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TEP03 CO2 capture in power plants

Part 1

Olav BollandProfessor

Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Energy and Process Engineering

Aug 2013

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The problem of anthropogenic CO2

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Global CO2 emissions 1850-2030

Source: C2ES – the Center for Climate and Energy Solutionshttp://www.c2es.org/

Current annual CO2 atmospheric cycleNatural CO2 from ocean & vegetation decomposition 550 Gt/y 94%Anthropogenic (man-made) CO2 from fossil fuels 30 Gt/y 5%Anthropogenic (man-made) CO2 from land use 7 Gt/y 1%Total into the atmosphere 587 Gt/y 100%Natural CO2 absorption into ocean & photosynthesis 571 Gt/y 97%Net CO2 annual build-up in atmosphere @ 2 ppm/year 16 Gt/y 3%

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Monthly mean atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii

Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

CO

2 (p

pmvd

)

300

320

340

360

380

400

1958-1974 Scripps Inst. Oceanography1974-2012 NOAA

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Name Chemical formula Lifetime 20 yr 100 yr 500 yrCarbon dioxide CO2 - 1 1 1

Methane CH4 12 72 25 7.6

Nitrous oxide N2O 114 289 298 153

CFC-11 CCl3F 45 6730 4750 1620

CFC-12 CCl2F2 100 11000 10900 5200

CFC-113 CCl2FCClF2 85 6540 6130 2700

HCFC-22 CHClF2 12 5160 1810 549

HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3 1.3 273 77 24

HCFC-124 CHClFCF3 5.8 2070 609 185

HCFC-141b CH3CCl2F 9.3 2250 725 220

HCFC-142b CH3CClF2 17.9 5490 2310 705

HFC-23 CHF3 270 12000 14800 12200

HFC-125 CHF2CF3 29 6350 3500 1100

HFC-134a CH2FCF3 14 3830 1430 435

HFC-143a CH3CF3 52 5890 4470 1590

HFC-152a CH3CHF2 1.4 437 124 38

HFC-227ea CF3CHFCF3 34.2 5310 3220 1040

HFC-236fa CF3CH2CF3 240 8100 9810 7660

Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 3200 16300 22800 32600

Perfluoromethane CF4 50000 5210 7390 11200

Perfluoroethane C2F6 10000 8630 12200 18200

Global warming potential

Greenhouse gases

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Emission of CO2IEA, 2006, World Energy Outlook

IEA predicts:CO2 emission growth rate 1.7%/yIncrease 2004-2030: 26 40 Gt CO2/yr =550 Mt/yrof which the increase comes from:

Power generation ≈50% = 7.1 Gt CO2/yr =270 Mt/yrTransport 21%Industry 18%

1990 2004 2004 % 2010 2015 2030 2030 %2004-2030*

Power generation 6955 10587 40.6 % 12818 14209 17680 43.7 % 2.0 %Industry 4474 4742 18.2 % 5679 6213 7255 17.9 % 1.6 %Transport 3885 5289 20.3 % 5900 6543 8246 20.4 % 1.7 %Residential and services** 3353 3297 12.6 % 3473 3815 4298 10.6 % 1.0 %Other*** 1796 2165 8.3 % 2396 2552 2942 7.3 % 1.2 %Total 20463 26079 100 % 30367 33333 40420 100 % 1.7 %* Average annual growth rate** Includes agriculture and public sector*** Includes international bunkers, other transformation and non-energy use

Emissions[Million tonnes CO2/yr]

2012: 31.6 Gt CO2

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Process No. of sources Emissions (MtCO2/yr) Fossil Fuels Power (coal, gas, oil and others) 4,942 10,539

Cement production 1,175 932 Refineries 638 798 Iron and steel industry 269 646 Petrochemical industry 470 379 Oil and gas processing Not available 50 Other sources 90 33

Biomass Bioethanol and bioenergy 303 91

Total 7,887 13,466

IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage, 2005

Emission of CO2Profile by process or industrial activity of worldwide large

stationary CO2 sources with emissions of more than 0.1 milliontonnes of CO2 (MtCO2) per year.

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Reduce global warming Adaptation

Countermeasures Reduced needs Direct reduction

Remove CO2 from Supress Improved Capture Substitutionatmosphere effect efficiency point emissions energy sources

Biologic Fertilize Dust into Cons- Power & Under- Ocean Smaller Nuclear Renew-fixation the oceans the atmo- umption energy ground disposal C/H- power ablebiomass sphere supply storage ratio energy

Aquifers Oil fields Gas fields

How to relate to the possible man-madeglobal warming ?

Oct 2011

Comparing low carbon technologies

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Kaya equation

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Emission of CO Energy consumption GDPEmission of CO Population

Energy consumption GDP Population

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

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Definition:“Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage” (CCS) or “carbon sequestration” is a

family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating CO2 that otherwise would be emitted to the atmosphere and could contribute to global climate change.

CO2 Capture and Storage - CCS

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Methods for CO2 capture from power plants

CO₂separation

CO₂ compression & conditioning

N₂/O₂

CO₂

ShiftH₂

CO₂

Powerplant

Air

O₂N₂

CO₂

N₂/O₂CO₂ compression

& conditioning

Powerplant

Gasification

Reforming

CO₂separation

H₂

CO₂

CO/H₂

Air separation

CO/H₂

Coa

l, O

il, N

atur

al G

as,

Bio

mas

s Powerplant

Post-combustion

Pre-combustion

Oxy-combustion

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• One of the first to suggest CCS was Cesare Marchetti in 1977• He gave references to several methods for CO2 capture from

power plants and blast furnaces• proposed to store CO2 in the ocean• Marchetti worked for The International Institute for Applied

Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Austria• In 1980 Anthony Albanese and Meyer Steinberg published a paper

with a very detailed discussion on capture technologies and energy consumption as well as storage

• During the 1980s Steinberg published a number of reports and papers dealing with CCS - Father of CCS (?)

• US in the 1980s: Many projects with CO2 injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)

• The Norwegians Erik Lindeberg and Torleif Holt did a lot of work on CCS in the late 1980s, and were the initiators for CCS in Norway

• Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Argonne National Laboratory were active within CCS R&D during 1980s

History of CCS - 1

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• From late 1980s the Japanese were very active, RITE and others, focussing on CO2 fixation, utilisation and ocean storage

• Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO); UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 of 6 December 1988

• IPCC First Assessment Report 1990 (FAR)• IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEA GHG) was established

1991• By 2008: 21 member countries, the European Commission, OPEC

and 25 multi-national industrial sponsors• Norway: Statoil decided 1991 on the Sleipner CO2 injection project!• Turkenburg, Blok and Hendriks organised the First International

Conference on Carbon Dioxide Removal (ICCDR) in Amsterdam March 1992 – CCS R&D took off

• The Netherlands, USA, Japan, Norway early movers throughout 1990s

History of CCS - 2

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0.1

1

10

100

1000

-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Pre

ssu

re [b

ar]

Temperature [C]

LiquidSolid

Vapour

Sublimatio

n

Boiling/condensation

Melting/freezing

Critical point

Triple point

Sublimation point

Phase diagram CO2

5.18 bar-56.6 C

Post-combustion

Oxy-combustion

Pre-combustionsyngas

Transport & Storagecondition

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0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

-55 -35 -15 5 25 45 65 85 105 125 145 165 185 205 225 245 265 285 305 325 345 365 385 405

Den

sity

[kg/

m3 ]

Temperature [C]

0.2 bar1 bar3 bar10 bar30 bar73.77 bar100 bar150 bar

CO2

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Storage of CO2

Oct 2011

Sleipner and Snøhvit cases in short:Sleipner:Removes 1 mill. tonnes/year from Natural gasConditions: 100 bar, 9% CO2 down to <2.5% CO2

Uses an amine system, MDEAStores the CO2 in the Utsira formation(aquifer)In operation since 1996

Snøhvit:Removes 0.7 mill. tonnes/year from natural gas (LNG plant)Conditions: 65 bar, 5% CO2 down to 50 ppmUses: BASF aMDEA amine systemStores the CO2 in a saline aquifer In operation since end of 2007

Oct 2011

Sleipner gas field – CO2 storage1 million tonnes CO2 annually since 1996

CO2 separated from natural gasCO2 is injected into theUtsira-formation

ca. 800 meters

ca. 2500 meters

Natural gas with 8-9% CO2

Source: Statoil

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Example: A high-efficiency coal-fired power plant emits 730 kg CO2/MWh, and a gas fired combined cycle power plant emits 365 kg CO2/MWh. For 400 MW output, this means generation of CO2 of:

400 [MW] 730 [kg/MWh]Coal: 81.1 [kg/s] 292 [ton/h]

3600 [s/h]

400 [MW] 365 [kg/MWh]Natural gas: 40.6 [kg/s] 146 [ton/h]

3600 [s/h]

Assuming a CO2 density of 826 kg/m3 (110 bar/20 C) The volume of storing it as pure CO2 at the state given above: Coal

[m3] Coal

33 m [m] Natural gas [m3]

Natural gas 3 3m [m]

1 hour 354 7.1 177 5.6 1 day 8486 20.4 4244 16.2 1 week 59399 39.0 29710 31.0 1 year 2787524 141 1394240 112

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Example: Following up the example on page 38, where a coal fired and natural gas fired power plant have each a power output of 400 MW, assumed to be operating 8000 hr/yr, the emission of CO2 is 292 [t/h]2.3 [Mt/yr] and 146 [t/h]1.2 [Mt/yr], respectively. In order to get an idea of the required volume to store the CO2, consider the following example: The brine capacity for dissolved CO2 is around 5% by mass when considering the equilibrium for the conditions in a typical aquifer, which means that for every tonne of CO2, minimum 20 tonnes of water/brine is required for full dissolution. Assume further that the water/brine volumetric portion in an aquifer structure is in the range 10-25%. In order to store the CO2 from these two types of plants and have the necessary volume to dissolve it in water/brine completely over a longer time period, the annual aquifer volumes are:

32 2

32 2 2

3 3

2 2

Mt CO Mt H O 1 Mm aquiferCoal: 2.3 20

yr Mt CO 0.1-0.25 Mm H O Mt H O

184 460 [Mm /yr]=0.184-0.46[km /yr]

Mt CO Mt H ONatural gas: 1.2 20

yr Mt CO

3

32 2 2

3 3

1 Mm aquifer0.1-0.25 Mm H O Mt H O

96 240 [Mm /yr]=0.096-0.24 [km /yr]

To simplify the understanding, assume that these volumes are cubes; the side length would be 450-770m. These volumes will be required in the very long term (1000+ years) for dissolving the given amounts of CO2. In the years just after the injection, the volume occupied will constitute a much lesser volume.

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Import x tonne CO2 Recycled y tonne CO2

Prod

uced

oil

zto

nne

Additional z tonne oil because ofCO2 injection

Inje

cted

x+

yto

nne

CO

2

Stored x tonne CO2

Bre

akth

roug

h y

tonn

e C

O2

Oil reservoir

Enhanced oil recovery - EOR

EOR EGR ECBM

Benefit (Gielen 2003), 0.33-0.42

tonne oil/tonne CO2

0.03-0.05 tonne CH4/tonne

CO2

0.08-0.2 tonne CH4/tonne

CO2

CO2 formation by combustion,

3.2 tonne CO2/tonne

oil

2.75 tonne CO2/tonne

CH4

2.75 tonne CO2/tonne

CH4 tonne CO2 emitted by combustion /tonne CO2 injected,

1.06-1.34 0.08-0.14 0.19-0.55

tonne CO2 emitted by combustion /tonne CO2 stored, ´ (λ=1.15)

2.27-2.89

2

2

tonne CO recycled

tonne CO imported/stored

y

x

2

2

tonne CO by combustion

tonne CO injected

2

2

tonne CO by combustion(1 )

tonne CO imported/stored

2

tonne injected =1+

tonne CO imported/stored

x y

x

EOR=Enhanced Oil RecoveryEGR=Enhanced Gas RecoveryECBM=Enhanced Coal-Bed Methane

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Enhanced Oil Recovery with CO2 – 67 projects in Northern America + 10 in Trinidad

35 Mt CO2/year of which 9 Mt CO2/year from anthropogenic sources

>3500 km CO2 pipelines

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Regina

Bismarck

North Dakota

Saskatchewan

Weyburn

CO2

Weyburn

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Component

Canyon Reef EOR

Weyburn EOR

Esbjerg EOR

NETL

CO2 > 95% 96% 99,50 % - CO - 0,1 % < 10 ppmv -

H2O No free water.

< 0,489 m-3 in the vapour phase

<20 ppmv

Water vapour content

equivalent to saturation at -5°C

233 K dew point

H2S < 1500 ppm (weight) 0,9 % - - SO2 - - < 10 ppmv - Total sulfur < 1450 ppm (weight) - - - N2 4 % <300 ppmv < 0.48 % <300 ppmv NOX - - < 50 ppmv -

O2 < 10 ppm (weight)

<50 ppmv < 10 ppmv < 40 ppmv

Glycol 4x10-5 Litre/m3 - - - CH4 - 0.7 % - - C2+ - 2.3 % - - Hydrocarbon < 5% - 100 ppmv - Temperature (°C) < 120 F (48.9C) - -

Pressure (MPa)

- 15.2 - 15.2

CO2 quality requirements

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Ship transport of CO2 ?

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Yara CO2-tankers, 1500 m3 capacity

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Example of ship carrying liquid CO2 for Yara International

Loading CO2 at Sluiskil

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Yara Industrial’s CO2 terminal at Teesside

Example of 900 m3 tank delivered as one piece

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Top 50 chemicals

From: DOI: 10.1002/ghg.1279