Licinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius. Resistance to Sulla quicklymelts away. This resistance comes in the form of those who weresupporters of Marius. The Samnites rise up against Sulla at the Battleof the Colline Gate which ends in defeat for them (82 BCE).

An return characterized by atrocity after atrocity. He had obtained alegal basis for his proscriptions, confiscations, exiles, enslavement bybeing declared dictator just prior to his arrival in Rome.

Sullan Reforms to the Constitution. Expands senate from 300-600.First 18 and most wealthy centuries. Includes members of theequestrian class. Juries manned only by senators. Quaestionesraised to seven: greatest and most permanent of Sullas reforms.Re-enacts Lex Villia Annalis of 180, which prescribed a regular order ofholding office. Quaestors now automatically enter after their term (andnumber raised from 10-20): keep rolls up; reduce influence of censor.

Those who hold tribuneship cant hold any higher office; limitstribunes powers. Adds a 10th province Cisalpine Gaul. Reforms tolimit war-making potential of provincial commanders (173).

Sullas epitaph: he had helped his friends and hurt his enemies acode as old as Homer and one which would fuel feuds andfactionalism

Consequences of Sulla and his reforms:-- legacy of hatred and bitterness: exiles, those whose land isexpropriated, property confiscated have reason to hate oligarchs in

power who had benefited from Sulla. Equestrians excluded fromextortion-court jury would also have reason to dislike oligarchs:corrupt governors made it difficult for them to do business abroad.--competition for political office stiffer: the funnel at the bottom grows,but is still as narrow at the top.--Sulla sets a dangerous precedent: why would a subsequentambitious provincial leader refrain from using his army for personalgain/ends? If he marches on Rome, the best the senate can do is put


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another army with commander in front of him (no less prone to opposesenate)

Chapter 17

Discontent and hatreds bred by Sullan regime find leaders.Domestic and Foreign crises lead to vast clientage, wealth, andmilitary power in certain individuals that senate unable to stop them.

M. Aemilius Lepidus supported by Pompey for cos. in 78 against Sullasobjections. Promotes return of exiles; among these G. Julius Caesarreturns (nephew of Marius).

Pompey an opportunist he suppresses Lepidus rebellion north ofRome. Pompey ambitious. Pompey wants to be touted as hero/saviorof republic. Willing to use vast personal resources (family owns lots of

land in Picenum) and flout laws to obtain this goal: demandscommand against Sertorius though he hasnt held a magistracy in thecursus honorum. Sertorius finally defeated 71; Pompeys peace isgenerous and Spanish remember him for it long after.

After Bithynia becomes a Roman province, Mithridates occupies itbefore Roman soldiers can come, and provokes war in 74 BCE. LuciusLicinius Lucullus gets the command, and causes M. to withdraw toArmenia. But P. Clodius Pulcher, Lucullus brother-in-law, stirs upmutiny, Mithridates takes initiative and undoes what L. had done.Pompey gets himself the command in 67.

Slave revolt 73-71 BCE.

M. Licinius Crassus. Sets about securing political success byacquiring wealth and expanding client-base. Given command againstSpartacus, defeats, but Pompey claims credit for mop-up in Etruria.Both march on Rome and, with legions encamped outside, getthemselves elected consul. In order to win votes, they promotepopulist policies: resoration of full powers to the tribune of theplebsand placing non-senators on juries. historic consulship.

75: G. Aurelius Cotta gets law passed permitting tribunes to holdoffice.73: Monthly grain dole instituted (apparently Sulla had forbiddenmagistrates to institute such a dole)70: P. and C. propose and carry a law to restore all his powers totribune. Tribunes now pass law to restore cit. to all those who foughtunder Lepidus and Sertorius. Coss. revive censorship. Law passed tohave jurors drawn in equal numbers from senate, tribuni aerarii, and


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equites. Pre-Sullan constitution back in place.

70: Trial of Gaius Verres. Test case for the integrity of the senatorialjurors. Cicero help out Pompey by helping his Sicilian friends; gainclientele, gain prominence.

M. Tullius C. His prosecution of Verries results in Verres flight toMassilia; potentially the fact that senate does not acquit results inpower-sharing arrangements.

Caesar

Connections with populist Marius his aunt is Marius wife; his ownwife is Cinnas daughter.69: quaestor

67: tribuneship of G. Cornelius and Au. Gabinius pass salutary andneeded reform (182). Pirates block grain shipping to Rome; famine islooming; people ready to do something about pirates. Gabinius lawgiving command to get rid of pirates puts enormous power into thehands of one person. Against senatorial opposition (partic. C.Calpurnius Piso) the law passes.

Against pirates adopts more humane methods used in Spain ofclemency. Settles them in Asia Minor. Once upon a time pirates loyalclients of Pompey.

66: While in East, Pompey given command against Mithridates (lexManilia gives Pompey supreme command of all forces in Asia Minor)

66-64: Pompey takes over from Lucullus, death of Mithridates, Pompeygives M.s son kingship in Bosporus.

Iranian peoples under leadership of Arsacid kings (founders ofParthian empire) have encroached on former Hellenistic kingdom inSyria. Pompey annexes now Syria and Phoenicia as Roman province.

Pompey may have set future course of Judaism by siding overHyrcanus (Pharisees) over rival (Sadducees).Extends Romes empire from Medit. to Euphrates.Makes East secure and peacefulEncourages urban life.

Meanwhile at Rome65: Caesar Aedile, Crassus censor, both are helping L. Sergius


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Catalina; Crassus giving Caesar money. Crassus and Caesar supportproposal to enroll Italians north of the Po as citizens; proposal shotdown by Q. Lutatius Catulus (Crassus colleague). But residents N. ofPo remain grateful to Cr and Caes.

Along with Catulus, Cicero (still a supporter of Pompey) opposes Crsplan to make Egypt a province (would have appealed to equestrians,perhaps people who would now have a ready source of grain).

Probably Caes. and Cr. backing Catiline and C. Ant. Hybrida for cos. in63 BCE. But Catiline scares populace with talk of cancellation of debt,and violent behavior. Cicero and Hybrida returned first and second.

63 BCE. Land law proposed by P. Servilius Rullus. Land distribution.Access to Pompeys war booty, enroll troops, occupy Egypt by force.Cicero helps bring about its defeat (portrays it to Pompey as

attempting to diminish his influence)

Caesar mounts attack on SCU by prosecuting old senator namedRabirius, who had taken part in murder of Saturninus. Caesardemonstrates his hostility to instrument of optimates against popularleaders.

Cicero speaks against this (pro Rabirio) and also blocks Caesarsattempt to reinstate Sullan exiles.

Catiline running for cos. His program of scaling down of debts

appeals to debtors, ruined aristocrats, Sullan veterans, Sullan exiles.Loses; and begins to plan a coup of the government.

62 BCE: Caesar again speaks against the SCU in asking for lifeimprisonment and not death penalty for five conspirators. Cato theYounger (great grandson of the Elder Cato) rebukes colleagues andthey vote for death.

Cicero hailed aspater patriae. Concordia ordinum a sort of expandedaristocracy, ruling in interests of equiv of upper and middle classes.Takes all of Italy into account, in particular the ruling elite of Italian

towns and cities.

Bona Dea Scandal Cato brings Clodius to trial on a charge ofsacrilege. Cicero testifies and ruins Clodius attempt to cover himselfwith an alibi. Clodius now hates Cicero and Cato.

Did Caesar or Pompey have designs on monarchy? (probably not:they were more motivated by drive to preserve dignitas, gain gloria)


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Pompey returns from abroad and dismisses his army. A keymoment: Pompey attends senate meeting where Crassus ignores himand declares Cicero savior of Rome. Cicero then goes on to speak atlength of his own achievements, alienating Pompey. Optimates, and

especially Cato, make it very difficult for Pompey to get his actapassed. Cato thwarts Caesars attempt to get cos. by making anunattractive province for consuls of 59 BCE.

Ch. 18: Rise of Caesar

Early Chronology

69: Quaestor65: Aedile62: Praetor

61: Provincial Governor in Spain60: Formation of 1st Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus59: Consul

First Triumvirate wants Pompey, land for his veterans and his acta;Crassus, lowered contract payment for equestrian friends; Caesar,command of province and army.

What does Caesar do in his cos?

--He passes land bill in spite of heavy optimate opposition

--Land bill providing the distribution of Campanian ager publicusamong 20k needy citizens with at least three kids.--ratification of Pompeys acta in East.--remittance of part of the tax-collectors contract payment to Rome--Acta Diurna good political move; will communicate anti-populistmeasures of his political enemies to the people.--lex Julia de Repetundis makes exploitation of provinces even moredifficult for governors.

J. C. tries to get Cicero on board so Cic. wont repeal lex Julia: inviteshim to be on Land Commission, then with this offer rejected to

come to Gaul. Finally, he secures the help of Publius Clodius; aspontifex, he presides over Cls adoption by a plebeian family.

Clodius, as tribune, gets Cic. exiled and relegates Cato to Cyprus.

Caesars purpose in going to Gaul: gloria, financial resources andpolitical support for future political battles at Forum.


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Conquest of Gaul is pretty much over in the following year 57 BCE.

Mobs rule the streets back at Rome. Clodius incites riots whenever thequestion of Ciceros return came up. Pompey, backed by his ownfollowers, led by Milo, engineers Ciceros return (on the condition that

Cic. will not upset the Julian law or the rule of the triumvirs).

Caesar in the meantime is no doubt kept up with political affairs athome through correspondence with Pompey, Crassus, et al.

56: things arent looking good for the triumvirate: Clodius trying toundo Julian law, with connivance of Crassus. Cicero trying to swingPompey over to optimates. Triumvirate meets at Luca. 5 yearcommands for all; curb Cicero and the gangs.

56-52: Caesars back in Gaul.

Ch. 19: Caesar wins and is lost

55: Crassus and Pompey Cos. (2nd); Lex Trebonia passed by tribune C.Trebonius gives them their commands.53: Crassus killed, his 7 legions destroyed, and standards taken byParthians Carrhae.

Pompey now looking to gain support at home; Julia his wife (Caesarsdaughter) dies in childbirth; Pompey rebuffs Caesars offer to marryPompeys daughter; Pompey marries now wife of optimate Metellus

Scipio

Rome in anarchy no cos. at beginning of 53 or 52; Pompey electedsole cos. for 52

52 Pompeys Cos.Ciceros unsuccessful defense of MiloLaw providing for five year interval between cos. and provincial

governorshipPompey though extends his own provincial governorship;

exempts Caesar from law making it more difficult to run in absentia.

Caesar now dependent on Pompey.

51 one Caesar friendly cos, and 10 friendly tribunes, incl. MarcusAntonius. Senate attempts to strip Caesar of command, tribune(s)block. Caesar offers to resign command if P. will resign his. Senatepasses SCU declaring Caesar a public enemy.

50 Caesar crosses Rubicon; powerful appeal to loyal veterans to help


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him avenge enemies affronts to his dignitas. Pompey heads toBrundisium then packs off to Greece. A swift conquest of Italy. Caesarvisits Cicero on the way and asks for his support. After organizing forthe security of grain route and governance of Rome and Italy, Caesarheads for Spain.

49 Caesar in Spain. Within 40 days of arrival in Spain, subduesPompeian forces there.

48 Caesars second cos.--economic stimulus--recall of persons exiled by Pompey, and restoration of civil

rights to victims of Sullas proscriptions.--crosses over to Greece from Brundisium; outnumbered at

Durazzo; retreats to Pharsalus; defeat of Pompey; Pompey flees toEgypt.

48-47 Caesar in Egypt.--Caesar supports Cleopatra in her bid for throne; demands

repayment of debt; Ptolemy XIII orders Royal army out and Caesarunder siege for months.

47 Caesar in Italy

--Pompeian forces assembled in Africa for an eventual invasion of Italy;Cato had regrouped Pompeys forces and taken them here. MetellusScipio takes command, of demonstrated incapacity

-- 47-46 Thapsus and death of CatoCaesar annihilates Metellus army at Thapsus. Cato martyr=becomesexemplar of Stoic fortitude.

--46 Arrival at Rome--public thanksgiving--Dictatorship renewable annually for 10 years.--4 triumphs

--45 Munda

--45: Caesar at Rome with powers of dictator, censor, tribune.Reforms: Overall effect is to to reduce the absolute dominance of thecity and to integrate Rome with Italy and Italy with rest of empire:former point expansion of Senate; Lex Julia Municipalis provides forlocal self-government; latter point grants Latin rights or citizenship tomany provincial cities (206)


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Social and economic reforms: provide jobs for those off grain dole andrelieve overpopulation in Rome. Former point public works et al.Basilica Julia, Forum Julium (has temple of Venus genetrix in thecenter); latter point est. no fewer than 20 colonies.

Gold coinage aureusCalendar: how did its regularization make it impossible for politicalrivals to use it against each other?

Along the way Caesar creates much good will and increases reservoirof clients.

44: Feb 14th Caesar declared dictator perpetuus

Was Caesar taking steps towards Monarchy?--month named after him

--statues--coins--dictator perpetuus

In all but name; yet this had not been his intention. Only after civilwars does he realize that one-man rule is best for Rome and herpolyglot empire.

Ch. 20 The Last Days of the Republic

Rise ofAntony Cicero and Augustus (hostile to him) have created

the official version of events. Secures Caesars papers from Calpurnia.Senate meeting on March 17th, 44: Antony presides, convincessenators to ratify Caesars acts, proclaim amnesty for conspirators, andgrant Caesar a public funeral. March 20, 44: Caesars funeral. In hiswill, Caesar makes G. Octavius Thurinus his son. People at seeingwaxen image of Caesars corpse, and his bloodied toga, go berserk,and cremate his corpse in the Senate building, which goes up inflames. Antonius lets Brutus and Cassius and other conspirators toleave Rome. Antonius takes control of Caesars legions in Macedon.Others e.g. Cicero suspicious of his motives.

Octavian in Epirus, in military training. Takes name Gaius JuliusCaesar Octavianus; demands his inheritance, but Antonius has spentmuch of it and rebuffs the youth.

September 1 44 BCE. Cicero had refused to attend senate and Antonycriticizes him for this. In a rebuttal Cic. delivers a mildly criticalspeech. Antonius reply followed by sharper, unpublished speechPhillipics.


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44-43: Mutina. Province holders are of uncertain allegiances, Cassiusand Brutus in east building up army of former Pompey clients. Antonyset on wresting Cis. from Decimus Brutus. Octavian has marched onRome, two of the Macedonian legions have gone over to him. Octavian

given propraetorian power and marches on Antony along with Pansaand Hirtius. Antony driven out. things looking good for Republicancause. Octavian refused cos. by senate, he marches on Rome andinstalls himself and obscure relative as suffect consuls.

43: Antonius wins over legions of transalpine and comata, and returnsto Italy with 22 legions. Lepidus arranges a conference with Octavian.Nov. 27 Lex Titia ratifies the tresviri rei publicae constituendae.43: Proscriptions.42: Battle of Philippi: Brutus and Cassius establish themselves andlegions at Philippi. After this the empire is divided Antonius gets the

East and Gallic Provinces; Octavian Italy, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica;also Spain. Lepidus, N. Africa. Hes slowly dropping out of the picture.41: Antonius in the East; Cleopatra bears him twins. They each standto gain from the other.40: Perusine War. Lucius and Fulvia (former wife of P. Clodius andCurio) are fomenting discontent40: Pact of Brundisium Octavian gets Western provinces, and Antonygets Eastern. Rome is in a bad way, now with an angry Sextus Pompeycutting off grain shipments. Triumvirs make a treaty with him in 39.39-37: Antony in Athens, administering the E. from there. Octaviandivorces Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla.

37: Treaty of Tarentum renews triumvirate for five years.36: With Agrippa and Antonius ships, Pompey is defeated atNaulochus.

Antonius and Cleopatra in the East Antonius in a ceremony becomesco-ruler with Cleopatra of Hellenistic Egypt. He manipulates religioussymbolism in order to consolidate rule. Cleopatra ambitious; wants torestore the former greatness of Ptolemaic Egypt. Antony prepares forinvasion, but it is a debacle. He is now more reliant on Cleopatraswealth. He sends Octavia back in 35 this is a blow. He goes toEpirus with Cleopatra to prepare for battle against Octavian.

Octavian makes it about Cleopatra, not Antony who is merelyCleopatras dupe. Octavian is really in control at Rome. He appears atSenate with armed guard, many senators flee to Antony (this after oneof the senators had inveighed against him); he had Antonys will read this is a huge propaganda victory for him.32: Octavian declares war31: Actium not really much of a battle after all. Antonys troops and


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navy suffer famine, due to blockade by Agrippa; and plague.Desertions. Antony and Cleopatra get away. The rest of the armysurrenders.30: Octavian in Egypt. He needs money. Antony, then Cleopatracommit suicide.

GOOD ESSAY QUESTION: CONTRAST EARLIER TO LATERREPUBLIC.

Ch. 21 Social Economic and Cultural Life in Late Republic

Republic a time of great crisis and creativity. Traditional values donthave as much pull.

Land and Veterans: trend to use coloni free, indebted peasants to

farm estates in center and south (rather than slaves).

Life for Urban and Rural Poor collegia associations formed on acommon association (common district, or like guilds, a trade): socialclub, a group insurance to provide for burials

Slaves and Freedmen. Conquests produce a flood of Slaves (Pompeyin E., Caesar in Gaul). Treatment of rural slaves improve after two bigslave revolts: 104-99 (Sicily) and Spartacus (73-71). Those in theemploy of the wealthy fared better than the majority of free citizens.Masters might come to know and love personal and domestic slaves as

their own family members. Cicero and Tiro.

Freedmen might do well in business, often started out with financialassistance from master, who might profit in turn from success offreedman. Ambivalent attitude towards upstarts, but upper classprofit from. Were not given membership in all voting tribes evidentlyonly one or a few. Which?

Italians: win franchise as a result of social war; obtain a fair enrollmentin voting tribes. But difficulty of going to Rome to vote often too great.Italian landed aristocracy demanded more of a voice in direction of

affairs at Rome. One of their gripes is that the senate is not doingenough to protect their interests. Cicero, Caesar, Pompey, Crassussupport many and gain money, influence and votes from them.

Women: Upper Class Women play an important role in intellectualand political life of Rome. Marriage is an important way to securealliances and treaties. More sexual liberty (?). Lower Class Women female slaves; prostitutes. Slaves and freedwomen of aristocracy often


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had more opportunity than poorer freeborn women.

Bibliography

Malamud, M (2009),Ancient Rome and Modern America

Taylor, L.R. (1990 repr.), Roman Voting Assemblies

Documents

Notes on Textbook