Tai Lieu Core 2 Duo

8/2/2019 Tai Lieu Core 2 Duo

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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BO CO BI TP NHMBO CO BI TP NHM

MN : K THUT VI X LMN : K THUT VI X L

BI : TM HI BI : TM HIU V VI X L INTEL CORE 2 DUAL

Ging vin : Hong Xun Du

Lp : D09CNTT1

Nhm 3:

Nguyn Cng c

Thanh Dun

L i Dng

Nguyn Vn ng

ng Thanh H

Mc lc

1. Gii thiu xut s ca Core 2 Dual2. Ni dung chnh

a. S kin trc Coreb. Cu to phn cng Core 2 Dualc. Tp lnh ca Core 2 Dual

3. Cc c im cng ngh mi4. Ti liu tham kho.

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I . Gii thiu xut x ca Core 2 Duo

Nn vi x l th h mi ca Intel ( Core 2 Dual) chnh thc c hng ny cng b

ton cu hm 28/7/2006 vi 10 loi chip cho my tnh bn v xch tay. Tch hp 291

triu bng bn dn, tiu th in nng t hn 40%, dng chip c mong i t lu ny c

s h tr ca hn 550 thit k h thng - ln nht trong lch s ca Intel.

Vo thng 1 nm 2006 AMD chnh thc tung ra th trng th h CPU K8 s dng

socket AM2( socket AM2 c 940 chn).Th h CPU K8 ny h tr Ram DDR2 v c thm

mt s tnh nng v cng ngh mi nh: cng ngh my tnh o AMD virtualiation, cng

ngh Integrated Memory Controller gip bo m tr ngn trong qu trnh CPU x

l d liu. Thi im vi s l K8 ca AMD c xem l b x l vi gii php tin b

nht, hin nhin AMD hn hn Intel v nhiu mt : t nht l v mt cng ngh Intel cn

t ra lc hu hn so vi AMD.

Trc thi gian ny Intel vn cn ang s dng kin trc NetBurst vi th h Pentium

4 chy vi tc 1.5Ghz trn nn Socket 423 chn. Tuy nhin khng mun AMD vt

mt qu lu Intel a ra mt chin lc cng ngh mi cho ring mnh: cng ngh Dual

core ( cng ngh 2 nhn) c tch hp thm cng ngh Hyper Threarding ( Cng ngh Siu

phn lung ) ra i vo nm 2002.Tiu biu vi sn phm Core Duo (c bit n vi

tn m l Yonah), Core Duo l mt tn thng mi cho Pentium M processor c hai li x

l v c sn xut di cng ngh 90 nm .Vi s ra i ca cng ngh Dual Core v th ca Intel c ly li nhanh chng.

Khng ch dng li Intel cho ra i th h li kp th hai vi sn phm tiu biu l

Core 2 Duo. Core 2 Duo l tn thng mi cho b vi x l c tn m l Merom (cho cc

my laptop) hoc Conroe (cho cc my desktop), s dng kin trc mi li siu nh.

tng v nn tng cho Merom bt u t Banias, tn m ca chip Pentium M u tin.

Sau , Dothan c gii thiu l phin bn Banias 90 nm. Thng 1 nm chip Yonah

(Core Duo) 65 nm ra i v n thng 3 th c qung b rng ri nh vi x l li i u

tin cho nn di ng ca Intel.

i thit k ti Haifa (Israel) do Mooly Eden (hin l Ph ch tch kim tng gim c

nn tng di ng ca Intel) lnh o l nhng ngi pht minh ra nn Banias v cng l

nhng ngi pht trin vi kin trc Core.

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Thc ra y l kin trc tng t nh kin trc siu nh c s dng trong Pentium

M nhng c thm nhiu tnh nng mi c b sung, nh h tr SIMD instructions, cng

ngh Virtualization Technology cho php chy cng lc nhiu HH, tng cng bo v h

thng trc s tn cng ca virus (Execute Disable Bit), ti u tc VXL nhm tit kim

in nng (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology), qun l my tnh t xa (Intel Active

Management Technology).

Cc chip mi c 291 triu bng bn dn, 2 li dng b nh m L2 cache (4 MB cho

Core 2 Duo E6000 v T7000; 2 MB cho T5000 v phin bn E4000). Trong t hp "Core":

Woodcrest (Xeon 5100) v 2 chip Core 2 Duo Merom v Conroe th Merom cung cp nn

tng cng ngh cho Conroe v Woodcrest.

Core 2 Duo c pht hnh di dng cc sn phm E6000 (trc y mang tn m

Conroe) dnh cho my tnh bn v dng T5000/T7000 (tn m trc y l "Merom")

dnh cho my xch tay. Ch "E" biu th mc tiu th nng lng 50 watt v cao hn

(dng chip ch o E6000 thuc nhm tiu th 65 watt); ch "T" c dng cho cc chiptiu th t 25 n 49 watt.

Core 2 Duo vi tn m Conroe c 291 triu transistor, b nh m L2 4 MB, bus h

thng 1066 MHz, socket 775LGA. Mt s BXL thuc dng ny:E6600 (2,4 GHz), E6700

(2,66 GHz).

Core 2 Duo vi tn m Allendale (hay Conroe-L) E6300 (1,86 GHz), E6400 (2,13

GHz) c 167 triu transistor, b nh m L2 2MB, bus h thng 1066 MHz, socket

775LGA. Ring E4300 (1,8 GHz) xut hin nm 2007 c b nh m L2 2 MB, bus 800

MHz, khng h tr Virtualization Technology.

Core 2 Duo tn m Merom dnh cho MTXT c cng sut tiu th chun TDP l 35W

v gy n tng su sc vi cng sut 5W khi chy kiu ULV (Ultra Low Voltage) . Intel

tuyn b b vi x l mi Core 2 ca h chy nhanh hn 20% khi cng vi mc tiu th

in nng so vi b vi x l Core Duo.

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*Mt s thng s ca Merom:

- Cng ngh sn xut: 65 nm

- Kch thc nhn: 143 mm2

- Transistors: 291 triu

- Tc xung nhp: 1.06 GHz 2.4 GHz

- FSB: 533 MHz 800 MHz

- B nh Cache L1: 32 KB + 32 KB

- B nh Cache L2: 2 MB 4 MB Shared

- S tng Pipeline: 14

- S b Decoder: 1 Complex + 3 Simple

- Tc gii m nhanh nht: 4 + 1

Cc thng s chnh Intel Core2 Duo Processor

- Kiu chn: Soket LGA775

- Sn xut da trn x l 65 nm.

- Tc x l t 1,8GHz n >= 3,16GHz

- Tc FSB: 800MHz, 1066MHz v 1333MHz

- B nh Cache L1 cho lnh 32 KB v d liu 32KB cho mi li.

- Cache L2 t 2MB n 6MB dng chung cho c 2 nhn

- Tng thch vi Memory l DDR2

- Chipset h tr l Intel 945GC, 945GT, 946PL, 946GZ, Q963, Q965, P965,G965

- Tp lnh MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3.

- H tr cng ngh Intel Virtualization (tr Core 2 Duo E4300)

- H tr cngngh Intel EM64T .

- H tr Execute Disable Bit.

- Kh nng qun l ngun thng minh - Intelligent Power Capability.

- H tr cng ngh Enhanced SpeedStep

II. Ni dung chnh

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A.S kin trc core

hiu v cc vi cu trc corechng ta tr v lch s cc dng core ca intel ,dng

core 2 nhn u tin ca Intel l Dual core( y chng ti ch cp n dng 2 nhn tr

ln).N c 2 CPU tht, hon chnh bn trong 1 con chip. Core Duo c sn xut bng

cng ngh 65nm (tn m l Yonah). Core Duo dng kin trc li siu nh gn ging vi

Pentium nhng c b sung thm nhiu tnh nng mi. B nh m cp 2 (Cache L2) ca

Core Duo c chia u cho mi nhn.Ngha l nu Cache L2 l 2 MB th nhn 1 v nhn

2 c s dng ti a l 1 MB d d d thiu ,chnh v iu ny gii thch v sao dng dual

core hao tn in nng v tc .

Cu trc Dual Core

Khc phc nhc im ca dng dual core intel cho ra i dng Core 2 duo .Core 2

duo ngoi nhng tnh nng mi th ci tin tiu biu nht l vic Share dung lng Cache

L2 ca 2 nhn. Ngha l nu Cache L2 l 2 MB th nhn 1 khng phi dng c nh 1 MB

na m nu c thiu th ly phn dung lng d ca nhn 2 dng tip (iu ny i vi

Duo Core l khng th) nn vic x l s nhanh hn (v khi Duo Core xi ht 1 MB L2

Cache m vn cn thiu th s truy xut vo RAM ly d liu, m RAM th c tc

truy xut chm hn Cache L2). Cc b vi x l Core 2 Duo t E7200 tr v sau c

sn xut theo cng ngh 45nm .

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Cu trc Core 2 duo

Nh vy vi cu trc core c hiu theo cch nm na l s ci tin v mt s lng

nhn v cache.

Kin trc Core c 5 cng gi i nhng ba trong s chng c s dng cho vic gi

cc ch lnh ni micro-ops n cc khi thcthi. iu c ngha rng cc CPU ang s

dng kin trc Core c th gi ba a ch lnh micro-ops n khi thc thi trn mt chuk clock.

Kin trc Core cung cp mt FPU m rng v mt IEU m rng (ALU) khi chngta

mang ra so vi kin trc Pentium M. iu ny c ngha rng kin trcCore c th x l

n ba ch lnh s nguyn trn mt chu k clock,trong khi Pentium M ch c hai.

S khi chnh ca cc khi thc thi trong kin trc Core.

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IEU: Instruction ExecutionUnit l ni cc ch lnh c thc thi. Khi ny cng

c bit n l khi ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit). Cc ch lnh thng thng

cng c bit l cc ch lnh s nguyn.

JEU: Jump Execution Unit x l r nhnh v cng c bit n vi tn Branch

Unit.

FPU:Floating-Point Unit. Khi ny chu trch nhim cho vic thc thi cc biu thc

ton hc floating-point v cng c cc ch lnh MMX v SSE.Trong CPU ny, cc

FPU khng hon thin v mt s kiu ch lnh(FPmov, FPadd v FPmul) ch

c thc thi trn cc FPU no :

o FPadd: Ch c FPU ny mi c th x l cc ch lnh cng floating-pointnh ADDPS.

o FPmul: Ch c FPU ny mi c th x l cc ch lnh nhn floating-point

nh MULPS

o FPmov:Cc ch lnh cho vic np hoc copy mt thanh ghi FPU, nh

MOVAPS (cdng truyn ti d liu n thanh ghi SSE 128-bit

XMM). Kiu chlnh ny c th c thc thi trn cc FPU, nhng ch trn

cc FPU thhai v th ba nu cc ch lnh Fpadd hay Fpmul khng c

trongReservation Station.

Load: khi ny dng x l cc ch lnh yu cu d liu c c t b nh

RAM.

Store Data: Khi ny x l cc ch lnh yu cu d liu c ghi vo b nh RAM.

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B.Cu to phn cng CPU( Core 2 Dual)

Nhn mt cch tng th h thng trn chng ta c th thy rng vi s l core 2 duo bao

gm ba thnh phn chnh l:

+ CPU l b s l trung tm ca h thng v nm v tr trn cng.Cc thnh phn chnh

ca CPU gm khi tnh ton ALU , b s l trung tm CU v cc BUS h thng c bng

thng ln . Chc nng chnh ca CPU l tin hnh cc thao tc tnh ton x l, a ra cc

tn hiu a ch, d liu v iu khin nhm thc hin mt nhim v no do ngi lp

trnh a ra thng qua cc lnh.

+ Chip Cu Bc(North Bridge) l IC quan trng nht trn Mainboard, n quyt nh

mnh v gi thnh ca Main. Chip Cu Bc iu khin trc tip cc thnh phn nh :

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o iu khin CPU

o iu khin b nh RAM

o iu khin Video Card

o V trao i d liu vi Chip Cu Nam.

Cc thnh phn do Chip Cu Bc thc hin (CPU, RAM, Video Card) phi ng b vi

nhau v thuc phm vi ca Chip Cu Bc h tr th chng mi dot ng c.

Trong thc t, mi loi Chip Cu Bc ch h tr khong 2 loi CPU, 2 loi RAM v 2

loi Video Card, nu bn s dng CPU hay RAM hay Video Card m Chip Cu Bc khng

h tr th n s khng hot ng c.

+ Chp Cu Nam(South Bridge) cn gi l I/O Controller Hud (ICH), l mt chip m

nhim nhng vic c tc chm ca Mainboard trong Chipset. Khc vi Chip Cu Bc,Chip Cu Nam khng c kt ni trc tip vi CPU, chnh xc hn Chp Cu Nam kt

ni vi CPU thng qua Chp Cu Bc.

V Chp Cu Nam c t xa CPU hn, n c giao trch nhim lin lc vi cc thit

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b c tc chm hn. Mt Chip Cu Nam in hnh thng c th lm vic c vi vi

loi Chip Cu Bc khc nhau. Trc y cng giao tip chung gia Chip Cu Bc v Chip

Cu Nam n gin l BUS PCI, hin nay phn ln cc Chipset hin thi s dng giao cc

giao tip chung c thit k c quyn c hiu nng cao hn.

Tn gi Chip Cu Nam bt ngun t vic v mt kin trc trn s .Nhim v chnh

ca Chip cu Nam l kt ni :

o Vi Chip cu bco Cng USB 2.0

o a cng

o V cc cng giao tip

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C.Tp lnh ca core 2 duo

1 .T CHC LNH CA VI X L Core 2 Duo

a. Dng lnh :

- Mt lnh ca vi x l Core 2 Duo c dng tng qut nh sau :

,

- M gi nh gip cho ngi s dng bit hot ng ca lnh. M gi nh thng l

cc ch ting anh vit tt nh : MOV l lnh chuyn, ADD l lnh cng, AND l lnh

v lun l, JMP l lnh nhy . . .

- Ton hng ch gi kt qu (nu c yu cu) sau khi thi hnh lnh. Ton hng ch

c th l thanh ghi hay b nh.

- Ton hng ngun c th l thanh ghi, b nh hay mt s tc thi.

- Ton hng thanh ghi l cc thanh ghi ca vi x l 86 gm cc thanh ghi tng qut (8

bit ln 16 bit) v cc thanh ghi on bit.

- Ton hng s tc thi c th l s trong cc h m khc nhau v c vit theo qui

nh nh sau :

. S h 2 : B ( l 1 bit nh phn).

V d : 01101101B, 11111111B. S h 10 : , hay D ( l mt s thuc h 10).

V d : 65535, 1000

. S h 16 : H v bt u bng s ( l mt s thuc h 16).

V d : 1A59H, 0E05BH

- Ton hng b nh dng trong tp lnh vi x l 86 s dng phng php nh a ch tng

hp c gi l a ch hiu dng.

b a ch hiu dng :

- a ch hiu dng l t hp ca 3 nhm sau c t trong du ngoc vung [ ]:

. Nhm thanh ghi ch s : SI, DI

. Nhm thanh ghi nn : BX, BP

. a ch trc tip : s 16 bit

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- Cc thanh ghi trong cng mt nhm khng c xut hin trong cng mt a ch hiu

dng.

- a ch hiu dng chnh l thnh phn offset ca a ch lun l b nh.

- Segment ca a ch hiu dng c mc nh nh sau :

. Nu khng s dng BP trong a ch hiu dng th mc nh theo thanh ghi DS.

. Nu c BP trong a ch hiu dng th mc nh theo thanh ghi SS.

- Cc hot ng thc hin trn b nh thng qua a ch hiu dng chia ra lm 2 trng

hp : hot ng 8 bit v hot ng 16 bit.

- Hot ng b nh 8 bit lm vic trn 1 byte b nh ngay v tr ch ra bi a ch hiu

dng.

- Hot ng b nh 16 bit s lm vic trn 2 byte b nh c a ch k tip nhau v nidung ca chng c ghp li thnh d liu 16 bit theo qui tc "byte cao a ch cao, byte

thp a ch thp"

- thun tin trong vn gii thch lnh, ta qui c thm cch din t sau :

. D liu 8 bit ca b nh : [a ch ]

. D liu 16 bit ca b nh : [a ch +1,a ch]

- xc nh r hot ng ca b nh, ta phi dng thm ton t PTR nh sau :

. Hot ng 8 bit : BYTE PTR [1000h] l tham kho 1 byte b nh c a

ch 1000h

. Hot ng 16 bit : WORD PTR [1000h] l tham kho n 2 byte b nh

lin tip 1000h v 1001h

2. CC NHM LNH CA VI X L Core 2 Duo

K hiu qui c :

- Cc ch vit tt dng trong cc nhm lnh :

reg : thanh ghi tng qut.

reg16 : thanh ghi 16 bit.

segreg : thanh ghi on.

accum : thanh ghi b tch ly AX hoc AL.

mem : b nh (a ch hiu dng).

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mem16 : b nh 2 byte lin tip (a ch hiu dng).

mem32 : b nh 4 byte lin tip (a ch hiu dng).

immed : s tc thi.

immed8 : s tc thi 8 bit.

shortlabel : nhn ngn (-128 byte +127 byte).

nearlabel : nhn trong on (2 byte offset).

farlabel : nhn ngoi on (4 byte : 2 byte segment v 2 byte offset).

a. Nhm lnh chuyn d liu :

Lnh MOV :

- Dng lnh : MOV reg,reg MOV reg,immed

MOV mem,reg MOV mem,immed

MOV reg,mem MOV mem16,segreg

MOV reg16,segreg MOV segreg,mem16

MOV segreg,reg16

MOV DL,BH ; DL BH

MOV [SI+1000h],BP ; [SI+1001h, SI+1000h] BP

MOV DX,[1000h] ; DX [1001h,1000h]

MOV DX,DS ; DX DSMOV ES,BX ; ES BX

MOV DI,12h ; DI 12h

MOV AL,12h ; AL 12h

a Lnh PUSH :

- Dng lnh : PUSH reg16 PUSH segreg

PUSH mem16

- Gii thch : SP SP-2

[SS:SP+1,SS:SP] thn

Lnh POP :

- Dng lnh : POP reg16 POP segreg

POP mem16

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- Gii thch : th [SS:SP+1,SS:SP] SP SP+2

- Tc ng c : OF DF IF SF ZF AF PF CF

- Ly d liu t nh chng vo ton hng ch.

Lnh IN :

- Dng lnh : IN accum,immed8 IN accum,DX

- Gii thch : btl [cng IO]


- Nhp d liu t cng xut nhp vo thanh ghi b tch ly AL hay AX. Trng

hp AX s nhp byte thp trc, byte cao sau.

Lnh OUT :

- Dng lnh : OUT immed8,accum

OUT DX,accum

- Gii thch : [cng IO] btl


- Xut d liu t thanh ghi b tch ly AL hoc AX ra cng xut nhp c a ch 8

bit l s tc thi immed8 hay c a ch 16 bit trong thanh ghi DX.

Lnh XLAT :

- Dng lnh : XLAT

- Gii thch : AL [DS:BX+AL]


- Lnh XLAT c ng dng trong m ha d liu.

Lnh LEA :

- Dng lnh : LEA reg16,mem

- Gii thch : th a ch

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- Np a ch hiu dng vo thanh ghi 16 bit.

Lnh LDS :

- Dng lnh : LDS reg16,mem32

- Gii thch : DS [a ch+3,a ch+2]

th [a ch+1,a ch]


- Np 4 byte b nh (con tr) vo thanh ghi DS v mt thanh ghi tng qut.

Lnh LES :

- Dng lnh : LES reg16,mem32

- Gii thch : ES [a ch+3,a ch+2]th [a ch+1,a ch]


- Np 4 byte b nh (con tr) vo thanh ghi ES v mt thanh ghi tng qut.

Lnh PUSHF :

- Dng lnh : PUSHF

- Gii thch : SP SP - 2 [SS:SP+1,SS:SP] Flags


- y thanh ghi c vo chng.

Lnh POPF :

- Dng lnh : POPF

- Gii thch : Flags [SS:SP+1,SS:SP] SP SP + 2


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- Ly thanh ghi c t chng ra.

b. Nhm lnh s hc :

Lnh ADD :

- Dng lnh : ADD reg,reg ADD reg,immed

ADD mem,reg ADD mem,immed

ADD reg,mem ADD accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th + thn

- Cng ton hng ngun vo ton hng ch. Kt qu ct vo ton hng ch.

Lnh ADC :

- Dng lnh : ADC reg,reg ADC reg,immed

ADC mem,reg ADC mem,immed

ADC reg,mem ADC accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th + thn + CF

- Cng ton hng ch vi ton hng ngun vi c nh. Kt qu ct vo ton hng

ch. ADC dng cho php cng 2 s c chiu di nhiu byte.

Lnh INC :

- Dng lnh : INC reg INC mem

- Gii thch : th th + 1

- Tng tc l cng 1 vo ton hng ch nhng khng nh hng c nh.

Lnh AAA :

- Dng lnh : AAA

- Gii thch : Nu (b3b2b1b0 ca AL) > 9 hoc AF=1 th

AL (AL+6) and 0Fh, AH AH+1, CF 1, AF 1

- Chnh ASCII sau php cng. Chnh kt qu trong AL thnh 2 s BCD khng nn trong

AH v AL.

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Lnh DAA :

- Dng lnh : DAA

- Gii thch : Nu (b3b2b1b0 ca AL) > 9 hoc AF=1 th

AL (AL+6), AF 1

Nu AL > 9Fh hoc CF=1 th

AL AL+60h, CF 1

- Chnh thp phn sau php cng. Chnh kt qu trong AL thnh s BCD nn trong AL.

Lnh SUB :

- Dng lnh : SUB reg,reg SUB reg,immed

SUB mem,reg SUB mem,immed

SUB reg,mem SUB accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th - thn

- Tr ton hng ch cho ton hng ngun. Kt qu ct vo ton hng ch.

Lnh SBB :

- Dng lnh : SBB reg,reg SBB reg,immed

SBB mem,reg SBB mem,immedSBB reg,mem SBB accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th - thn - CF

. Lnh DEC :

- Dng lnh : DEC reg DEC mem

- Gii thch : th th - 1

- Gim tc l tr 1 vo ton hng ch nhng khng nh hng c nh.

Lnh NEG :

- Dng lnh : NEG reg NEG mem

- Gii thch : th b 2(th)

- Ly b 2 ton hng ch.

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Lnh CMP :

- Dng lnh : CMP reg,reg CMP reg,immed

CMP mem,reg CMP mem,immed

CMP reg,mem CMP accum,immed

- Gii thch : th - thn

- So snh. Thc hin tr ton hng ch cho ton hng ngun, khng lu li kt qu

m ch gi li tc ng ca php tr ln cc c.

Lnh AAS :

- Dng lnh : AAS

- Gii thch : Nu (D3D2D1D0 ca AL) > 9 hoc AF=1 th

AL (AL - 6) and 0Fh, AH AH - 1, CF 1, AF 1

- Chnh ASCII sau php cng. Chnh kt qu trong AL thnh 2 s BCD khng nn trong

AH v AL.

Lnh DAS :

- Dng lnh : DAS

- Gii thch : Nu (D3D2D1D0 ca AL) > 9 hoc AF=1 th

AL (AL - 6), AF 1Nu AL > 9Fh hoc CF=1 th

AL AL - 60h, CF 1

- Chnh thp phn sau php tr. Chnh kt qu trong AL thnh s BCD nn trong AL.

Lnh MUL :

- Dng lnh : MUL reg MUL mem

- Gii thch : Ton hng ngun 8 bit th : AX AL * thn8

Ton hng ngun 16 bit th : DX AX AX * thn16

- Nhn hai s khng du 8 bit hay 16 bit. S bit thc hin c xc nh bng chiu di

ca ton hng ngun.

Lnh DIV :

- Dng lnh : DIV reg DIV mem

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- Gii thch : Ton hng ngun 8 bit th : AL (AX / thn8)

AH s d ca (AX / thn8)

Ton hng ngun 16 bit th : AX (DXAX / thn16)

DX s d ca (DXAX / thn16)

- Chia hai s khng du.

Lnh IDIV :

- Dng lnh : IDIV reg IDIV mem

- Chia hai s c du. Thc hin ging nh lnh DIV nhng kt qu coi l s c du.

Lnh AAD :

- Dng lnh : AAD

- Gii thch : AL ((AH * 0Ah) + AL)

AH 0

- Chnh ASCII trc php chia IDIV. C th dng lnh ny i s BCD khng nn

trong AX ra thnh gi tr nh phn trong AL.

Lnh CWD :

- Dng lnh : CWD

- Gii thch : Nu AX < 8000h th DX 0000h

Nu AX >= 8000h th DX 0FFFFh

- M rng du trc khi dng lnh chia. i s 2 byte c du trong AX thnh s 4 byte cdu trong DXAX.

C.Nhm lnh lun l :

Lnh NOT :

- Dng lnh : NOT reg NOT mem

- Gii thch : th b 1 ca th

- o hay ly b 1.

Lnh SHL/SAL :

- Dng lnh : SHL reg,1 SHL mem,1

SHL reg,CL SHL mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) dch tri 1 hay nhiu bit.

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- Dch tri. Dng SHL reg,1 dng dch tri 1 bit. Dng SHL reg,CL dng dch tri

nhiu bit. Lc thanh ghi CL cha s bit cn dch.

Lnh SHR :

- Dng lnh : SHR reg,1 SHR mem,1

SHR reg,CL SHR mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) dch phi lun l 1 hay nhiu bit.

- Dch phi lun l. Dng c thanh ghi CL dng dch nhiu bit.

Lnh SAR :

- Dng lnh : SAR reg,1 SAR mem,1

SAR reg,CL SAR mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) dch phi s hc 1 hay nhiu bit.

- Dch phi s hc. Dng c thanh ghi CL dng dch nhiu bit.

Lnh ROL :

- Dng lnh : ROL reg,1 ROL mem,1

ROL reg,CL ROL mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) quay tri khng qua c nh 1 hay nhiu bit.- Quay tri khng qua c nh. Dng c thanh ghi CL dng quay nhiu bit.

Lnh ROR :

- Dng lnh : ROR reg,1 ROR mem,1

ROR reg,CL ROR mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) quay phi khng qua c nh 1 hay nhiu bit.

- Quay phi khng qua c nh. Dng c thanh ghi CL dng quay nhiu bit.

Lnh RCL :

- Dng lnh : RCL reg,1 RCL mem,1

RCL reg,CL RCL mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) quay tri qua c nh 1 hay nhiu bit.

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- Quay tri qua c nh. Dng c thanh ghi CL dng quay nhiu bit.

Lnh RCR :

- Dng lnh : RCR reg,1 RCR mem,1

RCR reg,CL RCR mem,CL

- Gii thch : th (th) quay phi qua c nh 1 hay nhiu bit.

- Quay phi qua c nh. Dng c thanh ghi CL dng quay nhiu bit.

Lnh AND :

- Dng lnh : AND reg,reg AND reg,immed

AND mem,reg AND mem,immed

AND reg,mem AND accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th AND thn.

- V lun l. Xa c nh v 0.

Lnh TEST :

- Dng lnh : TEST reg,reg TEST reg,immed

TEST mem,reg TEST mem,immed

TEST reg,mem TEST accum,immed

Lnh OR :

- Dng lnh : OR reg,reg OR reg,immed

OR mem,reg OR mem,immed

OR reg,mem OR accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th OR thn.

- Hay lun l. Xa c nh v 0.

Lnh XOR :

- Dng lnh : XOR reg,reg XOR reg,immed

XOR mem,reg XOR mem,immed

XOR reg,mem XOR accum,immed

- Gii thch : th th XOR thn.

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- Hay ngoi lun l. Xa c nh v 0.

Lnh SCAS :

- Dng lnh : SCASB

SCASW

- Qut chui ngha l so snh byte trong thanh ghi AL hay word trong thanh ghi AX vi

chui ch. Cp thanh ghi ES:DI gi a ch chui ch. a ch chui ch c t ng

tng hay gim sau mi ln so snh. Chiu tng gim a ch ty thuc c nh hng DF.

DF=0 x l tng a ch. DF=1 x l gim a ch.

- Lnh ny thng dng kt hp vi tip u lnh REPNE thc hin vic tm kim mt

d liu trong mt chui. Lc thanh ghi CX gi chiu di chui.

- C th c hai nguyn nhn lm ngng lnh qut chui : hoc tm thy d liutrong chui (ZF=1 hay CX 0), hoc ht chui m vn cha tm thy d liu (ZF=0 hay

CX=0).

Lnh LODS :

- Dng lnh : LODSB

LODSW

- Np chui ngun byte vo thanh ghi AL hay chui ngun word vo thanh ghi AX. Cpthanh ghi DS:SI gi a ch chui ngun. a ch chui ngun c t ng tng hay gim

sau mi ln np. Chiu tng gim a ch ty thuc c nh hng DF. DF=0 x l tng a

ch. DF=1 x l gim a ch.

Lnh STOS :

- Dng lnh : STOSB

STOSW

- Ct byte trong thanh ghi AL hay word trong thanh ghi AX vo chui ch. Cp thanh ghi

ES:DI gi a ch chui ch. a ch chui ch c t ng tng hay gim sau mi ln

ct. Chiu tng gim a ch ty thuc c nh hng DF. DF=0 x l tng a ch. DF=1

x l gim a ch.

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d. Chuyn iu khin :

Lnh CALL :

- Dng lnh : CALL nearlabel CALL mem16

CALL farlabel CALL mem32

CALL reg16

- a ch tr v chnh l ni dung hin ti ca cp thanh ghi CS:IP.

- Vi lnh gi gin tip qua b nh ta c th t chc sp xp cc a ch chng trnh con

thnh mt bng trong b nh gi l bng nhy. Lc mi chng trnh con s c gi

theo s th t ca n trong bng nhy.

Lnh JMP :

- Dng lnh : JMP shortlabel JMP mem16

JMP nearlabel JMP mem32

JMP farlabel JMP reg16

- Nhy khng iu kin. Lnh nhy khng iu kin thc hin ging nh lnh gi nhng

khng c bc lu li a ch tr v.

- Lnh nhy n nhn ngn shortlabel l lnh nhy tng i. Ni n phi nm trongphm vi t -128 n +127 so vi v tr ca lnh nhy. Ton hng ngun trong lnh ch l

byte di cng thm vo thanh ghi IP. Byte di ny c m rng du trc khi

cng vo thanh ghi IP.

Lnh RET :

- Dng lnh : RET RETF

RET immed8 RETF immed8

- Tr v t chng trnh con. Lnh tr v l lnh dng kt thc mt chng trnh con.

- Lnh RET kt thc mt chng trnh con gn.

- Lnh RETF kt thc mt chng trnh con xa.

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- Dng lnh tr v c ton hng immed8 dng cho cc chng trnh con c s dng thng

s trong chng. Khi , ton hng ngun immed8 s c cng vo thanh ghi SP chnh

li v tr nh chng sau khi gi chng trnh con, trnh tht thot b nh dng cho chng.

Lnh nhy c iu kin :

- Dng lnh : Jcond shortlabel

- Gii thch : Nu tha iu kin th nhy tng i

IP a ch lnh k + di (m rng du 16 bit)

ngc li khng lm g c (qua lnh k).

- Lnh nhy c iu kin dng trng thi cc c lm iu kin.

Lnh LOOP :

f. Lnh JCXZ :

- Dng lnh : JCXZ shortlabel

- Gii thch : Nu CX = 0 th

IP a ch lnh k + d di (m rng du 16 bit)

- Nhy nu CX=0. Thng dng sau LOOPE, LOOPNE, REPE, REPNE xc nh

nguyn nhn kt thc vng lp.

Lnh INT :

- Dng lnh : INT immed8

INT 3

- Ngt qung mm. Thc cht ca lnh ngt qung l gi n mt chng trnh con c

bit gi l chng trnh phc v ngt qung.

- Cch thc hin lnh ngt qung chnh l cch gi xa gin tip qua b nh 32 bit.

- S ngt 1 byte immed8 cung cp trong lnh chnh l s th t ca chng trnh con phc

v ngt qung. Nh vy nn mc d lnh ngt qung l lnh gi xa nhng li rt ngn.

- Bng nhy trong trng hp ny c gi l bng vector ngt qung. V tr ca vector

ngt qung c xc nh bng cch ly s ngt nhn 4. Kt qu ny c th xem l a ch

vt l cng c hoc l a ch offset ly theo segment 0000 cng c.

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- im khc bit gia lnh ngt qung v lnh gi xa l thao tc ct thanh ghi trng thi

(c) vo chng PUSHF. Chnh v th nn chng trnh con phc v ngt qung phi c

kt thc bng mt lnh tr v khc l IRET.

- Cc chng trnh con phc v ngt qung thng c dng cho cc chng trnh h

thng (h iu hnh, chng trnh giao tip vi cc thit b, cc chng trnh con s dng

thng xuyn, ...) hn l dng cho chng trnh ca ngi s dng.

- S ngt cng theo qui c ca h thng nh sau :

00h 07h : ngt h thng.

08h 0Fh, 70h 77h : ngt cng.

Cn li : ngt mm.

- Mt s ngt thng dng :

INT 10h : mn hnh.INT 13h : a.

INT 14h : thng tin lin lc.

INT 16h : bn phm.

INT 17h : my in

INT 21h : cc phc v ca MS-DOS.

INT 20h : kt thc chng trnh, tr v DOS.

- Mi chng trnh con phc v ngt qung c th thc hin nhiu chc nng bn trong

ngha l cc phc v c chia nh ra na. V d ngt phc v mn hnh c chc nng

chn ch mn hnh, chc nng nh v im nhy (cursor), chc nng xut k t ra

mn hnh, chc nng ha, . . .

- Thng s ca chng trnh phc v ngt qung thng c truyn thng qua cc thanh

ghi u vo (input) v kt qu thi hnh chng trnh con s gi trong cc thanh ghi u ra

(output).

Lnh INTO :

- Dng lnh : INTO

- Gii thch : PUSHF

PUSH CS

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PUSH IP

- Ngt qung nu trn (OF = 1).

Lnh IRET :

- Dng lnh : IRET

- Gii thch : POP IP

POP CS

POPF

- Tr v t chng trnh phc v ngt qung.

iu khin b x l :

* Lnh CLC :

- Dng lnh : CLC

- Gii thch : CF 0

- Xa c nh v 0.

* Lnh STC :

- Dng lnh : STC

- Gii thch : CF 1- Lp c nh ln 1.

* Lnh CMC :

- Dng lnh : CMC

- Gii thch : CF b 1 ca CF

- Ly b c nh.

* Lnh NOP :

- Dng lnh : NOP

- Gii thch : khng lm g c

- Khng lm g c. Dng to ra cc khong lm tr ngn.

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* Lnh CLD :

- Dng lnh : CLD

- Gii thch : DF 0

- Xa c nh hng v 0. X l tng a ch trong cc lnh x l chui.

* Lnh STD :

- Dng lnh : STD

- Gii thch : DF 1

- Lp c nh hng ln 1. X l gim a ch trong cc lnh x l chui.

* Lnh CLI :

- Dng lnh : CLI- Gii thch : IF 0

- Xa c ngt qung v 0. Cm ngt qung cng.

* Lnh STI :

- Dng lnh : STI

- Gii thch : IF 1

- Lp c ngt qung ln 1. Cho php ngt qung cng.

* Lnh HLT :

- Dng lnh : HLT

- Gii thch : CPU vo trng thi dng.

- Dng CPU, ch mt ngt qung cng xy ra (INTR hay NMI).

* Lnh WAIT :

- Dng lnh : WAIT

- Gii thch : CPU vo trng thi i.

- CPU vo trng thi i cho n khi ng TEST tc ng.

* Tip u lnh LOCK :

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- Dng lnh : LOCK lnh

- Gii thch : Kha cc tuyn trong khi thi hnh lnh theo sau.

- Kha cc tuyn khi thi hnh lnh theo sau. Khng cho php cc vi x l khc yu tuyn

(chng hn DMA).

* Lnh ESC :

- Dng lnh : ESC immed,reg

ESC immed,mem

- Gii thch : a lnh ra tuyn d liu.

- Pht ra mt lnh cho vi mch ng x l 8087.

III.Cc c im cng ngh mi

Mt s tnh nng mi:

Cng ngh x l lnh kiu mi - Intel Wide Dynamic Excution:

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Bng cch thm vo mt khi gii m lnh (decoder) v khi thc thi lnh (excution) vo

mi core, cng ngh Wide Dynamic Excution cho php Core Microarchitecture hon tt 4

lnh cng lc trong 1 chu k ng h (nhanh hn bt k dng CPU hin ti no ca Intelv AMD vn ch c kh nng x l ti a 3 lnh trong 1 chu k ng h).

Tnh nng macrofusion gip tng tc hot ng bng cch kt hp 2 lnh vo lm 1

trong qu trnh gii m, nh chip c th x l gii m 2 lnh cng lc

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Hnh trn cho thy 2 lnh jne targ v cmp eax, [mem2] c ghp li thnh mt

microinstruction l cmpjne eax, [mem2], targ.

Cng ngh tng cng kh nng x l media - Intel Advanced Digital Media Boost:

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Cc software hin ti nh image, video, audio editing, data encryption, ... dng rt nhiu

cc khi lnh SSE h tr cc php ton 128 bit. Cc CPU i trc ca Intel vi b nh

64bit cho mi chu trnh nn thc hin mt khi lnh SSE phi cn n 2 chu trnh (mtkhi lnh SSE 128 bit). Kin trc mi Core Microarchitecture c kh nng x l SSE 128

bit ch trong mt chu trnh. Vic ny s gip tng tc cc ng dng dng nhiu khi lnh

SSE.

B nh m thng minh - Intel Advanced Smart Cache:

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Khng nh cc CPU dual core dng Pentium D 800, 900 c cache L2 ring cho tng

core, CPU da trn Core Microarchitecture s c Cache L2 chia s cho c 2 core, cho php

iu chnh t ng dung lng cache L2 cho tng core ty vo tn sut truy xut Cache L2

ca tng core. c bit, nu c 2 core cng lm vic mt cch ng b trn cng mt d

liu th d liu ny s c lu mt ln ti mt ni trn Cache L2. Thit k ny em li

hiu qu cao hn so vi thit k dnh ring cho mi core mt cache L2 ring.

Mt im mnh khc khi chia s b nh Cache L2 l gim ti cho b nh v bus h

thng. Gi s ti mt thi im no , c 2 core u lm vic trn cng mt data. Vi

thit k dual core c cache L2 ring cho tng core th sau 1 qu trnh truy xut s c 2 bn

sao ca data ny trn cache L2 ca tng core. Trc khi mi core truy xut bn sao ca

data trn Cache L2 ca mnh, n phi m bo l bn sao mi nht ca data ti thiim (v c th data c cp nht bi core cn li), do s c mt qu trnh

update bn sao ny din ra v qu trnh ny phi thng qua b nh v bus h thng. Vi

thit k Cache L2 chia s th khng cn phi update v data c lu mt ln ti mt ni

trn Cache L2 chia s gia 2 core. Khi mt core truy xut data trn Cache L2 chia s th

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data l mi nht ti thi im .

Cng ngh np d liu thng minh - Intel Smart Memory Access:

Cng ngh Smart Memory Access ci tin vic np trc d liu. Kin trc Core

Microarchitecture c 6 n v np trc d liu, 2 n v cho vic np trc d liu t b

nh vo Cache L2 chia s, 2 n v cho vic np trc d liu vo Cache L1 ca mi core.

Cc n v ny hot ng c lp v theo di cc hot ng truy xut b nh ca cc khi

lnh, c gng np trc d liu vo cache thm ch trc khi c yu cu truy xut tng

ng v d liu c truy xut trc tip t cache (L1, L2) d nhin s nhanh hn so vi t

b nh.

Smart Memory Access cng bao gm cng ngh kt hp b nh - memory disambiguation,

gip nng cao hiu qu ca vic truy xut b nh. Trong a s trng hp, cc lnh truy

xut b nh c thc thi theo th t nh khi cc lnh c a vo hng i. Tuy nhin

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trong s cc lnh truy xut b nh c nhng lnh hon ton c lp vi nhau v cng

ngh memory disambiguation s pht hin cc lnh nh vy v sp xp li th t thc thi

ca cc lnh ny sao cho ti u, qua nng cao hiu qu truy xut b nh.

Qun l in nng thng minh - Intel Intelligent Power Capability:

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Mc tiu ra i cu trc Core ca Intel ch yu cnh tranh vi K8 ca AMD (c xem

l b x l vi gii php tin b nht vo thi im ). Chng ta hy cng xem xt k

trn phng din l thuyt gia b x l vi cu trc Core mi ca Intel v nn ca AMD

K8:

Da vo bng so snh trn ta c th thy rng cc b x l vi vi cu trc Core c cu trc

rng hn cho php x l nhiu lnh trong 1 chu trnh hn l cc CPU vi vi cu trc K8.

Mc d cc n v thi hnh lnh ca hai cu trc x l ny c th gii quyt c c 3 lnh

x86 v x87 trong mt chu trnh ng h, nhng vi cu trc Core chng t c th

mnh ca mnh vi vic b sung s lng thc thi cc lnh SSE. Trong khi cc b x l

ca K8 ch c th thc hin cc lnh 128bit trong mt chu trnh ng h, Core c th thi

hnh c gp 3 ln s lnh nh vy.

Ngoi ra, vi cu trc Core cn chng t thm mt im mnh khc: l h thng gii m

cao cp hn. Cng vi 4b gii m, cng ngh marcofusion cho php gii m ln n 5

lnh trong mt chu trnh ng h (trong trng hp l tng). B x l K8 ch c th gii

m 3 lnh ng thi. Tt c iu ny cho thy rng b gii m ca CPU trn nn vi cu

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trc Core s c kh nng load cc n v thi hnh lnh ca b x l tt hn bng cch thc

hin 4 lnh trn mt chu trnh trong nhng iu kin tt nht. Trong trng hp ny tc

thc thi lnh tng th s nhanh hn b x l K8 AMD n 33%.

im mnh ca b vi cu trc ny th hin r nht trong h thng b nh m d liu.

Mc d b nh m L1 ca b x l Core l nh hn, nhng n li c tnh lin kt cao

hn. Cn v b nh m L2, n khng nhng ln hn m cn c bandwidth (bng thng)

rng hn. Hn na, cu trc chia s ca b nh m L2 rt c li cho vic x l a lung

(multi-threaded)

Mt yu t quan trng na ca thut ton np trc d liu (data prefetch) ca cc b x l

trn nn Core mi ny l cng ngh tch nhnh b nh c nht m cc i th cnh tranh

cha c vo thi im .

Bn cnh nhng cng ngh trn, cc cng ngh khc nh nng cao kh nng bo mt, cngngh o ha v kh nng tnh ton 64-bit gip cho Intel CoreTM 2 Duo tr thnh b x

l mi n tng nht cho mt th gii ngy cng i hi cht lng cao cng nh kh

nng tnh ton, di ng.

Trn cng MainBoard dng chipset Intel 975X Express (chipset P965 Express cng h tr

Core 2 Duo), nhm th nghim chy ln lt CPU Core 2 Extreme X6800 2,93GHz v

Core 2 Duo E6700 2,67GHz; sau , so snh vi h thng c cu hnh tng t chy nn

AM2 dng RAM DDR2 vi BXL "nh" FX-62 ca AMD.

C hai cu hnh ca Intel u qua mt AMD trong mi ng dng ca WorldBench 5 cng

nh trn mi game . Ci tin r nht l th nghim vi nhiu tc dng, chy cng lc 2 ng

dng: duyt web vi Mozilla v m ha tp tin vi Windows Media Encoder. Bn cnh ,

cc th nghim vi Photoshop v mt s ng dng ha cng chy kh thuyt phc.

H thng t lp chy Core 2 Extreme X6800 ghi c 160 im PC WorldBench 5, tng

17% so vi h thng AMD chy Athlon 64 FX-62 2,8GHz ghi c 137 im. V h

thng chy VXL E6700 r tin hn cng t n 153 im, vn cao hn 12% so vi im

s ca FX-62, v cao hn 8% so vi h thng Xi Mtower 64 AGL-SLI nn Intel l h

thng nhanh nht m PC World M tng th nghim trc y.

Bn cnh nhng h thng t lp, ta cng so snh vi b Dell XPS 410 gi 2350 USD (tnh

c mn hnh LCD 20), dng CPU E6600 2,4GHz c RAM 2GB, card ha NVIDIA

GeForce 7900GS v 2 cng SATA RAID 0 c tng dung lng 320GB. H thng ny

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ghi c 138 im WorldBench, bng im ca h thng AMD pha trn.

Nhng ngay c nhng im s cao "ngt tri" nh trn vn cha b kp vi h thng ABS.

ABS Ultimate X9 chy tn nhit nc, c 2GB RAM, 2 card Radeon X1900 CrossFire,

mt cp cng Western Digital cu hnh RAID SATA 150GB v BXL Core 2 Extreme

X6800 p xung t 2,93GHz ln 3,5GHz, v t 181 im WorldBench. H thng ny

khng ph hp vi ngi dng ph thng nhng im s ca n vt kh xa so vi cc h

thng khc v cng cho thy vi kin trc Core ca Intel cn nhiu ha hn.

T lc bt u, vi kin trc Core ca Intel tp trung vo a nhn CPU, tc cao v tiu

th t in nng. S dng cc bi hc t vic xy dng thnh cng CPU di ng Pentium

M, u tin, Intel ci tin dng di ng v a ra CPU Core Duo. Sau , hng tng

lc kh nhiu nhng gim c in nng tiu th cho CPU my tnh bn. V d, khiPC ch chy vi ng dng n gin hoc trng thi ngh, Core 2 Duo c th chy chm

li hoc ngng lun nhng phn khng cn thit.

Core 2 Duo c nhiu u th v tc so vi Pentium l nh kin trc mi c chm thm

mt hng thc thi mi trn mi nhn CPU.

B m cache L2 n 4MB bo m cung cp d liu BXL lun lm vic mc ti a

v Intel cng n lc tinh chnh cc thut ton np trc (prefetching), u tin ti a cho

d liu thch hp trc khi BXL cn n.

Trong khi hu ht cc BXL 2 nhn c nh dung lng b m cho mi nhn th Core 2

Duo cho php chia s cho ton b 4MB b nh cache. V BXL c th phn phi b nh

cache ny gia cc nhn theo nhu cu. Nu mt nhn phi lm vic "nng" trong mt tc

v phc tp th n c th dng hu ht 4MB ca cache L2 trong khi nhn kia ch chy mt

tc v n gin hn, cn t b m hn.

Kt Lun

Nh vy, Ln u tin trong sut nhng nm va qua, BXL Core 2 Duo r rng mang

li cho Intel li th v tc v hiu nng so vi AMD.

Vic Intel gii thiu th h Core 2 mi hm nng v to nn cuc lt ngan

mc trc i th AMD. Nu nh trc y Intel tch hp hai nhn vi x l n nhn

trc y vo mt chip vi s c lp kh r v b m x l, tch bit qu trnh thc thi

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vi lnh cha ti u ha c tan b h thng. Do trn Core 2 Duo, th h th 2 ca

kin trc Core vi 2 li tch hp c tn gi Conroe, Intel s dng chung Cache L2 cho c 2

li cng mt s cng ngh khc na. Core 2 Duo mang li cho bn hiu nng( tng 40%)

v tit kim nng lng(gim 40%). Vi th h CPU mi ny, Intel khng nh v tr

tuyt i ca mnh trn ng ua tc , hiu nng x l ca mnh trc cc i th

khc. Cc ci tin, cng ngh mi trn dng th h X2 ngai thay i v phn cng cu

trc : cng ngh ch to, mt Transistor, kch thc Chip m cn bao gm bao gm cc

tnh nng m rng ch yu sau:

- Wide Dynamic Execution: Thc thi ng, s kt hp ca nhiu k thut c Intel

xy dng trong h vi kin trc P6( Pentium Pro, II, III) v ngy cng c han thin hn

vi kh nng tin an v gii thut mnh hn. Vi kin trc Core mi, hng lnh thc thi

c thit k di hn vi 14 hng, gip cc lnh tin on c chnh xc hn v nhanhhn vi 4 hng lnh thc thi cng lc tit kim thi gian cho vic thc thi ny ng ngha

vi vic x l thng tin nhanh hn.

-Intelligent Power Capability(IPC): Gim lng in nng tiu th l tng hiu

qu h thng, IPC chnh l gii php cho vn in nng ca Core 2 Duo. Vi cng ngh

hin ti, Intel thit k c ch tt m cng lun l theo yu cu. Nh vy, vi kin trc Core

c kh nng tt mt h thng con trong b vi x l khi khng cn dng n tit kim

in nng; nhng vn m bo kch hot ngay khi cn khng nh hng n tc

chung ca b vi x l. Bn cnh, cc tuyn bus v vng d liu cng c thit k tch

bit c th vn m bo truyn ti d liu mc in p thp trong mt s trng thi t

gip Core 2 Duo tit kim in nng han ho nht.

-Advanced Smart Cache: Intel thit k trong vi kin trc Core mt b m L2 dng

chung cho c hai nhn vi x l nng cao hiu nng, tng phn hiu qu truy xut d

liu.Vi cng ngh ny, Intel cho php phn chia ng dung lng vng m theo nhu cu

tng nhn. Khi nhn th nht khng cn dng n b m th ton b vng m L2 dng

chung c th c chia ht cho nhn th hai; v ngc li. iu ny gip tng hiu qu s

dng b m, trnh c trng hp thiu b m, tn dng hiu qu tc p ng cao

ca m L2.

* u im:

Kh nng ta nhit thp.

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Hiu nng cao th hin qua vic benchmark bng 1 s chng trnh thng dng.

Nhiu cng ngh mi i km bao gm 1 tnh nng rt ng gi l Intel Virtualization

Technology(cho php nhiu h iu hnh cng khai thc 1 nn tng phn cng duy nht

cng lc) .

Bi ton hiu nng gi tin c gii quyt 1 cch tt nht.

* Khuyt im:

Mun hiu nng cao cn phi c cc thit b khc cng cho kh nng hiu nng cao tng

t ( trng hp ny l Mainboard v Ram).

1 s mainboard cn phi c update BIOS c th hot ng tt vi CPU.

Cc kt qu cho thy Core 2 Duo l 1 la chn l tng thay th cc vxl c . hu

ht cc th nghim th core 2 duo lun nhanh hn. Core 2 duo c xung nhp cao hn trong

hu ht cc th nghim , iu ny cho thy sc mnh ca Core hn hn so vi cc vi x ltrc n .

C th ni Core 2 Dual to bc ngot ca ngnh ch to b vi x l

IX.Ti liu tham kho

1.Gio trnh k thut vi x l Phm Hong Duy.2. gio trnh k thut vi x l ts.H Khnh Lm

3 http://www.behardware.com/art/imprimer/623/

4.http://www.anandtech.com/show/2051/10

5.http://www.bluesun007.com/blog/2010/10/phan-bi%E1%BB%87t-core-duo-core-

2-duo-va-core-solo/

6.http://www.quantrimang.com.vn/phancung/hardware/44226_Cac-mo-hinh-Core-

2-Duo.aspx

7.http://www.tinhte.vn/dien-tu-tieu-dung-293/bo-xu-ly-nvidia-tegra-2-co-gi-hay-

546723/.

8.http://www.echip.com.vn/echiproot/html/2006/44tc/bovixuly.html

9.http://www.go.vn/news/604-2895/ict/intel-core-2-duo-tim-hieu-cong-nghe-

cpu.htm

40
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10.http://forum.hocit.com/ben-trong-kien-truc-core-cua-intel-phan-cuoi-33792.html

11.http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/printpage/Core-2-Duo-E7200-CPU-

Review/564

12.http://m.zdnet.com.au/inside-intel-s-core-architecture-139265270.htm
http://forum.hocit.com/ben-trong-kien-truc-core-cua-intel-phan-cuoi-33792.htmlhttp://www.hardwaresecrets.com/printpage/Core-2-Duo-E7200-CPU-Review/564http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/printpage/Core-2-Duo-E7200-CPU-Review/564http://forum.hocit.com/ben-trong-kien-truc-core-cua-intel-phan-cuoi-33792.htmlhttp://www.hardwaresecrets.com/printpage/Core-2-Duo-E7200-CPU-Review/564http://www.hardwaresecrets.com/printpage/Core-2-Duo-E7200-CPU-Review/564

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