Technology Report

PERFIL TUBULAR DE ACERO CONFORMADO R-5479 (PERFRISA)HOJA DE DOBLE TABLERO DM DE 5 MM SOBRE ENRASTRELADO INTERIOR ACABADA EN MELAMINA BLANCA

PICAPORTE OCARIZ (MOD.1.976/654T) RILSANIZADO EN BLANCO

PERNIO DE ACERO PARA PINTAR

HOJA DE 72,5

77 CM

REPORTLONDON CROP EXCHANGE

TECHNICAL

andrew morrison

04

17

17

25

43

53

61

65

79

81

introduction

strategies

structure

construction

environmental and services

ventilation

services

lighting

tectonics

access and fire

CONTENTs

T.REPORT 09/10 3T.REPORT 09/10

sITE_ bLACkfRIARs bRIDGE CENTRAL LONDON

london crop exchange is located in the heart of London, inbetween two existing bridges; to the west, blackfrairs road bridge and to the east blackfriars railway bridge.

The redundant piers in between the two indicate where the original 1864 rail bridge stood and are what I intend to inhabit in my proposal.

INTRODuCTION

5T.REPORT 09/10

from top day 1, day 5 and day 11 stills taken form the time lapse recording

PRImER

The primer was a chance to explore the notion of self suffi ciency, and provided an opportunity to promote the need to be less reliant on our current food system. This followed the research undertaken in my dissertation which was entitled

‘an ediBle UrBan landScaPe, a MeanS to an acceSSiBle Food SYSteM in london’

The Primer was my fi rst chance to react to the crisis with preliminary efforts contributing to home growing. ‘Life Box’ was initiated, a box designed to provide the ideal growing environment within

conceptual images were used to portray the notion of an automated agricultural system

september

7T.REPORT 09/10

september

09

A day in the life of: each activity has been identified and plotted along the time line in an effort to understanding

the frequency and overlap each activity brings. The X axis indicates the hours in a day with the Y highlighting

the fluctuations within each use.

The site will act as a service station for the many allotments which are envisaged as inhabiting the Thames. They exist in response to the growing need to produce within our urban environment. The allotments are all independently owned and are similar to barges in both appearance and structure.In order to maintain access along the Thames for the various modes which pass, the docking station will inhabit the northern bank and first arch way, keeping the three other arches free for ferries etc. This archway is only accessible during high tide, hence the symbiotic relationship between the allotment activity and the tidal range shown opposite.The majority of the other activities listed are to occur predominately during office hours, with peak flows occurring during the hours of lunch.Germination will be one of the largest spatial volumes, nurturing seedlings which can either be exported, sold in the market hall or planted in one of the floating allotments. Germination will be closely linked to natural lighting levels which should also be plotted. Artificial light is seen as a potential means to enhance growth.

PROGRAmmE_THE mETROAG INNOvERsITy is a new action learning institution dedicated to initiating the processes necessary to create meaningful change in the agricultural and food sectors. In six cities worldwide, the Innoversity will convene multi-stakeholder teams from across the food system, to begin taking concrete steps towards more sustainable agriculture in cities.

‘The Innoversity combines the traditional purpose of a university- education and research- with learning from on-the-ground innovation, testing and piloting practical innovations in the field. The Innoversity is a shared platform for innovation and change between participating cities; it is a network for sharing and co-creating knowledge and experience gathered from projects all around the world’.

Peter Senge, MIT based author, researcher & educator

Promoting independent commerce within our urban environment

sCHEmE

october

09

9T.REPORT 09/10

SPatial arrangeMentS

sCHEmE

market

offi ces

garden centre

fi re escapes

restaurant

service station

11T.REPORT 09/10

Area Schedule highlighting the distribution of programme across the different levels

sCHEmE

NIA/sqm COsT/sqm TotalLower Ground

Storage 300Office 400Toilets 23Balcony 97

Ground Market 610Kitchen 80Cafe 130Toilets 18Retail 48Garden Centre 322Plant 100Hard Landscape 3136Office 20

upper Ground Restaurant 373Toilets 50

Roof Soft Landscape 1279Toilets 20

TOTAL 7006 SQM2591 SQM

13T.REPORT 09/10

09

1_the site at Blackfriars Bridge2_Waterloo

3_London Bridge

CONCEPT‘GREENING THE CITY’

left: green spaces in London are shown in black and include back-gardens, parks and waterways. All of which, if utilized, could help to increase the amount of food we produce in the capital. It is clear that as one moves towards the site the amount ‘green space’ diminishes.

lines of infrastructure which will be utilised to transport the produce

a productive edible landscape, shown in pink, which is worked by the local community. All produce will be encouraged to be sold at public level below

15T.REPORT 09/10

09

The older 1864 bridge was dismantled in 1985, leaving only four sets of quadruple-clustered cylindrical piers with foliated capitals

standing clear of the water on granite plinths that stand on cast iron cylinders filled with concrete. Joseph Cubitt and F T Turner

designed the bridge, which was a lattice girder structure

sTRATEGIEs

sTRuCTuRE

The structural design strategy is to design 3 trusses which span and sit on the existing piers. To create the depth in the truss needed to span between the piers, the trusses will be the height of the building and will be inhabited.

The truss design is based on that of a Warren Truss

site axo highlighting the structural strategy. The existing piers will form the only point of contact with the river bed, therefore, no additional foundations will be needed. This strategy is a kin to the thesis and primer, which was all about maximising opportunities for production within urban environments. This approach was paramount when choosing the site.

17T.REPORT 09/10

Parasitic forms caused by engineering works dominate the site at present, providing a fi ner grain of tectonic expression against the two existing industrial bridges. The prominent industrial site characteristics have had a heavy infl uence in the design. Early conceptions were that the structure should be honest and expressive much like the neighbouring bridges.. These thoughts have been carried through throughout the design.

sTRATEGIEs

sTRuCTuRE

19T.REPORT 09/10

sTRATEGIEs

sTRuCTuRE

The distance between the piers varies and meant that the structural grid must adapt to fit within the existing framework.

The structural strategy was formed early on and focussed on developing three principle trusses spanning from north to south between the piers.

An inhabited truss was to form an efficient solution to spanning between the line of piers.

The presence of the truss can be seen in plan creating both internal and external environments.

line of truss

line of truss

line of truss

21T.REPORT 09/10

1:50 detail showing the structural approach to the existing piers. The neighbouring Blackfriars Rail bridge has recently reinforced its piers with a similar method of construction.

sTRuCTuRE sTRATEGIEs

23T.REPORT 09/10

09

december

detailed axonometric of the 3 truss structural approach. The position of each truss is coordinated with the location of the existing piers. Stiffening of the truss will be able to be achieved once the allotment modules are in place. The outer trusses must remain transparent to maximise the programmes visibility, whilst the central truss be more traditionally clad to provide additional rigidity.


the load paths are highlighted and show the loads being transferred to the existing piers via the boom.

25T.REPORT 09/10

december

09

axonometric highlighting the structural approach to the piers


The proposal is a steel frame construction due to the large spans which need to be achieved as efficiently as possible. Steel also allows for the structural members to be prefabricated reducing on site construction time. The complex nature of the site means that the structural system needs to be as modular as possible, with on site work involving assembling the relevant components.

The boom is designed to carry the loads back to the existing piers and down to through to the rock bed. The profile of the boom will be manipulated through the addition of a prefabricated concrete capping. The boom wil

granite plinth

cast iron pillars

reinforced concrete infi ll

reinforced concrete cap

steel boom with a prefabricated concrete capping

27T.REPORT 09/10

january

10

CONsTRuCTION sTRATEGIEs

It is important that the structural grid encompasses all aspects of the design. It should provide structural rigour and efficiency whilst providing the optimum framework for the programme. The grid must integrate;

The limitations of the substructure;- standard composite decking is limited to 3m

in length before additional structural members are required.

-The design of the allotment module;- The sizing of the allotments has been in

accordance with how much land can be cultivated per hour per week. This makes the prospect of growing your own a far more manageable prospect for London’s inhabitants.

-The inherent structure of the allotment module should be utilised as part of the substructure and therefore must be able to fit within the module set out by the structural grid, whilst maintaining the area needed to be cultivated.

the structural grid must encompass the size of the allotment module plus the limitations of standard substructure components.

29T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

wALLs

material board. including a range of Fibre C colours and finishes

Eurofox or other similar manufacturers provide concealed fixing solutions, integrating insulation.

CLADDING; fibre C

susTAINAbILITy

[fibre C] is an authentic facade cladding material in line with the current trend towards natural, environmentally friendly, sustainable and cost effective materials.

The use of high-grade raw materials consisting of purely mineral substances and glass fibre means optimum product quality. [fibre C] is based on purely organic substances and can be completely recycled. This creates a flexible cladding system which can be adapted if the building changes its requirements. The cladding is completely independent of the principle truss structure.

Internal environmental management certificate -ISO 14001 ‘‘Anti-graffitti’’.

Available in two standard textures- FE Ferro sandblasted for a rougher texture- and- MA MAtt brushed smooth surface.

31T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

wALLsCLADDING; fibre C

Technical Characteristics.

Maximum panel size- 3600mm long x 1200 mm wide- Material is directionalMinimum panel size- 600mm long x 300mm wide- Material is directionalThickness= 13mm (thickness tolerance maximum +/- 1 mm)Flat weight= c.32kg per m2Bending tensile strength min 18 Mpa according to EN 12467Waterproof in according to EN 12467Thermal and Rain testing according to EN 12467Fire resistant - class A1 to DIN- thermal stability up to 350 degrees Celsius .

the technical data must be adhered to, to insure standard component can be used. If standard components are used then this insures that the rainscreen support system will be compatible.

the above information was generated using ecotect and shows the fundamental build up and thermal properties of the walls which have the concrete cladding

33T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

wALLsCLADDING; fibre C

1:200 plan. The pink hatching shows where [fibre C] is intended to be used sitting in between the trussed system

1:5 detail showing the wall build up between the truss members.

1

1_[fibre C] cladding2_cavity breather 3_MacFOX or similar bracket4_vapour control layer5_insulation

2

3

4

5

35T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

wALLsAluminium rainscreen support system; EUROFOX

37T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

ROOfThe roof is essentially a means to grow as much produce

as possible in the space provided. In order for this to happen, the structure must allow for as much productive landscape to sit within the structural frame. The structural grid has therefore been composed with this is mind, allowing for the optimum growing area of 12.5m2 per person to sit within the structural elements. The allotment modules which have been designed are structural inherent in as much as they support there own wait once they are rested on the boom of the truss. They are made of reinforced concrete and prefabricated to minimise on site construction time.

Each module is identical insuring economies of scale are adhered to. The allotment units allow for a variety of uses within and can either be fi lled with a hard or soft medium.

The modular allotment unit provides a simple and clean solution both in terms of structure and aesthetics.

1

1_servicing and drainage channel running within the boom2_growing area 12.5m23_optional ribs can be added to make smaller units4_prefabricated concreted lip sits ontop of boom.

2

3

4

39T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

ROOf

1:20 detail of the roof build up. Once the trusses are in place then the prefabricated concrete planters can be lowered into place providing further rigidity and structural integrity. Each component is therefore contributing to the structure increasing its efficiency.

1_ harmer AV two way outlet (ref; 3TW detailed) with incorporated clamping grate2_ timber decking, timber tech or similar spec3_38mm easyfix shoes4_derbigum reinforcement strip, 100mm x 100mm, fully bonded by torch application5_prefab concrete planter, primed with Alumasc bitumen primer or similar spec.6_Vapour control layer7_derbifoam BGT polyurethane insulation bedded in hot bitumen8_moisture mat, loose laid over the derbigum cap sheet with 100mm unsealed laps10_filter sheet, loose laid over the drainage layer

41T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE/ENvIRONmENT

ROOf

Calculations were made throughout insuring a 0.25 u value was met on the roof aspect of the design. The addition of the soil in the planters meant that a fi gure of o.258 was met.

Again, all components are part of an integrated design approach

each planters outlet will run into the drainage channel provided in the central boom. Water will

the run vertically, alongside the I beams at 12m centres. The water can then pass into the main

service channel at ground fl oor level

back to mains

main service channel

Detail of the boom and planter. Each planter will have its own outlet insuring that the vegetation is well drained providing optimum growing conditions. Hydro tech or another similar system will be used.

43T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

fLOOR

The composite deck has been deployed over a 3m grid as this is the maximum span that it can be deployed without the need of additional structural members.

With the main truss elements running every 6 metres this means that the composite deck can sit within the grid.

The composite deck provides a durable floor finish which needs little if any maintenance; a factor which is key when choosing all materials for the project due to the isolated nature of the site.

The deck provides the base for other floor finishes to be applied on internal elements such as the cafe.

1:20 axonometric of the deck.

1_steel beam at 3M centres2_steel deck with embedded embossments3_rigid insulation4_Vapour control layer 5_concrete slab with an integrated welded wire fabric within.

1

2

3 4

5

45T.REPORT 09/10

sTRuCTuRE

fLOOR

an image of dinesen douglas with a white soap fi nish.

The composite deck has been deployed over a 3m grid as this is the maximum span that it can be deployed without the need of additional structural members.

With the main truss elements running every 6 metres this means that the composite deck can sit within the grid.

The composite deck provides a durable fl oor fi nish which needs little if any maintenance; a factor which is key when choosing all materials for the project due to the isolated nature of the site.

The deck provides the base for other fl oor fi nishes to be applied on internal elements such as the cafe.

1:20 detail through the restaurant. The composite flooring provides the base for other materials to be laid on top or left as a basic floor finish. This approach allows money to be spent where deemed necessary.

1 2 3 4 5 6

1_timbers at 400mm centres2_38mm easyfix shoes 3_rigid insulation with under floor heating4_alternative floor finish such as denisen flooring5_concrete slab with an integrated welded wire fabric within. Underfloor heating is also contained within6_steel deck with embedded embossments

47T.REPORT 09/10

Heat loss

If the house is not insulated sufficiently, there may be days where you will be unable to reach the desired

room temperature using only floor heating. The heat loss is significant through floors, walls, ceilings and

windows. The Danish Building Code lays down requirements with regard to the insulating ability, the so-

called U value; these requirements must be adhered to. The U value for terrain decks with floor heating

cannot exceed 0.12. This requires insulation with no less than 250 mm polystyrene. The U value for heat

loss through the foundation cannot exceed 0.15, when floor heating is installed. Heat loss through the

foundation is particularly significant with regard to heat consumption. Remember to also consider ther-

mal bridges and leakages. The Danish Building Code also lays down U values for exterior walls, ceilings,

windows, exterior doors etc. Heat loss through windows is, regardless of type of glass, far higher than

the loss through walls, and the size of the window will therefore greatly influence the overall heat loss.

Please note that the position of the windows with regard to corners of the world, open fields or the ocean

may result in even higher heat loss, and cold air accumulation from windows can also have a great im-

pact. This should, however, be countered by convectors along tall windows reaching down to floor level.

Convectors can also be used for heating the room quickly, and as the convector grids can be made in

the same wood as the floor, they will even add a beautiful architectural feature to the room. The number

of exterior walls in a room influences the heat loss significantly. The more exterior walls the room has, the

higher the heat loss is. Be particularly observant with regard to small buildings with 3 exterior walls and

large windows, as the size of the heat emitting floor is also significant for heating up the room. Kitchen

elements and cupboards etc. reduce the area. Carpets, mats etc. will also reduce heat emission, and

the temperature underneath carpets may very well exceed the 27°C mentioned earlier. Small rooms may

therefore be more difficult to heat up than larger rooms. Rooms with high ceilings or which are open to

the ridge may also have a high heat loss.

Supply temperature and surface temperature

The supply temperature depends on the required output and the chosen floor type. Normally, the supply

temperature will be in the range of 30 to 45°C and should not exceed 50°C. The supply temperature

only has a modest influence on the heat consumption. Raising the temperature from 30 to 45°C will only

increase heat consumption by 6% as it is the difference between supply and return temperature that has

an impact on the heat consumption. It is only slightly more expensive to heat up a thick plank floor than a

thin engineered floor, but it requires a higher supply temperature to ensure the desired surface tempe-

rature. The surface temperature of a wooden floor must not exceed 27°C, as a higher temperature may

damage the floor.

The room temperature is controlled by thermostats in all rooms. Thermostats will open or close for the

supply of heat to regulate excess heat from people, sun, lights etc. The thermostats are installed on

interior walls 1.5 m above floor level and must be installed away from sunlight. Room thermostats are

available with or without a wire.

Types of floor heating

Floor heating is normally water-based, and a distinction is made between heavy floor heating with heating

coils in concrete and light floor heating with heating coils in heat emission plates. Electrical floor heating is

not as commonly used.

Heavy floor heating

Heavy floor heating is heating coils cast into concrete, where the concrete distributes the heat to the

entire surface of the floor. The concrete has a good thermal conductivity, but the problem is that the con-

crete accumulates a lot of heat and therefore responds very slowly. When a change occurs in the heat

supply, on account of for example sunlight or several guests in the room, the concrete will still be warm

a long time after the thermostat has turned off the heat supply. When the need for heat occurs again,

the heating period will also be quite long, as the large concrete body needs to warm up before the heat

can reach the wooden floor. The room temperature is therefore a bit more difficult to control with heavy

floor heating than with light floor heating. The advantage, however, is that the set-up is simple and that

the floor heating can be used to dry the concrete floor. Heavy floor heating is installed by a mason and a

plumber.

Light floor heating

Light floor heating is built up with aluminium heat emission plates, where the heating coils are laid into

bent rails. The heat emission plates are placed right beneath the wooden floor, and as aluminium is a per-

fect thermal conductor, the heat is distributed fast to the entire surface of the floor. Aluminium responds

quickly to changes in the heat demand, and therefore, the room temperature will be experienced as more

even and pleasant than with heavy floor heating. The set-up is a bit more complicated but provides a

more pleasant floor to walk on as the sub-floor is most often a joist construction. Light floor heating is

installed by a carpenter and a plumber.

Electrical floor heating

Electrical floor heating is typically built up with heat cables distributed in a joist construction. As with the

other types of floor heating, the surface temperature cannot exceed 27°C. The use of electrical heating

is not as common as the other types of floor heating, which is mostly due to the price of electricity. For

a summer cottage, electrical floor heating is hardly recommendable unless you let the floor heating add

a basic level of warmth to the house and then let the radiators take over for the last few degrees. Floor

heating should preferably run constantly during the heating season, and therefore, electrical heating is not

suitable for a start via a phone call on the way to the summer cottage. Electrical floor heating is installed

by a carpenter and an electrician.

Page 8 I Preconditions Types of floor heating I Page 9

sTRuCTuRE

fLOOR

Constructions

Floor heating in concrete

The heating coils are tied to an armouring grid and cast into 10 cm of concrete on top of the insulation.

The set-up is simple and only requires that the coils are tied to the grid, and that the surface of the concrete

floor is levelled off and deviates no more than 2 mm measured across 2 meters of straightedge. Concrete

humidity must not exceed 85% RH and remember to insulate in accordance with local Building Codes.

Directly on concrete with heating pipes

Place a vapour barrier of minimum 0.20 mm PE foil with minimum 20 cm taped overlap on top of the

concrete. The vapour barrier must be strong enough to withstand irregularities in the concrete. In addi-

tion, put out a layer of flooring cardboard (500 gr/m2) or a similar sound-absorbing layer. The floor planks

are fastened directly onto the concrete using a screw and a dowel. It is important to push the planks

well into the substructure. The disadvantage of this method is that the floor is relatively hard to walk on

and that it increases the risk of the planks curving. In addition, the direct fastening on the substructure

requires that you know exactly where the coils are to avoid screwing into them. Screwing in concrete is

more time consuming than other types of fastening.

Chipboard on concrete with heating coils

Place a vapour barrier of minimum 0.20 mm PE foil with minimum 20 cm taped overlap on top of the

concrete. The vapour barrier must be strong enough to withstand irregularities in the concrete. Place a

22 mm chipboard on the entire floor area. The chipboards are placed transverse to the room, allowing

the floor planks to be installed lengthwise. In addition, put out a layer of flooring cardboard (500 gr/m2) or

a similar sound-absorbing layer. Screw the planks with secretly or plug them from above. The advantage

here is that the fixing is very easy. Due to the thick layer of wood, the supply temperature must be raised

a little, but this will only slightly influence the heat consumption. This solution effectively separates the

concrete from the wood construction.

Floor plank

Cardboard

Vapour barrier

Concrete

Heating coil

Floor heating with heat emission plates

Floor heating on heat emission plates is clearly the best possible solution. Partly because this construc-

tion responds very fast, but also because the floor is more pleasant to walk on. It is a little more expen-

sive, but the convenience factor weighs heavier.

Heat emission plates on laths on top of joists

The planks must be laid in the same direction as the joists. The planks should always be installed in the

longitudinal direction of the house. Therefore, this solution also requires that the joists are installed in the

longitudinal direction of the house in order to be able to install the laths crosswise. Joists are installed

at an interval of approx. 60 cm with insulation in between. On top of these, install a layer of planed 28 x

120 mm laths at an interval of approx. 30 mm, making room for the grooves on the heat emission plates.

Install the heat emission plates, which are fastened with nails on one side. After the mounting of the

heating coils, lay out the flooring cardboard and fix the floor planks to the laths with screws. Remember

to observe the coils.

Page 10 I Constructions Constructions I Page 11

Floor plank

Cardboard

Chipboard

Vapour barrier

Concrete

Heating coil

Floor plank

Cardboard

Heat emission plate

Lath

Heating coil

Joist

Vapour barrier

Concrete

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

extract from dinesen-fl oors technical materialhttp://dinesen-fl oors.com/en/douglas/technical_material.html

Floor heating has been used underneath Dinesen fl oors since 1995 and poses no problems under the right preconditions which can be found in their technical material.

49T.REPORT 09/10

ENvIRONmENT AND sERvICEs

sTRATEGIEs

Due to the nature of the programme and users, the proposal has been designed in a passive way in order to maximise the energy available in nature. This means designing a building which works with nature to reduce the amount of servicing required to maintain an optimum internal environment.

The programme is making a stance to the local community to reduce our over reliance on imported goods and coupled with the passive design should ensure a low energy and low carbon building.

Admittedly, the initial build costs will be quiet high, but, it is what the building stands for and its knock on effect to the local community that will help to reduce the carbon footprint of the capital. The building aims to encourage others to follow suit by growing their own produce and finding other inventive areas where produce food is possible within our urban environment.

This is intended to help to reduce the amount of food the capital currently imports.

research during the primer focussed on closed loop systems which minimise energy consumption

51T.REPORT 09/10


sTRATEGIEs

My aim when designing London Crop Exchange was to try and create a building which is as self sufficient as possible. This was partly due to the site restrictions but also its use and the people who are going to be inhabiting it.

Allotment owners are traditionally people who appreciate the outdoors, and they therefore, generally, don’t want to have a negative impact on the landscape they inhabit. Instead the feeling should be that they are contributing to a community of producers which can help to provide for the local community.

Heat will be provided through underfloor heating which is contained within the slab. By having open able windows at a high level hot air will be able to be extracted from the space through natural ventilation. The external windows at the higher level will be open able and will cross ventilate both the restaurant and internal market .

The method of cross ventilation will allow the deeper part of the plan to remain well ventilated.

In the market area the hot air will rise and remain in the ceiling zone. As the space is effectively double height, the warm air will be away from the users and therefore the space will not over heat.

Cross ventilation uses the pressure difference between the side of the building facing the

wind and the side away from the wind. Therefore the positive pressure on the west

facade and the vacuum affect created on the east cause the air to move eastwards

through the building . To obtain the optimal airflow with minimal

draft, the windows on the windward side are opened less than on the lee side.

internal market

hot air

heat provided through underfl oor heating system

largeropenable windows

openable windowssmaller openings

heat provided through slab

internal restaurant

cross ventilation strategy

external public walkway

evening sunmorning sun

perimeter ventliation will be needed in the market area so an air fl ow still remains even when the windows are closed. Castellated beams could be used to allow air through as the ventilation channels will be next to the large booms in the fl oor

perimeter ventilation

53T.REPORT 09/10


sTRATEGIEs

The spatial organisation of the restaurant has been designed with the spectacular views to the west in mind. Also, as restaurants mainly attract their users in the evening, it has been placed to the west to enjoy the setting sun. This has lead to a large portion of the western facade to be glazed. This will reduce the need for artifi cial lighting and enable the space to be cross ventilated once the windows are opened.

Any artifi cial lighting which is required will be provided though LEDs. LEDs use very low amounts of energy, 4.5W, have an extremely long life span, up to 50,000 hours.

To reduce the amount of water required to irrigate the planters, they have been left exposed to the elements to harvest the natural rainfall. There is very little hard landscape on the roof which means there is very little surface runoff. The majority of the rain which does fall will therefore be able to be collected directly by the exposed planters.

Passive cooling

The exposed fl oor slabs can absorb heat build up during the daytime usage through a combination of solar gain and user occupancy. As the external temperature drops at night, the building can be cooled by partially opening the vents in the roof lights. This process is also to referred to as night purging or night cooling. 1:200 plan locating the roof lights

as well as the cross ventilation system just mentioned, roof lights

located in the heart of the plan will allow additional hot air to rise out

of the market area.

roof light

long section through the central market. The roof lights not only increase the amount of natural light in the area but also provide an opportunity to extract the rising warm stale air.passive cooling

roof lightroof light roof light

55T.REPORT 09/10


vENTILATION- A NATuRAL sysTEm

winter- cold northerly wind

natural barrier created by the buildings height

summer- warm south westerly wind

the sloping south facing landscape maximisis sun light to the crops


The ventilation strategy for the whole scheme is a natural one. The orientation of the building allows the warm south westerly prevailing winds to be brought in through the west facade and cross ventilate the building.

The nature of the site, with south facing terraces and the slope towards the north means the building and the landscape are protected from the prevailing northerly winds in the winter.

The roof lights in the market plus the high level open able windows allow the spaces to be ventilated during the summer months through night purging as previously mentioned.

The north south orientation of the scheme allows for the allotments to have the maximum level of sunlight, whilst the ramped elevation means there is no over shadowing. The prevailing south westerly winds are ideal for cross ventilating the building during the summer months.


57T.REPORT 09/10


THERmAL mAss

The use of high levels of thermal mass is the basis for controlling the environment in all parts of the proposal. The composite deck will remain exposed wherever possible across the scheme, insuring that the floors and walls will be able to store as much heat as possible keeping the internal environment as stable as possible.

Due to the need to span large distances between the piers it is important to keep the weight of cladding etc down to a minimum to avoid over specification of the structural frame. However, [fibre C] provides a cladding system which will contribute to the high levels of thermal mass created by the exposed composite flooring and concrete planters .

1:10 showing the exposed concrete flooring and cladding panels. the insulation is placed below the composite flooring to insure the deck remains exposed for thermal gains

1_13mm cladding panel2_composite flooring3_thermal insulation

1

2

3

1:20 detailed section highlighting the designs resolution

59T.REPORT 09/10


sERvICEs

The diagram below highlights the location of the plant rooms and the principle path for services. The three cores provide a zone for vertical ducting whilst the principle horizontal path is through the central truss and is incorporated in the boom.

The principle strategy is to bring the services back to the north bank where the buildings services can be attached back the mains.

Blue highlights the location of vertical risers or where toilets for example are stacked to allow services such as the SVP to be connected. Vertical risers are located just off of the main horizontal service duct keeping distances down to a minimum.

north bank

61T.REPORT 09/10


sERvICEs

1:20 showing an additional opportunity for services to be carried along the length which integrates service hatches along its length for ease of access

1:20 . The principle service channel will run along the length of gridline 4, which is the central spine of the proposal. By locating the services here, external access can be achieved minimising disruption to the buildings users. The channel runs along the length of the ramp meaning that the minimum fall of 1 in 80 for the SVP can easily be achieved.

In order to make the most of the high levels of thermal mass present throughout, the services are going to be located in service ducts which run along the length of the central truss. Vertical services will run as part of the lift shaft, to avoid unsightly service s.

63T.REPORT 09/10


sERvICEs

artifi cial lighting for the restaturant is designed to be concealed between the planter modules

detail of how artifi cial lighting can be incorporated

zone for lighting

section taken here

service riser provided next to lift

65T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING

THE mARkET AREA

The lighting strategy is similar to the ventilation, in as much that, through design, natural light can be used/ manipulated as much as possible to provide the optimal internal environment. The market will be used throughout the year and will require an even covering of light. Hot spots will need to be avoided due to the resultant over heating and therefore smaller openings are present on the eastern facade.

Direct afternoon/ evening sunlight is reduced by the fact that the location of the market is in the eastern portion of the plan and the roof over the external walkway protects the space from direct sunlight for most of the afternoon.

Lighting studies have been carried out throughout the design process using maxwell render, Maxwell Render™ is a rendering engine based on the mathematical equations governing light transport, meaning that all elements, such as emitters, materials and cameras, are derived from physically accurate models. Maxwell Render is unbiased, so no tricks are used to calculate the lighting solution in every pixel of a scene; the result will always be a correct solution, as it would be in the real world. Maxwell Render can fully capture all light interactions between all elements in a scene, and all lighting calculations are performed using spectral information and high dynamic range data.

maxwell render uses material modelling with incorporated IOR values for accurate refl ections which helps to gauge the internal qualities of the space.

roof lights

the proposal before the roof lights were added

early render studies of the market area were used to work out materials and the amount of light that was entering the space at a specific date and time.

Ecotect was used as an additional analysis tool to calculate;a) if light wells were needed, and b) where the best location for them would be

kml weather data can also be imported to provide accurate information on the longitude and latitude of the site which will affect the lighting results.

67T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING

THE mARkET AREA

Around 700 lux is what I aimed to achieve in the market area. This works out as a daylight factor of around 17.5 % when taken a sky factor of around 4000 lux. Daylight factors were calculated for both conditions. The space is 10m deep in plan and only contains windows on the east facade.

The lux levels of the space without roof lights range from 212lux to 672lux or a daylight factor on average of 10%. The majority of the space is around the 400 lux mark which would be ideal for normal office work but is too dark for what I amiming to achieve which is a bright space.

The addition of roof lights gave an average reading of around 20 % which is closer to what I aimed for.

with roof lights

lux levels without roof lights

69T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING

THE mARkET AREA

Figures on the previous page show the natural lighting levels using the sky, external and internal reflected components along with the design sky illuminance.

A figure of 4000lux was used for the design sky illuminance and 0.9 transmittance was used for glazed which takes into consideration as reduction in transmittance caused by the accumulation of dirt.

The addition of the three roof lights above the market area provides a far more distributed lighting solution. Without the roof lights the daylight factor is below 6% in a large proportion of the space.

with roof lights

without roof lights

overshadowing analysis assessing the zones which will be affected by the introduction of the roof lights

with roof lights

daylight factors for the two different scenarios

without roof lights

71T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING

sERvICEs

A shadow analysis was carried out to assess how much direct sun light would enter the space. This could be done for far more scenarios but it provides a useful method of showing the suns path throughout the day

June 21st 07:00

June 21st 08:00

June 21st 11:00

June 21st 14:00

June 21st 09:00

June 21st 12:00

June 21st 15:00

June 21st 10:00

June 21st 13:00

June 21st 16:00

73T.REPORT 09/10

June 21st 17:00

June 21st 18:00 June 21st 19:00 June 21st 21:00

75T.REPORT 09/10

LIGHTING

THE REsTAuRANT

The restaurant needs to maximise the views to the west and therefore is highly glazed. The lighting analysis highlights that the lux levels are extremely high around the large areas of fenestration despite the fact that the glazing line has been pushed back quite considerably.

By introducing windows which can open on this facade then this can reduce the chances of over heating in the afternoon on summer months. Large sliding windows which open down to balustrade level could be one option which aim to make the space feel more external could be another solution.

The design of the soft landscaping looked to minimise the chance of over shadowing wherever possible in order to maximise the amount of sun light the planters get. This over shadowing diagram highlights the success of this, where even the integrated sheds/ planters are low to minimise over shadowing

Overshadowing analysis of the planted region

77T.REPORT 09/10

TECTONICs

sTRATEGy

My tectonic strategy relates to the industrial nature of the surrounding context. Both the neighbouring bridges are gritty in their appearance and the combination of steel and iron gives them a real prominence. My proposal seeks to do the same by using materials which have a sense of permanence and longevity. The use of steel as the main structural frame plays on the industrial nature just mentioned and creates a strong framework together with the composite fl ooring.

Internal areas which require additional fi nishes are conceptually ‘lined’ with the likes of timber and this is highlighted through the detailing of these areas. There is also a real honesty to the structure, with the exposed under belly to the project, which creates a natural rhythm and is of a visual interest to the water traffi c which passes underneath and the pedestrians on the north and south banks of the River Thames.

The size and location of the concrete planters can be clearly seen on the underside of the roof level, acting as a further advertisement for the notion of home production, hopefully inspiring the passers by to also follow suit in some form or another.

a progress render exploring the materiality of the internal environment. Cladding is conceived as an in fi ll of a liner to the hard steel structure.

1:10_the tectonic expression has also been explored in detail

further details of the tectonic strategy can be found under the structure section

[fi bre C] cladding

[fi bre C] cladding

[fi bre C] cladding

cavity breather

insulation

studwork with insulation and incorporated VPC

79T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

sTRATEGy

The site is remote, in as much as it is in the middle of a river. A fire strategy is paramount to insure the safety of its users.

There are several traditional fire stations in close proximity to the site, the closest being one in Southwark which is only 500m away.

However, access to all of the site is not possible from the neighbouring roads and alternative solutions are needed. The London Fire Brigade owns two fire boats which could be used to gain access to the more remote parts of the site as they are often used for river side properties which are on fire. Both boats are based a couple of miles of the river at the Lambeth River station. .

The site is in close proximity to a number of fire stations but not all of the site can be accessed via these means.

81T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

sTRATEGy

As is mentioned in point o.16 in Volume 2 of the Approved Fire Safety Document, sprinklers systems can reduce the risk to life and signifi cantly reduce the damage caused by fi re.

As you will see later on, all escape distances are adhered to, however, in order to protect as muck of the structure as possible, sprinkler systems should be installed within areas such as the kitchen and restaurant.

as scope B1 states; The requirement is to provide a building that;

‘shall be designed and constructed so that there are appropriate provisions for the early warning of fi re, and appropriate means of escape in case of fi re from the building to a place of safety.....’

The proposal contains a large amount of external space which provides adequate means of escape for the users who are in internal environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments.

external space which provides adequate means external space which provides adequate means external space which provides adequate means external space which provides adequate means external space which provides adequate means of escape for the users who are in internal of escape for the users who are in internal of escape for the users who are in internal of escape for the users who are in internal environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments. environments.

means of escape off site

the blue highlights all areas which are external and provide a place of safety. There are 3 means of escape off of the

bridge, one at either end and one which attaches to the existing Blackfriars

Station Platform

the restaurant only provides one means of escape. The means of escape is less

than 18m and the restaurant will house less than 60 people.The core will provide

1 hour of fi re resistance


18m

18m


83T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

sTRATEGy

extract from Approved Document B

the plan of the restaurant has had to be designed around the fact that it provides a dead end condition.

The occupancy of the restaurant is below 60

85T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

sTRATEGy

typical core design

ground floor plan of the garden centre

protected stair acts as a means of escape for people on the first floor

an additional door was needed due to the distances

18 m

18 m

protected stair to ground level

first floor plan of garden centre

87T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

sTRATEGy

means of escape

means of escape

access to and means of escape from the roof.

means of escape

18 mchange of use_ as table 2 on page 85 shows, the 18m escape distance still applies despite its change of use

89T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

PART m

Part M, reasonable access shall be made for people to

a)gain access to; and b) usethe building and its facilities

extract from Approved Document M

Part M was referenced throughout to ensure stairs throughout the proposal were compliant

1400 mm landing

1400 mm landing

continuous handrail

91T.REPORT 09/10

ACCEss AND fIRE

PART m

Wherever toilets have been provided, there has also been the provision of a disabled toilet designed in accordance to diagram 21

2 metre clearance has been provided for the lift as it also doubles as a goods lift

disabled toilets

clearance

93T.REPORT 09/10

Documents

Technology Report