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The basis of Thema,c Appercep,on tes,ng originates from the projec,ve hypothesis which states that responses reveal inner thoughts and feelings. It was developed by Chris,na Morgan and Henry Murray in the 1930’s when an undergraduate student who’s young son was ill at home and spent the day making up stories about people in magazines. Asked……“could pictures be employed in clinical seIngs to explore underlying dynamics of personality. Morgan and Murray decided to explore this. Chris,na Murray also used some of her own illustra,ons. The first T.A.T picture used was the boy and the violin. The T.A.T test was finally published in 1943 and throughout the 1960’s and 1970’s saw a surge of interest. A projec,ve test is a method of tes,ng personality. What dis,nguishes this method from other methods of tes,ng is the s,muli to which a par,cipant responds. The s,muli are ambiguous – meaning there is more than one way in which a person can respond. The hope is that the response will reveal informa,on about personality and thought processes, which may previously have been hidden. Projec,ve tes,ng is based on psychoanaly,c theory – i.e. through interpre,ng things such as dreams, drawings, word associa,ons etc. It reveals thoughts and feelings that may be suppressed and exist in the unconscious psyche. There are concerns about projec,ve tests, as the results of them are open to interpreta,on from a researcher or psychologist, as it is them who analyse what the results mean. Despite this, projec,ve tes,ng is s,ll carried out today, some of which include: the ‘Word Associa,on’ test, the ‘Draw a Person’ test, the Rorschach inkblot test and the Thema,c Appercep,on Test, or T.A.T. Test. “The girl is in a chemistry lesson at her school and her teacher is watching over her, giving her advice on what to do. The girl thinks the teacher is very helpful.” The man has had a crush on his fellow worker for a while and is building up the courage to ask her on a date. The woman, however, is only interested in her work” “The man is wai,ng for his medicine at the pharmacy. He is frustrated because the woman is taking too long to measure it out.” “The woman is a trainee scien,st who is feeling pressured as her poten,al boss is watching her work. She is not comfortable and as a result, makes a mistake and does not get hired” The TAT consists of specialised picture cards that are shown to a pa,ent who then describes what they see. Due to the ambiguous nature of the content on the pictures, an analysis of the pa,ent’s recall of what they see is what is used to help diagnose their mental state. There are 31 cards in total. The examiner will select a set of eight to twelve cards that are suitable for the pa,ent. Factors such as the age, gender and mental fragility of the pa,ent need to be considered. The cards are there for the pa,ent to tell a story about what is going on in the image they are viewing. These include what lead up to the scene they are seeing, the thoughts and feelings of the characters and an outcome to the story. The examiner records what the pa,ent is describing when the TAT cards are presented, with a subjec,ve analysis of what they interpret the descrip,ons given to them in rela,on to the mental state of the pa,ent. Body movements, pauses and tone of voice from the pa,ent have to also be recorded by the examiner if they believe they have significance. This means the examiner will be working strenuously, which is why some psychologists have decided to use video to record their pa,ents. The examiner must also avoid interjec,ng at any point, as there could be a danger of influencing the pa,ent’s answers. There is no standardised scoring system for TAT. One of the common methods is the Defence Mechanisms Manual which assumes thoughts and feelings are projected into the stories. This method assesses denial, projec,on and iden,fica,on as defence mechanisms and includes example answers to help assist and a thorough knowledge of defence mechanisms is a recommended. One of its main applica,ons is that it is used as a tool for research into areas of psychology such as dreams, fantasies and mate selec,on. This test can also be used to find out what mo,vates people to choose their occupa,on. The T.A.T test can be used to assess the psychological state of a person including personality and thought disorders. Other applica,ons are that it can be used to screen applicants for high stress jobs and used in forensic examina,ons to evaluate crime suspects. There are many advantages of the Thema,c Appercep,on Test. It can be used as an adjunct to psychotherapy where it is very useful as discussions can be made about the theme of certain stories the client gives that might not have been within the client’s current awareness. Another advantage is that it is really helpful for children as they might have difficulty expressing themselves using words alone. The children can then make use of the pictures to tell a story about their emo,onal and internal conflicts. Also with this test, Murray stated that without excep,on, every person who par,cipated in the study injected aspects of their personali,es into their stories. The par,cipants also find it difficult to fake a response as they cannot figure out how their response will be interpreted. The use of TAT has been seen mul,ple ,mes in popular culture with famous cases such as Hannibal Lecture and Harry Benson. A disturbed pa,ent receives the test from the novel Terminal man, by Michael Crichton. Other examples are seen in A Clockwork Orange and Flowers for Algernon. The TAT has been cri,cised for being too unscien,fic because it does not use objec,ve measures to back up its findings. It has shown it cannot be proven to give consistent results over ,me, thus unreliable. TAT has no zeroorder and no valid norms, which some think makes it invalid. Also, it has been viewed as a way of purely viewing the subconscious of the par,cipant, so does not account for recent contact that may be in the par,cipants’ consciousness. The pictures have been characterised as old fashioned, with a lack of racial diversity. The situa,ons depicted lack cultural validity and do not reflect normal modern day situa,ons. As a result, people find it difficult to iden,fy and concur with the concept of the s,muli. Researchers found that TAT cards cause more ‘deviant’ stories than photographs, so the differences were a consequence of the differences in the characteris,cs of the images used. Finally, the images are also seen to be too achroma,c and nega,ve in emo,onal tone. PROS CONS We asked a number of people to interpret what they believe is going on in the ambiguous scene below. Similar to a real T.A.T case, the par,cipants did not have any background knowledge of what is happening in the picture and had to come to their own conclusions…

T.A.T Poster

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The  basis  of  Thema,c  Appercep,on  tes,ng  originates  from  the  projec,ve  hypothesis  which  states  that  responses  reveal  inner  thoughts  and  feelings.  It  was  developed  by  Chris,na  Morgan  and  Henry  Murray  in  the  1930’s  when  an  undergraduate  student  who’s  young  son  was  ill  at  home  and  spent  the  day  making  up  stories  about  people  in  magazines.  Asked……“could  pictures  be  employed  in  clinical  seIngs  to  explore  underlying  dynamics  of  personality.  Morgan  and  Murray  decided  to  explore  this.  Chris,na  Murray  also  used  some  of  her  own  illustra,ons.  The  first  T.A.T  picture  used  was  the  boy  and  the  violin.  The  T.A.T  test  was  finally  published  in  1943  and  throughout  the  1960’s  and  1970’s  saw  a  surge  of  interest.    

A  projec,ve  test  is  a  method  of  tes,ng  personality.  What  dis,nguishes  this  method  from  other  methods  of  tes,ng  is  the  s,muli  to  which  a  par,cipant  responds.  The  s,muli  are  ambiguous  –  meaning  there  is  more  than  one  way  in  which  a  person  can  respond.  The  hope  is  that  the  response  will  reveal  

informa,on  about  personality  and  thought  processes,  which  may  previously  have  been  hidden.  Projec,ve  tes,ng  is  based  on  psychoanaly,c  theory  –  i.e.  through  interpre,ng  things  such  as  dreams,  drawings,  word  associa,ons  etc.  It  reveals  thoughts  and  feelings  that  may  be  suppressed  and  exist  in  the  

unconscious  psyche.  There  are  concerns  about  projec,ve  tests,  as  the  results  of  them  are  open  to  interpreta,on  from  a  researcher  or  psychologist,  as  it  is  them  who  analyse  what  the  results  mean.  Despite  this,  projec,ve  tes,ng  is  s,ll  carried  out  today,  some  of  which  include:    the  ‘Word  Associa,on’  test,  the  

‘Draw  a  Person’  test,  the  Rorschach  inkblot  test  and  the  Thema,c  Appercep,on  Test,  or  T.A.T.  Test.    

“The  girl  is  in  a  chemistry  lesson  at  her  school  and  her  teacher  is  watching  over  her,  giving  her  advice  on  what  to  do.  The  girl  thinks  the  teacher  is  

very  helpful.”    

The  man  has  had  a  crush  on  his  fellow  

worker  for  a  while  and  is  building  up  the  

courage  to  ask  her  on  a  date.  The  woman,  however,  is  only  

interested  in  her  work”  

“The  man  is  wai,ng  for  his  medicine  at  the  pharmacy.  He  is  frustrated  because  the  woman  is  taking  too  long  to  

measure  it  out.”      

“The  woman  is  a  trainee  scien,st  who  is  feeling  

pressured  as  her  poten,al  boss  is  watching  her  work.  She  is  not  comfortable  and  

as  a  result,  makes  a  mistake  and  does  not  get  

hired”  

The  TAT  consists  of  specialised  picture  cards  that  are  shown  to  a  pa,ent  who  then  describes  what  they  see.  Due  to  the  ambiguous  nature  of  the  content  on  the  pictures,  an  analysis  of  the  pa,ent’s  recall  of  what  they  see  is  what  is  used  to  help  diagnose  their  mental  state.    There  are  31  cards  in  total.  The  examiner  will  select  a  set  of  eight  to  twelve  cards  that  are  suitable  for  the  pa,ent.  Factors  such  as  the  age,  gender  and  mental  fragility  of  the  pa,ent  need  to  be  considered.  The  cards  are  there  for  the  pa,ent  to  tell  a  story  about  what  is  going  on  in  the  image  they  are  viewing.  These  include  what  lead  up  to  the  scene  they  are  seeing,  the  thoughts  and  feelings  of  the  characters  and  an  outcome  to  the  story.    The  examiner  records  what  the  pa,ent  is  describing  when  the  TAT  cards  are  presented,  with  a  subjec,ve  analysis  of  what  they  interpret  the  descrip,ons  given  to  them  in  rela,on  to  the  mental  state  of  the  pa,ent.  Body  movements,  pauses  and  tone  of  voice  from  the  pa,ent  have  to  also  be  recorded  by  the  examiner  if  they  believe  they  have  significance.  This  means  the  examiner  will  be  working  strenuously,  which  is  why  some  psychologists  have  decided  to  use  video  to  record  their  pa,ents.  The  examiner  must  also  avoid  interjec,ng  at  any  point,  as  there  could  be  a  danger  of  influencing  the  pa,ent’s  answers.  There  is  no  standardised  scoring  system  for  TAT.  One  of  the  common  methods  is  the  Defence  Mechanisms  Manual  which  assumes  thoughts  and  feelings  are  projected  into  the  stories.  This  method  assesses  denial,  projec,on  and  iden,fica,on  as  defence  mechanisms  and  includes  example  answers  to  help  assist  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  defence  mechanisms  is  a  recommended.  

One  of  its  main  applica,ons  is  that  it  is  used  as  a  tool  for  research  into  areas  of  psychology  such  as  dreams,  fantasies  and  mate  selec,on.  This  test  can  also  be  used  to  find  out  what  mo,vates  people  to  choose  their  occupa,on.  The  T.A.T  test  can  be  used  to  assess  the  psychological  state  of  a  person  including  personality  and  thought  disorders.  Other  applica,ons  are  that  it  can  be  used  to  screen  applicants  for  high  stress  jobs  and  used  in  forensic  examina,ons  to  evaluate  crime  suspects.  

There  are  many  advantages  of  the  Thema,c  Appercep,on  Test.  It  can  be  used  as  an  adjunct  to  psychotherapy  where  it  is  very  useful  as  discussions  can  be  made  about  the  theme  of  certain  stories  the  client  gives  that  might  not  have  been  within  the  client’s  current  awareness.  Another  advantage  is  that  it  is  really  helpful  for  children  as  they  might  have  difficulty  expressing  themselves  using  words  alone.  The  children  can  then  make  use  of  the  pictures  to  tell  a  story  about  their  emo,onal  and  internal  conflicts.  Also  with  this  test,  Murray  stated  that  without  excep,on,  every  person  who  par,cipated  in  the  study  injected  aspects  of  their  personali,es  into  their  stories.  The  par,cipants  also  find  it  difficult  to  fake  a  response  as  they  cannot  figure  out  how  their  response  will  be  interpreted.  

The  use  of  TAT  has  been  seen  mul,ple  ,mes  in  popular  culture  with  famous  cases  such  as  Hannibal  Lecture  and  Harry  Benson.  A  disturbed  pa,ent  receives  the  test  from  the  novel  Terminal  man,  by  Michael  Crichton.  Other  examples  are  seen  in  A  Clockwork  Orange  and  Flowers  for  Algernon.    

 The  TAT  has  been  cri,cised  for  being  too  unscien,fic  because  it  does  not  use  objec,ve  measures  to  back  up  its  findings.  It  has  shown  it  cannot  be  proven  to  give  consistent  results  over  ,me,  thus  unreliable.  TAT  has  no  zero-­‐order  and  no  valid  norms,  which  some  think  makes  it  invalid.  Also,  it  has  been  viewed  as  a  way  of  purely  viewing  the  subconscious  of  the  par,cipant,  so  does  not  account  for  recent  contact  that  may  be  in  the  par,cipants’  consciousness.  The  pictures  have  been  characterised  as  old  fashioned,  with  a  lack  of  racial  diversity.  The  situa,ons  depicted  lack  cultural  validity  and  do  not  reflect  normal  modern  day  situa,ons.  As  a  result,  people  find  it  difficult  to  iden,fy  and  concur  with  the  concept  of  the  s,muli.  Researchers  found  that  TAT  cards  cause  more  ‘deviant’  stories  than  photographs,  so  the  differences  were  a  consequence  of  the  differences  in  the  characteris,cs  of  the  images  used.  Finally,  the  images  are  also  seen  to  be  too  achroma,c  and  nega,ve  in  emo,onal  tone.  

PROS   CONS  

We  asked  a  number  of  people  to  interpret  what  they  believe  is  going  on  in  the  ambiguous  scene  below.  Similar  to  a  real  T.A.T  case,  the  par,cipants  did  not  

have  any  background  knowledge  of  what  is  happening  in  the  picture  and  had  to  come  to  their  own  conclusions…