Take out your notes and answer Take out your notes and answer the warm up questions…the warm up questions…

* What particle in the atom do you think is * What particle in the atom do you think is allowed to move around?allowed to move around?

* What do you think you find inside neon * What do you think you find inside neon lights?lights?

How does light behave?How does light behave?

Wave-Particle DualityWave-Particle Duality

As a wave…As a wave…

WaveWavelengthlength ( (λλ): shortest distance between ): shortest distance between 2 equivalent points on a wave2 equivalent points on a wave

FrequencyFrequency ( (): number of waves that pass ): number of waves that pass a given point per seconda given point per second

All electromagnetic waves travel at the All electromagnetic waves travel at the same same speedspeed (in a vacuum) (in a vacuum)

Electromagnetic spectrumElectromagnetic spectrum

Which type has the highest ENERGY?

What is the relationship b/w wavelength and energy?

Atomic Emission SpectraAtomic Emission SpectraAn element’s spectral thumbprintAn element’s spectral thumbprint

The set of frequencies given off by the atoms of a The set of frequencies given off by the atoms of a given elementgiven element

When electrons are excited, (from an outside When electrons are excited, (from an outside source) they emit certain frequenciessource) they emit certain frequencies

Each element’s spectra is uniqueEach element’s spectra is unique

This is what the This is what the electrons are doingelectrons are doing

This is what you would see using a This is what you would see using a spectroscopespectroscope

This picture shows the relative energies that electrons produce when moving (in H)

Which color arrow has the greatest jump?So that means purple has what kind of energy?

As a particle…As a particle…Photoelectric effect Photoelectric effect – when electrons are – when electrons are

emitted from a metal’s surface when a emitted from a metal’s surface when a certain frequency shines on itcertain frequency shines on it

Light is a form of energy that can be Light is a form of energy that can be released by an atom, and is made up of released by an atom, and is made up of small particles of energysmall particles of energy called called photons.photons.

Photoelectric effectPhotoelectric effect

Photons – small particles of energy Electrons

ejected from the surface

Sodium metal

If the light has a higher frequency, it will also have a higher _______, and this effects the number of electrons emitted.

Warm up…Warm up…

As wavelength increases, frequency As wavelength increases, frequency _________ and energy _________________ and energy ________

Which color of visible light has the lowest Which color of visible light has the lowest energy?energy?

Draw the Bohr model for SulfurDraw the Bohr model for Sulfur

Heisenberg may have slept here…Heisenberg may have slept here…

Heisenberg Heisenberg uncertaintyuncertainty principle – principle –

States that it is impossible to know precisely States that it is impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of an electron both the velocity and position of an electron at the same timeat the same time

e-

Now it’s a wave…Now it’s a wave… Schrödinger came up Schrödinger came up

with a very difficult with a very difficult equation which treated equation which treated electrons as waveselectrons as waves

The wave function he The wave function he calculated is related to calculated is related to the the probabilityprobability of of finding electrons within finding electrons within a certain volume of a certain volume of space around the space around the nucleusnucleus

Atomic OrbitalsAtomic OrbitalsPrincipal energy levels (n)Principal energy levels (n)

Each energy levels contains particular Each energy levels contains particular sublevelssublevels: s, p, d or f: s, p, d or f

Each sublevel has a specific number of Each sublevel has a specific number of orbitalsorbitals; each orbital can hold only ____ ; each orbital can hold only ____ electrons electrons

s sublevels:s sublevels: Spherical shapedSpherical shaped Contains 1 orbitalContains 1 orbital Holds 2 electronsHolds 2 electrons

p sublevels:p sublevels: Dumbbell shapedDumbbell shaped Contains 3 orbitalsContains 3 orbitals Electrons = ?Electrons = ?

d sublevelsd sublevels5 orbitals5 orbitalselectrons = ?electrons = ?

f sublevelsf sublevels7 orbitals7 orbitalsElectrons = ?Electrons = ?

HOTEL PINOHOTEL PINO

There are 7 levels (principle energy levels)There are 7 levels (principle energy levels)

Types of rooms (sublevels):Types of rooms (sublevels):

sspecialpecial

ppremiumremium

ddeluxeeluxe

ffabulousabulous

# of beds (orbitals)# of beds (orbitals)

special – 1 bedspecial – 1 bed

premium – 3 bedspremium – 3 beds

deluxe – 5 bedsdeluxe – 5 beds

fabulous – 7 bedsfabulous – 7 beds

2 people maximum per bed2 people maximum per bed

Bosses and their rulesBosses and their rules

Bohr (AKA Aufbau) “You must fill a room Bohr (AKA Aufbau) “You must fill a room before moving on to the next, and you before moving on to the next, and you must fill from the bottom of the hotel to the must fill from the bottom of the hotel to the top”top”

Hund – “No doubling up until each bed in a Hund – “No doubling up until each bed in a room is occupied”room is occupied”

Pauli – “Only 2 people per bed, sleeping in Pauli – “Only 2 people per bed, sleeping in opposite directions”opposite directions”

Hund’s ruleHund’s ruleAKA the bus ruleAKA the bus rule

If you are going to sit on a bus with If you are going to sit on a bus with strangers, will you more than likely sit next strangers, will you more than likely sit next to a stranger, or take an empty seat?to a stranger, or take an empty seat?

Hund’s rule is the same: one electron must Hund’s rule is the same: one electron must occupy an orbital (seat) in a sublevel occupy an orbital (seat) in a sublevel (room) until they absolutely have to start (room) until they absolutely have to start doubling updoubling up

Take out the notes from Take out the notes from yesterday…yesterday…

Warm up:Warm up:

Write 0.0000673 in scientific notationWrite 0.0000673 in scientific notation

How many protons, neutrons and electrons How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in Aluminum-29?are in Aluminum-29?

Is salt dissolving in water a physical or Is salt dissolving in water a physical or chemical change?chemical change?

Aufbau diagramAufbau diagram

• Always start at the top of the diagram, and Always start at the top of the diagram, and then work your way down each arrowthen work your way down each arrow

S sublevels have a maxS sublevels have a maxof 2 electronsof 2 electrons

P sublevels have a maxP sublevels have a maxof 6 electronsof 6 electrons

How many for d and f?How many for d and f?look back at noteslook back at notes

Electron configurationsElectron configurations

A symbolic notation of how electrons are A symbolic notation of how electrons are arranged in an atomarranged in an atom

Figure out your stopping point, and then use Figure out your stopping point, and then use the Aufbau diagramthe Aufbau diagram

Orbital diagramsOrbital diagrams

Similar to electron configurations, but shows Similar to electron configurations, but shows a more specific arrangement of the a more specific arrangement of the electronselectrons

Boxes or lines are used to represent the Boxes or lines are used to represent the orbitals (beds)orbitals (beds)

Each set of orbitals is labeled with the Each set of orbitals is labeled with the energy level and sublevelenergy level and sublevel

Arrows are used to represent electronsArrows are used to represent electrons

How many lines (orbitals) will you have for How many lines (orbitals) will you have for an s-sublevel? P- sublevel? D? F?an s-sublevel? P- sublevel? D? F?1, 3, 5, 71, 3, 5, 7

You must keep the 3 rules in mind when You must keep the 3 rules in mind when doing orbital diagramsdoing orbital diagrams

Write out the electron configurations for Write out the electron configurations for oxygen and siliconoxygen and silicon

Valence electronsValence electronsElectrons on the outermost orbitalsElectrons on the outermost orbitals

Write the electron (or noble gas) Write the electron (or noble gas) configurations for calcium and bromineconfigurations for calcium and bromine

What is the highest number energy level? What is the highest number energy level? How many electrons are on it?How many electrons are on it?Careful with bromine!Careful with bromine!

Lewis dot structuresLewis dot structures

Show only the valence electronsShow only the valence electrons

Follow Hund’s rule when drawing the dots, Follow Hund’s rule when drawing the dots, don’t start pairing up until you have todon’t start pairing up until you have to