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Your Connection to the Old West December 28, 2016Vol. 27, No. 11
Territorial News
Red Cloud(See Messengers on Page 4)
(See Seige on Page 6) (See Oglala on Page 18)
www.territorialnews.com www.facebook.com/TerritorialNews
NeNeNeNeNext Issuext Issuext Issuext Issuext IssueWWWWWednesdayednesdayednesdayednesdayednesdayJanuarJanuarJanuarJanuarJanuary 11y 11y 11y 11y 11
PlayPlayPlayPlayPlayArizona TArizona TArizona TArizona TArizona Triviariviariviariviarivia
See Page 2 for Details
IndeIndeIndeIndeIndexxxxxArizona Kid...................22Arizona Trivia................2Business Directory........22Classifieds.....................22Jim Harvey......................2
This WThis WThis WThis WThis Week’seek’seek’seek’seek’sQuestion:Question:Question:Question:Question:
What city was theterritorial capital
of Arizona before itwas moved to
Phoenix in 1889?(8 Letters)
ThePony Express
A Mexican Soldier’s Accountof the Alamo Seige
Evokes Thrilling, Romantic Images of the Westan has always beenin a hurry to getwhere he wants to
go and, once he gets there,is often in just as big a rushto get the news from theplace he left. This demandfor speed has always been thewhip of progress, and in thewestern part of our countryit was no different. Thesettlers had traveled west, asfast as they were able, to thefree land and new homes.The gold seekers had comeand rapidly spread across thehills and valleys. Merchants,lumbermen, stockmen,—allfollowed, and no sooner hadthey reached theirdestination than theybecame hungry for word andgoods from home.
The accent on speed anduniting East and West hadbrought the stagecoachersand the expressmen onto thescene and started the nation
stringing telegraph wires anddriving railroad spikes. It isironic, therefore, that thePony Express, the synonymfor haste, was not theproduct of the speedmerchants. Rather, it was theslower-paced freight firm ofRussell, Majors and Waddellthat gave untimely birth tothe Pony Express—untimelybecause the service wasdoomed from the beginning.
The imaginative
undertaking appears to havebeen conceived byCalifornia Senator WilliamH. Gwin. At a time whencritical need for speedexisted, Gwin visualized apony relay line, a weekly, ten-day service between theMissouri River andSacramento. It is likely thatthe senator made such aproposal to William H.Russell when the latter wasat the nation’s capital andthat the freighting magnateconsented on the conditionthat government subsidies
would soon follow.The f irm of Russell,
Majors and Waddellunderwrote the ambitiousproject. Stations were to beestablished about ten milesapart over the planned1,966-mile route. There were190 way stations to be built,although at f irst many ofthem were tents, and thehiring of the same number ofstation tenders. All in all,before these things could bedone, f ive hundred fasthorses and equipment forthem procured, and at leasteighty young and courageousriders obtained, one hundredthousand dollars in cash wasspent.
On April 3, 1860, thejob was done. Johnny Fry,the first westbound rider,left St. Joseph, Missouri, forSacramento, and BillyHamilton, the f irsteastbound, took off forMissouri. In one of the laced
M
In Their Own Words
n 1835, a generaluprising throughoutMexico sought to
overthrow the dictatorial reignof President Antonio Lopez deSanta Anna. Americancitizens who had settled in theMexican province of Texasjoined the uprising andsuccessfully forced theMexican military across theRio Grande River. Theobjective of these Texanrevolutionaries soon changedfrom modifying the dictatorialrule of General Santa Anna toestablishing an independentstate of Texas.
In response, General
Santa Anna led his re-organized army back acrossthe Rio Grande River tosubdue the insurgents. He
instructed his troops toimmediately execute anyforeign fighters theyencountered. Santa Annamarched his force to theAlamo, an abandonedSpanish mission, located in
what is now San Antonio.Here, a defending force offewer than 200 men awaitedtheir arrival. Led by WilliamB. Travis, their numberincluded two legendaryfigures in American history,Davy Crockett and JamesBowie. Arriving on February23, 1836, Santa Anna’s troopssurrounded the Alamo, layingsiege to its defenders. TheAlamo defenders successfullyrepulsed two attacks, but wereoverwhelmed by the third. Thecombat was characterized byroom-to-room fighting in
IImportant Leader of the Oglala Sioux
orn near the fork ofNebraska’s PlatteRiver, Red Cloud of
the Oglala Sioux claimed hisfirst scalp at the age of 16while riding against Pawnees.He distinguished himself asa ferocious, aggressivewarrior, and his reputationgrew.
By 1841, a disputedeveloped between the clanof his uncle Chief Smoke andthat of Chief Bull Bear. NearFort Laramie, the ambitiousRed Cloud shot and killedBull Bear, but his fierce actagainst a Sioux chief ensured
that he would never betrusted as chief of allOgalalas.
Red Cloud’s f irstknown action against U.S.soldiers eruptedspontaneously when he wasin his early twenties. In1854, near Fort Laramie, ascuffle between soldiers anda band of Sioux ensued overthe slaughter of a cow. Whenthe band’s chief was killed,the warriors, including RedCloud and many from hisclan, chased down the
B
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 2
Jim HarveyThe Arizona Trail
Arizona - Web of Time
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How to PlayHow to PlayHow to PlayHow to PlayHow to Play
Keith Adams, Sid Clarke, Bonnie Cloutier, Larry Damer, DoyleEkey, Jack Gajewski, Kevin Gartley, Charlene Harms, Terry Heyl,Robert Holte, Robert Lidgett, Ed Miller, John Noordyke, RogerRinger, Bill Riordan, Gary Swanson, Dorothy Tangerman, RichardValley.
ARIZONA TRIVIAARIZONA TRIVIAARIZONA TRIVIAARIZONA TRIVIAARIZONA TRIVIAThis WThis WThis WThis WThis Week’s Question: eek’s Question: eek’s Question: eek’s Question: eek’s Question: What city was the territorial capital
of Arizona before it was moved to Phoenix in 1889?(8 Letters)
LLLLLast Issue’s Question:ast Issue’s Question:ast Issue’s Question:ast Issue’s Question:ast Issue’s Question: What is the name of the mountainslooming over the city of Flagstaff, Arizona?
Answer:Answer:Answer:Answer:Answer: San Francisco Peaks
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Lord, let this year be filled with thethings that are truly good—with the
comfort of warmth in our relationships,with the strength to help those whoneed our help and the humility andopenness to accept help from others.
Prayer for the New YPrayer for the New YPrayer for the New YPrayer for the New YPrayer for the New Yearearearearear
Creatures called giantground sloths lived innorthern Arizona’s GrandCanyon country during thelast Ice Age more than 11,000years ago. Standing on theirhind legs, the largest were 12feet tall. They weighed morethan 700 pounds and lived ontree leaves.
Arizona Territory’s firstcapital was established at thenorth end of the Chino Valley
in 1864. Later that year, it wasmoved south to brand newPrescott.
Pinal City was foundedin 1878 as a silver miningtown. It soon had stores,churches and a flourishingeconomy until the early 1890swhen the silver boom ended.Except for ten people, thetown was abandoned.
At 1883 Clifton, a
homeless man called‘Chloride’ died in his sleep anda group of dance hall girlsarranged his funeral. Acarpenter made a coffin; itwas covered with wildflowers,and carried to the cemeteryin a large wagon pulled by fourhorses. A procession of dancehall girls dressed in their bestclothes followed.
In 1894, residents ofWilliams paid $1,000 for asurvey of a railroad route tothe Grand Canyon 60 milesnorth. They also built a two-room brick school andorganized a drama club tostage theatrical productions atthe local Opera house.
By the turn of the 20thcentury, Navajos sellinglivestock, rugs and jewelrywanted to be paid with silveror gold coins. They refusedpaper money because they’dbeen cheated so often bywhite men giving themworthless coupons, boguschecks, and even Confederatebills from the American CivilWar.
Cooks were paid morethan cowboys on cattleranches near Seligman in1901: $60 a month for cooks,$50 for cow pokes.
1909 was the year theterritorial legislature decidedto license hunters for the firsttime in Arizona. Annual feeswere $1 for Arizona residents,$10 for U.S. citizens fromother territories and states,and $25 for non-citizens.Hunters were limited to threebuck deer a season and 25quail a day.
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Mr. and Mrs. Apostrophe are divorcing.He found her to be possessive,and she hated his contractions.
The marriage felt like a sentence.
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(See Card Game on Page 8)
derivation of the cardgame Basset, Farooriginated in France
in the late 17th century. Firstknown as Pharaoh, it becameextremely popular in Europein the 18th century. With itsname shortened to Pharo orFaro, it soon spread toAmerica and became thefavored game during theCalifornia Gold Rush. Thegame soon spread intogambling halls all over theAmerican Frontier, with suchillustrious names as DocHolliday and Wyatt Earp oftenperforming the task of a Farodealer.
Though not a directrelative of poker, Faro wasplayed by the masses alongsideits popular counterpart due toits fast action, easy-to-learnrules, and better odds thanmost games of chance. From1825 to 1915, the game, alsocalled “Bucking the Tiger,”was the most popularenticement in almost everygambling hall in the AmericanWest.
Faro’s detractorsregarded it as a dangerousscam that destroyed familiesand reduced men to poverty,
because of rampant rigging ofthe dealing box. Crooked Faroequipment was so popular thatmany sporting-housecompanies began to supplygaffed dealing boxes speciallydesigned so that the bankerscould cheat their players.Cheating was prevalentenough that editions of Hoyle’sRules of Games began theirFaro section warning readersthat not a single honest Farobank could be found in the
United States. While the gamebecame scarce after WorldWar II, it continued to beplayed at a few Las Vegas andReno casinos through 1985.
A game of Faro was oftencalled a “Faro bank.” It wasplayed with an entire deck ofplaying cards. One person wasdesignated a “banker” and anindeterminate number ofplayers could be admitted.
A
E
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 4
The Pony ExpressMessengers
(From Page 1)
pockets of his specially madeMexican saddlebag,(mochilla), Fry carrieda message ofcongratulations fromPresident Buchanan tothe governor ofCalifornia, the wordshaving beentelegraphed that verymorning fromWashington to St.Joseph. This letterrode into Sacramentoat about 1:00 a.m. onApril 14, just over tendays later. Night andday it had been carriedforward unceasingly. Arider would pick it upfrom his predecessorand ride the following60-75 miles to the pointwhere his “relief” awaitedhim to take the mochilla thenext leg of the route. To
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properly appreciate thisremarkable record it shouldbe remembered that thesame trip by fast stagecoachtook more than twenty-twodays and mail delivery to the
West Coast prior to thattime had taken about amonth.
This express, as
expected, was a tremendoushit. Bankers and merchantsfound the ten-day service aremarkable help. FromSacramento the mail wasplaced on an overnight boat
to San Francisco, andthe newspapers hadsucceeded inestablishing a telegraphline from San Franciscoto Stockton on down toLos Angeles inanticipation of theservice.
The Pony Express,however, took a majortoll on both riders andanimals. Fast gallopingfor sustained periodsexhausted the ponies,and the poundingabsorbed by the riderswas more than mostmen could long endure.But the Pony Express
had other problems as well.Attacks by maraudingIndians disrupted theservice, bad weather onsections of the route oftenslowed the riders down, andpayments by subscribers tothe service fell far short ofmaintenance costs.Furthermore, thegovernment subsidies werenot forthcoming.
For all the fame theservice generated, the
(See Messengers on Page 15)
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Page 5Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 6
Seige of the AlamoSeige
(From Page 1)
which all but a handful of thedefenders were killed.
The following account isprovided by a member of SantaAnna’s army that besieged theAlamo. We join his story onthe evening just before the at-tack:
On this same evening, alittle before nightfall, it issaid that Barret Travis,
330 S. Gilbert Rd. Mesa, AZ
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Hear about the statistician who drowned crossing a river?It was three feet deep on average.
commander of the enemy,had offered to the general-in-chief, by a womanmessenger, to surrender hisarms and the fort with all thematerials upon the solecondition that his own lifeand the lives of his men bespared. But the answer wasthat they must surrender atdiscretion, without anyguarantee, even of life, whichtraitors did not deserve. Itis evident, that after such ananswer, they all prepared tosell their lives as dearly as
possible. Consequently, theyexercised the greatestvigilance day and night toavoid surprise.
On the morning ofMarch 6, the Mexican troopswere stationed at 4 o’clock,a.m., in accord with SantaAnna’s instructions. Theartillery, as appears fromthese same instructions, wasto remain inactive, as itreceived no order; andfurthermore, darkness andthe disposition made of thetroops which were to attackthe four fronts at the sametime, prevented its f iringwithout mowing down ourown ranks. Thus the enemywas not to suffer from ourartillery during the attack.Their own artillery was inreadiness. At the sound ofthe bugle they could nolonger doubt that the timehad come for them toconquer or to die. Had theystill doubted, the imprudentshouts for Santa Anna givenby our columns of attackmust have opened their eyes.
As soon as our troopswere in sight, a shower ofgrape and musket balls waspoured upon them from thefort, the garrison of which atthe sound of the bugle, hadrushed to arms and to theirposts. The three columnsthat attacked the west, thenorth, and the east fronts,fell back, or rather, waveredat the first discharge fromthe enemy, but the exampleand the efforts of theofficers soon caused them toreturn to the attack. Thecolumns of the western andeastern attacks, meetingwith some diff iculties inreaching the tops of thesmall houses which formedthe walls of the fort, did, bya simultaneous movement tothe right and to left, swing
(See Seige on Page 16)
Page 7Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
Arizona Volunteers
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rizona’s f irstterritorial legislatureconvened at Prescott
on September 26, 1864. Thelegislature sent a number ofrequests to Congress forfederal aid over the next twoyears, but about the onlygood to come out of therequests were several mailroutes.
However, Congressagreed with the legislatureand Governor Goodwin thatthe Indians in the territoryshould be placed onreservations. Congress evenset aside 75,000 acres for areservation but allocated nomoney to set it up. In fact,no money was set aside tosettle the Indians on thereservation until 1867.
During the Civil Warthe regular army waswithdrawn to fight the warin the east. With thewithdrawal of troops theApache Indians resumedraiding surrounding ranches,isolated settlements,travelers and mine sites.With the raids becomingmore frequent, a request wassent to Congress for$250,000 to send volunteerrangers into war against the
Apaches. The request wasturned down. So theterritorial governmentproceeded on its own. Fivecompanies of ArizonaVolunteers were musteredinto service in 1865 to fightApaches. Most of the 350men were Mexicans or Pimaand Maricopa Indians. Their11 of f icers were mainlyAnglo Americans.
The volunteers werepoorly equipped. Some werebarefooted. They were neverpaid the $100 bonuspromised when they enlisted.After enduring months ofhardship pursuing Apaches,the Arizona Volunteers weregiven one reward...a “thankyou” from the thirdlegislature in 1866 for a jobwell done.
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December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 8
The Game of Faro
Gilbert: 1235 N. Gilbert Rd.480-497-0321
Tempe: 1815 E. ElliotFriday Fish Fry Open till 8pm Tempe Only
Ahwatukee: 4623 E. ElliotProud to be family owned & operated
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Have you been to Biscuits Restaurant yet?If not, you’re missing one of Gilbert’s favoriteplaces to eat!
Biscuits lives up to its name with fluffybiscuits with gravy, “SOS,” liver and onions,and many other local favorites. They use localand organic ingredients whenever possiblewith no preservatives. Biscuits owner LloydMelton says, “My food is a lot more like Paula Deen than lean cuisine.”Between the down home cooking, the pleasant staff and the delicious food,you’ll grade them an A+. You’ll want to return again and again to sample thevaried menu selections and genuine down home atmosphere.
Biscuits of Gilbert is located at 1235 N. Gilbert Rd., in front of Sam’sClub. They also have two other locations: 1815 E. Elliot Rd. in Tempe, andin Ahwatukee at 4623 E Elliot Rd. on the corner of Elliot and McClintock.The menu in all three locations is the same, serving breakfast and lunchevery day. The Tempe location is open until 8:00 PM on Fridays for theiraward-winning Southern Style Fish Fry.
It’s all about simple pleasures and good company. All military, past andpresent, receive a 10% discount for their meal as a thank you for your service.We offer take out, catering, and private parties. Good old-fashioned HomeCooking. “The way it was meant to be!”
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Card Game
(From Page 3)
Chips (called “checks”) werepurchased by the punter fromthe banker (or house) fromwhich the game originated.Bet values and limits were setby the house. Usual checkvalues were 50 cents to $10each.
The Faro table was oval,covered with green felt, andhad a cutout for the banker.A board with a standardizedbetting layout consisting of
one card of each denominationpasted to it, called the“layout,” was placed on top ofthe table. Traditionally, thesuit of spades was used for thelayout. Each player laid hisstake on one of the 13 cardson the layout. Players couldplace multiple bets and couldbet on multiple cardssimultaneously by placingtheir bet between cards or onspecific card edges. Playersalso had the choice of bettingon the high card located at thetop of the layout.
A deck of cards was
placed face-up inside a“dealing box,” a mechanicalshoe used to preventmanipulations of the draw bythe banker, and intended toensure players of a fair game.
The f irst card in thedealing box is called the“soda” and is “burned” off,leaving 51 cards in play. As thesoda is pulled out of thedealing box, it exposes thefirst card in play, called the“banker’s card.” This is placedon the right side of the dealingbox. The next card exposedafter the banker’s card is calledthe carte Anglaise (Englishcard) or simply the “player’scard,” and it is placed on theleft.
The banker’s card is the“losing card.” All bets placedon that card are lost by theplayers and won by the bank.The player’s card is the“winning card.” All bets placedon that card are returned tothe players with a 1 to 1 (2-for-1) winning paid by thebank. The banker collects onall the money staked on thecard laid on the right, and hepays double the sums stakedon those on the cardremaining on the left (in thedealing box). The dealersettled all bets after each twocards drawn. This allowedplayers to bet before drawingthe next two cards.
A player could “copper”his bet by placing a hexagonal(6-sided) token called a“copper” on it. Somehistorians say a penny wassometimes used in place of acopper. This reversed themeaning of the win/loss pilesfor that particular bet. Anabacus-like device, called a“case keep,” is employed toassist the players and preventdealer cheating by countingcards. The operator of thecase keep is called the “casekeeper.”
Certain advantages werereserved to the banker: if hedrew a doublet, that is, twoequal cards, he won half of thestakes upon the card whichequaled the doublet. In a fairgame, this provided the only“house edge.” If the bankerdrew the last card of the pack,he was exempt from doublingthe stakes deposited on thatcard. In most cases, whenthree cards remained, thedealer would offer aspecialized bet called “callingthe turn,” with the housepaying to the players who canidentify the exact order of thelast three cards a 4-to-1 (sincethe real odds of naming theorder is 5 to 1) payout and a1 to 1 payout if there is a pair,called a “cat-hop.”
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Page 9Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 10
Western Courts CouldBe Quite Informal
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ome of the early courtspresided over byjustices of the peace in
the Old West were quiteinformal. A story is told ofone Texas justice called “OldNecessity” because he hadlittle or no knowledge of thelaw. The only book on hisbench was a mail -ordercatalog bound in sheepskin.Before each verdict, he puton his spectacles and openedthe volume at random. At theconclusion of one case, aftera quick look, he announced:“I fine you $4.88.”
The defendant, who hadpleaded guilty to amisdemeanor, jumped up toprotest. But his lawyeryanked him back in his seat.
“Be thankful,” said theattorney, “that he opened itat pants instead of atpianos.”
William B. Almond, aformer peanut peddler, whowas appointed as a judge inSan Francisco in late 1849,charged an ounce of golddust for every motion andpostponement. Sitting withhis chair tipped back and hisfeet planted high, he allowedno long speeches. When acase bored him, he might risefrom his chair and announce:
“The court’s dry. Thecourt’s adjourned. Let’s takea drink.”
Drinking was commonin some of the early courts.Once, at Placervil le,California, the trial of aminer charged with assaultbegan before a justice of thepeace at eleven o’clock atnight. Recesses were takenevery few minutes for drinksat a nearby bar. At daybreak,according to the report of alocal historian, “a drunkenlawyer addressed a drunkenjury on behalf of a drunkenprosecutor. A drunken judgehaving delivered aninebriated charge, a fuddledverdict of acquittal wasdelivered.”
Even after more formalcourts were set up, theinf luence of the earlierminer’s courts and vigilancecommittees sometimes madeitself felt. In Oregon, after
the miners at Jacksonvillehad elected a justice, a minerwho thought the judge hadmade an unjust decisionagainst him appealed to theassembly of miners. In aSunday mass meeting, theminers retried the case. Theyreversed the judge’sdecision, and their verdictstuck.
Many a frontier judgefound it wise to arm himselfin court. At Douglas,Wyoming, in 1886, a justiceof the peace, Virginia-bornCharles E. Clay, wasthreatened by the gamblerfriends of a dance-hallbouncer he had sentenced tojail for beating a cowboy.
“You’ve got to suspendthat jail sentence,” said one.“If you don’t, we’ll tar andfeather you and ride you outof town on a rail.”
Clay, withoutanswering, walked backbehind the bench and tookout a pistol containing adouble charge of powder andshot. The gun, he said, “willalways be here to make thatsentence good.”
Equally brusque was anearlier Texas judge, RobertM. Williamson. In 1837,Williamson was sent to the
(See Justice on Page 23)
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Page 11Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
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December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 12 Page 13Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
660 S. Main Street, P.O. Box 2818Florence, AZ 85132520.868.1400
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Arizona became a territory under thesignature of Abraham Lincoln in 1863.When the Civil War ended two years later,the U.S. Cavalry came to protect the newterritory from bandits and marauding Apacheresistant to the increased settling of the land.Farmers soon settled the banks of the GilaRiver to raise cattle and hay usingprehistoric HoHoKam irrigation canals towater the thirsty desert. Families fromMexico moved north to escape wars innorthern Mexico as settlers came from theeast seeking fortune and adventure. So beganFlorence.
Florence boomed in the 1870s aswagonloads of ore from the Silver King Minepassed through town. Single men swarmedto work the mines and spend their moneyin Florence, while cowboys from the localranches celebrated payday here as well.Twenty-eight establishments such as theNichols and Tunnel Saloons served thesemen who would quench their thirst, gamble,and enjoy female companionship.
Homes and commercial buildings wereconstructed of sun-dried bricks, or adobe,and shaded by cottonwood trees growingalong small ditches of flowing water besidethe streets. The sounds of Mexican musiccould be heard many evenings in this smalloasis in the desert.
Florence became the county seat of thenewly created Pinal County in 1875 and anew brick courthouse and jail was built(now McFarland State Park). By 1891, thetown constructed an early fired red brickAmerican Victorian courthouse to meetexpanding needs. The building ran overbudget and funds for the clock in the towerwere diverted to build a new jail. The clockface is only painted on and always reads11:44. This courthouse appears on the townseal and is a visible landmark as one entersthe town from all directions.
Today, Florence boasts many historicbuildings dating back to the early days ofthe town. On Saturday, February 11, 2017,from 10:00 a.m. until 4:00 p.m., visitors tothe 32nd Annual Historic Florence HomeTour will view diverse architectural stylesin over 17 homes and historical structures.Visitors may walk the tour route, whichbegins in downtown Florence or utilizetransportation provided to other outlyingstructures.
The theme for the Home Tour,“Florence: Born of Adobe Brick and theFrontier Spirit,” will be demonstrated inseveral accompanying events. The San TanFoothills High School Drama Club willperform two re-enactments of Pearl Hart,female stage coach robber, at the SecondPinal County Courthouse at 11:00 a.m. and1:00 p.m. Members of the Buffalo Soldierswill present a camp re-enactment and
32nd Annual Florence Historic Home Tour“Florence: Born of Adobe Brick and the Frontier Spirit”
presentation at 2:00 p.m. at the Pinal CountyHistorical Museum. The Florence Arts andCulture Commission will present a QuickDraw Art Event beginning at 10:00 a.m. Allvisitors are welcome on February 11th toenjoy these events as well as the historicalhomes and buildings.
Tickets are only $15 for adults the dayof the event or $10 in advance. Advancetickets are available at the Pinal CountyHistorical Society and Museum, GreaterFlorence Chamber of Commerce, and theFlorence Library and Community Center.
For questions or more information,please contact John Nixon at the FlorenceParks and Recreation Department at (520)868-7699 or at www.f lorenceaz.gov/hometour.
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 14
Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen
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(See Conflict on Page 19)
he rivalry for waterand grass on thepublic lands of the
West led to many conflictsin which stockmen took thelaw into theirown hands. Thebiggest conf lictof them all wasb e t w e e ncattlemen andsheepmen. Thisclash of interestswas the cause ofmany bitterrange wars.
E v e nthough thef e d e r a lgovernment owned most ofthe pastures in dispute,cowmen regarded sheepmenas intruders. They were notgoing to be “sheeped out” orhave f locks devour the grassand pollute the streams. Thecowboy, usually wellmounted, looked down onthe sheepherder, who usuallytraveled on foot, on a burro,or in a wagon. The herder
Conflict on the Rangewas regarded as “lower downthan a thief,” and the muttonhe raised was viewed withcontempt.
Cattlemen tried to
bolster their position bycharging that sheep killed thegrass by nibbling it too closeand trampling the roots withtheir sharp hoofs. Theypointed out that the odorwhich sheep left on the grassand in watering places wasdistasteful to horses andcattle. Sheepmen repliedthat, under goodmanagement, sheep and
cattle could be grazedindef initely on the samepastures, but cowmen werenot convinced.
Many bands of cowmen,outraged at theintrusion of theflocks on rangesthey claimed,terrorized theherders andkilled or droveoff the sheep.Their methodsi n c l u d e dc l u b b i n g ,s h o o t i n g ,d y n a m i t i n g ,p o i s o n i n g ,
burning, and stampeding thesheep over cliffs—sometimescalled rimrocking. Sheepowners and herders wereordered to leave the ranges,and occasionally some werekilled.
The herder, usuallyalone, had little chance todefend himself or his flock
T
O
Page 15Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
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Some of the legendarynames of western history,Buffalo Bill , Wild BillHickok, Kit Carson, and
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December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 16
Seige of the Alamo
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(From Page 6)
northward ti l l the threecolumns formed one densemass, which under theguidance of their officers,endeavored to climb theparapet on that side.
This obstacle was atlength overcome, the gallantGeneral Juan V. Amadorbeing among the foremost.Meantime, the columnattacking the southern frontunder Colonels Jose VicenteMinon and Jose Morales,availing themselves of ashelter formed by somestone houses near thewestern salient of that front,boldly took the gunsdefending it, and penetratedthrough the embrasures intothe square formed by thebarracks. There they assistedGeneral Amador, who,having captured the enemy’spieces, turned them againstthe doors of the interiorhouses where the rebels had
sought shelter, and fromwhich they fired upon ourmen in the act of jumpingdown onto the square orcourt of the fort. At last theywere all destroyed by grape,musket shot and the bayonet.
Our loss was veryheavy. Colonel FranciscoDuque was mortallywounded at the verybeginning, as he lay dying onthe ground where he wasbeing trampled by his ownmen, he still ordered themon to the slaughter. Thisattack was extremelyinjudicious and in oppositionto military rules, for our ownmen were exposed not onlyto the fire of the enemy butalso to that of our owncolumns attacking the otherfronts; and our soldiersbeing formed in closecolumns, all shots that wereaimed too low, struck thebacks of our foremost men.The greatest number of ourcasualties took place in thatmanner; it may even beaffirmed that not one fourth
of our wounded were struckby the enemy’s fire, becausetheir cannon, owing to theirelevated position, could notbe sufficiently lowered toinjure our troops after theyhad reached the foot of thewalls. Nor could thedefenders use their musketswith accuracy, because thewall having no innerbanquette, they had, in orderto deliver their fire, to standon top where they could notlive one second.
The of f icial l ist ofcasualties, made by GeneralJuan de Andrade, shows:of f icers 8 kil led, 18wounded; enlisted men 52killed, 233 wounded. Total311 killed and wounded. Agreat many of the woundeddied for want of medicalattention, beds, shelter, andsurgical instruments.
The whole garrison were[sic] killed except an oldwoman and a Negro slave forwhom the soldiers feltcompassion, knowing thatthey had remained fromcompulsion alone. Therewere 150 volunteers, 32citizens of Gonzales who hadintroduced themselves intothe fort the night previous tothe storming, and about 20citizens or merchants ofBexar.Join us for Sunday Morning
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Page 17Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 18
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(See Oglala on Page 20)
Oglala
(From Page 1)
soldiers and killed them oneat a time.
Over the next few years,the fierce warrior engineereda bloody and successfulcampaign known as RedCloud’s War along theBozeman Trail. The war beganwhen the trail, which led to theMontana gold fields, openedin the early 1860s, cuttingthrough some of the richesthunting grounds of the Siouxand Cheyenne. Becausetravelers were constantlyharassed by Indians, thefederal government decided toprotect this dangerous route.
In August 1865, RedCloud and Chief Dull Knifeof the Cheyenne led about500 warriors against a largewagon train bound forVirginia City, Montana. When
the warriorscircled thewagons, theywere surprisedto find that twocompanies ofU.S. infantrywere acting as anescort. Fromthis encounter,Red Cloud andDull Knifelearned that afort was beingbuilt to anchorthe trail. The fortwas called FortConnor, namedafter GeneralPatrick Connor,who was headinga major militaryexpedition in the region.
Red Cloud decided thatthe stockade and artillarywould render a direct attackon the fort too costly. Instead,a series of raids was launched
against travelers and soldiers.The end result of Red Cloud’ssuccessful tactics was theremoval of General Connorfrom command. Fort Connorwas renamed Fort Reno, andConnor’s expedition wasterminated.
The Army returned inforce, however, directingColonel Henry Carringtonand his 18th Infantry to fortifyand secure the Bozeman Trail.Colonel Carrington met withSioux leaders at Fort Laramie.Through an interpreter, RedCloud bitterly recounted theencroachment of white menon tribal hunting grounds,moments before stalking outof the conference.
As Carrington oversawthe construction of a series offorts, Red Cloud continued toraid and to wage guerrilla waragainst travelers on the trail.Red Cloud kept Carrington’sgarrison in a virtual state ofsiege behind the elaboratefortif ications of newlyconstructed Fort Phil Kearny.In December 1866, thebloodiest battle of the war,called the Fetterman
Red Cloud in 1890
Page 19Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
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Conflict
(From Page 14)
when a mounted band ofarmed cowmen swoopeddown on his camp in themiddle of the night. Often hecould do no more than lookon helplessly as the raidersslaughtered many of thewoolies and scattered others.
Such raids werenumerous in Texas, althoughnot as disastrous as in someother areas. In Brown County,Charles Hanna, who hadbrought the first sheep therein 1869, went out to his rockcorral one morning and foundthat all 300 had had theirthroats cut. In the San SabaHills a decade later, cowmenset a dog on Peter Bertrand’ssheep and ordered the herderto leave. When Bertrandrefused to go, they raided hispen at night, shooting some ofthe woolies.
Three years later,cowmen ordered severalsheep raisers to leave BrownCounty after burning theirhouses and pens and firing ontheir flocks. Near Laredo, aMexican herder was killed in1884 after he ignored an orderto leave.
New Mexican sheepmenhad similar troubles. In 1884,five cowmen killed all 700 ofthe sheep that Arcadio Saiswas grazing on the Carrizozorange. The next year, inLincoln County, raiders firedon a herder who had refusedto move.
In Arizona, D. A.Sanford’s herders were firedon. In the San Francisco Peakscountry in 1884, cowmenrounded up more than ahundred wild horses. Theystrapped cowbells to the necksof some and tied rawhides tothe tails of others. Then yellingand firing their guns, theydrove the horses into tenbands of woolies, 25,000 inall, that had been bedded downfor the night. With theterrified sheep running in alldirections, many were killedor injured. In the same year,on the Little Colorado range,cowmen drove more than4,000 sheep into the river,causing hundreds to drown ordie in the quicksands.
Colorado cowmen wereequally intolerant of sheep,even though in 1869 theirterritory was said to havetwice as many woolies ascattle. In 1874, night raidersentered the corral of John T.Collier and killed all hisimported Merino rams, worth$1,000 each. In Bent County
in the same year, JeremiahBooth found 234 of his gradedCotswolds poisoned by menwho ordered him to leavewithin ten days.
Similar troubles plaguedsheepmen farther north. InIdaho in 1896, two herdersencamped in the ShoshoneBasin were shot to death andtheir f locks scattered. InMontana four years later,eleven cowmen killed R. R.Selway’s whole band of 3,000woolies. In Wyoming, raiderskilled nearly 12,000 sheep ina single night. In otherinstances, they drove flocksover precipices or scatteredpoison on the ranges.
After the turn of thecentury, night raiders in
Wyoming became bolder.Near Thermopolis, in 1902,they shot and killed aflockmaster. In the centralpart of the state that sameyear they slaughtered severalthousand sheep and theherders. In 1904, near KirbyCreek, they shot and killed asheepman without warning.
Sheepmen in easternOregon were having similarproblems. In raids from 1899to 1903, thousands of theirsheep were killed. In 1904alone, 6,000 were slaughteredin three counties. In 1905 thesecretary of the CrookCounty Sheep ShootersAssociation boasted that his
(See Conflict on Page 23)
Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 20
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(From Page 18)
Massacre, took place. CaptainWilliam J. Fetterman was sentwith two civilians and 79cavalry and infantry-men tochase away a small Indian warparty that had attackednearby. Captain FrederickBrown accompaniedFetterman; the two wereconfident in their troops andanxious to go to battle with theIndians. They disobeyedorders to stay behind theLodge Trail Ridge and insteadcontinued to pursue a smallband of warriors led by anIndian on an injured horse. Itwas the wily Crazy Horse, whowas only pretending to be avulnerable target. He trickedCaptain Fetterman and histroops into following him intoan ambush of over 2,000Arapaho, Sioux, andCheyenne. Red Cloud’swarriors suffered only 14casualties, while slaughteringthe entire detachment of 81from Fort Phil Kearny. Afterthe massacre, Carrington wasremoved from command. Ithad been the army’s worstdefeat in the West up to thattime.
The military presencewas maintained along theBozeman Trail, and RedCloud continued to send his
warriors against civilians andsoldiers at every opportunity.Finally, the War Departmentrelented. In 1868, theBozeman Trail forts wereabandoned and the trail wasclosed. Red Cloud hadengineered the only successfulcampaign waged by NativeAmericans against the U.S.Army. The triumphant chiefrode into Fort Laramie inNovember 1868 and signedthe Treaty of Fort Laramie inwhich the U.S. agreed towithdraw its troopscompletely from Lakotaterritory.
Uneasy relationsbetween the expanding UnitedStates and the nativescontinued. In 1870, Red Cloudvisited Washington D.C., andmet with Commissioner ofIndian Affairs Ely S. Parker(an Iroquois Native Americanand U.S. Army General) andPresident Ulysses Grant. Thistrip, and several other visitsto the capital, made himrealize the extent of hisenemy’s size and power.Although he had stated hisintention to fight to the deathrather than submit, hisresponsibilties as a leaderimpelled him to bring hispeople onto reservations.
In 1871, the Red CloudAgency was established on thePlatte River, downstreamfrom Fort Laramie. As
outlined in the Treaty of 1868,the agency staff wereresponsible for issuing rationsto the Lakota weekly as wellas providing the annuallydistributed supply of goods. Inthe fall of 1873, the agency wasremoved to the upper WhiteRiver in northwesternNebraska.
Red Cloud settled atthe agency with his band bythe fall of 1873. He soonbecame embroiled in acontroversy with the newIndian agent, Dr. John J.Saville.
In 1874, GeneralGeorge Armstrong Custerled a reconnaissance missioninto Sioux territory thatreported gold in the BlackHills, an area held sacred bythe local Indians. Formerly,the Army tried to keepminers out but did notsucceed; the threat ofviolence grew. In May of1875, Sioux delegationsheaded by Red Cloud, SpottedTail, and Lone Horn traveledto Washington, D.C., in a last-ditch attempt to persuadePresident Grant to honorexisting treaties and stem thef low of miners into theirlands. The Indians met onvarious occasions with Grant,and other governmentofficials, who finally informed
(See Oglala on Page 22)
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SPECIALIZING IN PARK MODEL FURNITURE
8111 E. Apache Trail • Mesa 480-986-09308111 E. Apache Trail • Mesa 480-986-09308111 E. Apache Trail • Mesa 480-986-09308111 E. Apache Trail • Mesa 480-986-09308111 E. Apache Trail • Mesa 480-986-0930www.grandpasfurniture.com
New&
Used
HappyHolidaysFrom
Grandpa’s!
T
Page 21Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
Black Bart Robs theStage at Copperopolis
PARK MODEL CLEARANCEUSED FIFTH WHEELS SALE!
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www.superstitionskies.comNew Facebook Superstition Skies Restaurant & Bar
Hours: Mon - Sat 10am - 2am•Sunday 10am - CloseHappy Hour Mon-Fri 3-7 $2.50 Dom Bottle Beer & Well, $2 Dom Draft
Monday 5 pmFree Dance Lessons
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Friday On the Patio
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Dec 29: Mike & Teddyfrom Young Country 7-10pm
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Jan 7: Eric Morrow5-8pm
Dec 31: CrossroadJan 7: Whiskey Bent
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JOHN’S BARBER SHOP
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480-832-9845ne of the West’slegendary outlawswas a California
stagecoach robberwho sometimes leftpoetry at holdup siteswith the signature,“Black Bart The Po-8.” Black Bart’s realname was CharlesBoles, and he wasborn in New York in1830.
Attracted to theWest by the goldrush, Boles eventuallydecided that the onlygold he could find wasinside Wells, Fargo, &Co. strongboxes. OnJuly 26, 1875, heprepared a robberyattempt at a steepgrade nearCopperopolis, east ofSan Francisco. He tied downseveral sticks in the bushalong the road to give theappearance of rif le barrels,presumably held byconcealed gunmen. Then, hedonned a linen duster and af lour sack mask witheyeholes and wrapped clotharound his shoes to blur
footprints. Finally, heperched a derby hat atop hismask, checked his double-
barreled shotgun, and waitedfor the scheduledstagecoach.
When the team drivenby John Shine labored up thegrade, the masked banditstepped into the road.“Please throw down thebox,” requested the robberpolitely. He turned toward
O
Charles Boles aka “Black Bart”
the “riflemen” backing himup. “If he dares to shoot, givehim a solid volley, boys!”
Assuming he wassurrounded, Shinehastily dropped thestrongbox to theground. The banditcracked the box with asmall ax and beganshoving bags of goldcoins into his dusterpockets. A panickyfemale passengertossed her purse outthe stagecoachwindow. “Madam, I donot wish your money,”stated the bandit as hehanded back thepurse. “In that respect,I honor only the goodoffice of Wells, Fargo.”
The stagecoachdeparted, and the
masked bandit disappeared.Shine quickly returned topick up his empty box, thenrecognized the ruse of thefake rif le barrels. In themeantime, the highwaymanrapidly hiked cross-countrywith $300 of Wells, Fargo, &Co. money.
C
T
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 22
A Full Service Glass CompanyHome•Auto•Business
900 West Apache TrailApache Junction, AZ
480-983-1151Family owned & operated
Bill’sAWNINGS &
CONSTRUCTION CO.Patio Covers & Carports - Window Awnings
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BuyBuyBuyBuyBuy, Sell or T, Sell or T, Sell or T, Sell or T, Sell or Traderaderaderaderade505-340-6310Jewelry and MoreJewelry and MoreJewelry and MoreJewelry and MoreJewelry and More
COINS9705 E. Main Street, Mesa
TREASURES FLEA MARKET
2125 W. Apache Trail, Ste 102, Apache Junction
OLD FASHIONED PEDICURESWITH ROXANNE & GIGI
We specialize in pampered foot care. We believe in safety first andunderstand your needs in a language you can understand. We
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House calls available. Walk ins welcome. Appointments appreciated for your convenience.
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PLAZA ON OCOTILLO2125 W. APACHE TRAIL•APACHE JUNCTION
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Oglala
(From Page 20)
them on May 27th thatCongress was ready to resolve
the matter by giving the tribes$25,000 for their land andresettling them into IndianTerritory. The delegatesrefused to sign such a treaty.
Although Red Cloud was
unsuccessful in f inding apeaceful solution, he did nottake part in the Lakota war of1876-77 led by Crazy Horseand Sitting Bull.
In the fall of 1877 theRed Cloud Agency wasremoved to the MissouriRiver and the following yearwas removed to the forks ofthe White River where it wasrenamed the Pine RidgeReservation.
Red Cloud continuedfighting for his people, evenafter being forced onto thereservation. In 1889 heopposed a treaty to sell moreof the Sioux land Henegotiated strongly withIndian Agents such as Dr.Valentine McGillycuddy, andopposed the Dawes Act.
Red Cloud became animportant leader of the Lakotaas they transitioned from thefreedom of the plains to theconf inement of thereservation system. Heoutlived the other major Siouxleaders of the Indian wars anddied in 1909 at the age of 87on the Pine RidgeReservation, where he isburied.
I drove over every trail from the Gulf of Mexico to the Dakotas andMontana, but the Chisholm Trail was the one I traveled most. Now,
after thirty years of settled life, the call of the trail is with me still, andthere is not a day that I do not long to mount my horse and be out
among the cattle. --L.B. Anderson, Seguin, Texas, c. 1920
P
Page 23Territorial NewsDecember 28, 2016
1985 Palm Harbor1985 Palm Harbor1985 Palm Harbor1985 Palm Harbor1985 Palm Harbor 65X14. 2 bed/2 baths, shed.Home has a view of Superstition Mtn. Located in
park in Apache Junction $26,900
1998 Clayton1998 Clayton1998 Clayton1998 Clayton1998 Clayton 2 bedroom and 2 bath. Home hasshed. Very nice $26,900
1985 Schult1985 Schult1985 Schult1985 Schult1985 Schult 70X14. 3 bedrooms and 2 baths.Large shed, AZ room. $34,950
1999 Cavco1999 Cavco1999 Cavco1999 Cavco1999 Cavco 24X48. 2 bedrooms and 2 baths, shed.Corner lot. $49,900
2001 Champion2001 Champion2001 Champion2001 Champion2001 Champion 24x40. 2 bed, 2 bath, shed. $39,000
MOBILE HOMES FOR SALE BY OWNER
Please call Woody at 480-433-6245for more information.
SUPERSTITION GRANDANTIQUE MALL
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Conflict
(From Page 19)
his organization had killed8,000 to 10,000 woolies duringthe preceding season andpredicted a higher record inthe year ahead. Late in 1906an allotment of the publicgrazing lands virtually endedthis Oregon trouble.
On an April night in1909, five sheepmen weresleeping in their camp on thenorth side of Spring Creek, inthe Big Horn Basin inWyoming. They had about5,000 sheep. A score of armedand masked raiders gallopedinto the camp and killed threeof the herders. They pouredkerosene on the wagons andburned them, killed severaldogs and some of the sheep.
Next day, Sheriff FelixAlston hastened out with aposse. He noticed that thetracks of one of the attackersshowed a boot heel that hadbeen run over on one side.This led to the arrest ofHerbert Brink, who wasamong those who came to viewthe bodies. Brink and sixothers were indicted. Four ofthem confessed. A courtsentenced Brink to be hanged,but his penalty was commutedto life imprisonment.
Serious raids continuedwell into the twentiethcentury, but some of thecowmen were learning thatthey could profit by raisingsome sheep along with theircattle. It turned out that thesheep actually improved thesod with their hoofs, and theirdroppings fertilized the grass.They also ate some of the grassand shoots that the cattlecould not reach and certainweeds that the bovinesspurned. Many cattle raisersbegan tolerating a flock ofsheep as a “mortgage raiser”
and as a hedge against low beefprices and soon most of theenmity waned.
The advent of federalcontrol also helped reduceconflict and violence between
people grazing cattle andsheep on public lands. In 1934the Taylor Grazing Actintroduced grazing regulationsto public lands.
Justice
(From Page 14)
backwoods of ShelbyCounty to set up the firstdistrict court there. Someresidents with spotty recordsmade it plain that theywanted no court. WhenWilliamson sat behind a dry-goods box to start theproceedings, one ruffiantold him that the citizens hadresolved that no court shouldbe held.
The judge asked by what
Sheepmen vs. Cattlemen
legal authority such adecision was made. Theobjector whipped out abowie knife from his belt andslammed it on theimprovised bench.
“This, sir,” he snarled,“is the law of ShelbyCounty.”
The judge, just asquickly, drew a long-barreledpistol and placed it besidethe knife. “If that is the lawof Shelby County,” hedeclared, “this is theconstitution that overrulesyour law.”
Informal Courts
December 28, 2016Territorial NewsPage 24
