Tawkon IEEE Presentation

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Amit Lubovsky Co-Founder tawkon

Mobile Phone Radiation – Feb 21st

“Green Communications”


Mobile Phone Radiation

http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-12-15/news/17224157_1_cell-phone-sar-level-phone-retailers


Overview

mobile communication

cellular radiation

regulation

research

precautionary measures

tawkon solution

Agenda


Mobile Phones – Basic Facts

• Allow communication from any location via a network of base stations

• Information is transmitted from the mobile phone to the base station and vice

versa via high-frequency electromagnetic fields

• Radiation intensity is greatest close to its source, i.e. a mobile phone's antenna

• Radiation is only strong while the phone is transmitting, not while idle state

• Radiation decreases sharply with distance to the phone

• Radiation exposure during a call depends on:

– mobile phone emits less when connection quality is good

– better outdoors than in a building

– improves with proximity to a base station

– When connecting to the network and switching from one cell to another, mobile

phones briefly transmit at maximum output power and this is only slowly

reduced

Mobile Phones – Basic Facts


Mobile Phones – Basic Facts Electromagnetic Radiation


Typical Transmission Power Values

dBm

levelPower Notes

60 dBm 1 kW = 1000 W Typical RF power of microwave oven elements

33 dBm 2 WMaximum output from a UMTS/3G mobile phone

Maximum output from a GSM850/900 mobile phone

30 dBm 1 W = 1000 mW Maximum output from a GSM1800/1900 mobile phone

15 dBm 32 mW Typical WiFi transmission power in laptops.

0 dBm 1.0 mW Bluetooth standard radio, 1 m range

−10 dBm 100 µWTypical maximum received signal power (−10 to −30 dBm) of

wireless network

Typical Transmission Power Values


Exposure measurements

• SAR - Specific Absorption Rate

• Electromagnetic radiation (W) that is absorbed by the human body (kg)

• Determined using a human head "phantom"

• Published on the internet and in the instruction manuals

• SAR is measured in a "worst-case" scenario

• 1.6 W/kg exposure limit according to the International

Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection

(ICNIRP, adopted 1996)

• The lower SAR of the device, the lower the radiation that is absorbed by the

body

SAR


Cellular: 1.19

Cellular: 1.39

Cellular: 0.58

0.52

0.12

0.08

1.191.39

0.58

SAR Cont.

Wi-Fi: 0.52

Wi-Fi: 0.12

Wi-Fi: 0.08


UK :

When buying a mobile phone,

one must insist on low SAR

levelsDepartment of Health 2005

France:

Legislative initiative to ban mobile

sales without speaker and to ban

mobile advertising to teenagersSenate & Ministry of Health 2009

USA:

San Francisco is first in the US to

adopt regulations which obligate full

disclosure of SAR levels at every

mobile phone sales point (June

2010)Senate & Ministry of Health 2009

Switzerland:

When buying a mobile

phone, one must insist on

low SAR levelsFederal Office of Public Health

2009

Israel:

Children and teens

should use mobile

phones only in cases of

emergencyMinistry of Health 2008

Russia:

Establishment of institutions

to asses the affects of

mobile radiationRussia Senate & Ministry of

Health 2009;

Finland:

Parents are requested to

recommend their children to

use text messages rather

than callsFinnish Radiation and Nuclear

Safety Authority

Regulation


• Around 35 studies till today (starting 1996), all on adults

Interphone

• Published June 2010 - 13 countries, 10 years

• overseen by the World Health Organization (WHO )

• compared cell phone usage for more than 5,000 people with brain tumors

(glioma and meningioma) and a similar number of healthy controls.

• People who use their mobile phones for at least 30 minutes a day for 10

years (“heavy users”) have a greater risk of developing brain cancer

(30%- 40%).

Research


Cosmos

• World Health Organization (WHO) and the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA).

• Long term health monitoring of a large group of people to determine if there are any health

issues linked to long term exposure to radio frequency energy from cell phone use.

• Started in 2010, COSMOS study will follow approximately 300,000 adult cell phone users in

Europe for 20 to 30 years

Mobi-Kids

• International multi-center study involving 14 European and non-European countries

• Investigating the relationship between exposure to radio frequency energy from communication

technologies including cell phones and brain cancer in young people

• Started in 2010, nearly 2000 young people between 10 to 24 years

Research Cont.


Source: EWG (Environmental Working Group)

Exposure measurementsPrecautionary Measures


Exposure measurementsPrecautionary Measures Cont.


Exposure Measurement


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