Taurine - The stimulant in the 'energy drink' Red Bull

NAMING MOLECULES

Taurine - The stimulant in the 'energy drink' Red Bull

NAMING BINARY MOLECULES Remember:

Molecules are substances that are covalently bonded together.

They contain a nonmetal bonded to a nonmetal.

How can you tell the difference between a polyatomic ion and a molecule?Poly-ions have a charge when not

bonded to a metal – ex. (PO4)3- or K3PO4

Molecules contain only nonmetals and NO overall charge – ex. P2O3

BINARY COVALENT COMPOUNDS – NAMING/FORMULAS

FIRST WORD:NAME OF ELEMENT THAT APPEARS FIRST IN FORMULA

PREFIX TO SHOW # ATOMSIF “ONE/MONO”– NO PREFIX

SECOND WORD:PREFIX TO SHOW # ATOMS“STEM” OF SECOND ELEMENTEND IN “IDE”

MOLECULAR PREFIXES

1 mono- 6 hexa-

2 di- 7 hepta-

3 tri- 8 octa-

4 tetra- 9 nona-

5 penta- 10 deca-

In order to be effective in naming molecules, these prefixes must be committed to memory:


PCl3Phosphorous trichloride

Cl2O7Dichlorine heptoxide

COCarbon monoxide


Nitrogen dioxideNO2

Sulfur hexafluorideSF6

Tetraiodine nonoxideI4O9

NAMING BINARY MOLECULES – LEARNING CHECK

EX: SO3 is ____________________

Sulfur trioxidePBr5 is ____________________

Phosphorus pentabromideICl3 is _____________________

Iodine trichlorideH20 is _____________________

Dihydrogen monoxide

WRITING BINARY MOLECULESNow… let’s look at writing the molecular formula from the name. When writing the formula of a

molecule, an atom’s prefix is its subscript.

Do not cross anything. When there is only one of the first atom, a prefix is not used.

Let’s view some examples…

Example #1-Names to Formulas

Sulfur trioxide

SO32. Write number of atoms

1. Write symbols of elements

Final FormulaIf no prefix, then 1 is

implied and not written


dichlorine heptoxide

Cl O2 72. Write number of atoms


Final Formula


phosphorus pentachloride

PCl52. Write number of atoms


Final FormulaIf no prefix, then 1 is implied and

not written


dinitrogen monoxide

N O22. Write number of atoms



not written


carbon monoxide

CO2. Write number of atoms



not written


dinitrogen trisulfide

N S2 32. Write number of atoms


Final Formula

STRANGE NAMES FOR MOLECULES

ANOL

BUTANOL

MORONIC ACID

CRAPINON

NAMING ACIDS

Exactly four water molecules and one hydrogen chloride molecule are

necessary to form the smallest droplet of acid

NAMING ACIDS Acids are molecular compounds that

contain hydrogen bonded to a nonmetal or to a group of polyatomic ions.

Acids can be either binary or ternary compounds.

Names of binary acids have the form hydro-…ic acid.

Names of ternary acids use a series of prefixes and suffixes to specify the # of oxygen atoms in the molecule.

hydrochloric acid

NAMING BINARY ACIDSNames of binary acids have the form

hydro-…ic acid

EX: Binary acid: HF is hydrofluoric acid HCl is hydrochloric acid

Try:

H2S is _____________________

Hydrosulfuric acidHI is _____________________

Hydroiodic acidHBr is _____________________

Hydrobromic acid

NAMING TERNARY ACIDS When naming ternary acids, identify

polyatomic ion in the formula. For polyions that end in “ate” change the

ending to “ic”. (Something I “ate” made me feel “ic”.)

For polyions that end in “ite” change the ending to “ous”.

(A snake b“ite” is poison“ous”)

EX: nitrate nitricnitrite nitroussulfite sulfoussulfate sulfic

NAMING TERNARY ACIDS Some ternary acids have more than one

oxygen possibility. When naming ternary acids from

polyions that have up to four oxygen possibilities: per-… -ic greatest # of oxygen atoms.

-ic greater -ous smaller

hypo-… -ous smallest # of oxygen atoms.

*Know all forms of ClO3-1 and IO3

-1

NAMING TERNARY ACIDS

Polyion Acid Formula Acid Name ClO4

-1 HClO4 perchloric acid ClO3

-1 HClO3 chloric acid ClO2

-1 HClO2 chlorous acid ClO-1 HClO hypochlorous acid

Name:HIO

Hypoiodous acidHIO2

Iodous acid

HIO3

Iodic acid

HIO4

Periodic acid

NAMING ACIDS – LEARNING CHECK

EX: HCl is ____________________ Hydrochloric acid

H2SO4is ____________________

Sulfuric acidH3PO4 is _____________________

Phosphoric acidHF is _____________________

Hydroflouric acidHNO3 is _____________________

Nitric acidHNO2 is _____________________

Nitrous acid

WRITING FORMULAS OF ACIDS Acids are molecules that are covalently

bonded yet they have properties of ionic compounds so use rules for creating neutral ionic compounds.

Formulas for acids begin with Hydrogen. The oxidation state for hydrogen is +1.

Identify if the acid is binary or ternary. If the acid is binary, it will have a “hydro” prefix, all others will be ternary.

FORMULAS OF BINARY ACIDS

Write H+1 Identify the monotomic anion by its root

name in the acid. Determine its charge by following the

oxidation trend for the groups. Write the element symbol and its negative

oxidation. Criss Cross charges to create neutral acid

formulas.

FORMULAS OF BINARY ACIDSEX: hydrosulfuric acid

H+1 S-2

H2S

Now Try: hydrochloric acid hydrobromic acidhydrophosphoric acid hydrofluoric acid

H+ + Cl- = HCl

H+ + Br- = HBrH+ + P-3 = H3P H+ + F- = HF

FORMULAS OF TERNARY ACIDS

Write H+1

Identify polyion by: 1. ic ate and ous ite suffixes2. prefixes of per and hypo to indicate numbers of oxygen atoms for chlorates and iodates.

Write formula of polyion including oxidation.

Criss Cross charges for neutral formula.

FORMULAS OF TERNARY ACIDSEX: sulfuric acid

H+1 SO4-2

H2SO4

Now try:phosphoric acid nitric acid(ate to ic) H+ + PO4

-3 = H3PO4 (ate to ic) H+ + NO3- = HNO3

nitrous acid sulfurous acid(ite to ous) H+ + NO2

- = HNO2 (ite to ous) H+ + SO3-2 =

H2SO3

perchloric acid hypoiodous acid(ate to ic) H+ + ClO4

- = HClO4 H+ + IO- = HIOacetic acid(ate to ic) H+ + C2H3O2

- = HC2H3O2

THE END!

REVIEW FOR TEST - NOMENCLATURE

1. Ionic CompoundsBinary Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Oxidation #s must add to zero (criss cross) Some elements have more than one oxidation # Metal & Non-metal

2. Molecular CompoundsBinary Molecular Compounds

Non-metal & non-metal Use prefixes

REVIEW FOR TEST - NOMENCLATURE

3. Acids Binary Acids Acids with Polyatomic Ions

Hydrogen in front of elements Oxidation #s must add to zero (criss cross)

4. NAMING COMPOUNDS Hint … identify the first element… if it is…

METAL – know it is an IONIC COMPOUND (think oxidation# & criss cross)

NON-METAL – know it is a MOLECULAR COMPOUND ( think prefixes)

HYDROGEN – know it is an ACID (think oxidation# & criss cross… or ate/ic & ite/ous)

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Taurine - The stimulant in the 'energy drink' Red Bull