A PRESENTATION BY:- Chaman Singh Soumya Panda Roll:1304080 Roll:1304082 Branch:ECE Branch:ECE

TEAM NAME:- ELECTROCHAMPS

TOPIC NAME:

WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR PILGRIM TRACKING

INTRODUCTIONPilgrimage is a religious journey undertaken by people to connect with the Almighty. Every year the no. of people actively involved in these pilgrimages is increasing exponentially. In Makkah(Saudi Arabia) alone, every year 3 million people gather to perform the rituals of the Hajj. Thus, it was of prime importance that a tracking system be made to monitor them for which real-time monitoring system was implemented in Hajj to cater to their needs and tested on a small group of people, the subsequent details of which we are going to explore in upcoming slides.

SYSTEM DESIGN

DESIGN CONSTITUENTS

1. MOBILE SENSOR UNITS

2. FIXED SENSOR UNITS

3. NODE CONFIGURATION IN WSN

4. PROTOCOLS AND ALGORITHMS

MOBILE UNITSA. Mobile Sensor Units

This unit includes:

1. an off-the-shelf SiRF GPS chip capable of estimating the location information with 5 m accuracy.

2. A microchip PIC nanoWatt series microcontroller collects the data from the GPS chip and frames the same according to WSN protocol.

3. An ISM band radio from Texas Instruments (Chipcon CC1100) transfers the location data to the fixed sensor units with a range of 50–100 m.

4. The module also includes a ceramic chip fractal antenna for the radio, and a separate antenna for GPS receiver.

5.Two lithium Ion AA batteries provide the power and a DC-DC converter, from Texas Instruments, conditions the battery power to 3.6 V DC.

The mobile units are battery powered and therefore require

power-efficient hardware and software.

FIXED SENSOR UNITSB. Fixed Sensor Units

The WSN is based on a set of fixed wireless nodes. Each fixed wireless node consists of a UHF high gain antenna, RF transceiver, microcontroller, battery and Ethernet for interfacing to the server via internet (TCP/IP connection).

Whenever there is a need to locate a pilgrim, the fixed units broadcast his/her unique UID. Each mobile unit checks whether this UID matches its own. If there is a match, the mobile unit sends an acknowledgement while others remain silent. Subsequent protocol ensures that the appropriate location information is sent to the fixed node which in turn sends it to the server. To keep the overall software managing the system simple, we did not consider any data encryption at this stage since only UID (known only to authorized officers at the central server), time stamp, and location information are sent across the network.

NODE CONFIGURATIONUnder the proposed configuration, the different nodes are classified either as sensing only, sensing and routing, or gateways.

1.Sensing-only nodes receive queries from the network, collect data from the mobile units in the vicinity, then send the data to nearby sensors.

2.In addition to sensing, some nodes function also as routers. Moreover, few strategically placed nodes are selected to communicate with the public communication networks.

3.Gateways send the information to broadcasting station

Fig. 2(a) and (b) show two different deployment scenarios: along a pilgrim trail, and in a congregation.

PROTOCOLS AND ALGORITHMS

The minimization of energy consumptions highly relies on the processing and the communication requirements of the protocols and algorithms at various layers of the WSN.

1.At the PHY and MAC layer levels, the duty cycle of the nodes (the ratio of ON to OFF periods) is reduced by using a modified carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA) protocol.

2.Multi-hop communication is used to route information. The introduction of co-linear equal range hops between any node pair reduces power by a factor of N^n in the order of in comparison with a single hop system. Multihop communication, therefore, provides an immediate advantage in capability for low power devices.

PILOT TESTING• It is worth noting that the tracks followed by pilgrims include both rural as well as urban areas.

•Some of the urban areas are overly crowded with dense structures and high rising buildings. The system worked effectively even in such dense area since it has its own dedicated network.

• However, the distance of recognition decreased in urban areas.

• For full deployment of the system, the fixed nodes need to be installed on street light poles to facilitate signal transmission with minimal obstruction to the propagation paths between fixed nodes and mobile units.

IMPORTANT POINTS1. We chose this topic because first of all it deals with our interest in

wireless systems and further is also beneficial to the society.

2. Theme of this topic is the pilgrim tracking system developed in Hajj two years back and its merits.

3. In deviation to archaic RFID tags, WSN is used in this technology and it uses a real-time monitoring to attend to pilgrim’s needs.

4. It is indeed very cost effective. Govt. bears all the expenses of adopting this system and for people, it is a win-win situation as with the new app “HAJJSALAM”, one can track one’s relatives by entering the login id of that person.

5. As of now, this system is limited to real-time tracking and responding to pilgrim's emergencies. In the near future, it may be attached with a heart beat monitoring system also to check if the pilgrim is keeping up well or not.

CONCLUSION

Though it is a very nascent one ,through this system, we can address many issues like identification of pilgrims, medical emergencies, guiding lost pilgrims and congestion management too. For the past 2 years, this has been successfully implemented in Hajj ,though on a small group of people. At present, the researchers are working on improving the efficiency of the mobile units along with ameliorating the scalability of this tracking system. Hopefully, in the near future, this technology will address the needs of officials and people alike ,satisfactorily.

REFERENCESIEEE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LETTERS, VOL. 4, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2012[1] M. Mohandes, “RFID-based system for pilgrims identification & tracking,” J. Appl. Comput. Electromagn. Soc. (ACES), vol. 25, no. 3,pp. 273–282, Mar. 2010.[2] Mohandes, Haleem, Abul-Hussain, and Balakrishnan, “Pilgrimtracking using wireless sensor network,” presented at the Workshops Int. Conf. Adv. Inform. Netw. Appl. (WAINA 2011), Singapore, Mar. 22–25, 2011.[3] P. Zhang, C. M. Sadler, S. A. Lyon, and M. Martonosi, “Hardware design experiences in zebranet,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Embed. Netw. Sensor Syst., New York, 2004, pp. 227–238, ACM Press.[4] A. S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003.[5] A. El-Hoiydi, “Aloha with preamble sampling for sporadic traffic in ad hoc wireless sensor networks,” presented at the IEEE Int. Conf. Commun., New York, Apr. 28–May 2 2002.[6] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.[7] M. A. Haleem, C. N. Mathur, and K. P. Subbalakshmi, “Joint distributed compression and encryption of correlated data in sensor networks,” presented at the IEEE Military Commun. Conf.(MILCOM), Washington, DC, 2006.

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