T•-Ls · Art Education and Social, Health and Physical Education Tamil Medium Uô¨-Xd Lp-®Vô-Wônf£ Ut-ßm T«t£ ¨ß-Y-]m (SCERT), úLW-[m. PADIKAL Evaluation Source Book

T•-LsB£-¬-Vo-L-Þd-Lô] U§l-Àh-Ó Y[-èp

1, 2, 3, 4 YÏl-×-Ls

LûXd-Lp®Ùm Nê-L-þ ÑLô-Rô-Wþ EPt-Lp-®-Ùm

Evaluation Source Book for Teachers

Art Education and Social, Health and Physical Education

Tamil Medium

Uô -̈Xd Lp-®Vô-Wônf£ Ut-ßm T«t£ ¨ß-Y-]m (SCERT), úLW-[m

PADIKAL

Evaluation Source Book for Teachers

Art Education and Social, Health and Physical Education

Std. I, II, III& IV- Tamil Medium

Chief Academic In Charge

Madhusoodhanan. CResearch Officer (Evaluation), SCERT

Academic ChargeJaya Lekshmi. SResearch Officer (Commerce), SCERTHassan. KLecturer, DIET, Malappuram

Proof ReadingYahiya. PGVHSS, Payanakkal,Kozhicode

Tamil VersionAcademic Co- ordinator

Dr. Sahaya Dhas. D,Research Officer(Tamil), SCERT

©

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Øu-àûW

Lt-\p ØÝûU ùT\ úYi-Ó-Uô-«u A±-®-Vp Øû\-«-Xô] U§l-ÀÓ Cu-±VûU-Vô-R-

Rô-Ïm. §h-P-ª-Óm úTôúR U§l-Àh-Ó Øû\-L-û[-Ùm ¾o-Uô-²dL úYiÓm. Lt-\p ùNVp-

Tô-Ó-Ls, LÚ-®-Ls, U§l-Àh-Ó Øû\-Ls ØR---V-Ytû\ JÚe-¡-ûQd-Ïm úTôÕ-Rôu §h-

P-ª-Ó-Rp ØÝûU AûP-¡-\-Õ. ARt-Lô] Ï±l-×-Ls Cq-Y-[-è--p Eh-TÓj-Rl-Th-Ós[].

úLW[l TôP-Ht-Tôh-Óf Nh-P-Lm 2007 Øu-ûYd-Ïm Li-úQôh-Pj-§t-Ï HtT Y¥-YûUd-

Ll-ThP TôP-èp, B£-¬-Vo ûLúV-Ó B¡-V-Yt-±u ©u-²-ûQl-TôL "T¥-Ls' Gu\ Cq-

Y-[-èp Y¥-Y-ûUd-Ll-Th-Ós-[-Õ. YûW-V-ßd-Ll-ThP Ï±l-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p

Øû\VôL SPd-Ïm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-[ôLd Lt-\-ûX-Ùm U§l-Àh-ûP-Ùm LôQ CV-Xô-Õ.

B£¬VoLs AÔ-Ï-Ø-û\-L-û[d LÚj-§p ùLôi-Ó N¬-Vô] Øû\-L-û[-Ùm Ej-§-

Lû[Ùm ©u-Tt\ úYi-Óm. TôP-Ht-Tôh-¥u úSôd-LúU CRu A¥l-T-ûP-VôL AûUV

úYi-Ó-m. úRPp, £k-Rû] B¡-V-Yt-±u êXm SPd-Ïm Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls VôÜm

TVu Es-[-ûY-VôL Uô\h-Óm G] Yôrj-Õ-¡-ú\u.

Yôrj-Õ-L-Þ-Pu

úTWô-£-¬-Vo Gm. H. LôRo

CVd-Ï-So

Tœ-ß-˛1 L˚Xd LpÆŸm NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-Lp-Æ-Ÿm ...................................................................... 7

LûXd-Lp®Ùm þ NêL þ ÑLô-RôW þ EPt-Lp-®-Ùm ............................ 8

A±-Yôd-Lm þ JÚ TûPl×f ùNVp-Øû\ .................................................... 9

A±-Yôd-Lm þ Ko JÚe-¡-ûQkR ùNVp-Øû\...................................... 12

LûXd-Lp® Lt-\p Gu-\ôp Gu-]? ................................................................... 14

LûXd-Lp® Lt-\p GRt-Ï? .......................................................................................... 16

Lp-®-«p LûXd-Lp®«u Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym .................................................21

LûXd-Lt-\p Gq-Yô-ß? ......................................................................................................26

LûXd-Lt-\p þ TôPe-LÞm þ Lt-\p Aà-T-Ye-LÞm ................... 30

CûNd Lt\p Gu-\ôp Gu-]? Gq-Yô-ß? ......................................................31

CûN þ TôPj-§hPd át-ß-Ls ................................................................................... 35

Lôh-£d-L-ûXd Lt\p Gu-\ôp Gu-]? Gq-Yô-ß? ..................................41

K®-Vd-L-ûXd-Lt\p Gu-\ôp Gu-]? Gq-Yô-ß? .................................. 43

K®-Vd-LûX þ TôPj-§hPd át-ß-Ls...............................................................50

EÚ-YôdLdLûX Gu-\ôp Gu-]? Gq-Yô-ß? .............................................55

EÚ-YôdLdLûX þ TôPj-§hP át-ß-Ls ........................................................57

SôP-Ld Lp® Gu-\ôp Gu-]? GRtÏ? ...........................................................64

SôP-Lm þ TôPj-§hP át-ß-Ls ...................................................................................69

SP-]d LûXdLt-\p Gu-\ôp Gu-]? Gq-Yô-ß? ................................... 76

SP-]m þ TôPj-§hP át-ß-Ls .................................................................................... 80

NêL þ ÑLô-RôW þ EPt-Lp® GRtÏ? Gq-Yô-ß? ...................................84

NêL þ ÑLô-RôW þ EPt-Lp® TôPj-§hPd át-ß-Ls ........................88

Es-[-Pd-Lm

TÏ§ þ 2 Lt-\Ûm- þ U§l-À-Óm þ LûXd-Lp®...........................................................92

Lt-\p þ TôPj-§hPd Li-úQôh-Pm ..................................................................93

Lt-\p U§l-À-Ó þ TôPj-§hPd Li-úQôh-Pm ........................................94

Lt-\Ûm U§l-À-Óm þ CûN.......................................................................................... 102

Lt-\ûX U§l©Ó-Rp þ K®-Vd-LûX ................................................................ 114

Lt-\p U§l-À-Ó þ Y¥-Y-ûUl-×d-LûX ............................................................. 126

Lt-\p U§l-À-Ó þ SôP-Lm ............................................................................................... 133

Lt-\p U§l-À-Ó þ SP-]m ................................................................................................ 136

Lt-\p U§l-À-Ó þ NêL þ ÑLô-RôW þ EPt-Lp®.................................... 147

LûXd-Lp®«p þ Lt-\p U§l-À-Óm, ©uòhPm A°j-RÛm .. 150

TÏ§ þ 3 Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp U§l-Àh-Ó Uô§¬ ........................................................ 162

CûNd-LûX þ AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó .......................... 170

K®-Vd-LûX þ AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó ........................ 180

Y¥-Y-ûUl-×d-LûX þ AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó ....... 185

SôP-Lm þ AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó......................................... 192

SP-]m þ AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó ......................................... 198

NêL þ ÑLô-RôW þ EPt-Lp®

AX-Ïj-§h-Pm þ Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó .............................................................. 205

B£-¬-Vo ùT\ úYi-¥V §\u-Ls þ LûXdLp®......................... 210

TÏ§ þ 4 ùRôPo U§l-À-Óm, TÚY U§l-À-Óm ...........................................................215

Lt-\ûX U§lÀÓm, TÚY U§l-À-Óm ............................................................... 216

TÚY U§l-À-Ó Gq-Yô-ß? ............................................................................................... 218

Lt-\-Ûm U§l-À-Óm þ IVe-Ls ............................................................................... 220

TÏ§ þ 5 LÚj-Õl T¬-Uôt-\mþ Nê-Lj-§p................................................................... 225

Nê-L-m, ÅÓ, Ts-°- ................................................................................................................ 226

Lp-®f NêL ùNVp-Ø-û\-VôL Uôß-Rp................................................................ 235

L˚Xd-LpÆŸm ˛ NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛EPt-Lp-Æ-Ÿm

TÏ-§-þ1

8

Tœß˛1

L˚Xd-LpÆŸm ˛ NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-Lp-Æ-Ÿm

œZk˚R J⁄ YiQl ˘Tu-£-XÙp TPm

Y˚W-°\Ùu. AYu Ru-̊ ]f —t± LÙi-T-Yt˚\

GpXÙm Y˚W-Y-Rt-œ ÿVp-°-\Ùu. œf£ ˙TÙu\

U≤-Ro-Ls, N’-W-Y-•-Ye-L˚[f ˙Noj-’ ˚Yj-R-’-

˙TÙp J⁄ ≈”, ¡˚]l ̇ TÙX J⁄ ÆUÙ-]m, æl-

˘Th-•-Ls ˙Noj-’ ˚Yj-R’-˙TÙp J⁄ ◊˚L-

Yi•, Aß-≠-⁄k-’ Y⁄m- ◊-˚L-VÙL CWi-”

Y˚[-Vd ˙LÙ”-Ls, Cq-YÙ-fl Ru˚]f —t-±-

Ÿs[ GpXÙ Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[-Ÿm

TVu-T-”jß T˚Pl-T-Rt-œ Æ⁄m-◊-°-\Ùu.

Cq-YÙ-fl AYu T˚Pd-œm Gk-Rd L˚X-Y-•-

YUÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m A’ TÙP˙XÙ ̨ UQp AWi-

U-˚]˙VÙ ˛ TXÙ-C˚X ˘RÙl-©˙VÙ ˛ NÙl-TÙ-”

˚Yj-’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”-R˙XÙ Cl-T-• G’-YÙL C⁄k-

RÙ-¤m T˚Pd-œm ˘NV˙X J⁄ ˘Y∞-¬-PÙ-œm.

HRÙ-Y-’ J⁄ L⁄j˚R˙VÙ TÙY-˚]-˚V˙VÙ EQof-£-˚V˙VÙ Eh-˘LÙs-[‹m

AR-˚]l ©\˙WÙ” T°ok-’-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œUÙ] U≤-R-≤u Æ⁄l-T-˙U Cq-˘Y-∞-

¬PÙ-œm.

C’-̇ TÙu\ A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-̊ R-́ u Y[of-£d-œ ÿd-°-V-UÙ]˚YVÙ-œm. A˚Y

©\l-T-Rt-œ ÿu˙T ̆ RÙPe-°-V-’m œZk-̊ R-́ u —t-fll-◊-\j-̇ RÙ-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-̆ LÙi”

AYt˚\ Gß-̆ WÙ-≠l-T-̊ Y-Ÿm Bœm. œZk˚R Ts-∞d-œ Yk-’ ̇ No-Y-Rt-œ ÿu˙T

C’-˙TÙu\ A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm £d-L-XÙ] L⁄j-’L-˚[-Ÿm ß\u-L-˚[-Ÿm Ti◊-

L-˚[-Ÿm A±-YÙdLf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm R]-RÙd-°d ˘LÙs-°-\Ùu.

9

Tœß˛1

LÙh-£-Ls, TÙh-”-Ls, RÙ[m, EP-X-˚N-‹-Ls, AZ-œ-Qof£ A‡-T-Ye-Ls ˙TÙu-

\˚Y A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ AY˚] A˚Zj’ ˘Np°u-\-]. C’ Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up

Tp-˙Y-fl FP-Le-Ls, ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls, L˚X-Y-•-Ye-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß

˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn-V-‹m, L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m SPj-R-‹m œZk-˚R-L-[Ùp CV-¤m. RÙu

Gßo-˘LÙs-fim ©Wf-£-˚]-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ÆX-LÙ-Up AYo-Ls R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-

´p æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\-˚]-Ÿm ˘Tt-±-⁄d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

GkRf NÍL ˛ Ti-TÙh-”f „Z-≠p ©\k-’ Y[okR œZk˚R B]Ù-¤m L˚X

˘RÙPo-TÙ] ·fl-L-˚[-Ÿm Ei-˚U-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm £\kR ÿ˚\-

´p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m, R]-’ A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Yj˚R-Ÿm

œZk-˚R-L-∞Pm LÙi-°u-˙\Ùm. TX-Y-˚LVÙ] E⁄-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m Ufl

A˚Ul◊ ˘Nn-V-‹m ß\-‡s[ L˚X-Ou RÙu Ts-∞-´p ˙N⁄-°u\ œZk-˚R.

AYu Cq-YÙ-fl ˘LÙi-”Y⁄m A‡-T-YeLfim A±-‹-L-fi˙U ˘RÙPok-’s[

Lt-\-¤d-œ A•l-T-̊ P-Ÿm YØ-LÙh-•-Ÿ-UÙ-œm.

A±-YÙdLm ̨ J⁄ T˚Pl-◊f ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\

œZk-˚R˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-Y˚W Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘NV-¤m ARu TX-]ÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm G’-

‹m ™Lf £\k-R-RÙ-œm. AYu E⁄-YÙd-Lm ˘Nn-Ÿm A˚P-VÙ-[e-L-fim Y˚W-Ÿm

Y•-Ye-L-fim Ht-T-”j-’m NX-]e-L-fim L⁄j-’ ̆ Y∞-́ -Pp Ut-flm ̇ RP-≠u £\kR

˘UÙØ-˙VÙ-” AY˚] C˚Qd-°-u\]. A’ AY-‡˚PV U] ˘Y∞l-TÙh-•u

˘UÙØ-VÙ-œm. RÙm T˚Pd-œm L˚X Y•-Ye-Ls YØ œZk˚R R]-’ Es-[d-

°Pd˚L˚Vf NÍ-Lj-˙RÙ-” T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-°-\-’. Aq-YÙ-fl ®L-›m-˙TÙ-’ œZk˚R

CVp-TÙ-L-‹m R≤j-Ru-̊ U˙VÙ”m E⁄-YÙd-œm GkR Ko A±-Æ-‡-̊ P-V-‹m L⁄j’

T¨-UÙt-\d L⁄-Æ-Ÿ-UÙL L˚X-˚Vd LÙQ-XÙm. ARt-œ A˚]-Y-⁄-˚P-V-‹m

LY]j˚R Dod-œm ANÙ-RÙ-WQ Ndß Ei-”. A’ YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[l

Tt± £\l-TÙ-Lf £X-Yt-̊ \d ·\ ÿ•-Ÿm Gu\ ◊ -̈R˚Xd œZk-̊ R-́ Pm Ht-T”j’-

°-\-’. R]-’ YÙrd-̊ L-́ p Ru-̊ ]l Tt-±-Ÿm R]-’ —t-fll-◊-\j-̊ Rl Tt-±-Ÿm ̆ NÙp-

X-‹m D”-T-P-‹m UÙt-\-‹m ER-‹-Y˙R L˚X Gu\ Sm©d˚L˚V CkR T˚Pl◊f

˘NVp-ÿ˚\ YØ œZk˚R ˘Tfl-°-\-’. CkRf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p E⁄-YÙ-œm A±‹,

œZk-̊ R-́ u Li-̇ QÙh-Pm, Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, Æ[dLeLs ̇ TÙu-\-Yt-±-‡-̊ PV ©W-

ß-T-≠l-˙T L˚X-VÙ-œm.

œZk˚Rd L˚X Gu-\Ùp Gu-]?

LÙh£-́ p

˙Ls-Æ-´p

A˚N-Æp

10

Tœß˛1

A±-̊ Yl Tt± A±-Rp/£k-R-̊ ]˚Vl Tt± £k-ßj-Rp

’∞j-’-∞-VÙ-n Gu\ TÙPj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ NW-Y-Qu Y˚WkR ÿRp

TPm C’. CkRl TPm Y˚W-Rp ÍXm AYu A˚Pk-R˚Y Gu-˘]u] G]l

TÙ⁄e-Ls.

A±k-R-Yt˚\d œ±l-©-P-‹m Gß-˘WÙ-≠d-L-‹m.

A±k-R-Yt-±u Gßo-Æ-˚]VÙLd LÙh-£l-T-”j-’-Rp.

A±-Æl-T-Rt-LÙ] Gi-Qj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt\d LÙh-£-ú TVu-TÙ”.

T˚Pl-T-Rt-LÙ] ˘Y∞-¬h-” ÿ˚\-L-fid-LÙ] ˙RPp.

AZ-œd ·fl-L˚[ Jq-˘YÙu-±-¤m LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] ÿVt£.

◊’-˚Ud-œ T˚Pl-◊j-ß\u ˘LÙi-” æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] ÿVt£.

Lt-̊ T˚] ˘Nn-V-‹m Y•-Y-̊ UlT-Rt-œ-UÙ] CVp-TÙ]˙RPp.

Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-Rp.

C⁄l-©-‡m Si-To-L-∞u L⁄j-’-L-fim B£-̈ -V-̈ u £X ̇ Ls-Æ-Lfim

AY˚] ¡i-”m £X-Yt-˚\l Tt± B˙XÙ-£dLj Ái-•-].

ÿR-≠p U]-ßp ˙RÙu-±-V-˚Y-˘Vp-XÙm TPj-ßp Yk-’s-[]YÙ?

Ee-L-fi-˚PV U]-ßp ˙RÙu-±V TPj-ßt-œm Y˚WkR TPj-ßt-œm

C˚P˙V Gu-˘]u] ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°u-\-]?

U]-ßp ˙RÙu-±-V-’ ˙TÙX C⁄d-L-˙Yi-”-˘U-≤p TPj-ßp C≤

Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

A˚R Gq-YÙ-fl ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?TPm ̨ 1

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Al-˙TÙ-’ RÙu NW-Y-Q-‡d-œ Ru TPj-ß-¤m £X UÙt-\e-Ls

˘NnVXÙm G]j ˙RÙu-±-V-’. R]-’ U]-ßu TPj-˙RÙ-”m A˚R Y˚W-

Y-Rt-LÙ] ̆ Nn-ÿ-˚\-˙VÙ-”m AYu Ru U]-ßtœs ̇ T£d ̆ LÙi-PÙu.

AYu UÙt± Y˚WkR TPm C˙RÙ.

C’-˙TÙu\ J⁄ „Z-≠p °˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞p C⁄k-’,

Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-L-˚[d Li-P-±-V-‹m

Ju-˙\Ù-” Ju-˚\j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jR‹m

L⁄j-’-Ls E⁄-YÙd° ®˚]-Æp ˘LÙi-”m

Lt-T-˚]-VÙL B˙XÙ-£d-L-‹m

LÙ¨V LÙWQ ˘RÙPo-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°-Ÿm

˘Nn-Ÿm ÿVt-£-́ u YØ-VÙLd œZk-̊ R-́ u £k-R-̊ ]j ß\u-Ls ̆ Y∞l-

T-”-°u-\-]. C’ A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm ARu ̇ Um-TÙh-•t-œm œZk-˚R˚V

Ch-”f ˘Np-°-\-’. Cq-YÙ-fl £k-R-˚]f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”j-R-

‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-’ „r-®-˚Xd-˙LtTl TVu-T-”jß

ÿVt£ ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm R]-’ A±-‹-⁄-YÙdL ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p Y⁄m

£W-Ue-L-˚[-Ÿm R˚P-L-˚[-Ÿm LPk-’ ˘NpX œZk-˚R-VÙp CV-¤m. TX-

Y-Ø-L-∞p RÙu E⁄-YÙd-°V A±‹ R]-’ ˘NÙkR ˘LÙs-˚L-L-[Ù-L-‹m

Ej-ß-L-[Ù-L-‹m UÙfl-Y-’ A±-˚Yl-Tt± A±-Y-’ YØ-VÙ-L-‹m £k-R-˚]-˚Vl Tt±

£k-ßl-T-Ru YØ-VÙ-L-‹m Bœm.

Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p SÙm LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-’

R]-’ A±-˚Yl Tt± œZk-˚Rd-œs[ Lt-T-˚]˚V ÆP SÙu Gq-YÙ-fl A±‹

E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-˙\u Gu\ ◊¨-R-¤d˙L Bœm.

NL-U-ßl-¿-”, —V-U-ßl-¿-” ˙TÙu\ Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-˙[Ù-” —V-UÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-

Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] „Z-

≠p Eh-T-”j-’-Y˙R CRt-LÙ] J⁄ YØ-VÙ-œm.

TPm ̨ 2

12

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˙U¤m,

œZk-˚R-ú £k-R-˚]f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚Vj ÁiP ER-‹m Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[

SÙm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp AY-£-Vm.

ÿu A±-Æl◊

ÿu A±-Æl-˚Tf NÙu-fl-L-fi-Pu T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp

˘RÙPof-£-VÙL ÿu, ©u LPk-’YkR YØ-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

©Wf-£˚] „Z-¤d-˘L-]j ˙Rok-˘R-”jR Ej-ß-Ls TX-]-∞j-R-]YÙ G]

Ußl©”Rp

˙Yi-”-˘Uu˙\ UÙfl-ThP ÿ˚\-L-∞p £k-ßj-’, ◊ßV £k-R-˚]-L˚[ UÙ±V

©Wf-£˚] „Z-≠p TVu-T-”jß TÙoj-Rp

A±--YÙd-Lm ˛ Ko J⁄e-°-̊ QkR ˘NVp ÿ˚\

SU-’ YÙrd-˚L-´p HRÙ-Y-’ ©Wf-£-˚] Ap-X-’ £d-Lp Ht-ThP „Z˚X

®˚]j-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls. AR˚] SÙm Gq-YÙ-fl A‘-°-˙]Ùm? ©Wf-£˚]

„Z-≠u Gk˘RkRd ·fl-Ls Gk-˘Rk-Rl TÙPe-L-˙[Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˘LÙi-”s-

[] Gu-fl J⁄ ®™-Pm B˙XÙ-£j-’-ÆhPÙ æo-‹d-œ C\e-°-˙]Ùm? L¶-

Rm, R™r, YWXÙfl, KÆ-Vd-L˚X ˙TÙu\ TÙPe-L-∞u Gp-˚X-L˚[l Tt-

±d LY-˚Xl-TPÙ-Up ©Wf-£-˚]-˚Vj æol-T-Rt-LÙ] A±‹ G’ Gu-T-˚Rl

Tt± Uh-”m £k-ßj-’f ˘NVp-Th-˙PÙm Ap-X-YÙ?

TÙPe-L-fid-°-̊ P-̇ V-Ÿs[ © -̈‹-L-̊ [-ÆP UÙfl-ThP HWÙ-[-UÙ] ·fl-Ls C˚Qk-

R-’m CVp-TÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-’-UÙ] Lt-\p

13

Tœß˛1

A‡-T-Ye-L˙[ œZk-˚Rd-œ ™L-‹m ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-RÙ-œm. L¶-Rm, A±-Æ-Vp,

˘UÙØ Gu-fl TÙPe-L˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘Nn-Y˚R ÆPj Re-L-fi-˚PV —t-flf-„-Z˚X

A•l-T˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP A±-YÙd-L˙U œZk-˚R-ú T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ß\˚]

Y[oj-’ Su ÿ˚\-´p ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl˚T A∞d-°-\-’.

LY-]j-’-Pu Et-fl-̇ SÙd-L-‹m ÿd-°-V-UÙ] ̇ Ls-Æ-Ls ̇ Lh-L-‹m Ju-fldœ ̇ Ut-

ThP æo-‹-Ls ·\-‹m NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p AYt˚\ Ußl-©h-” R]’

Li-˙QÙh-Pj˚Rd Lt-T-˚]-VÙ-L-‹m A±-Æ-Vp-ÿ-˚\-´-¤m ˘R∞-‹l-T-”jR‹m

NÍ-Lj-ßp YÙ›m GpXÙ U≤-Ro-L-fid-œm CVX ˙Yi-”m. ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-

LÙ] ̇ RPp-̆ N-Vp-ÿ-̊ \-̊ Vf ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp œZk-̊ R-Ÿm R]-’ £k-R˚]j

ß\˚] Y[odL ˙Yi-”m Gu-fl ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹

˙R”-Y-Ru YØ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”m A±‹ T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ™d-L-RÙL C⁄d-œ-˘U]d

·\ ˙Yi-•-V-ßp˚X Ap-X-YÙ?

·h-”-\-YÙ-L-‹m C˚Qk-’m ̆ Nn-Ÿm Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\

œZk˚R R≤j-ß-⁄d-œm L˚X-Ou Ap-X; A˚PjR A˚\d-œs-∞-≠-⁄k’ L]‹

LÙi-T-Y-‡m Ap-X. EX-Lj-̇ RÙ-” Gl-̇ TÙ-’m ̆ RÙPo-◊-̆ LÙi-”m Gßo-Æ˚]-VÙt±-

Ÿm °˚Pd-œm A‡-T-Ye-Ls YØ Ru˚]f —t-±-Ÿs[ EX-Lj-˚Rl T˚Pl-◊-

L[ÙL ̆ Y∞-́ -P˙X ̇ LÙ”-Ls, A˚N-‹-Ls, J≠-Ls ̇ TÙu-\-Yt-±u ÍXm

œZk˚R ÿV-¤-°u-\-’. J˙W „Z-≠p Tp-̇ Y-fl STo-L-∞u Li-̇ QÙh-

Pe-L-fim A‡-T-Ye-L-fim Gq-YÙ-fl ̇ Yfl-T-”-°u-\] G] œZk-̊ R-

Ls A±V ˙Yi-”m. AkR A±-‹Ls Jq-˘YÙu-flm Ru-˚]f

—t-±-Ÿs[ EX-˚Ll-Tt-±V Tp-˙Y-fl YÙ£l◊ A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[d

œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞d-°u-\-]. AYt-˚\l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’m

C˚Qj-’m ̇ Um-T-”j-ß-Ÿm A±-YÙd-Lm ̆ Nn-°u-\-]o. CYt-±t-

œl ©\ œZk-˚R-L-˙[Ù” ˙Nok-’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”m Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-

fim E⁄-YÙd-œ-R-¤m BP¤m TÙP-¤m Gp-XÙm NÙu-fl-L-[Ù-œm.

Uh-”-™u± R]-’ Si-To-L-∞u L⁄j-’-L-fim A©l-©-WÙ-Ve-L-fim

AYt-˙\Ù-” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-fl-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L-fim Lt-\˚X

BZj-ßt-œ ̆ LÙi” ̆ Np-¤m CVp-TÙ] Ái-”-Rp-L-[ÙL UÙfl-°u-\].

14

Tœß˛1

L˚Xd-LpÆ Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu-]?

"This artist is not a special kind of man. But is a special kind of artist"

(Devi Prasad, Art: The basic of Education)

NÍLf „r-®-˚X-˙VÙ-” ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°u\ £\kR Æ›-™V EQo-‹-Pu Gßo-Æ-

˚]-VÙt-fl-T-Yo-L-˚[-Ÿm NÍ-Lf „Z-˚X-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R Lp-Æ-ú R˚X-VÙV

LP-˚U-VÙ-œm. R≤ STo-L-∞u CkRd œQe-Ls YØ NÍ-Lj-ßu Ti-TÙ-”m ®˚X-

˙T-flm Y[of-£-Ÿm ÿu-˙]t-\-ÿm ®˚X-˘LÙs-°-\-’. Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt-±V ˘TÙ’-

YÙ] Cd-·t-fl L˚Xd-Lp-Æd-œm ˘TÙ⁄k-’m. NÍ-L-UÙ-L˙YÙ R≤l-ThP ÿ˚\-´-

˙XÙ-YÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L-˙[Ù-” ˙Yfl-ThP Gßo-Æ-˚]-Ls CVp-TÙ-]-RÙ-œm. Uh-”-

Up-XÙ-Up EX-°-Vp NÙok-R-’m S˚P-ÿ-˚\d-œ ELk-R-’-UÙ-œm. Gp-XÙ-Y˚L A‡-T-

Ye-L-̇ [Ù-”m Ái-”-Rp-L-̇ [Ù-”m ̆ R∞-‹-Pu Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-\-‹m R]d˙L E¨V

ÿ˚\-´p ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\˚U ˘Tfl-Y-’˙U ÿd-°-V-UÙ-œm. C’˙Y L˚X.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ U≤-R-‡m Cq-YÙ-fl Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m —V-UÙL ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m ˘Nn-

°u-\Ùu. Aq-YÙ-̆ \-≤p L˚X-Ou Gu-T-Yu R≤j-Ru˚U YÙnkR J⁄-Yu Gufl

·fl-Y-˚R-ÆP Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ U≤-R-‡m HRÙ-Y-’ ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] J⁄ L˚X-Ou Gu-fl

·fl-Y-’-RÙ˙] ̆ TÙ⁄j-Rm?

Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m, ̆ Y∞-´-P-‹m Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m AYo-L-fid˙L E¨V J⁄

˘Y∞-¬h-” ÿ˚\-˚Vj-RÙu ©u-Tt-fl-°u-\-]o. A’ C˚N-VÙ-L˙YÙ SP-]-UÙ-L˙YÙ

LÆ-˚R-VÙ-L˙YÙ £t-T-UÙ-L˙YÙ KÆ-V-UÙ-L˙YÙ ˙Y[Ùi-˚U-VÙ-L˙YÙ N˚U-V-XÙ-

L˙YÙ Æ˚[-VÙh-PÙ-L˙YÙ C⁄d-L-XÙm. ©\-⁄-˚PV A‡-T-Ye-L˚[j ˘RÙh”

EQoj-R-‹m AYo-L-∞u £k-R-˚]-˙VÙ-”m T˚Pl-◊j ß\-˙]Ù-”m Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-

\-‹m ̆ Y∞-´-P-‹m CV-¤m ÆRm L⁄j-’ T¨-UÙ-flm ̇ TÙ’-RÙu L˚X Y•-Ym E⁄-

Ym ˘LÙs-°-\-’.

RÙu D”-T-”m GkRj ˘RÙØ-˚X-Ÿm AZ-œ-Qof-£-Ÿ-Pu A‘-œm ˙TÙ’ A’

J⁄ ◊ßV L˚Xl-T-̊ Pl-TÙL E⁄-YÙ-°-\-’. ARÙ-Y-’ L˚X-VÙ-°-\-’, Gu-T˙R CkßV

L˚Xl-T-Wm-T-̊ W-́ u A•l-T-̊ P.

15

Tœß˛1

L˚X-̨ -E-Pt-Lp-Æ-̨ -̊ L-Æ-̊ ]d-LpÆ

Cj-R-̊ LV NÙRÙ-WQ Gi-Qm A±-Æu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p A˚UkR Li-̇ QÙhPj-

ßp TÙoj-RÙp C˚N, KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Rp, SP-]m ˙TÙu\ TÙPe-L˚[d L˚Xd-Lp-

Æ-VÙ-L-‹m, ̊ RVp, Y•-Y-̊ Ul-◊f ̆ NVp-Ls, ̊ Lj-̆ RÙ-Øp ̇ TÙu-\-Yt˚\d ̊ LÆ-

˚]d-Lp-Æ-VÙ-L-‹m A˚N-‹, Æ˚[-VÙh-” B°-V-Yt˚\ EPt-Lp-Æ-VÙ-L-‹m ̇ Yfl-

T-”jß C⁄l-T-’ ˘TÙ⁄j-R-Ut-\-RÙ-Lj ˙RÙu-flm. —V ˘Y∞-¬h-•u T˚Pl◊ Y•-

Ye-Ls (Forms of Creative Expression) Gu\ ÿ˚\-́ p C˚Y-VÙ-‹m L˚Xd Lp-

Æ-´p APe-œ-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-́ u Cu-̊ \V ®˚X

L˚X, EPt-LpÆ Lt-\-¤d-œm —LÙ-RÙ-Wd Lp-Æd-œm HWÙ-[-UÙ] YÙnl◊Ls

Ei-̆ P-≤-¤m, œZk-̊ R-́ u J⁄e-°-̊ QkR Y[of-£d-œ ER-‹m Y˚L-́ p Lt\p

˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-́ u TÙL-UÙL TVu-T-”j-’Y-Rt-œm Fd-Ll-T-”j-’Y-Rt-œm ̇ R˚Y-VÙ]

GkR ÿVt-£-Ÿm C’-Y˚W ˙Ut-̆ LÙs-[lTP-Æp-̊ X.

L˚X-Æ-ZÙd-L-fid-LÙ-Ld œZk-˚R-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ æÆ-Wl-T-´t£ A∞j-’

AWe-˙Lt-fl-Y-’-Pu ÿ•-Ÿm Ju-\ÙLl Ts-∞-L-∞p L˚Xd-LpÆ UÙ±d-˘LÙi-•-

⁄d-°-\-’. L˚X-Æ-ZÙd-L˙[Ù YNß T˚Pj-R-Yo-L-fid-œ Uh-”m E¨V L[-UÙL ßL-

›m ®˚X˙V ®X-‹°\’. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-¨-¤m Es[ ß\u-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’

Fd-œ-Æd-L˙YÙ Ht-fld-˘LÙs[˙YÙ ˘Nn-Y-ßp˚X Gu-T-’ Uh-”-UpX Lt-\p-˛-Lt-

©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p CRt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Li-” ˘LÙs-Y-ßp-˚X.

EPt-Lp-Æ˙VÙ ß\-˚U-VÙ]Yo-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’ YÙnl-◊-Ls A∞l-T-Rt-œ

Tßp Æ˚[-VÙh-” ÆZÙ SPj-’-Y-˙RÙ-” Ru LP-˚U˚Vd ˚LL-›Æ Æ”-°-\-’.

ß\˚U-VÙ] œZk-˚R-L-fid-œd ·Pj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÿu-‡-¨-˚U˙VÙ YÙnl˙TÙ

°˚Pd-LÙR ’V-W-UÙ] ®˚X˙V Cu-fl LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’. N¨-VÙ] EQ-‹-ÿ-˚\˚V-

Ÿm —LÙ-RÙW TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm ÿu-˙]t-fl-Y-Rt-LÙ] Gk-R-ÆR Æ›l-◊-Qo-

‹f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fim S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-ßp-˚X. (TÙo˚Y KCF)

L˚XLfim NPe-œ-L-fim

Ck-ßVl TÙWm-T-¨-V-ÿm

Æ -̈YÙ] Li-̇ QÙh-Pj-ßp BWÙnk-

RÙp C˚N-Ÿm, N˚U-V-¤m, Æ˚[-

VÙh”m, ̇ Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿm L˚X Y•-

Ye-L˙[ YÙp-£-VÙ-V-]uTh-•-V-≠hP

64 L˚X-L-∞-¤m NUQ CXd-°-Vj-ßp

œ±l-©-”m 72 L˚X-L-∞-¤m ◊jR TWm-

T-˚W-´-¤s[ 84 L˚X-L-∞-¤m C˚N,

YiQm æh-”-Rp, UW-˙Y-˚X, ÿ•

AXe-LÙ-Wm, N˚U-Vp ˙TÙu\ L˚X-

Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-]. Uh-”-

UpX AYt-±t-œ GkR ÿu-‡-¨-˚U-

Ÿm A∞d-LÙ-Up RÙu œ±l-©-Pl-Th-

”s-[-].

16

Tœß˛1

˙R£V TÙP Ht-TÙh-” Nh-P-L-ÿm (NCF 2005) L˚X-L-fim

L˚X-Ls —Rk-ß-W-UÙ] J⁄ Lt-\p Ui-P-X-UÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘U]

˙R£V TÙP-Ht-TÙh-”f Nh-P-Lm 2005 ̆ R∞-YÙ-Ld ·fl-°-\-’. ̇ U¤m L˚Xd-LpÆ

˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’-L˚[ Ufl-T-¨-∫-X˚] ˘Nn-’m ARu YÙnl-◊-L˚[ TX-Y-

˚L-´p Æ¨-‹-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-’s-[-’. (A) L˚Xd-Lp-Æ˚Vd L¶-Rm, A±-Æ-

Vp ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˙\Ù-” J⁄ A•l-T˚Pl TÙP-UÙL Ht-fld-˘LÙi-”s-[-’. (B)

L˚X-LpÆl Ts-∞l TÙPe-L-˙[Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-L-˚[j

’¨-Rl-T-”jR Uh-”m-RÙu ER-‹-°-\-’ Gu\ SU-’ UW◊ √ß-VÙ] Gi-Qj˚Rj

ß⁄j-ß-Ÿs-[-’. (C) L˚X Gu-T-’ A±‹ ®˚X, EQof£ ®˚X, ˘Y∞l-TÙh-”

®˚X Gu\ £d-L-XÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙLl ◊ßV Aoj-Re-L˚[ E⁄-

YÙd-œm ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Gu\ Ei-˚Ud-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞d-°-\-’. (D) ◊ßV

T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]d Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V J⁄ Ui-P-X˙U

L˚Xd LpÆ Gu\ Li-˙QÙh-Pj-ßt-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞d-°-\-’. (E) œZk-

˚R-L-∞u L˚X-U-V-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u Y[of-£-Ÿm ÿu-˙]t-\-ÿm N¨-VÙ]

ÿ˚\-´p Gß-˘WÙ-≠dL ER-‹m Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls Y•-Y-˚Ud-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

L˚Xd-Lp-Æ˚Vj ˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ ÿRp EVo-®-˚Xl Ts∞ Y˚W Lh-PÙ-Vl-

TÙ-P-UÙdL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-flm ˙R£V TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f Nh-P-Lm ˛ 2005˛p T¨k-’-

˚Wj’s[’.

L˚Xd-LpÆ Lt-\p GRt-œ?

œZk-˚R˚Vl -Tt-±-Ÿm Lt-\-˚Xl-Tt-±-Ÿ-ÿs[ A•l-T˚P L⁄j-ßu ©u-◊-Xj-

ßp RÙu L˚Xd-LpÆ GRt-œ Gu\ £k-R˚] ˘RÙPeL ˙Yi-”m. EX-Lj˚R

ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-L‹m, ̇ RPp Bo-Yj-˙RÙ-”m Li-”, R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-´p œZk˚R

Æ[d-œ-°\-’. Cq-YÙ-fl EX-Lj-˙RÙ-”m, NÍ-Lj-˙RÙ-”m Gl-˙TÙ-’m ̆ RÙPo◊ ̆ LÙi-

” ˘Tflm A±-YÙd-L˙U Lt-\p G] SÙm Li-P-±k-’s-˙[Ùm. EXL A‡-T-Ye-L-

∞p œZk˚R SPj-’m Cj-R-˚LV ̆ RÙPo-◊-L˚[ AZ-œ-Qof-£-™d-L-RÙ-L-‹m T˚Pl-

◊j ß\-‡s-[-RÙ-L-‹m UÙt-fl-Y˙R L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-ú ˙SÙd-Lm. HRÙ-Y-˘RÙ-⁄ Li-L-

Yo ˘TÙ⁄-˚[˙VÙ „Z-˚X˙VÙ E⁄-YÙdL ER-‹m Yi-Qm Li-L-fid-œm LÙßt-

œm ˚LL-fid-œm T´t£ A∞l-T-RpX L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-ú ˙SÙd-Lm.

17

Tœß˛1

UÙ\Ù-L, ™dL ˘TÙfl-˚U-Ÿ-Pu EXL AZ-˚L-Ÿm NÍL ®Lr-‹-L˚[Ÿm

BoYj˙RÙ-” ˙SÙd-L-‹m AYt-˙\Ù-” ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs-[-‹m Æ⁄m-◊m U≤-R˚]

E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-ú ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm. Cq-YÙ-fl T˚PjRp (Creative)®˚\-‹ ̆ Nn-Rp (Fulfilled) NU-®-̊ X ̆ Nn-Rp (Balanced) ̇ TÙu-\ œQe-Ls ®˚\kR

Ko Bfi-˚U˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R L˚XdLp-Æ-ú Ei-˚U-VÙ] ˙SÙd-Lm G]d

·\-XÙm.

Gu-\Ùp S≈-]d LpÆ ÿ˚\, L˚Xd Lp-Æ-ú Ck-˙SÙd-LeL˚[j RœkR

ÿ˚\-´p Eh-˘LÙi-”s-[-’ G]d ·\ CV-XÙ-’. EX-Ll ◊Lr-˘Tt\ L˚X B£-¨-

V-WÙ] Sk-R-XÙp ˙TÙv (NÙk-ß-®-˙L-Ru) ˘NÙp-Y-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

""˙Nflm NÙ¶-Ÿm ˙Noj-’ E⁄-YÙd-°V AZ-°V ˙Y˚X-lTÙ-”-Ls ˘LÙiP

—j-RUÙ], J›e-LÙ-Ll TWÙ-U-¨d-Ll-T-”m £±V œ•p-L-∞p RÙu Ye-LÙ-[j-ßp

Es[ H˚Z U˚X-YÙr Ud-L-[Ù] NÙk-RÙs Nÿ-RÙ-Vj-ß-]o Y£d-°u-\-]o.

AYo-Ls Re-L-fi-˚PV T˚ZV °ØkR Lk-Rp B˚P-L˚[j ’˚Yj-’ SpX

ÿ˚\-´p ET-˙VÙ-°d-°u-\-]o. B]Ùp BPm-T-W-UÙ] UÙQ-Yo Æ”-ß-L-∞p

T•d-œm Lp-Ì¨ UÙQ-Yo-L˙[Ù Re-Ls A˚\-L-∞p B˚P-L˚[ AXe-̇ LÙX-

UÙ-Ll ˙TÙ”-°u-\-]o. GkR J⁄ J›e-œ-™u± ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[d LiP CPe-

L∞p TWl© ˚Yd-°u-\-]o. TPe-Ls ˚Yd-œm Nh-Pe-L-∞p A›d-L-˚PkR

B˚P-L˚[ C”-Y-’m Li-QÙ-•-˚V-Ÿm ∫l-˚T-Ÿm AXh-£-V-UÙL NÙl-TÙh-”

˙U˚N-´p ˙TÙh-•-⁄l-T-˚R-Ÿm SÙu TX CPe-L-∞p TÙoj-’s-˙[u. Lp-Æ-

V±-Yt\ TZe-œ-•-́ -]ü YÙrd-̊ L-̇ VÙ-” C˚VkR AZ-œ-Qof-£Ÿm ARtœ

UÙ-\ÙLd Lp-Æ-V-±-‹-˚PV UÙQ-Yo-L-fi˚PV-’ YÙrd-˚L-˙VÙ-” ˘TÙ⁄k-RÙR

˘NVt-˚L-VÙ] AZ-œ-Qof-£-ŸUÙ-œm.

Tp-˙Y-fl Y˚L-VÙ] L˚X Bo-Ym Es-[-Yo-L˚[d Li-P-±k-’ Fd-œ-Æl-T-’

Uh-”-UpX, Gp-˙XÙ-⁄d-œm NÍ-L, R≤ U≤R A‡-T-Ye-L-˙[Ù-” R]d˙L E¨V

AZœQof-£ Ut-flm L˚Xj-Ru-˚U-˙VÙ-” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt\ YÙnl◊ A∞l-T˙R

Ei˚U-VÙ] L˚Xd-Lp-Æ. A’ EXLl TÙo-˚Y-´-¤m NÍL D”-TÙ-”-L-∞-¤m A•-

ÿ-Rp ÷≤-Y˚W AZ-œ-Qof-£˚V ™∞W ER-‹m Yi-Qm A˚]-Y-⁄d-œm T´t£

A∞lT-RÙL A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.

18

Tœß˛1

L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-́ u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym

Lt-T-Y-ü EPp, Es-[m, £k-R-˚]d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] CVp-TÙ] Lt-\p

A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[d L˚Xd-LpÆ A∞d-°-\-’. Aoj-R-ÿs[, NYÙp ®˚\kR, ˙RPp

YØ A˚UkR Cj-R-˚LV Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚R-ú A±-YÙd-Lj˚R BZ-

ÿs-[-RÙL UÙt-fl-°u-\-].

TX-ÆR TÙPe-L˚[j R≤j-R-≤-VÙ-Ll T•d-œm ˙TÙ’ HRÙ-Y-’ J⁄ œ±l-

©hP ß\˚] Uh-”˙U A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-’-°-˙\Ùm. B]Ùp

Jufld-œ ˙Ut-ThP ß\u-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm Gl-˘TÙ-›-’m TVu-T-

”j-’-Y-Rt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] YÙnl-˚Td L˚Xd LpÆ A∞d-°-\-’. LÙh-£d-L-˚X,

C˚N, SÙP-Lm, SP-]m B°V G’-YÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m œZk-̊ R-́ u E[, NÍL, EQo‹

Èo-Y-UÙ] A˚]j-’d Li-̇ QÙh-Pe-L-̊ [-Ÿm St-Ti-◊-L˚[Ÿm Y[odL ER-‹m

£\kR FP-L-UÙLd L˚Xd-LpÆ ˘NVp-T-”-Y-RÙL Tp-˙Yfl BWÙnf£ ÿ•-‹-Ls

˘R -̈Æd-°u-\-] (Champions of Change Page 9). L˚Xd-LpÆ GRt-LÙL Gu\ ̇ Ls-

Æd-œ Æ˚P TL-⁄m C’ ˙TÙu\ Li-”-©-•l-◊-L-fis ÿd-°V-UÙ-] £X-Yt˚\d

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j-’s-˙[Ùm.

1. GpXÙd œZk-˚R-L-fim Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p ÿ›-˚U-VÙL D”-TP YÙnl

T∞d-°-\-’. NÙRÙ-WQ Yœl-T˚\d Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls, TX ©Wf-£-˚]d

LÙWo-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\-≠p ˙RÙp-Æ-VÙ[oL-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\-]. AYo

L∞u Lt-\p ÿ˚\, Lt-\p ˙YLm, A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Æ⁄l-Te-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-

±tœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÿu-‡-¨˚U A∞d-LÙ-R-RÙp-RÙu Cj-R-˚LV ®˚X Ht-T-”-

°\’. B]Ùp œZk-˚R-ú A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP £\kR Lt-

\p A‡T-Ye-L-˚[d Lp-Æd-Lp-Æ-VÙp A∞dL ÿ•-Ÿm. Aßp Te-˙LtL ER-

‹m, R]dœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\p ÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R-”dœm YÙnl-˚T-

Ÿm L˚Xd-LpÆ A∞d-°-\-’. C’™L CVpTÙLd œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p ̆ NVp-

ÿ˚\L-∞-¤m, Aßp AY-]∞d-œm TeL∞l-©-¤m, AY-]-’ Lt-\p ®˚X˚V

˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-ß-¤m ÿd°Vl TeLÙtfl°-\-’.

2. Ru-˙]Ù-”m ©\-˙WÙ-”m ß\-˚U-VÙ-Lj ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs-[-‹m D”-T-P-‹m ER-‹m

YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Ru-]m-©d-˚L-˚V-Ÿm A∞d-°-\-’.

J⁄ L˚Xl-T-˚Pl◊ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp Gu-T-’ R≤-U-≤R E⁄-YÙdLf ˘NV-XÙ-œm.

œZk˚R R]-’ A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls, ®˚X-Ls,

L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-Ÿm Tu-ÿL

A±‹jß\-‡m

Tu-ÿL A±‹ Tt-±V Li-˙QÙh-Pe-

Ls L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-´p Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV

®˚X˚V UÙt± A˚UdL YØ Yœj-

’s[-]. œZk-˚R-ú Tu-ÿL A±‹

Y[of£ S˚P-̆ T-\-̆ Yi-”-̆ U-≤p Tu-

ÿ-L A±-‹d-œj ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-

Ls A∞dL ̇ Yi-”m. L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-́ p

CRt-LÙ] HWÙ -[UÙ] YÙnl-◊ -Ls

Es[]. AR-]Ùp œZk-̊ R-́ u Tu-ÿL

A±‹ Y[of-£˚V ˙SÙd -L -UÙ -Ld

˘LÙiP ◊ßV Lp-Æ-ÿ˚\ L˚Xd-Lp-

Ædœ- ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym A∞dL ̇ Yi-”m.

19

Tœß˛1

˙Ro-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’m J⁄e-°-˚Qj-’m RÙu ◊ßV

L˚Xl-T-̊ Pl˚T E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\-’. Ck-Rd ·fl-L-∞u J⁄e-°-̊ QkR E⁄-Y-UÙL

L˚Xl-T-˚Pl◊ UÙflm ˙TÙ’, Æ˚P Li-”-©-•l-T˚R ÆP SÙu A˚R E⁄

YÙd-°-˙]u Gu\ A±-‹-Ui-P-Xj-ßt-œs œZk˚R ÷˚Z-°-\-’ Gu-T˙R CRu

£\l-◊. B]Ùp CkR T˚Pl-◊f ˘NV-˚Xd œZk˚R R≤-VÙ-Lf ˘Nn-Y-ßp-˚X.

˙Yfl-ThP Ti-TÙh-”f „Z-≠p C⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙ-dœ°u-\-’. ©\ œZk-̊ R-L-∞Pm

TZ-°, AYo-L-[-’ Li-˙QÙh-Pe-L-˚[-Ÿm A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Tt-fl E⁄-YÙ-

œm NÍL A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ Ht\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˙V Ceœ SPd-°-\’.

J⁄-Y-⁄d˘LÙ-⁄-Yo T˚Pl-TÙt-\p-L-˚[l T°ok-’-˘LÙs-Y-Ru ÍXm Lt-\p

GuT’ NÍL A±-YÙd-L-UÙL UÙfl-°u\ YÙnl-˚T-Ÿm L˚Xd-LpÆ œZk-˚R-

Lfid-œ A∞d°-\-’.

3. L˚Xd-LpÆ Lt-\p „Z-≠p TX UÙt-\e-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\-’. Yœl-©p L˚Xd-

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls A∞d-œm-˙TÙ-’ ®Wk-R-W-UÙ] ˙RP-¤d-LÙ] „Z˚X

E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-˙\Ùm. CVk-ß-Wj-R-]-UÙ] J›d-Lm, B£-¨-V-ü ◊’-˚U-VÙ] Lt-

©j-Rp Ej-ß-Ls ÍXm ®Wk-R-W-UÙ] —V J›d-L-UÙL UÙfl-°-\-’. Ce-œ Yœl-

T˚\f „Z˙X UÙfl-°u-\-’. Ts-∞-́ p SPd-œm Tp-̇ Y-fl T˚Pl◊f ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\-

L-fim E⁄-YÙ-œm Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-fim Ts-∞-ú „Z-˚X˙V UÙt± A˚Ud-

°u-\-].

4. L˚Xd-Lp-Æ Lt-\p ˘Y∞ EX-Lj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊

T-”j-’-°-\-’. L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls

˙TÙu-\˚Y T˚Pl-◊-ß-\-˙]Ù-” E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m L⁄j

’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-V-‹m CV-¤m ˙TÙ’ RÙu ©Wf

£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ ©\d-°-\-’. NÍ-Lj-˙RÙ-”m

˘RÙØp-’-˚\-L-˙[Ù-”m ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ ER-‹m

£\kR ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim ß\u-L-fim L˚Xd-

LpÆ ÍXm œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-°u\].

20

Tœß˛1

Lp-Æ-́ p L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-́ u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym

GqÆR ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-™u± J⁄-Y-˙WÙ-˘PÙ-⁄-Yo LXk-’-\-YÙP

ER‹m J⁄ ˘UÙØ˚Vd L˚Xd-LpÆ Gp-˙XÙ-⁄d-œm A∞d-

°\-’.

Gi-‘m, G›j-’m ˙TÙu-fl J⁄ ÿd-°-V-UÙ] œ±-¬h˚P

L˚Xd-LpÆ œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞d-°-\-’.

—Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L-‹m C˚Qk-’m ̆ NVp-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-

°-\-’.

Lt-\-̊ Xl Tt-±V ©uÚhPm EP-]-•-VÙLd °˚Pl-T-̇ RÙ-” —V

˘Y∞-¬h-•t-LÙ] YÙnl-◊m °˚Pd-°-\-’.

÷h-T-UÙ] Cq EX-Lj˚Rj R]-’ Li-̇ QÙh-Pj-ßp BWÙ-V-‹m

Ru-‡-˚PV L⁄j-’-L˚[ ÷h-T-UÙ-L˙YÙ ˙U˙XÙh-P-UÙ-L˙YÙ

·\‹m YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-°-\-’.

Lt -\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Lfim Lt-\p Ei-˚U-L -fim TÙP

Æjß-VÙ-N-™u± J⁄e-°-˚Qd-Ll-T-”°u-\-].

Tœl-TÙn-‹, J⁄e-°-˚Qj-Rp, ÆUo-N]l Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-©-Pp,

R]-’ ®˚Xl-TÙh˚P G”j-’-̊ Wj-Rp ̇ TÙu\ EVokR £k-R-̊ ]-

Ls Y[o-°-u\].

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m J⁄e-°-˚Qd-Ll-T-”-°-u\].

A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊m YØ-Ÿm GpXÙd œZk-˚R

Lfidœm °˚Pd-°u\].

21

Tœß˛1

L˚Xd-LpÆ ̨ Lt-\p ̇ SÙd-Le-Ls

1. Yœl-T-̊ \, Ts-∞, ≈”, NÍ-Lm B°V Sm-̊ Uf —t-±-́ ⁄l-T-Yt-±u Su-̊ U-L-̊ [

-Ÿm AZ-LÙ]˚YL-̊ [-Ÿm Bo-Yj-̇ RÙ-” CW-£d-œm Ru-̊ U˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

2. YÙrd-˚L-ú GpXÙ ®˚X-L-˚[Ÿm œ±jR Re-L-fi-˚PV L⁄j-’dL˚[-Ÿm

EQo‹-L-˚[-Ÿm —Rk-ß-W-UÙL ˘Y∞-´P œZk-˚R-L-˚[j Ái-”-Rp.

3. Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, ˙RPp, L⁄j-’ ˘Y∞-¬-” ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÍXm œZk-˚R-L-∞u

A˚]j-’l ◊Xu-L-˚[-Ÿm ·o-˚U-V-˚P-Vf ˘Nn-Rp.

L˚Xd-Lt-\-≠u © -̈‹-Ls

œZk˚R Gk-̆ RkR YØ-L-∞p T˚Pl-◊j-ß-\-̇ ]Ù-” Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-fl-°u-\Ù˙]Ù

A˚Y-˘Vp-XÙm L˚Xd-Lt-\-≠u ©¨-‹-L-˙[. B´-‡m A˚Y ̆ Y∞-´-”m ÿ˚\,

E⁄-YÙd-œm A±-Æu R≤j-Ru˚U B°-V-Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p RÙu L˚Xd-

Lt-\-≠u ÿd-°V ·fl-L˚[j æo-UÙ-≤j-’s-˙[Ùm. LÙh-£, EP-X-˚N-‹, K˚N-Ls

B°-V-Yt˚\l TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿm ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-ß-

Ÿm RÙ˙] œZk˚R Ru L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\-’.

˘RÙPd-L, EVo ˘RÙPdL ®˚X-L-∞p L˚Xd-Lt-\-≠u ÿd-°V ©¨-‹-L-˚[j

æoUÙ≤l-T-’,

1. C˚N (Music)

2. LÙh-£-Ls (Visual Arts)

3. A˚N-‹-Ls (Movement)

˙TÙu\ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” FP-Le-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ -XÙ-œm.

L˚Xd-Lt-\p ̨ C˚N

GpXÙl Ti-TÙ-”-L-fid-œm ARt˙L E¨V C˚N-Ÿi-”. A’ TX ˙SÙd-Le-L-

fid-LÙ-Ll TX Y•-Ye-L-∞p C⁄d-°-\-’. Uh-”-UpX Al-Ti-TÙh-˚Pl ©u-Tt-flm

U≤R YÙrd-˚L-˙VÙ-” C˚N-Ÿm Y[of-£-V-˚P-°-\-’. G]˙Y RÙu YV-’ ˙Yfl-TÙ-

•u± A˚]-Y-⁄m C˚N˚V CW-£d-°u-\-]o. C˚N-˚Vd ˙Lh-” CW-£l-T-˙RÙ-”

®u-fl-Æ-PÙ-Up, C˚N˚V E⁄-YÙd-œm CW-£l-◊j Ru-˚U-Ÿm C˚Nd-œi-”.

22

Tœß˛1

C˚Y CWi-•u YØ-VÙL SÙm C˚N˚V A±-°-˙\Ùm. K˚NL-∞u A”d-œ-Ls,

ARu Tp-˙Y-fl ·fl-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ A±k’ AYt˚\l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿm

˙TÙ’ C˚N-˚Vl Tt-±V A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lm œZk-˚R-´-Pm S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’. C˚N

Gu-T-ßp EP-X-˚N-‹-L-fim Eh-T-”m. £k-R-˚]-Ÿm EP-¤m J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ CVeL

ER-‹m C˚N-ú YÙnl-◊-L˚[j ̆ RÙPdL ®˚X-´p Aß-L-UÙL ET-˙VÙ-Ll-T-”jR-

˙Yi-”m.

C˚N ̨ Ui-P-Xe-Ls

˙LhPp, Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-\p-Ls

˘Y∞-́ -”-Rp

T˚Pj-Rp

Tp-˙Y-fl L⁄j-’-L-fim Ej-ß-L-fim APe-°V C˚N Gu\ L˚X Y•-Ym

œZk˚R-ú Bo-Yj-˚Rj Ái-P-‹m Lt-T˚] Y[j-’-Pu £k-ßd-L-‹m ˘NVp-

TP-‹m ER-‹m YØ-L˚[ Y[od-L-‹m T˚Pl-◊j-ß-\-̇ ]Ù-” ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-R-‹m YØ

Yœd-°-\-’.

˘RÙPdL ®˚X-´p C˚Nd LpÆú A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ Íu-fl Y˚L-L-[Ù-Ll

©¨dLXÙm.

˙Lh-L-‹m, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m ˘Nn-Rp

TÙP-‹m, C˚N-NÙokR ̆ Y∞-¬-”-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-ßp Te-˙Lt-T’m

C˚N˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

B]Ùp C˚Y R≤l-ThP Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-[ÙLd °˚PdL ̇ Yi-•-V-̊ Y-VpX.

UÙ\ÙLd Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p œZk-˚R-ú £kR˚]-

ú J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL C˚N CVp-TÙL J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. Cj-R-

˚LV ®˚X-L-∞p C˚N-˙VÙ-” œZk-˚Rd-œs[ ˘RÙPo◊, A˚N‹, SP-]m, KÆ-

Vm, L˚R ˘NÙp-¤-Rp, Gi-L˚[ Gi-‘-Rp, SÙP-Lm ˙TÙu\ Gßo-Æ˚] YØ

Gß-̆ WÙ-≠d-œm.

˘Yq-˙Y-fl Yœl-◊-L-∞p œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-•V C˚N ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls 35-˛m Td-Lj-ßp ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.

23

Tœß˛1

L˚Xd-LpÆ ̨ LÙh-£-dL˚X

E⁄-Ye-Ls, KÆ-Ve-Ls, ®\e-Ls, E⁄-YÙd-Lm ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÍXm EX-˚Ll-

◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs-[-‹m, ̆ Y∞-́ -P-‹-UÙ] œZk-̊ R-́ u £\l-TÙ] Æ⁄l-Te-L-s ÿu-]˙W

œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s-[-]Yp-X-YÙ? C˚Y œZk-˚Rd-œ °˚Pd-œm A‡-T-Ye-L˚[

J⁄-ÿ-Ll-T-”j-’-Y-Ru ÍXm AY-]-’, ÿu-̇ ]t-\j-ßt-œm Y[of-£d-œm ER-‹-°u\

˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-[Ù-°u-\]. ◊ßV L⁄j-’-L˚[Ÿm ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-L-̊ [Ÿm œZk˚R E⁄-

YÙd-œ-Y-’ CRu A•l-T-̊ P-́ -XÙ-œm. LÙh£ YØ £k-ßj’ Gßo-Æ˚]-VÙtflm ß\u

˘Tfl-Y-˙RÙ-” A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ] ̇ Y˘\Ù-⁄ YØ˚Vd œZk˚R ̆ T\-‹m- ̆ Nn-

°-\-’. CRt-LÙ] Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fim „Zp-L-fim LÙh£dL˚X Lt-\-≠u ÍXm

Ts-∞-´p œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.

L˚XlT-̊ Pl-◊-L-∞p D”-T-P-‹m L˚Xl T˚Pl-◊-L-̇ [Ù-” Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt\-

‹m ˘Nn-Y-˙RÙ-”, LÙh-£d-L-˚X-ú A•l-T˚Pd L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-

˚\Ls ̇ TÙu-\˚Y Y[of-£-V-̊ P-Y-Rt-LÙ] Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-̊ [Ÿm œZk-̊ Rdœ

A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. ˘RÙPdLl Ts∞ ®˚X-´p LÙh-£d-L-˚X-ú Lt-\p A‡-T-

Ye-L-∞u ©¨-‹-L˚[ KÆ-Vd-L˚X Gu-flm E⁄-YÙdLd L˚X Guflm CWi-PÙLl

©¨d-L-XÙm.

L˚Xd-Lt-\p-̨ -SÙ-P-Lm

˙Yfl-Th-P-’m A˙R ˙Y˚[-´p TX L˚X Y•-Ye-Ls C˚QkR Lt-\p

A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ SÙP-Lm œZk-̊ Rd-œ A∞d-°-\-’. œZk-̊ R-́ u EPp, U], A±‹,

EQof£ Èo-Y-UÙ] Es-[d-°-Pd-˚L-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞d ˘LÙQ-⁄m £\kR

FP-L˙U SÙP-Lm. ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[l TÙY-˚]-˙VÙ-” Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m, Ußl-

©-P-‹m, ©Wf-£˚]j-æo‹ Li-P-˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls SÙP-Lj-ßu

ÍXm œZk˚Rdœd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. CkRj ˙RPp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p C˚N,

SP-]m, KÆVm, E⁄-YÙd-Lm ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÿ›-˚U-VÙL C˚Q-°-u\-]. R≤-VÙ-Lf

£k-ßd-L‹m œ›-YÙ-Lf ˘NVp-T-P-‹m R≤-VÙ-Ll ˘TÙfll-◊-L˚[ Ht-fld ˘LÙs-fim

T´t£ A‡-T-Ye-L˚[Ÿm SÙP-Lm A∞d-°-\-’. ̆ RÙPdL ®˚X-´p SÙP-L-Y-•-Æp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L˚[-Ÿm L˚R ˘NÙp-¤-R-˚X-Ÿm A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP Lt-\p

A‡-TYe-L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi”m. A’ ÿß-V-Yo-Ls RVÙ-WÙdœ-°u\ SÙPL

ÿ˚\´p C⁄dL ·PÙ’.

LÙh-£-L-˚X-˛-E-⁄-YÙdLd L˚X

’˚Ql ©¨-‹-Ls

E⁄-YÙdLf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

AXe-LÙ-Wl ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls E⁄-YÙdLp

˘TÙm˚U

Af-—

Èk-̇ RÙh-Pm

SÙP-Lm-˛-Ui-P-Xm

L⁄j-’-Ls, £k-R-̊ ]-Ls, EQof-£-Ls

˙TÙu-\-Yt-±u YÙnl-◊-L-̊ [d

Li”- ©-•j-’ A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lm

˘NnRp.

LÙh-£d-L-˚X-˛-K-Æ-Vd-L˚X

’˚Ql ©¨-‹-Ls

KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Rp

®\m ̆ LÙ”j-Rp

•˚N-≤e

˘LÙ[Ùx

£t-Tm

Y•-Y-̊ Ul-◊d L˚X

Af-—

24

Tœß˛1

œZk-˚R-ú ˘NÙk-Rd-L-⁄j-’-L˚[Ÿm EQof-£-L-˚[Ÿm AYo-L-[Ù-L˙Y Y[of£

˘T\f ˘Nn-’ ˘Y∞-´-”-YRu ÍXm A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp Gu\ A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\˙V

SÙPLd Lt\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fid-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-’.

L˚Xd-Lt-\p-̨ -S-P-]m

œZk-˚R-ú L⁄j-’-Ls, EQof-£-Ls, Lt-T-˚]-VÙ] £k-R-˚]-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y

˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ], A˚N-Æu YÙnl-◊-L˚[ A±-Y-Rt-LÙ] ̇ R”-R˙X SP-]d Lp-

Æ-ú ˙SÙd-Lm. T˚Pl◊, ˘Y∞-¬-”, L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßu J⁄ Y•-Ym Gu\

®˚X-´p œZk˚R ˙RP-‹m E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m, ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m A˚N˚Y W£dL‹m

SP]m YÙnl-T-∞d-°-\-’. EPt-Lp-Æ-´-≠-⁄k-’ SP-]d-Lp-Æ˚V ˙Yfl-T-”j-’-Y-’

WN˚]d-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”d-œm Cd-œ-Qe-L-[Ù-œm. SP-]d-LpÆ ÍXm EP-

¤d-œm E[j-ßt-œm C˚P-˙V-Ÿs[ ̆ RÙPo-◊, A˚N-Æp Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-Ls E⁄-

YÙd-œm A˚N-Æu RÙ[-ÿm, Kh-P-ÿm, œ›-YÙL A˚N-Æp Te-œ-̆ T-fl-Y-Ru ÍXm

E⁄-YÙd-œm RÙ[m, Ndß ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˙\Ù-” RÙ‡m R]-’ —t-fll-◊-\-ÿm ˙NokR

CVt-˚L-˙VÙ-” ˘RÙPok-’ ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs-[-‹m œZk-˚Rd-œ YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-°-

\’. ̇ Yfl-ThP ®Tk-R-̊ ]-Lfid-̇ LtT A˚N˚Y SP-]-UÙL UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄j’,

˘Y∞-¬-”, J⁄e-°-˚QkR L⁄j-’-L-s, ß\u-L-s, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-s B°-V˚Y

SP]jßu ÍXm œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-°u\].

NÍ-L-̨ -—-LÙ-RÙ-W-̨ -E-Pt-LpÆ

LP-˚U Es-[-Y-]ÙLf NÍ-Lj-ßp YÙZ-‹m NÍ-Ljßu UÙt-\j-ßt-LÙL B˙WÙd-

°-V-UÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m NÍ-Ljßu TœßVÙL R]-’ EPp-˛-E[ U]

®˚X-L-fim, ß\u-L˚[ Y[ol-T-Rt-LÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Lfim ˘RÙPdL ®˚X ÿR˙X

œZk-˚Rd-œ °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. Ru-˚]l Tt±j RÙr‹ U]l-TÙu-˚U, Sm-©d-

˚L, æo-UÙ-≤l-T-Rt-LÙ] ß\u B˙WÙd-°V YÙrd˚L Tt-±V Li-˙QÙh-Pm Ru

EPp Tt-±V ®˚]-‹, N¨-Æ-°R EQ-Æu ˙R˚Y, Ru-˚]-Ÿm NÍ-Lj-˚R-Ÿm TÙ’-

LÙj-’ ®˚X-˘T\ ̆ Nn-T-˚Yl Tt-±V A±-‹. EPp-Lp-Æ-´p Æ⁄m-◊m, —V ̇ RPp

˙TÙu\˚Y NÍ-L-˛-—-LÙ-RÙ-W-˛ -E-Pt-Lp-Æ-ú ˙SÙd-Le-L-[Ù-Ll TÙPj-ßh-Pm

ÿu˚Yd°-\-’.

25

Tœß˛1

˘RÙPd-L-®-̊ X-́ p

RP-L-[l-̇ TÙh-• (Athletics)

Kh-Pm

œßj-Rp

G±-Rp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls (Games)

Tp-˙Y-fl Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls

øk-’-Rp

˙TÙu-\-Yt-±p D”-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m.

C’-̇ TÙu\ A‡-T-Ye-L-∞p D”-TPj R]-’ EP˚X Gq-YÙ-fl TÙ’-LÙdL ̇ Yi”m

Gu\ A±-‹m ß\-‡m œZk-̊ Rd-œd °˚PdL ̇ Yi-”m. B˙WÙd-°-V-ÿs[ NÍLj-

ßp B˙WÙd-°V-ÿs-[-Y-]ÙL YÙr-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-L-fim U]-®-˚X-Ÿm œZk˚R

˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

26

Tœß˛1

L˚Xd-Lt-\p Gq-YÙ-fl?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-L-˚[Ÿm A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[Ÿm ̆ Tt\ A±-˚Y-Ÿm Lt-\-

≠u A•l-T-̊ P-VÙ-Ld ̆ LÙi-” ̆ NVp-T-”m-̇ TÙ-’ Lt-\p Aoj-R-ÿs-[-RÙ-L-‹m ÿ›-

˚U-VÙ-]-RÙ-L-‹m UÙfl-°u-\-’. Y˚W-V-‹m ®\m ˘LÙ”d-L-‹m Y•-Ye-Ls E⁄-YÙd-

L-‹m TÙP-‹m BP-‹m ©\l-©˙X Æ⁄m-◊m œZk-˚R-L˚[l ˘TÙflj-R-Y˚W Lt-

\p ™L C≤-̊ U-VÙ-L- A˚U-Y-̇ RÙ-” AYo-L-∞u Ru-]m-©d-̊ Ld-œ ̆ TÙ⁄k-’-°u\

ÿ˚\-L-˚[Ÿm YÙnl-◊-L-˚[Ÿm ˘LÙ”l-T-’ L˚Xd Lt-\-p Ap-X-YÙ?

˙RPp YØ Li-P-˚PkR ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œ ER-‹m ̇ Ls-Æ-L˚[f —V-UÙLd

˙Lh-” AYt-±t-œ Æ˚P Li-”-©-•j-’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-’-Y-Ru ÍXm ©Wf-£-

˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˙V YÙrd˚L ÿ›-Y-’m S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’. TX

TÙPe-L˚[ Ce˙L J⁄e-°-˚Qj’ E⁄-YÙd-°V A±˚Y YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L-

˙[Ù-” C˚Qdœm ÆR-UÙ] Lt-\p A‘-œ ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm C’. Yœl-T-˚\´p

E⁄-YÙd-œm A±-‹m œZk-˚R-ú ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œ ER-‹-˘Uu-\Ùp Lt-\-≠u

A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm ˙U˙X œ±l-©h-P-RÙ-œ-Up-X-YÙ?

L˚Xd-Lt-\p ̨ A‘-œ-ÿ˚\

ÿ˚\-NÙokR Ts-∞-ú Tœ-ß-VÙLd L˚Xd

Lt\˚Xd LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] Tp-˙Y-fl A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ls

Es-[-].

1. ©\ TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\-¤d-LÙLd L˚Xd Lt-\-≠u

Tp-˙Y-fl ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm (L˚X

Y•Ye-Ls) ET-˙VÙ-°j-Rp.

2.©\ TÙPe-L-∞u A±d-˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄j-’L˚[

Ÿm ÆY-¨d-L-‹m Æ[d-L-‹m Tp-˙Y-fl L˚Xl

TÙPe-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°j-Rp.

3.YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L-s Ut-flm Lt-\-̇ XÙ-” ̆ RÙPo

◊˚PV ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ A±-V-‹m ©Wf-£-˚]j

æo‹d-LÙL Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPe-L-̊ [-Ÿm L˚Xd-Lt-\-̊ X-

Ÿm J⁄e-°-˚Qj-’l TVu-T-”j’Rp

27

Tœß˛1

Ju-flm CWi-”m A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-Y˚W ©\ TÙPe-L-∞u A±‹

E⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ] YØ˙V L˚Xd Lt-\p. L˚Xd-Lt-\-XÙL Eh-T-”jß C⁄d-œm

Tp-˙Y-fl L˚X-L-∞u L⁄j-’-L-fim ˘NVp-L-fim ß\u-L-fim ©\ TÙPe-L-˙[Ù”

C˚Q-VÙL Y[-⁄m G] Cq-Y-‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-ú ÍXm ·\ CV-XÙ-’. Uh-”-UpX,

Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u L⁄j-’-L-fid-°-̊ P-́ -XÙ] CVp-TÙ-], TWk-R, Ju-̇ \Ù-̆ PÙufl

Es[ ˘RÙPo-◊d˙LÙ, EX-˚L-Ÿm A‡-T-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm Ju-\ÙL C˚Qj-’d LÙi-

°u\ œZk-˚R-ú R≤j-Ru-˚Ud˙LÙ CkR A‘-œ-ÿ˚\ ÿu-‡-¨˚U A∞d-L-

Æp-˚X. A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-ú CkR œ˚\-TÙ-”-L-˚[d LPk-’ ̆ Np-YRtLÙ] ̇ RP˙X,

©\ TÙPe-L-˚[l ˙TÙX˙Y L˚Xd-Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm J⁄ TÙP-UÙL Ht-fld˘LÙs-fim

J⁄e-°-˚QkR Ko A‘-œ-ÿ˚\VÙL E⁄-YÙ-]’.

J⁄e-°-̊ QkR A‘-œ-ÿ˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl?

Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u J⁄e-°-̊ Ql◊ Gq-YÙ-fl Gu-T-̊ Rl Tt±V TX Bn‹Ls

EX-°u TX TÙLe-L-∞-¤m S˚P-˘Tt-fls-[-]. Bn-‹l TX˚] A•lT˚P-VÙ-Ld

˘LÙi-” J⁄e-°-˚QkR A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´p YkR T¨-QÙ-Uj˚R Cq-YÙ-fl ·\-XÙm.

J⁄e-°-˚Qj-Rp- ˛-

TX TÙPe-L˚[

C˚Qj-’

˘TÙ’-YÙL A±d-

˚L-L˚[Ÿm L⁄j-’-

L-˚[Ÿm ˚UVÙ-Ld

˘LÙi-” J⁄e-

°˚Qj-Rp

S˚P-ÿ˚\ YÙrd-˚L-´p

A‡-T-Æd-œm ©Wf-£-˚]-

Ls R˚P-Ls ˙TÙu-\ -

Yt±t-LÙ] æo‹ LÙ‘m

J⁄e-°-˚Ql◊

œZk-˚R˚V ˚UV-UÙ-Ld

˘LÙi-” ̇ RPp YØ LtT-

Rt-LÙ] J⁄e-°-˚Ql◊

Evolution of Curriculum Integration Approaches (Brown & Nolan, 1989)

Cm-ÿ-˚\-´p SU-’ TÙPj-ßhP A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-˙VÙ-” ˙Nok-’ LÙQl-T-”m A‘-œ-

ÿ˚\ G˚Y-˘V] T¨-˙NÙ-ßl-̇ TÙm.

28

Tœß˛1

L¶-Rm, A±ÆVp, C˚N ˙TÙu\ TÙPe-L-∞u A˚Ul-◊-L-fim Ej-ß-L-fim NU-

UÙ]-˚Y-VÙ-œm. Ju-±u-˙Up Ut-˘\Ùu-fl Gu\ Y¨-˚N-´p A”d-°V L⁄j-’-Ls,

L⁄j-’-L-˚[ ¡i-”m ¡i-”m TVu-T-”j-’-Rp, AX-œ-Ls, Æ°-Rm, A”d-œ-Ls,

UÙ±, UÙ±≠ ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±p C˚Y Íu-flm NU-UÙ-]-RÙ-Ld LÙh-Pl-T-”-°u\].

CYt˙\Ù” Gi-‘-Rp, A[j-Rp, Y˚Ll-T-”j’-Rp, Jt-fl˚U/˙Yt-fl˚U Li”-

©•j-Rp ©¨-L-fid-LÙ] ˘RÙPo◊ Li-P-±-Rp ˙TÙu\ Ej-ß-L-fim Íu-fl TÙPe-L-

∞u A±‹ E⁄-YÙdL ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p ET-˙VÙ-Ll-T-”j-’-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Cq-YÙ-\Ù] ̆ TÙ’ ®˚X-˚VŸm Ej-ß-˚VŸm LY-]j-ßp ̆ LÙi-” œZk˚Rdœ

Ht-T-”m Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] ̇ RPp YØ´XÙ] Lt-\p-

˛- Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\˙V J⁄e-°-˚QkR A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\d-œ ™Ll ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-’.

J⁄e-°-˚QkR A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\d-œ Ht\ GkR J⁄ Lt-\p-˛-Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\´¤m LÙQl-T-P-˙Yi-•V ÿd-°-V-UÙ] Íu-fl ®˚X-Ls Es-[-].

1. Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-°u A±-Ü-Lû[l TVu-

TÓjÕY§p Lôh-Óm Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym

2. Jq-ùYô-Ú TôPj-§-Ûm A±-®u Ru-ûU-Ls, Ej§-

Ls, R²j-Ru-ûU-Ls, TôPj-§u AûUl×

úTôu\-Yt-û\d LY-]j-Õ-Pu AÔ¡d Lt-\p-þ-

Lt©j-Rp ùNVp-Ø-û\-«p TVu-T-Ój-Õ-Rp

3. Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-Þd-¡-ûPúV CVp-Tô-],

ùRôPokR DÓ-Tô-Ó SûP-ùT-ß-¡-\-ùR] Eß-§l

TÓjRp

29

Tœß˛1

JÚe-¡-ûQj-Rp GRt-Lô-L?

Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-û[-Ùm, TôPl-©-¬-Ü-L-Þd-¡-ûP-«-Xô]

CVpTô] ùRôPo-×-Lû[Ùm Li-Ó-©-¥dLd ÏZk-ûRd-Ï

CVÛ¡u\-Õ.

Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-°u Gp-ûX-ûVd LPk-Õ BZj-§-Ûs[

A±Ü EÚ-Yôd-L-j§t-Ïm LÚj-Õ-Ú-Yôd-Lj-§t-Ïm Yônl×

¡ûPd-¡-\-Õ.

EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp, ùY°-«-Ó-Rp, G§o-®-û]-Vôt-\p Gu-T]

úTôu\ ®Uo-N-]-éo-Y-Uô] Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-«p DÓ-TP

Yônl-T-°d-¡-\-Õ.

KûN, Y¥-Ym, EP-X-ûNÜ úTôu-\-Ytû\ JÚe-¡-ûQj-Õ

TVu-T-Ój§ £k-§d-L-Üm ùNVp-T-P-Üm ùNn-V ER-Ü-¡-\-Õ.

Tp-úY-\ô] AûP-Vô[ Øû\ úYß-ThP ùY°-Âh-Ó Y¥

Ye-Ls (Form of expression) úTôu-\-Ytû\ ET-úVô-¡j-Õ

LÚj-Õ T¬-Uôt-\m SPj-Õ-Y-Rt-Lô] CVp-Tô] Yônl× ¡ûPd-

¡-\-Õ.

Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-°u A±-ûY-Ùm Øû\-L-û[-Ùm Ju-ß-

úNodL Ø¥-¡-\-Õ.

JÚ TôPj-§p CÚk-Õ ùTt\ A±ûYl ©\ TôPe-L-ú[ô-Ó

ùRôPo-×-T-Ój-R-Üm NYô-Xô] Lt-\p ãr-¨-ûX-«p ùNVp-

TÓYRt-Lô] Yônl-×m ¡ûPd-¡-\-Õ.

30

Tœß˛1

LûXd Lt-\p

TôPe-L-Þm Lt-\p Aà-T-Ye-L-Þm

CûN

Lôh£d LûX

K®-Vd-LûX

EÚ-Yôd-Ld LûX

SôP-Lm

SP-]m

Nê-L-þ-Ñ-Lô-Rô-W-þ-E-Pt-Lp®

31

Tœß˛1

C˚Nd Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu-]? Gq-YÙ-fl?

CVt-˚L-ú £\kR K˚N-L-∞u ÿ˚\-VÙ] C˚Ql˙T C˚N. U≤R œXj-

ßu BWm-Tm ÿR˙X C˚N-Ÿm E⁄-YÙ-]-’. U≤-R-≤u Y[of-£-˙VÙ-” ˙Nok-’

C˚N-Ÿm Y[of-£-V-˚Pk-R-’. CVt˚L J≠-L-∞u ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-R-˙XÙ-” U≤-Ru

E⁄-YÙd-°V J≠-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-Rj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùu. J≠, ˘NÙp, A˚N‹

˙TÙu\˚Y C˚Q-Y˙R C˚N. A’ A±-Æ-V-¤m L˚X-Ÿ-UÙ-œm. GkRd L⁄j-˚R-

Ÿm £k-R-˚]-˚V-Ÿm Ái-P-‹m ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m C˚N-VÙp CV-¤m. ˘UÙØ-ú ER-

Æ-´p-XÙ-Up U≤-R-≤u ˙Yfl-ThP EQof-£-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´P C˚N J⁄ £\kR

FP-L-UÙ-œm.

U≤R Es-[e-L˚[, Ju-±-˚Qj-’ St-œ-Qe-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-ßp C˚Ndœ

ÿd-°V Te-œs-[-’. CR-Vj˚Rj Án˚Ul-T-”j-R-‹m A±-˚Yd ·o-˚U-VÙd-L-‹m

C˚Nd Lt-\p YØ˙LÙ¤-°u-\-’. A±-YÙt-\p, Lt-T-̊ ], T˚Pl◊ ̇ TÙu-\˚Y Y[o-

°u-\-]. ˙R£V, œ› U]l-TÙu-˚U-Ls E⁄-YÙ-°u-\-].

œZk-˚R-L-∞Pm C˚Nd-Lt-\p Y[-⁄-Y-’ ÷h-T-UÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, L⁄j-’

Y[of£, T˚Pl-◊, W£j-’l-TÙ-”-Rp, ÿ›-˚U-V-˚P-Rp ˙TÙu\ Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞-

XÙ-œm. œZk˚R-Ls —V-UÙL E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m T˚Pl-TÙt-\-˙XÙ-” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-

‹m ˘Nn-°u-\-]o. ÿß-V-Yo-Ls AYo-L˚[j Ái-”-°u-\-]o. œZk-˚R-L-∞u

T˚Pl-◊j-ß\˚] ˘Y∞d-˘LÙ-QW C’ ER-‹-°-\-’. œZk-˚R-L-∞Pm LÙQl-T-”m

RÙ[e-Ls, J≠ D”-TÙ” ̇ TÙu-\˚Y C˚N Lt-T-Rt-LÙ] £\kR YØ A˚Ud-°u\].

AYo-Lfid-œ Bo-Yj-̊ Rj Ái-”m-T-•-VÙ-L-‹m ◊ßV A±-‹-Ls °˚Pd-œm ÿ˚\-

´¤m C˚Nd-Lt\p S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-Ls C˚Nd L⁄j-’-L˚[ Ht-

fld-˘LÙs[‹m W£d-L‹m ÿß-V-Yo-Ls RVÙ-WÙ-œm ̇ TÙ’ AYo-L-∞u ß\˚U ÿ›

Y[of-£-V-˚P-°-\-’. ©\ TÙPe-L-∞p œZk˚R A‡-T-Æl-T-’ ˙TÙu˙\ C˚N˚V

A‡-T-Æd-L-‹m A±-V‹m ß\u ˘Tfl-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”m.

C˚Nd Lt-\p YØ œZk-˚R-L-∞u AZ-œ-Qof-£-Ÿm Li-P-±-Ÿm ß\-‡mA±‹

Y[of-£-Ÿm U]-˘Y-›f-£-Ÿm Y[o-°u-\-].

32

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Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV TÙPj-ßh-Pj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jß Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ TÙPe-L-∞-¤m

C˚N-ú YÙnl-◊-L˚[d Li-P-±k-’ A±-˚Y E-⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] Lt-\p A‡-T-

Ye-L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. AYo-L-∞u C˚N A‡-T-Ye-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-Ls,

ß\uLs ˙TÙu-\Yt-˚\f NÍ-Ljßtœj ˘R¨-Æd-L-‹m TVu-T-”j-R-‹m CVX

˙Yi”m.

C˚Nd-Lt-\p ̨ ̇ SÙd-Le-Ls

C˚N˚V W£d-L-‹m ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-©-P-‹m CVX

˙Yi”m.

Tp-̇ Y-fl C˚N-l©-̈ -‹-L˚[ A±-Y-Rt-LÙ] Æ⁄l-T-ÿm A˚Y-́ u R≤j-Ru˚U

Tt±V L⁄j-’m AYt-̇ \Ù-” Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-fl-Y-Rt-œUÙ] A‘-œ-ÿ˚\˚V

Y[oj-Rp.

C˚Nú YØj R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m L⁄j-’-L-fim EQof-£-L-fim A‡-

T-YeLfim ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u Y[oj-Rp.

œZk-̊ R-́ Pm CVp-TÙ-Ld LÙQl-T-”m C˚N Æ⁄l-Te-L˚[f —V-UÙL A±-V‹m,

C˚N-̇ VÙ-” Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-flm ̇ TÙ’ Ht-T-”m U°rf-£-̊ V-Ÿm ◊’-̊ U-̊ VŸm

A‡-T-Æl-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

C˚N ̆ Y∞-¬-”-L-∞p Te-œ-̆ Tt-fl œZk-̊ R-Ls Ru-̊ ]l Tt-±V Ru-]m-©d˚L

Y[o-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.

YÙrd˚L ÿ›-Y-’m C˚N Lt-T-Y-]ÙL UÙ\-‹m £\kR ÿ˚\-´p £k-ßd-L-‹m

˙R˚Y-VÙ] L⁄j-’-L-fim ß\u-L-fim ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim U]-®-˚X-Ÿm E⁄-

YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞dL ̇ Yi-”m.

T˚Pl-◊j-Ru-˚U-˙VÙ-” R≤j-Ru˚U YÙnkR C˚N A‡-T-Ye-Ls YØ

œZk˚Rú YÙrd-˚L- Æ›-™-Ve-L˚[ Y[-Wf ˘Nn-Rp.

33

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C˚N-˛-A-±-Æu ·fl-Ls

1. C˚N NÙokR L⁄j-’-Ls

J≠ E˚\-Æ-Pe-Ls-˛-J≠ ˘Y∞l-T”m CPe-Ls.

SÙRm (C-Vt-˚L-ú AZ-LÙ] C≤-˚U-VÙ] J≠).

—ß (Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄-˚P-V-‹m K˚Nd-œ HtTl TÙ”-Y-Rt-œ ˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm

A•lT˚P SÙRm).

RÙ[m (TÙh-•u ˙YLj˚Rd Lh-”l-T-”j-’m ˘NVp).

RÙ[ Y¨˚N (RÙ-[j-ßu CWi-P-•d-œ C˚P-˙V-Ÿs[ ˙SWm).

˙UÙ”-˙X-ù (J-⁄ C˚N-Y-•-Yj˚R Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ ÿ˚\-´p „r-®-˚Xd-˙LtT

E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp).

TÙh-•u A˚Ul◊ (TÙh-•u ÿRp Tjß ˛ Tp-XÆ ˛ CWi-PÙm Tjß A‡-

TpXÆ, A”j-R-’ NW-Qm).

•m-To (C-˚N-U-V-UÙ] K˚N˚V ˙Yfl-T-”j-’m ©¨-‹).

S˚P (Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ C˚N Y•-Yj-ß-‡-˚P-V-‹m R≤j-Ru-˚U).

TÙYm (TÙh-•u YØ Ut-flm TÙ”-Rp YØ EQof£ ˘Y∞-¬-”).

2. C˚N NÙokR ß\u-Ls

˙Lh-Pp, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p, E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

C˚N NÙokR ß\u-L˚[ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’Rp.

„r-®-˚Xd-˙LtT C˚N Y•-Ye-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°d-œm ß\u.

3. C˚N NÙokR ˘NVp-Ls

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp (C-˚N, J≠-L-∞u ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls).

Am-Ne-L˚[ A±-V-‹m, ˙Yfl-T-”jß EQ-W-‹m.

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Tœß˛1

Jl-©-”-Rp

(ÿu-]o U]-ßp TßkR TÙh-”-L-̇ [Ù-” ◊ßV C˚N Y•-Ye-L˚[ Jl-¿-” ̆ NnRp.

C˚Q-VÙ-]-Yt˚\ A±-Rp).

A•l-T-˚P-˚Vd Li-P-±-Rp.

Li-P-±k-’ C˚N˚V Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-Rp.

C˚N-Y-•-Yj-ßu Ti-TÙh-”f „r-®-˚X˚V Ußl-©-Pp.

A. U]-®˚X

C˚N˚V W£j-Rp.

A•l-T-˚P˚V Ae-∏-L-¨j-Rp.

Tœl-TÙn-‹-Pu ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙL Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p

Tp-˙Y-fl ’˚\-L-fi-Pu J⁄e-°-˚Qd-œm U]-®˚X.

œ› EQo‹.

YÙrd-˚L-´p C˚N˚Vl TVu-T-”j-Rp.

CVt-˚L-ú J≠-L-∞-¤m A˚N-‹-L-∞-¤m C˚N-˚Vd LÙ‘-Rp.

35

Tœß˛1

C˚N-̨ -TÙ-Pj-ßhPd ·t-fl-Ls

Yœl◊ ̨ Jufl

Ui-P-Xm-˛1 ˙LhPp Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-p

1. CVt-˚L-ú Tp-˙Y-fl K˚N-L-˚[d ˙Lh-°u-\-]o. Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-Yt˚\l ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-°u-\-]o.

2. CVt-̊ L- J≠L˚[ E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Y˚Ll-T-”j’-Rp (YÙ-L-]e-Ls, ÆXe-œ-Ls,

T\-˚Y-Ls, LÙt-fl ˙TÙu-\-˚Y)

3. TÙ”-Y-’m, ̆ NÙp-Y-’m ̇ TÙu\ J≠-L-∞u ̇ Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[ A±-V-‹m ̆ Y∞-́ -P-‹m ̆ Nn-°u\]o.

(ÿ-‘-ÿ-‘j-Rp ˘NÙp-¤-Rp, E\d-Ll ˙T—-Rp, Ru-]Ù˙] ˙TÙ”-Rp Ru˚]jRÙ˙] R≤-S-To

˘Y∞-¬-”)

4. Æ˚[-VÙ-”m ̇ TÙ’m, A˚N-Æ-¤m Æ˚[-VÙh-” TÙh-”-L-∞-¤m LÙQl-T-”m ß⁄mTj ß⁄mT

Y⁄m A•˚V (Beet) Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m ̆ Y∞-́ -P-‹m ̆ Nn-°u-\-]o. (Skipping, Jumping,

Clapping) C˚XLs A˚N-Y-’, Bl-Tm —h-” A˚P-Ÿm —h-” ̇ TÙu-\-˚Y.

5. ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] „r-®-˚X-L-∞p RÙ[j-ßt-˙LtT TÙP¤-Pu EPp A˚N‹

Ui-P-Xm-˛2 TÙ”-Rp

6. TZd-L-UÙ] TÙPp-Ls (U˚Zl TÙPp-Ls, ̇ Y[Ùi TÙPp-Ls) Ru]Ù˙], A˚N-‹-Ls ̇ TÙu\˚Y

˙YL-UÙ-L-‹m ˙YLd œ˚\-YÙ-L‹m ˘Y∞-´-Pp.

7. œW˚Xj RÙrj-ß-Ÿm NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-L-‹m E-Voj-ß-Ÿm Gi-L˚[ Gi-Q-‹m ˘NÙpX‹m TÙP-‹m

˘Nn-°u-\-]o.

8. T\-˚YLs, ÆXe-œ-Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-[ÙL Y⁄m œZk-˚Rl TÙPp-Ls, L˚Rl-TÙ-

Pp-Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TÙY-˚]-˙VÙ-” C˚N, RÙ[j-’-Pu TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

9. TZd-L-UÙ] TÙPp-L˚[f ˘NÙk-R-UÙLj RÙ[j-˙RÙ-” TÙ”-Rp

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

10. ˙Lh-”l TZd-L-UÙ] J≠-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ̇ No-Y-]-Yt˚\f ̇ Noj-’ œ›d-L-[Ùd° ̆ Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o.

R]-’ œ›-Æ-‡-̊ P-V-‹m ©\ œ›-Æ-‡-̊ P-V-‹m ̆ Y∞-́ -PpL˚[ YÙn-̆ UÙ-Ø-VÙL Ußl-©-”-°u-\-]o.

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C˚N-˛-TÙ-Pj-ßhP A±d-˚L-LsYœl◊ ˛ CWi-”

Ui-P-Xm-˛1 ˙LhPp, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p

1. CVt-˚L-ú Aß-÷h-T-UÙ] J≠-L-˚[d Li-P-±-V-‹m N¨-VÙLl ˙TÙXf˘Nn-V-‹m ˘Nn-°u-\-]o.

(LÙt-fl, LÙt-±p ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u A˚N-‹, CR-Vj-’-•l-◊, L•-LÙ-Wm, ˚Pm-¿v ˙TÙu-\-˚Y)

2. TZd-L-UÙ] J≠L˚[ ˙Yfl-ThP A[-‹-̇ LÙp-L˚[l TVu-T-”jß Y˚Ll-T-”j’-°u-\-]o (˘Uu-̊ U-

VÙ], L•-], CWd-L-UÙ], U°rf£VÙ] ˙TÙu-\-˚Y)


3. E˚W-VÙ-Pp TÙPp-L-̊ [f „r-®-̊ Xd-̇ LtT J≠˚V EVojßŸm RÙrj-ß-Ÿm NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-L-‹m LRÙ-

TÙjßWj-ßt-̇ LtT J≠ J›e-œ-T-”j-ßl- TÙ-”-Rp.

4. TZ-˘UÙ-Ø-Ls, Æ”-L-˚R-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\j RÙ[j-˙RÙ-” ˘NÙp-¤-Rp, TÙ”-Rp (J-⁄ ◊h-•d-œs

CWi-” ˚RXm, Tf-˚Nl ˘Th-•d-œs ˘Ys˚[ ÿj-’-Ls, B•l-Th-Pm ˙R•-Æ-˚R)

5. TZd-L-UÙ] TÙh-”-Ls, Ru-]Ù˙] ˙TÙu-\Yt-̊ \j RÙ[j-ßt-̇ LtT ˙YLm ·h-•-Ÿm œ˚\j-’m œ›

YÙ-L-‹m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m ˘NÙp-¤-Rp.

6. RÙ[j-ßt-̇ LtT EP-X-̊ N-̇ YÙ-” œZk-̊ R-lTÙ-Pp-L-fim SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-L-fim TÙ• ̆ Y∞-́ -”Rp

(E-P-X-˚N-‹, ÿu, ©u, Td-L-YÙh-•p œ≤k-’m, ®™ok-’m . . . . . ).

Ui-P-Xm˛3 E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

7. Ef-N-vRÙ-́ -´¤m ™Lj RÙrj-ß-Ÿm TÙ”-Y-ßp Ht-T-”m £W-Um TÙ”-Y-Ru ÍXm Li-P-±k-’ SpX

ÿ˚\´p TÙ”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˙R˚Y-̊ Vd Li-P-±k-’ TÙ”-°u-\-]o. ˘Yq-̇ Y-\Ù] Ru-]Ù-̇ ]d-L-̊ [d

˙LÙo˚Y-VÙd°j RÙ[j-̇ RÙ-” TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

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C˚N -̨ - TÙ-Pj-ßhPd ·t-fl-LsYœl◊ ˛ Íu-fl

Ui-P-Xm-˛1 ˙Lh-Pp, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p

1. „r-®-˚Xd-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] CVt-˚L-ú J≠-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o

(˙Y-[Ùi-˚U, TV-Qm, ß⁄-Æ-ZÙ, Nk˚R ˙TÙu-\-˚Y).

2. TZd-L-UÙ] J≠-L˚[ AYt±u R≤j-Ru-˚Ud-˙LtT A˚P-Ls ˙Noj-’ ÆY¨-ßj-Rp. A’

E⁄YÙd-œm EQof£ Gu-]-̆ Yu-fl ̆ NÙp-¤-°u-\-]o. (L-]-U˚Z œ∞-⁄m, TV-ÿm Ei-PÙd-œ-°-\-’.

—Zu-fl-≈-—m LÙt-±t-œ Gu] ˙LÙT˙UÙ . . . . . )

3. TZd-L-ÿs-[, TZd-L-™pXÙ J≠-L˚[ ˙Yfl-ThP FP-Lm YØ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\-]o. E⁄-YÙd-°V

J≠-Ls GYt-̇ \Ù-” ̆ TÙ⁄k-’-°u-\] G]d Li-P-±-°u-\-]o. (•u, C˚X, ©[Ùv-•d-̊ T, ̇ NÙtfll-

TÙj-ß-Wm, LWi•)

4. TZd-L-UÙ] TÙh-”-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] J≠-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ AYt-˚\f ˙Noj-’l TÙ•

˘Y∞-́ -”-°u-\-]o. ARu ̆ TÙ⁄-̊ [-Ÿm EQof-£-̊ VŸm Ußl-©-”-°u-\-]o. (TÙ-Pl-T-œ-ß-́ -¤s[

U˚Zl-TÙ-Pp-Ls, ˙Y[Ùi TÙPp-Ls Tp-˙Y-fl L⁄j-’s[ LÆ-˚R-Ls ˛ CYt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄j

RUÙ] J≠-˚Vj ˙Ro-˘R”d-°u-\-]o.)

5. J˙W RÙ[j-ß-¤s[ ◊ßV TÙh-”-Ls/LÆ-˚R-L-˚[d ˙Lh-”j RÙ[m CP-‹m RÙ[m ˙TÙ”Y˙RÙ-”

TÙP-‹m ̆ Nn-°u-\-]o.

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6. Ef-Nv-RÙ-´-¤m, ™L RÙrj-ß-Ÿm TÙ”-Y-Ru £W-Uj˚Rd Li-P-±k-’ CVp-TÙLl TÙ”-°u-\-]o. (J-≠ú

Ru-˚U-˚Vd Li-P-±k-’)

7. TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´-¤s[ LÆ-˚R-L-fid-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] U]l-T-Pm E⁄-YÙd°d LÆ-˚Rd-œl ˘TÙ⁄k’m

TÙY-˚]-Ÿ-Pu WÙLm, RÙ[-ÿ-Pu œ›-YÙ-L-‹m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

8. RÙ[ Æj-ß-VÙ-N-ÿs[ SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄k-’m ÆRUÙL ˙YL-UÙ-L-‹m ˙YLm œ˚\j’m

N -̈VÙ] A˚N-‹-L-̇ [Ù-” TÙ• ˘Y∞-́ -”-°u-\-]o. (˙Y-[Ùi TÙPp-Ls, Æ˚[-VÙh-”l TÙPp-Ls, ©\ TÙPp-Ls)

9. ˘R¨kR TÙPp-L˚[ K˚N J›e-˙LÙ-” TÙ”m ˙TÙ’ Ei-PÙ-œm Æj-ß-VÙ-Nj˚Rd Li-P-±k-’ TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

(K-˚N, Ht-\j-RÙr-‹-L-fi-Pu L⁄j-ßt-˙LtT ˛ J≠˚V ˘U’-YÙ-L-‹m EWd-L-‹m TVu-T-”jßl TÙ”m ÿ˚\)

Ui-P-Xm-˛3 E⁄-YÙd-Lp

10. Tp-ÆRj ß]-Æ-ZÙd-L-˙[Ù-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-˚PV TÙPp-Ls, YÙrj-’-Ls ̇ TÙu-\-Yt-˚\j RÙ[j-˙RÙ-” J›e-LÙLl

TÙ”°u\-]o. AWe-Lj-ßp ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o.

11. C˚N-˙VÙ-” LXkR G∞V C˚N-˚Vd Lh-”l-TÙh-˙PÙ-” ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o. (WÙ-Lm, RÙ[m, —ß)

12. R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m J⁄ ®Lr-˚Y-˙VÙ, ®Lr-‹-L-˚[˙VÙ LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wj-˚R˙VÙ ˘Y∞-´-”m Tp-˙Y-fl

J≠-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”d-°u-\-]o. (L-RÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] J≠-L˚[d Li-”-©-•j-Rp Æ˚[

VÙh-”-Ls, LÆ-˚R-Ls, L˚R-Ls, TPe-Ls Gu-T-]-Yt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-R-UÙ] J≠-L˚[d Li-”-©-•j-Rp)

39

Tœß˛1

CûN-þ-Tô-Pj-§hPd át-ß-Ls

YÏl× þ SôuÏUi-P-Xm-˛1 ˙Lh-Pp, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\p

1. YÙjßVd L⁄-Æ-L-∞u C˚N-˚Vd ˙Lh-” A’ E⁄-YÙd-œm „Zp, „r-®-˚X, —t-fll-◊-\m, ˘NVp

TÙ”-Ls CYt˚\ Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-°u-\-]o.

(„r-®-˚X-L-˚[d ·fl-°u-\-]o Gu-˘]u]/VÙ˘Wp-XÙm Ei-”/Gu] SPk-R-’ . . . AR˚]

GqYÙ-fl Li-”-©-•j-æo-Ls?)

2. CVt-˚L-ú J≠-L-˙[Ù-” C˚Qk-’-˙N-⁄m YÙjßVd L⁄-Æ-L-∞u J≠-L-˚[d Li-P-±k-’ YÙn-

˘UÙØVÙL ÆY-̈ d-°u-\-]o; ˙TÙXf˘Nn-°u-\-]o. J≠-L-∞u ˘TÙ⁄j-Re-L˚[ ˘Y∞-́ -”-°u-\-]o.

3. A˚N-Æu ̇ YLj-ßt-̇ LtT G∞V YÙjß-Vd-L-⁄-Æ-L-∞p RÙ[m ̇ TÙ”m ̇ TÙ’ A˚N-‹d-œm RÙ[m

˙TÙ”-Y-Rt-œm C˚P-´p Gk-R-[‹ ˘TÙ⁄j-R-ÿs-[-’ G] Ußl-©-”-°u-\-]o. (Rm-[o, ˚LU-¶

˙TÙu-\-˚Y)

4. J˙W „Z˚X Gß-˘WÙ-≠d-œm ˙Yfl-ThP WÙLj-ß-¤m RÙ[j-ß-¤m Es[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-®-˚\kR

C˚N˚Vd ˙Lh-” ARu WÙLm, RÙ[m CYt-±u Æj-ß-VÙ-Nj˚R Ußl-©-”-°u-\-]o.

(RÙ-XÙh-” ˛ BWÙ-˙WÙ, B¨-W-˙WÙ)

(˙NÙ-Lm ˛ VÙW-•j-RÙo ˘NÙp≠ A›)

(EQof£YNl-T-Pp ˛ Ju-\ÙLf ˙Nok-’ SÙÿm)

(°-WÙU AZ-œ ˛ Tf˚N T£V ®Xm TÙol-˙TÙ-˚W)

5. TX-ÆRUÙ] ˙LW[d L˚X Y•-Ye-L-fid-œ ˘U⁄-œ Fh-”m YÙjßVd L⁄-Æ-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jß

A±-ÿLl-T-”j-’-°u-\-]o. (1. L⁄-Æ-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p 2. L˚X-Y-•-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p)

6. LÙX-˙Y-fl-TÙ-”s[ C˚N A”d-œ-Ls (Em. ∫m, Nd-LÙ, jÎm ˛ Nd-LÙ, Rj-U-¨, NdLjRÙm R]d-LÙ,

˘LÙ”-UX LQ-T-ß) A˚Rl ˙TÙXl TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

40

Tœß˛1

Ui-P-Xm ˛ 2 TÙ”-Rp

7. œZk-̊ R-Ls ̇ YLm œ˚\j-’m G∞V YÙjßVd L⁄-Æ-L-∞p RÙ[m ©•j-’m ̆ R¨kR

Ru]Ù-̇ ]-Ls/£±V TÙPp-Ls/SÙh-”l-◊-\l-TÙ-Pp-Ls/LÆ-̊ R-Ls TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

8. TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´-¤s[ TX-R-Wl-ThP LÆ-˚R-L-fid-œl ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL WÙLm, RÙ[m,

TÙY˚] ̇ TÙu-\-Yt-̇ \Ù-” œ›-YÙLd LÙh-£-T-”j-R-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ̆ Nn-°u-\]o.

9. ˙LW-[j-ßu °WÙU AZ-œ ®˚\k-’-LÙ-Ql-T-”m ̆ Yq-̇ Y-fl WÙLj-ß-¤m, RÙ[j-ß-¤m-

A˚UkR LÆ-̊ R-Ls SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls, ̆ Up-≠-̊ Nl-TÙ-Pp-Ls, ß˚Wl-TÙ-Pp-Ls

CYt-˚\f ˙NL-¨-j’l TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

10. ˙LW-[j-ßu L˚X-Y-•-Ye-L-[Ù] Jl-T-̊ ], ß⁄-YÙ-ß-̊ W, Rl, UÙo-Lm L∞, ̇ LÙpL∞

CYt-˙\Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV TÙPp-L-˚[l TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

11. ˙R£-V-∏-Rm œ›-YÙLl TÙ”m ̇ TÙ’ J˙W —ß-´p TÙP-˙Yi-•-V-Ru ̇ R˚Y-˚Vd

Li-P-±k-’ J˙W —ß-´p TÙ”-°u-\-]o. Tp-˙Y-fl ˙RN-Td-ßl-TÙ-Pp-L-∞u „Zp

Ut-flm ̆ TÙ⁄-[-±k-’ TÙ”-°u-\-]o.

Ui-P-Xm-˛3 E⁄-YÙd-Lp

12. TÙPl-T-œ-ß-˙VÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV œZk-˚R-Ls G›-ßV G∞V LÆ-˚R-Ls,

E˚WVÙPp-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-R-‹m C˚N-L-Xk-’ ˘Y∞-´”Rp.

(E-˚W-VÙ-P-˚Xl TÙPp Y•-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp)

13. R]-’ Yh-PÙ-Wj-ßp °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ G∞V YÙj-ß-Vd L⁄-Æ-

Ls E⁄-YÙd-Lp, C˚Nj-Rp.

14. E˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-s ˙Yfl-ThP J≠-Ls Es[ L˚R-Ls, ®Lrf-£-Ls, LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-

Lfid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙Yfl-ThP J≠-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\j ˙Rok-˘R-”jRp.

(L-RÙ-TÙj-ß-We-Ls ˛ ˙LÙUÙ-∞, YV-RÙ-]-Yo ˙TÙu-\˚Y

®Lrf£ ˛ LÙh-•p SPk-’ ˘Np-¤-Rp, Nk-˚R-´p ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm, ˙WÙh-•p ÆTj-’,

J≠ „Zp ˛ ß⁄-ÆZÙ BW-YÙ-Wm ˙T⁄k-’ ®flj-Rm)

LÙh£d L˚Xd-Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu-]? Gq-YÙ-fl?

SÙm YÙ›m U≤-Ru E⁄-YÙd-°V EX-Lm LÙh£ ˘UÙØ-ú ◊ßV E⁄-Y-Le-

L[Ùp ®˚\k-’ LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’. SÙL-̈ -Lm A˚PkR S≈] ®˚X-UÙt\ EX-Lm ÿ›-

Y-’m A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-̊ P-V-‹m Lt-T-̊ ]-Ÿ-̊ P-V-‹m Li-”-©-•l-◊-L-∞u LÙh£ FP-

Le-L-[ÙL YXm Y⁄-°u-\-]. A±-Æu G›f-£-Ÿm ˘RÙØp ÷h-Tj-ßu Y[of-£-Ÿm

◊ßV LÙh£ ˘UÙØj ˙R˚Yd-œ Sm˚Ud ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-°u-\-]. T˚ZV LÙXd

L˚Xd Lt-\p ÿ˚\-˚V-Ÿm L˚X-˙VÙ-”s[ A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚V-Ÿm £±-R-[-˙Y-‡m

UÙt\ÙUp Y⁄m R˚X-ÿ-˚\´]-WÙp ÿu-˙]Ùd°f ˘NpX ÿ•-VÙ-’ Gu-T-’ Nk-

˙R-Ljßt-°-P-™u± Li-P-±-Vl-Th-”s-[-’.

LÙh-£d-L-˚Xl TÙPj-ßh-Pm ̇ SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ̆ LÙs-Y-’ Tp-˙Y-fl L˚X-L˚[ Etfl-

˙SÙd-L-‹m A˙RÙ-” Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-\-‹m œZk-̊ Rd-œ Bo-Y-ÍhP-‹m Ái-P-‹m

˘Nn-Y˚RVÙ-œm. Et-fl-˙SÙd-°V RL-Yp-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ̆ LÙi-” ©\ YÙn-

˘UÙØ Gßo-Æ˚] YØ-VÙ-L-‹m E˚W-VÙ-Pp YØ-VÙL‹m L˚Xl-T-˚Pl-◊-L-∞u

LÙh£ UV-UÙ] Tœ-ß-L-̇ [Ù-” œZk˚R ̇ T—-°u-\-’. CRu YØ œZk-̊ Rd-œf ̆ NÙk-

R-UÙLd L˚X E⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-LÙ] ß\˚U °˚Pd-°-\-’.

ET-˙VÙ-°d-œm FP-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm œZk-˚R-ú ˘Y∞-¬h-” YÙnl◊-L-˚[-Ÿm

Htfld-˘LÙi-” LÙh-£d-L-˚Xl TÙPj-ßh-Pm Bfl Ui-P-Xe-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-Ll-

Th”s[’.

KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Rp

®\m ˘LÙ”j-Rp

£t-Tm ˘Nn-Rp

Af-—

˘LÙ[Ùx

E⁄-YÙdLd L˚X (Y-•-Y-˚UjRp, E⁄-YÙd-Lp)

CkR Ui-P-Xe-L-∞p Jq-̆ YÙu-±-¤m LÙh-£-̇ VÙ-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-̊ PV A•l-T-̊ Pd

L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\d œZk˚R E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

42

Tœß˛1

LÙh-£d-L˚Xd Lt-\p ̨ ̇ SÙd-Le-Ls

LÙh-£, CPm, EQof£ EX-Lj˚R, AZ-œ-Qof£ A‡-T-Y-UÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

EQof-£-L-fim Gi-Qe-L-fim A‡-T-Ye-L-fim LÙh£ EQo‹ ÿ˚\-´p

˘Y∞ -́”-Rp.

U°rf-£-L-W-UÙ] ˙SÙd-Lj-’-P-]Ù] A‡-T-Ye-Ls, ˙Yfl-ThP L˚X FP-Le-Ls

YØ °˚Pl-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[j ̇ R”-Rp, ̇ NÙR˚] ̆ Nn-Rp, Y•-Y-̊ UjRp,

®˚]-‹-·o-Rp, E⁄-YÙd-Lp, ˙Yfl-ThP L˚X Y•-Ye-Ls YØ Æ≤-˙VÙ-Lm

˘Nn-Rp ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±t-œj ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp.

C⁄ T -̈UÙ-Q˛ÿl-T-̈ -UÙQd L˚Xl-T-̊ Pl-◊-L-∞u YØ T˚Pl◊f ̆ NV-≠p D”

T”m-˙TÙ-’ œZk-˚Rd-œ Ht-T-”m A±-‹m, Gßo-Æ-˚]-˚V-Ÿm EVoj-ßd

LÙh”Rp.

A•l-T-˚Pd Li-P-±-Rp-L-fid-œm ˘Y∞-´-Pp-L-fid-œm RœkR Ej-ß-L-˚[Ÿm

ß\u-L-˚[Ÿm ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œj ß\u ˘T\f ˘Nn-Rp.

A•-U-]-ßp E⁄-YÙ] L˚X EQof-£˚V ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp YØ L˚Xf ˘NVp

TÙ”-L-∞p Ei-PÙ-œm Su-˚U-L-∞u TX˚] A‡-T-Æj-Rp.

LÙh£d L˚X Y•-Ye-L˚[ W£d-L-‹m AYt-˙\Ù-” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m ß\u

˘Tfl-Rp.

Lôh£d LûX-«p ET-úVô-¡d-Ïm FP-Le-L-°u Ru-ûU-ûVÙm ÏZk-ûR-«u

ùY°ÂhÓ Øû\-ûV-Ùm Ht-ßd-ùLôi-Ó Lôh-£d LûXd Lt-\ûX, K®-Vd LûX

Gu-ßm EÚ-Yôd-Ld LûX Gußm CWi-Ó ©¬-Ü-L-[ô-Ll ©¬d-L-Xôm.

43

Tœß˛1K®-Vm YûW-Rp Y¯ EÚ-Yôd-¡V A±Ü

A±k-R-Yt˚\d œ±l-©-”-R-¤m Gß-̆ WÙ-≠j-R-¤m.

A±k-R-Yt-±u Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-VÙLd LÙh-£l-T-”j-Rp.

A±-Æl-T-Rt-LÙ] LÙh-£-ú ET-˙VÙ-Lm.

˘Y∞-¬-P-L˚[ ̆ Y∞-́ -”m ÿ˚\-̊ Vj ̇ R”-Rp.

AZ˚L Jq-˘YÙu-±-¤m Li-P-±-Y-Rt-LÙ]

ÿVt£.

◊’-̊ U˚Vl T˚Pl-◊-L-[ÙL E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ]

ÿVt£.

Lt-˚T-]-VÙL Y•-Y-˚Ul-T-Rt-LÙ] CVp-TÙ]

˙RPp.

Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm Y¨-˚Nl-

T”j-’Rp.

KÆ-Vd L˚Xd Lt-\p Gu-]? Gq-YÙ-fl? GRt-œ?

RÙu E⁄-YÙd-°V Y -̈L-s Ut-flm Yi-Qe-L-fi-̊ PV ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu œZk˚R Yœl-

T-˚\-´p L˚Xd Lt-\-≠p ÷˚Z-°u-\-’. RÙu EQokR EX-Lj˚R ˙Yfl-T-”jß

A±-V-‹m U]-ßp TßkR LÙh-£-L˚[ Y˚W-V-‹m E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m ̆ Nn-°u\ ̆ NV˙X

L˚Xd-Lt-\p Yœl◊L∞p S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

œZk˚R EX-Lj˚R Et-fl-̇ SÙd-°, D”-TÙ-” ̆ LÙs-Y-Ru ÍXm °˚Pd-°u\ A‡-

T-Ye-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ̆ Nn-’, AZ-œ-Qof-£-Ÿ-Pu ·•V T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-

œ-Y˙R KÆ-Vd L˚Xd Lt-\-≠p S˚P-˘T-\-˙Yi-”m. TX-ÆR Ußl-¿-” YØ R]-’

˘Y∞-¬-”-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”jRd Lt-\p „Z˚X E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. KÆVjßp

E⁄-YÙ-œm A±‹ Gu-]? KÆ-Vd L˚X-Lt-\p GRt-œ?

KÆ-Vd L˚X Lt-\p GRt-œ?

°[Ù¨ ¥.Ÿ.-©. Ts-∞-́ p B\Ùm Yœl◊ UÙQÆ Æ≤RÙ

Y˚WkR J⁄ TPj˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

˙ULe-L-∞u C\-d˚L-´p H± J¸ı⁄m ˙LÙ[-UÙ] „¨-

Vu BLÙ-Vj-ßp ˘Np-°-\-’. œ⁄-Æ-Ls Gu] ˙T—-°u-\]!

AYt±u £±-V-U-]-’ Gu] ÿ‘-ÿ-‘d-°-\-’?

≈h-˚P-ÆPd L•-]-UÙ] ˘T¨V UWj-ßu ®˚X Gu-]?

UWj˚R ̆ Yh-•V ̆ NV-p œ⁄-Æ-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-̆ \p-XÙm TÙßd-

°u-\-’. £X U≤-Ro-Ls ˘Yh-•V UWj-ßu Tœ-ß-L˚[ Gq-

YÙ-fl A”d° ˚Yj-ß-⁄d-°u-\-]o. GRt-LÙL Cq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-

°u-\-]o. ß\kR ˘Y∞-´p Ge-œm AYo-L-˚[d LÙQ-Æp-

˚X-˙V? AYo-L-∞u ˘Nnß C’ ˙TÙu-fl ˙YR˚] Es-[-

RÙL C⁄d-œ-˙UÙ?

44

Tœß˛1

◊p Èi-” ÿRp BLÙ-Vm Y˚W Æ≤-RÙ-Æu

Li‘m ALd Li-‘m ˙R”-° -\ -’. Gu]

EQof£˙VÙ-” Gu] U]-®-˚X-˙VÙ-” L⁄j˚R

A‘œ°-\Ùs? œ⁄-Æ-ú £k-R -˚]-L -˙[Ù -”

Æ≤RÙÆu B˙XÙ-N-˚]-L-fid-œ Gq-Y-[‹ Jt-fl˚U

Es-[-˘R]l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Æ⁄l-Tl-T-•j æÆ-W-UÙ] T˚Pl-◊-L-̇ [Ù-” Gßo-Æ-̊ ]-

VÙt\ Æ≤-RÙ-Æt-œ —Rk-ß-W-ÿm Ek-’-R-¤m E⁄-YÙ-]-’

Gq-YÙ-fl? Æ≤-RÙ-Æu A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ SUd-œl T°ok-

R-∞lT-’ Gq-Y-[‹ CVp-TÙL C⁄d-°-\-’ TÙ⁄e-Ls. RVd-

L-ÿm Af-N-ÿm Cp-XÙ-Up T˚Pl-TÙt-\-¤-Pu ˘TÙ⁄h-

L˚[ A‘L Æ≤RÙ ˙Ut-˘LÙiP T˚Pl-©u YØ-

Ls SU-’ A‡-T-Y-ÿm B°-\-Rp-X-YÙ? KÆ-Vj-ßu YØ

˘Y∞-́ hP Æ≤-RÙ-Æu EQof-£-Ls Gi-Qe-Ls, A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Li-̇ QÙh-Pe-

Ls, Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp-Ls, Gßo-Æ-˚]-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l TÙ⁄e-Ls. C˚Y ©Wf-

£˚]j æo-‹d-œ Sm˚U ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-°-u\-]Yp-X-YÙ?

—t-fll-◊-\ AZ-°u Am-Ne-L˚[ Eh-˘LÙs-[-‹m ß\u-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R‹m

©Wf-£˚]˚V A‘-L-‹m ÆUo-N] Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-©-P-‹m EX-Lj˚R J⁄e-

°˚Qj-’d LÙQ-‹m L⁄j-’l T -̈UÙt-\j˚R EVoj-R-‹m Te-œ-̆ Tt-fl ̆ NVp-TP‹m

Ti-TÙh-” R≤j-Ru-˚U-˙VÙ” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m œZk-˚R-ú Tu-ÿL

A±˚Yf ∫WÙL Y[of-£-V-˚P-Vf ˘Nn-V-‹m T˚Pl-©u A[˚Y Aß-L-¨d-L-‹m

KÆ-Vd L˚Xd Lt-\p ÍXm CV-¤m.

45

Tœß˛1

SûP-Ø-û\-«p Es-[, AûPkR, Lh-Ól-Tô-Pô] ̈ ûXl-Tôh-¥---Úk-Õ Å¬-VjÕ-

P-àm GÝf-£-Ù-P-àm ùY°-Y-Ú-YúR TûPl-Tôt-\p.

TûPl-Tôt-\p Yôr-®u GpXô ¨ûX-L-°-Ûm TWk-Õ ¡Pd-¡u-\-Õ. AÕ

YôrdûL Øû\-L-°p Uôt-\jûR Ei-Ó-Ti-Ô-¡u-\-Õ.

TWm-T-ûW-Vô-Ll TûPl-×j §\u ¡ûPj-Rô-Ûm Lp-®, Aà-T-Ye-Ls, Ti-

TôhÓd áß-Ls, T«t£ B¡-V-Yt-±u Yô«-XôL CRû] Y[-Wf ùNn-V-Xôm.

JÚ ST-¬u ùNVp-Tôh-Ó Øû\, BÞûU, Yôrd-ûLj Rj-Õ-Ye-Ls CûY VôÜm

AY-W-Õ TûPl-©p ©W-§-T--d-¡u-\-].

K®-Vd LûXd Lt-\--p A±-®u áß-Ls

œZk˚R R]-’ A‡-T-Yf „Z-≠-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Tt\ A±-Æp ˘T⁄m-TÙu-˚U-VÙ]

Tœ-ß-Ÿm LÙh£ NÙok-R-’ Gu-T-˚Rl ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-°-\-’. AYt-˚\d LÙh£ Y•-Æ-

˙X˙V ¡i-”m ˘Y∞-´h-” U]-ßp ®˚X-˘T-\f ˘NnV ÿVp-Y-’m Ei-”. CRt-

LÙL SÙm LÙh£ EX-°p Y•Y ˙Yfl-TÙ-”, A[‹ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”, ®\ ˙Yfl-TÙ-” B°-V-

Yt-˚\l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[f ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. Cq-YÙ-fl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙiP CVt-˚Ld

LÙh-£˚V J˙W TÙo-̊ Y-́ p ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs-fim Y˚L-́ p ©Wf-£-̊ ]j R[j-ßp œ±l-

◊-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ A˚P-VÙ-[e-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ Tß‹ ̆ Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls. Tß‹ ̆ Nn-T-Yt-fls „¨-

Vu, Nk-ß-Wu, Sh-Nj-ß-We-Ls, U˚X-Ls, Sß-Ls, ≈”-Ls, UWe-Ls, E´-¨-]e-Ls

B°-V˚Y LÙQl-T-”m. EX-˘Le-œm Es[ œZk-˚R-L-∞u T˚Pl-©-¤s[ Cq-Y-

˚P-VÙ-[e-Ls £\kR A±-‹-L-[ÙLl T˚Pd-Ll-Th-”s-[-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.

÷h-T-UÙ] £u-]e-L-̊ [l ̇ TÙX˙Y U]-ßp E⁄-YÙ-°u\ LÙQ CV-XÙR L⁄j’-

L-fid-œm £u-]e-L˚[ C˚Qd-œm Ru-˚U-Ÿm A±-YÙdL ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p TX

˙Y˚[-L-∞p ¡i-”m Y⁄-Y-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm. A±-Æu TX ®˚X-L-˚[f —Y¨-¤m

LÙ°-Rj-ß-¤m ©\ R[e-L-∞-¤m Tß‹ ̆ Nn-’ ©\-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ̆ Nn-Y-

Rt-œd œZk-˚R-Ls LÙh-”m Bo-Y-ÿm Et-NÙ-L-ÿm Gp-˙XÙ-⁄-˚PV LY-]j-˚R-

Ÿm Dol-T-RÙL Es-[-Rp-X-YÙ?

ÿ˚]-Yo. H. ©. ̆ _. Al-’p-L-XÙm

·fl-°-\Ùo

Lt-\p TûPl-×d-Ï Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym

A°d-¡u-\-Õ.

TûPl×f £k-R-û]d-Ï Y¯

úLôÛ¡\Õ.

£k-Rû] A±ûY A°d-¡u-\-Õ.

A±Ü Ee-Lû[ ULô-]ôL Uôt-ß-¡-\Õ.

46

Tœß˛1

K®-Vd LûXd Lt-\--u LÚj-Õ-Ls

œZk˚R R]-’ KÆ-Ve-Ls £t-Te-Ls YÙ´-XÙL ̆ Y∞-´hP Lt-T˚] EX˚L˛

L˚Xl T˚Pl˚T Si-To-L-fid-œm ÿßok-R-Yo-L-fid-œm LÙh-•d ̆ LÙ”d-°u\ Bo-

Yj-ß˚] Ái-”-Y-’ G’?

Gu U]-ßp ®˚\k-’-®t-œm L⁄j-’-Ls Ee-L-fid-œl ◊¨-°u-\]YÙ? SÙu CkR

L⁄j-’-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙Pu Gu-T˚R øe-Ls Ae-∏-L-¨l-¿o-L-[p-X-YÙ?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u L⁄j-’d œÆ-V-≠p LY-]j-’-Pu UÙt-±-˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s-[˚Y

G˚Y?

Cq-‹-X-Ld LÙh-£-L-fid-œm ˘NVp-L-fid-œm ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls Ei-”.

CVp-TÙ] A˚Ul-◊m J›e-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿ-ÿi-”.

—V-UÙ-Ll T•j-’l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙiP A±-‹-L-fim Ei-”. C˚Y EX-°u

A•lT˚Pj Rj-’-Y-UÙ-œm.

C’ ̇ TÙu\ A•l-T˚P A±-‹d LÙh-£-Ls Ee-Ls £k-R-̊ ]-́ -¤m LY-]jß¤m

Yk-’s-[-]-YÙ? Ce-œd LÙ‘m Cq-‹-X-°p £X UÙt-\e-Ls ˙Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ?

A˚Y Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m?

A˚Y Sm-©d-˚Ld-œ ELk-R-RÙL ˘Y∞-´-Pl-Th-P]YÙ?

AYt-±u A˚U-Æ-Pm ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-RÙ?

C˚Y-VÙ-‹m Gu-≤-Pm Es[ R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls Gu-T˚R øe-Ls EQo-

°»oL[Ù?

KÆ-Vd-L-̊ Xd Lt-\p ̨ L⁄j-’-Ls

LÙh-£-́ u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs-T˚Y

E⁄Y A˚Ul-©u ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls

L⁄j-’-L-˚[d œ±-¬-PÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

47

Tœß˛1

G∞-ßp ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-fim Y˚L-´p Tp-˙Y-fl Y•-Yj-ß-¤m ®\j-ß-¤m Tß‹

˘Nn-Rp.

£k-R˚] Èo-Y-UÙ] EQof£UV-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u ˘Y∞-¬-”.

Lt-˚T] A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u Lt-T-˚]-VÙ] ̆ Y∞-¬-”.

KÆ-Vd L˚Xd Lt-\p ̨ ß\u-Ls

œZk-˚Rd-œf £X ß\u-L-∞u Y[of£ YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y U]-ßp ˙RÙu-±-V-’m

◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P-’-UÙ] L⁄j-’-L˚[d L˚X-YÙ-´-XÙL Æ≤-˙VÙ-Lm ˘NnV ÿ•-

°u\’. ˘RÙPok-’ KÆ-Ve-Ls £t-Te-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Ru ÍXm

œZk˚R ÿ˚\-VÙ-Ll ˘Tflm ß\u-Ls A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V Y[l-T-”j-’-

°-\-’. T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙPo-°-\-’.

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp TZd-Lm AßL ÷h-Tj˚R Y[od-°-\-’.

Tœl-TÙn-‹f £k-R˚] Efl-ßl-T-”-°-\-’.

ÆUo-N] Èo-Y-UÙ] Ei-˚U-L-˚[-Ÿm AYt-±t-œ Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙufls[

˘RÙPo˚T-Ÿm A‘-œ-°u-\-’.

Ufl J›e-œ-T-”j-’-Y-Ru YÙ -́XÙLd L⁄j-’-L-∞u ◊’l-©j-Rp S˚P-̆ T-fl-°\’.

œ›d-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jßd L⁄j-’-L˚[d Lt-\p.

A˚Ul-©u A•l-T-˚P-´p ßh-P-™-”-Rp.

˘NnV ÿ•-VÙ-R-Yt-˚\f ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-L-˚[j ˙R”-Rp,

LÙWQ LÙ¨-Vj ˘RÙPo-◊-Pu ©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’-˘LÙi-” æo‹ LÙi-T-

Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•jRp.

Gu], Ge-˙L, Gl-˙TÙ-’, GRt-œ, Gq-YÙ-fl Gu-T-Yt-˚\j ̆ RÙPok-’ ̆ R∞-‹-

T”j-’-Rp.

EQof-£-L-˚[-Ÿm ®˚]-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm T°ok-’ AYt-˚\f N¨ ˘Nn-Rp.

48

Tœß˛1

£X Ei˚UL-̊ [d Li-”-©-•j-’d LÙh-•d ̆ LÙ”jRp.

Tp-˙Y-fl Æ≤-˙VÙL YÙnl-◊-L˚[ BWÙn-Rp.

Cq-YÙ-fl HWÙ-[UÙ] ß\u-L-˚[f —V-UÙ-Ll ˘Tt-fld ˘LÙi-” T˚Pl-©-≠-

⁄k’ ˙Yfl T˚Pl-©t-œd Lt-\p Y[of£ A˚P-°u-\-’.

˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls

NÍL A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] Lt-\-≠p T˚Pl-◊d L˚X-L-[Ù]

KÆ-Vm, ˘LÙ[Ùx, £t-Tm B°V FP-Le-L-∞u YØ-VÙLd œZk˚R T˚Pl-◊f

˘NV-≠p D”-T-”-°-\-’. Aq-YÙ-fl D”-T-”m ˙TÙ’ £X ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls YØ U]-˚R-

Ÿm EP-˚X-Ÿm Td-œ-Yl-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\-Ls CVp-TÙ-]-˚Y-Ÿm LYof-£-VÙ-]-˚Y-Ÿm ˘S°rf-£-Ÿ-˚P-V-

˚Y-Ÿm Bœm˙TÙ’ ̆ Y∞-́ -Pl-ThP ©Wf-£-̊ ]-L˚[ Ht-fld-̆ LÙs-fim œZk-̊ R-

ú T˚Pd-œm Bo-Ym G›f-£-V-̊ P-°-\-’. ÿR-XÙ-Y-RÙL U]-ßp G›-°u-\, ®˚\k’

®t-°u\ TX LÙh£ A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. CVt-˚L-VÙ] A±-

Æ-≠-⁄k-’ Tu-ÿL A±-Æu ˘T⁄m-TÙu-˚U-VÙ] Ui-P-Xe-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’

Y⁄m œZk˚Rl T˚Pl-◊f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p D”-T-”-°-\-’. ®\e-Ls, Y•-Ye-Ls,

AL-Xm, A⁄-LÙ-˚U, J¸ı, ®Zp, A˚N-‹, A˚N-Yt\ Ru-˚U, Ei-˚U, Cp-XÙ-

ß⁄j-Rp B°-V-Yt-±u Kh-Pe-L-∞p U]m CVd-L-ÿ-fl-°-\-’.

E⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] FP-Le-L-[Ù] Yi-Qe-Ls, L∞-Ui, LÙ°-Rm,

Y˚W-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-Ls, E⁄-YÙd-Ld L⁄-Æ-Ls, E⁄-YÙd-œm CPe-L-s B°-V-Yt˚\j

˙Rok-˘R-”dL ˙Yi-”m. S˚P-ÿ-˚\-´-¤s[ L⁄j-’-L-fi-Pu ◊ßV L⁄j-’-L˚[

C˚Qj-’, UÙt± A˚Uj-’ Ap-X-’ ˙Y˘\Ùu˚\l ◊ß-V-RÙ-Lf ˙Noj-’ GYt-˚\-

˙V-‡m Lt-T˚] ̆ Nn-V˙YÙ ̆ Y∞-́ -”-Y-Rt˙LÙ B] YÙnl˚T E⁄-YÙdL ̇ Yi-

”m. LÙh-£l-T-”j-R-¤d-œl ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Y•Y A˚Ul-©u ßh-P-™-P-̊ X-Ÿm J›e-

L-˚Ul-˚T-Ÿm S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.

Cq-YÙ-fl Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙ-Ld LPk-’ Y⁄m œZk˚R —V-UÙL Ußl-

©hP ß\-≤u A•l-T-˚P-´p RÙu œZk-˚R-ú Ru-]m-©d˚L Y[o-°-\-’.

49

Tœß˛1

KÆ-Vd L˚Xd-Lt-\p ˛ U]-®˚X

Æ⁄l-Tj-ßt-œ Al-TÙp Gu-˘]u] U]-®-˚X-Ls T˚Pl-©u A•l-T-˚P-´-

XÙ] D”-TÙ-” YÙ´-XÙLd œZk-˚R-´-Pm E⁄-YÙ-]’.

œZk˚R D”-T-”m A‡-TY EX-Lj˚R Ht-fld ˘LÙs-fim U]-®˚X.

L•] E˚Zl-◊m,. ÿ˚\-VÙ-], ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] UÙt-\e-L-fi-Pu ©˚Z-L-˚[ ød°,

L⁄j-’-Ls, æo-‹-Ls B°-V-Yt-̊ \j ̆ RÙPok-’ ̇ Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œm T˚Pl-◊j ß\-

‡-Pu Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®-˚X.

CYt-±u YÙ´-XÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm Ti-TÙh-” Æ›-™-Ve-L-˚[f —V-UÙ-Ll T˚Pd-

L-‹m T°ok-’-˘LÙs-[-‹m Y[l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®-˚X.

©\ T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-‹m W£l-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®-˚X.

50

Tœß˛1

K®-Vd LûX þ TôPj-§h-Pd át-ß-LsYÏl× þ Ju-ß

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 1 KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Rp

1. A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˙Yfl-ThP R[e-L-∞p (Ui, UQp, —Yo, L⁄m-T-X-˚L) Tp

˙Y-fl ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß (˙LÙp, L¨d-Lh-˚P, Lp, C˚X, —i-Qd-Lh-•, ˘Tu-£p)

Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls/Y•-Ye-L˚[ Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.

2. œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œ A±-ÿ-L-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls ̆ RÙPo-TÙ] KÆ-Ve-L˚[ Et-fl-̇ SÙd-L-‹m A‡-

T-Ye-L-˚[l T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m ˙NL-¨d-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3. A•l-T-˚P-VÙL E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V Y•-Ye-Ls (N-’-Wm, Yh-Pm, ÿd-˙LÙ-Qm, ˙So-˙LÙ-”)

˘R¨kR E⁄-Ye-L˚[ Y˚W-Y-’-Pu Yi-Qm æh-P-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 2 Yi-Qm æh-”-Rp

4. ˘R¨kR „Zp-L-fi-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV ÿ›˚U ˘T\ÙR KÆ-Ve-L˚[ YÙ£d-L-‹m AYt˚\d

˙LÙ”, Yi-Qm B°-V-Yt˚\l TVu-T-”jß Y˚W-V-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 ̆ LÙ[Ùx

5. —t-fll-◊-\e-L-∞-¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß G∞V ˘LÙ[ÙxLs RVÙ-¨d-°u-\-]o.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 £t-Tm

6. ÿl-T-¨-UÙ-Qj Ru-˚U-Ÿs[ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” L∞-Ui, ©[Ùv-•d, vºp B°-V-

Yt-̊ \l TVu-T-”jß G∞V ÿl-T-̈ -UÙQ Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. (Tk-’, æl-̆ Th-• ̇ TÙu-

\-˚Y)

51

Tœß˛1

K®-Vd-LûX þ TôPj-§h-Pd át-ß-LsYÏl× þ CWi-Ó


1. A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˙Yfl-ThP R[e-L-∞p (Ui, UQp, L⁄m-T-X-˚L, LÙ°-Rm)

TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß ˙LÙ”-L-∞u ÍXm L⁄j-’-L˚[ Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.

2. KÆ-Vd L˚R-L-∞u ˙LÙ”-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ W£j’ AYt-±p Es[ L˚R

UÙk-Ro-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-°-\Ùo-Ls. ÿu-©u Y˚WV ˙Yi-•-V-Yt˚\d Lt-T-˚]-VÙL

Y˚Wk’ ˙Nod-°u-\-]o.

3. A•l-T˚P E⁄-Ye-L-∞u ̇ Yfl-ThP Y•-Ye-L˚[ C˚Qj-’ (øs N’-Wm, N’-Wm, øs-Yh-Pm)

◊ßV Y•-Ye-L˚[ Y˚Wk-’ Yi-Qm æh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.


4. ˘R¨kR Yi-Ql ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[l (Lt-Ls, L¨d-Lh-˚P, Yi-Qf NÙd-¿v, ˘Tu-£p,

v˘Lf˘Tu) TVu-T-”jß Yi-Qm æh-P-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm˛3 ̆ LÙ[Ùx

5. °˚Pd-œm ̆ TÙ⁄s-L-̊ [l (Èd-Ls, C˚X-Ls, Ug-NÙ-•, ’i-”d LÙ°-Rm) TVu-T-”jß Tp˙Yfl

G∞V ˘LÙ[Ùx Y•-Ye-L-˚[j RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls. UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 £t-Tm

6. °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄s-L -˚[l (˚URÙ UÙ‹, L∞-Ui, ©[Ùv-•d vºp) TVu

T”jß ÿl-T-¨-UÙQ Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 5 Af-—d-L˚X

7. ˘R¨kR LÙn-L-±-Ls, C˚X-Ls, Ri-”-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß Tp-˙Y-fl Yi-Qe-

L∞p Af-—-L-˚[-Ÿm Y•-Y-˚Ul-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

52

Tœß˛1

KÆ-Vd-L˚X ̨ TÙPj-ßh-Pd ·t-fl-Ls

Yœl◊ ˛ Íu-fl


1. —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-¤s-[-Yt˚\ Et-fl-̇ SÙd° Aq-Yl-̇ TÙ˙R KÆ-V-UÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. (E-RÙ-W-Qm: ≈”, UWm,

U˚X, „¨-Vu, ˘N•-Ls)

2. T\-̊ Y-Ls, ©\ E -̈́ -]e-Ls (◊-›, Gflm-◊, Yi-Qj-’l-Èf-£) B°-V-Yt˚\ KÆ-V-UÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3. L˚R-Ls, LÆ-̊ R-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£j-’ Lt-T-̊ ]-VÙL KÆ-Vm Y˚Wk-’ AYt-fls L˚R-UÙkRo-

L-∞u TÙYe-L-˚[-Ÿm Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.

4. L˚R-UÙk-Ro-L-∞u ˙L≠l-T-Pe-L˚[ Y˚Wk-’ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] Yi-Qm æh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

5. E´-¨-]e-L-∞u ®Zt-T-Pe-L˚[ Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls. (L-fljR ®\j-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-ß)


6. C-Vt-̊ L˚V Et-fl ̇ SÙd° —t-fll-◊-\e-L-∞-¤s[ Yi-Qe-L-̊ [l ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙi-” AYt˚\ KÆV-

UÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. (Èd-Ls, TZe-Ls ˙TÙp-Y-])

7. L⁄j-’ ˘Y∞-¬h-•t-LÙ-Lf —Rk-ß-W-UÙL KÆ-Vm Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls. Yi-Qm æh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.


8. Tp-˙Y-fl CRr-L-∞≠⁄k-’ °ØjR LÙ°-Re-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß ˘LÙ[Ùx KÆ-Vm E⁄-YÙd-œ-

°\ÙoLs.

9. Rt-LÙ-≠L ®Lr-‹-Ls, ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls R≤f-£-\l◊ YÙnkR L⁄j-’-Ls B°-V-Yt-˙\Ù-”

˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Es-[-Pd-Lj˚R Eh-T-”j-ßV £fl —Y-˘WÙh-•, —Yo Tj-ß-¨˚L B°-V˚Y RVÙ-¨d-

°\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 £t-Tm

10. ˙LÙ’˚U UÙ‹, L∞-Ui, ©[Ùv-•d B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß —t-fll-◊-\e-L-∞p SÙm LÙi-

°u\ ÿl-T-¨-UÙQ Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 5 Af-—d-L˚X

11. ˘R¨kR LÙn-L-±-Ls, C˚X-Ls, Ri-”-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-ßl Tp˙Yfl Yi-Qe-L-∞p

Lt-T-˚]-VÙL Af-—-L-˚[-Ÿm Y•-Y-˚Ul-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nn-°u-\-]o.

53

Tœß˛1

KÆ-Vd L˚X ̨ TÙPj-ßh-Pd ·t-fl-Ls

Yœl◊ ˛ SÙu-œ


1. CVt-˚L˚V Et-fl-˙SÙd-°d ˙LÙ”-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß KÆ-Vm Y˚W-

°u-\-]o.

2. L˚R, LÆ˚R B°-V-Yt-±p Es[ L˚RUÙk-Ro-L-∞u Ti-◊-L˚[ KÆ-V-UÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls

(Caricature).

3. ≈h-” ÆXe-œ-Ls Y]-Æ-Xe-œ-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\d Lt-T-˚]-VÙL KÆ-V-UÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

4. L˚R, LÆ˚R B°-V-Yt-±-¤s[ L⁄j-’-L-fid-œ HtT Lt-T-˚]-VÙL KÆ-Vm Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.


5. T\-˚Y-Ls, ©\ E´-¨-]e-Ls (◊-›, Gflm-◊, Yi-Qj-’l-Èf-£) B°-V-Yt˚\ Yi-Qe-Ls TVu-

T”jß KÆ-V-UÙd-œ-Y-’-Pu AYt-̇ \Ù-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-̊ PV ̆ UÙØ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-̊ [-Ÿm G›’-

°-\Ùo-Ls.

6. CVt-˚L˚V Et-fl-˙SÙd° —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-¤s[ Yi-Qe-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’-˘LÙi-” AYt˚\ YÙhPo

L[o, °W-VÙi ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß ®\d-L-X-˚Y-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.


7. Tp-˙Y-fl CRr-L-∞u Yi-Qd LÙ°-Re-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß £fl ˘LÙ[Ùx KÆ-Ve-Ls E⁄-YÙd°

AYt-fl-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

8. L⁄j-’-L-fid-œ HtT L˚X-U-V-UÙ] —Y-˘WÙh-•˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

9. Tp-̇ Y-fl Èd-L-[Ù-XÙ] Y•-Y-̊ Ul-◊-L̊ [ (• N̊u-L̊ [) A±-ÿ-Ll-T-”j-’-Y-’-Pu KÆ-V-UÙd° AYt-̊ \l TVu-T”jß

ÆR-Æ-R-UÙ] Èd-L-[e-L̊ [ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

54

Tœß˛1

10. „Z-¤d-œ HtT (E-RÙ-W-Qm: ©\k-R-SÙs, KQl-Ti-•-̊ L, ◊’-Y-⁄-Pl ©\l-◊) Y˚Wk-’m Jh•Ÿm

YÙrj-’ Ah-˚P-L˚[j RVÙ-¨d-°u-\-]o.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 £t-Tm

11. L∞-Ui-˚Ql TVu-T-”jß Tp-˙Y-fl ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u £fl UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

(ERÙ-W-Qm: Ui Æ[d-œ, ˘U›-œ-Yoj-ß, TP-œ, Pm-[o, Rh-”)

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 5 Af-—d-L˚X

12. v˘Pu-£-̊ Xl TVu-T-”jß £fl KÆ-Ve-L˚[ ̆ Yh-•, AYt-±u Af-̊ Nl Tß‹ ̆ Nn-°\ÙoLs.

AYt-±u UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

13. ’¶-́ p Yi-Qe-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”j-ßd Lt-T-̊ ]-VÙ] Y•-Ye-L-fim UÙß-̈ -L-fim E⁄-YÙdœ-

°-\Ùo-Ls.

55

Tœß˛1

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L-̊ X˛ Gu-\Ùp Gu-]? Gq-YÙ-fl?

Ui-◊h-” —h-” Æ˚[-VÙ-”m œZk-˚R-L-˚[l TÙoj-R-ßp-˚X-VÙ?

UQ≠p ≈” Lh-•, C˚X, Lp CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß ˙NÙflm œZm-

◊m˚Yj-’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”-Y-’ YZd-Lm. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ E⁄-YÙd-Le-L-fim Jq-

˘YÙ-⁄ Y•-Ym, A[-‹, Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚P-V-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm. ÿ˚\-NÙokR

LpÆ-́ u Gp-̊ Xd-œh-T-PÙ-U-̇ X˙V ̆ UÙØ, L¶-Rm, „Zp EQo‹ B°-

V-Yt-±u ·fl-Ls E⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p Ju-fl-˙No-°u-\]. A‡-

T-Ye-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ˘Tt\ A±-Æu TVu-TÙ-” œZk-˚R-ú Jq-

˘YÙ⁄ E⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´-¤m J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ CVp-TÙ-L˙Y

LÙQl-T”°u-\-’. Aq-YÙ-fl E⁄-YÙd-Lm J⁄e-°-˚QkR ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-

VÙL UÙfl-°u-\-’.

U≤-R-œX Y[of-£˚V ®˚X-SÙh-”-Y-ßp E⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\dœ

ÿd-°Vl Te-œi-”. Ru-‡-̊ P-V, RÙu YÙ›m NÍ-Lj-ß-‡-̊ PV Tp-̇ Yfl

˙R˚Y-L˚[ ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-Y-Rt-LÙLj ˘RÙPo £k-R-˚], ˙RPp, Lt-T˚]

C˚Y YÙ´-XÙL Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ E⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚V-Ÿm ÿ›-˚Ul-

T-”j-R-˙Yi-”m. R]-’ ˘NVp-L˚[ G∞-˚Ul-T-”j-R-‹m YÙrd-˚L˚V

W£l-T-Rt-œ-UÙ-L˙Y C’-̇ TÙu\ ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p U≤-Ru D”-Th-”s-[Ùu.

A‡-T-Ym NÙok-R-’m ˙RP-˚Xd ˘LÙi-P-’-UÙ] Lt-\p ÿ˚\˙V

Cufl ®X-‹-°u-\-’. Cu-˚\V LpÆ ÿ˚\-VÙ-]-’ A±-Æu Tp˙Y-fl

RXe-Ls, NÍL A±-YÙd-Lm S≈] E[ A±-Æ-Vp Rj-’-Ye-Ls B°-V-

Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p ®˚X-˘Tt-fls-[-’. œZk-˚R-ú J⁄e-°-˚QkR

Y[of-£˙V Lp-Æ-ú ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm. EQof£ Ui-P-Xm A±-Æ-Vp

UiP-Xm B°-V˚Y C˚QkR Y[of-£-˚Vd œZk˚R A˚PV ˙Yi-

”-UÙ-ú E⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-Ÿm ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Bfi-˚U-Ÿ-˚P-V-Yo-L-s. G]˙Y

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ST-ü T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ÿj-ß˚W AY-W-’ E⁄-YÙd-Ld L˚X-

´p ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm. œZk-̊ R-́ u E[-̆ Y-∞l-TÙ-”-L-fid-LÙ] YØ-ÿ˚\˙V

E⁄-YÙd-Ld L˚X YÙ´-XÙL ˘Y∞-´-Pl-T-”-°u-\-’.

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L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-́ u Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙR ·˙\ E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L˚X G]-XÙm. Tp-̇ Y-fl Y˚LVÙ]

˘TÙm-˚U-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp £tT ˙Y˚X-Ls ˘Nn-Rp, TX-Y˚L Af-—d-Ls ˘Nn-Rp,

UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-Lp E⁄-Ye-L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Uj-Rp.

TX Yi-Qe-L-∞p ˙LÙ”-Ls Ut-flm E⁄-Ye-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp ÿR-≠V TX ˘NVp-

TÙ”-Ls YØ œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L-˚X-´p T´t£ A∞d-Ll-T-”-°u-\-’.

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L-˚X-˛-A-±-Æu ·fl-Ls

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L-˚X-ú ÍXm Gu-˘]u] A±-‹-Ls ˘T\-˙Yi-”m Gu-fl ßhP™-Pl-

T”-°-\-’? E⁄-YÙd-Ld L˚X-́ u A±‹ Gu-T-Ru ̆ TÙ⁄s Gu-]? A±-Æu ·fl-Ls G˚Y?

A±‹ Gu-T-’ Lt-\p YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ˘T\-˙Yi-•-V, L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, U]-®˚X B°-V-

Yt-±u ·h-”j-˘RÙ-˚L-VÙ-œm.

E⁄-YÙd-LdL-˚X-˛-L-⁄j-’-Ls

œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-Ld L˚Xd Lt-\p ÍXm Tp-˙Y-fl Y•-Ye-Ls, UÙß-¨-Ls, ˙Yfl-

ThP ˙LÙ”-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls, E⁄-YÙd-Lj-˙R-˚Y-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls, R[e-Ls, L⁄-ÆLs

AYt-±u TVu B°V L⁄j-’-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. ©\ TÙPe-L-fi-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-

T”jß ̆ Y∞-´-”m ̇ TÙ’ Æ≤-˙VÙ-Lm ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-•V TÙPj-’-Pu ̆ RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’-

L-fim AYt-±p Eh-T-”m.

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L˚X ˛ ß\u-Ls

L⁄-Æ-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-L-‹m ̇ YL-UÙ-L-‹m ̊ LVÙ-fi-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u, ’p-≠-V-UÙ] A[-‹-

L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[d Lt-T-˚]d-œ HtT E⁄-YÙd-œm ß\u. ’p-≠-V-UÙ]

Æ°-Rj-ßp Tp-˙Y-fl UÙß-¨-Ls, Y•-Ye-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ˘Yh-• G”l-T-Rt-LÙ] ß\u,

E⁄-YÙd-Lf ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ̆ Tt\ A±-‹-L-˚[l ◊ßV „Zp-L-∞p TVu-T”j-’m

ß\u B°-V˚Y E⁄-YÙd-Ld L˚X-ú YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ˘T\ ˙Yi-•V ß\u-Ls Bœm.

U]-®˚X

NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£-̊ ]-L-∞p D”-T-P-‹m ©Wf-£-̊ ]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®˚X,

œ› EQo-‹, ˙Y˚X ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] U]-®˚X ˙Y˚X ˘Nn-T-Yo-L-fid-œ ÿd-°-Vj’-Ym

˘LÙ”j-Rp ÿR-≠-V˚Y E⁄-YÙd-Ld L˚X-ú YÙ´-XÙL Y[of£ A˚PV ˙Yi•V U]-

®-˚X-L-[Ù-œm.

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Tœß˛1

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L-̊ X-̨ -TÙ-Pj-ßhPd ·t-fl-Ls

Yœl◊ ˛ Ju-fl

UiPXm ˛ 1 ˘TÙm˚U E⁄YÙdLp

1. TX Yi-Qe-L-∞p ÆWp ˘TÙm-̊ U-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° AYt-±u ’˚Q-Ÿ-Pu LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

2. TX Yi-Qe-L-∞-¤s[ ÆWp ˘TÙm-˚U-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß J⁄ TÙPj˚Rd œ±j-’d œ›-YÙL

E˚W-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3. LÙn-L-±-Ls, ÆXe-œ-Ls, Èd-Ls B°-V-Yt-±t-œl ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Yi-Qe-L-∞p ÆWp ̆ TÙm˚U-

L[ÙL E⁄-YÙd° E˚W-VÙ-• S•j-’d LÙh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 2 CVt-̊ L-́ -≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ TV-‡s[ ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[

E⁄YÙd-œ-Rp

4. TX A[-Æ-¤m Y•-Æ-¤m Es[ C˚X-Ls œflm-˚Td-LÙn, Dd° B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß

Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° Æ˚[-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 LÙ°-Rm/LÙo-”-̇ TÙo-” CYt-\Ùp Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls/©\ ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls

E⁄YÙd-œ-Rp

5. TX A[-Æ-¤m Yi-Qj-ß-¤m Es[ LÙ°-Re-L˚[ U•j-’ TP-œ, Æ£± B°-V-Yt˚\ E⁄

YÙd° Æ˚[-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

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Tœß˛1

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L˚X ̨ TÙPj-ßh-Pd ·t-fl-Ls

Yœl◊ ˛ Íufl

Ui-P-Xe-Ls-̨ 1 ̆ TÙm˚U E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

1. Tp-˙Y-fl A[-Æ-¤s[ Dd-°-Ls, æl-˘Th-•d-œf-£-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß —Rk-ß-W-UÙL

E⁄Ye-L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Uj-’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls (≈-”).

2. Tp-˙Y-fl Yi-Qe-L-∞-¤s[ ÆWp ˘TÙm-˚U-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°, œ±l-©hP LÙ¨-Ve-L-˚[l Tt-±d

LXk’˚W-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xe-Ls-̨ 2 CVt-̊ L-́ -≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ̆ TÙ⁄s-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”jß TV-‡s[ ̆ TÙ⁄s-

L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

3. Tp-˙Y-fl A[-Æ-¤s[ Dd-°, œf-£-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-ßf —Rk-ß-W-UÙL E⁄-Ye-L˚[

Y•-Y-̊ Uj-’, AYt˚\ E⁄-YÙd-œm ÿ˚\, ARu R≤j-Ru-̊ U-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Æ[d-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

4. —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm Tp-˙Y-fl Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤s[ C˚X-Ls, œf-£-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l

TVu-T”jß, Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd°d œ›-YÙL Æ˚[-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

5. TX Æ˚R-L˚[ ÿ˚[d-Lf ˘Nn-Y-’-Pu AYt-±u TPe-L˚[ Y˚Wk-’ Yi-Qm æh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

6. EQ-Æt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m TX ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’ AYt˚\ Y˚Ll-T-”jß LYof-£-VÙL

J›e-œ-T-”jß ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 LÙ°-Rm/LÙo-”-̇ TÙo-” CYt-\Ùp Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ̆ TÙ⁄s-L˚[/©\ ̆ TÙ⁄s-L˚[

E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

7. TX-Y-•-Æ-¤m TX Yi-Qe-L-∞-¤m Es[ LÙ°-Re-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß J±-LÙ™ Y•-Ye-Ls

E⁄YÙdœ-°-\Ùo-Ls. (T-\-˚Y-Ls, ÆUÙ-]m)

8. TX Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤s[ LÙ°-Rj-RÙp £u-]e-Ls (Badge) E⁄-YÙd° AYt˚\ Yi-Qd LÙ°-ReL[Ùp

AXe-L-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

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Tœß˛1

9. ˘Lh-• Ah-˚Pj-RÙ-∞p œ±l-©hP Y•-Yj-ßp Lt-T-˚]d-œ HtT œf-£-L-˚[l (æl-˘Th-•,

Dd°) Tp-˙Y-fl UÙß-¨-L-∞p Jh-• AZ-œ-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 AXe-LÙ-Wl ̆ TÙ⁄s-L-∞u E⁄-YÙd-Lm

11. TPe-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° AYt˚\l TX ˙LÙ”-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-

T”jß LhP-‹h-”-Ls ˘Nn-’ A’-̇ TÙu\ E⁄-Ye-L˚[ Jh-• Y•-Ye-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 5 ’¶-VÙp B] ̆ TÙ⁄s-Ls/E⁄-Ye-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

12. TX LÙn-L-±-Ls, C˚Xj-Ri-”-Ls ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß TX Yi-Qm ˘LÙ”j-’,

’¶´p Y•-Y-˚Ul-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

60

Tœß˛1

E⁄-YÙd-Ld-L-̊ X-̨ -TÙ-Pj-ßhPd ·t-fl-Ls

Yœl◊: Ju-fl

Ui-P-Xe-Ls-̨ 1 ̆ TÙm˚U E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

1. Tp-˙Y-fl A[-Æ-¤s[ Dd-°-Ls, æl-˘Th-•d-œf-£-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß —Rk-ß-W-UÙL

E⁄-Ye-L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Uj-’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls (≈-”).

2. Tp-˙Y-fl Yi-Qe-L-∞-¤s[ ÆWp ˘TÙm-˚U-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°, œ±l-©hP LÙ¨-Ve-L-˚[l Tt-±d

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xe-Ls-˛2 CVt-˚L-´-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß TV-‡s[

˘TÙ⁄sL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

3. Tp-˙Y-fl A[-Æ-¤s[ Dd-°, œf-£-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-ßf —Rk-ß-W-UÙL E⁄-Ye-L˚[

Y•-Y-̊ Uj-’, AYt˚\ E⁄-YÙd-œm ÿ˚\, ARu R≤j-Ru-̊ U-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Æ[d-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

4. —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm Tp-˙Y-fl Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤s[ C˚X-Ls, œf-£-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l

TVu-T”jß, Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd°d œ›-YÙL Æ˚[-VÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

5. TX Æ˚R-L˚[ ÿ˚[d-Lf ˘Nn-Y-’-Pu AYt-±u TPe-L˚[ Y˚Wk-’ Yi-Qm æh-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

6. EQ-Æt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m TX ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’ AYt˚\ Y˚Ll-T-”jß LYof-£-VÙL

J›e-œ-T-”jß ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 LÙ°-Rm/LÙo-”-̇ TÙo-” CYt-\Ùp Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ̆ TÙ⁄s-L˚[/©\ ̆ TÙ⁄s-L˚[

E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

7. TX-Y-•-Æ-¤m TX Yi-Qe-L-∞-¤m Es[ LÙ°-Re-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß J±-LÙ™ Y•-Ye-Ls

E⁄YÙdœ-°-\Ùo-Ls. (T-\-˚Y-Ls, ÆUÙ-]m)

8. TX Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤s[ LÙ°-Rj-RÙp £u-]e-Ls (Badge) E⁄-YÙd° AYt˚\ Yi-Qd LÙ°Re

L-[Ùp AXe-L-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

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9. ˘Lh-• Ah-̊ Pj-RÙ-∞p œ±l-©hP Y•-Yj-̊ Rd Lt-T-̊ ]d-œ HtT œf-£-L-̊ [l (æl-̆ Th-•,

Dd°) Tp-˙Y-fl UÙß-¨-L-∞p Jh-• AZ-œ-T-”j-’°\Ùo-Ls.

10. G∞V ET-L-W-Qe-Ls Y•-Y-̊ Ud-L-‹m E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m AYt-̊ \l TVu-T-”jß T -̇̈ NÙ-R-̊ ]-Ls

˘Nn-V‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls. (U˚Z UÙ≤, A[-‹-˙LÙp, Y•-Æ-Vp TX-˚L)

11. TX Y•-Ye-L-∞p ÆXe-œ-L-∞u ÿLÍ•Ls ˘Nn-’ SÙP-Le-Ls ®Lrj-’-°\Ùo-Ls.

12. RÙs-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß TX Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤m A[-‹-L-∞-¤-ÿs[ E˚\-Ls ˘Nn-°\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 4 AXe-LÙ-Wl-̆ TÙ-⁄h-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

13. ˘Tu-≥p ̆ Yh-•-́ -≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm UWj-’-‘d-œ-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”jß Lt-T-̊ ]d-œj RœkR-

T• TX Y•-Ye-L-∞-XÙ] Èd-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 5 ’¶-́ -]Ùp B] ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls/Et-Tj-ßl ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\E⁄YÙdœ-Rp

14. TX-R-Wl-ThP ’¶-L-̊ [f (T-⁄j-ß, TÙ≠v-Po, Lm-©∞ . . . . .) ̇ NL-̈ j-’ NÙoh ̇ Tl-T-̈ p AZLÙL

Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-ßd LÙh-£d-œ ˚Yj-Rp

15. Æj-ß-VÙ-N-UÙ] (UÙ-fl-Th-P) E˚P AXe-LÙW ÿ˚\-L-∞u TPe-L-˚[j ßWh-• AZ-LÙL ÿ˚\l-

T-”jß TPj-˘RÙ-œl◊ RVÙo ˘Nn-Rp

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 6 LÙn-L-±j ̇ RÙh-Pm Èk-̇ RÙh-Pm ÿR-≠-V˚Y A˚Uj-Rp

16. Æ˚R-L-̊ [f ̇ NL-̈ j-’ A⁄-̊ U-VÙL Y•-Y-̊ Uj-’ LÙn-L-±j ̇ RÙh-Pm/Èk-̇ RÙh-Pm A˚UjRp

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Y¥-Y-ûUl-×d-LûX þ TôPj-§hPd át-ß-LsYÏl× þ Sôu-Ï

Ui-P-Xm ˛ 1 CVt-˚L-´-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß TV-‡s[

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

1. CVt-̊ L-́ -≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm TX ̆ TÙ⁄h-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”jß G∞-̊ U-VÙ] C˚Nd-L-⁄-Æ-Ls E⁄-

YÙd-œ-Rp

2. CVt-˚L-´-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm TX ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-ßl (E-RÙ. ˙Yo) TV-‡s[ ˘TÙ⁄h-

L˚[f ˘Nn-Rp

Ui-P-Xm ˛ 2 RÙs/˘Lh-• Ah˚P CYt-̊ \l TVu-T-”jß Æ˚[-VÙh-”l ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls/

©\˘TÙ⁄h-Ls ̆ Nn-Rp

3. TX „r-®-̊ X-L-fid-̇ Lt\ UÙfl-ThP Y•-Yj-ß-X-̊ UkR ÿLÍ•Ls ̆ Nn-’ ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YiQm

˘LÙ”j-’ TVu-T-”j-’-Rp

4. ˘Ro-˙UÙd-˙LÙs, ˘Lh-• Ah˚P ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±p TX Y•-Ye-L-∞p ˘Yh-•f ˘NnR Af˚Nl

(v˘Pu≥p) TVu-T-”jß UÙfl-ThP R[e-L-∞p Yi-Qm È—-Rp.

5. ÿ˚\-VÙ] N¨-Æ-°-Rj-ßp Yi-Qj-RÙs-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß TX A[-Æ-XÙ] Th-Pm ˘Nn-Rp.

6. Ck-ß-VÙ, ˙LW-[Ù, UÙYh-Pm A°-V-Yt-±u Y•-Yj-ßp ˘Ro-˙UÙd-˙LÙs Ap-X-’ ˘Lh-•-Ah˚P

˘Yh-• G”j-Rp. Lh-P-‹h-”-Ls (’-¶, KÆ-Vm) TVu-T-”jß LXÙf-NÙ-Wj-˚Rl ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm

˘LÙ[Ùx TX ®˚X-L-∞p E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 3 AXe-LÙ-Wl ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

7. ß] ÆZÙd-L-fi-Pu ̆ RÙPo-◊-T-”j-ß, Lt-T-˚]dœLk-R-T-• TX Y•-Æp UÙfl-ThP ̆ TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l

TVu-T-”jß YÙrj-’ Ah-˚P-Ls E⁄-YÙd-° Yi-Qm ˘LÙ”j-Rp.

8. TX YiQ Ëp-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß TX-ÿ-˚\-´-XÙ] ˚RVp ˙Y˚Xl-TÙ-”-Ls ˘Nn-Rp

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9. LÙn-L-±-L-∞p ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Y•-Ye-Ls ̆ Nn-’ ARt-̇ Lt\ Yi-Qm ̆ LÙ”j-’ Af-—d-Ls ̆ Nn’

Ts∞ Yœl◊ A˚\˚V AXe-L-¨j-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 4 ’¶-́ -]Ù-XÙ] ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls/Et-Tj-ßl ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls ̆ Nn-Rp

10. ˙R£V ÆZÙd-L-fi-Pu ̆ RÙPo-◊-T-”j-ß, œ±l-©hP A[-Æp ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Yi-Qm È£ ̇ R£Vd

˘LÙ• ˘Nn-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm ̨ 5 LÙn-L-±j-̇ RÙh-Pm, Èk-̇ RÙh-Pm ÿR-≠-V˚Y A˚Uj-Rp

11. œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-T-˚]d-˙LtT Y•-Ym ̆ LÙ”j-’ Èk-˙RÙh-Pm, N˚U-V-X-˚\j ̇ RÙh-Pm ÿR-≠-V-

Yt-˚\d œ›-YÙ-Lf ˙Nok-’ A˚Uj-Rp.

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SÙP-Ld-LpÆ Gu-\Ùp Gu-]? GRt-œ?

LpÆ Gu-\Ùp ARu ÿ›l-˘TÙ-⁄s T˚Pl-◊f ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Gu-T-RÙ-œm. G]-

˙Y-RÙu Lp-Y-´p SÙP-Lj-ßt-œ ÿd-°V CPm Es-[-’. KÆ-V, £tTd L˚X-L-fim

C˚N-˛-S-P]d L˚X-L-fim S•j-Rp ˛ E˚W-VÙ-Pp Gp-XÙm ˙Nok-’ E⁄-YÙ] L˚X-

RÙu SÙP-Lm.

œZk-˚Rd-œ R]-’ L⁄j-’-L˚[j R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-´p ˘NÙp-≠d-˘LÙ-”d-

Ll TVu-T-”m L˚X-Y-•-Y˙U SÙP-Lm. G]˙Y SÙP-Ld Lp-Æd-LÙ] YÙnl-◊d-L˚[

SÙm ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs[ ̇ Yi-”m. œZk-̊ R-L-∞u A‡-TY ̆ Y∞l-TÙ-”-L˚[ W£d-œm

T•-VÙ-]-RÙ-Lf ̆ Nn-Y’m AYo-L-∞u Lt-T˚] NÙokR ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ̇ Um-T”j’-

Y-’˙U SÙP-Ld Lp-Æ-ú £\l-Tm-N-UÙ-œm. RÙu LÙi-T-˚R-Ÿm A±-Y-˚R-Ÿm

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ œZk-˚Rd-œj R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\ Ei-”. C’ œZk-˚R-

ú ©\l-◊-¨-˚U-VÙ-œm. C˚Rl-◊-¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” ÿ˚\-VÙ] SÙPL EQo˚Y

œZk˚R-L-∞-Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

E˚W-VÙ-P-¤m S•l-◊m J˙W NU-Vj-ßp ˘Nn-’ T˚Pl-TÙt-\-¤-Pu £k-ßdL

œZk˚R-L-fid-œ CV-¤m. G]˙Y AY-‡-˚PV Lt-T˚]j ß\˚] Fd-œ-Æl-T-Rt-

LÙ] L⁄-Æ-VÙL SÙm SÙP-Lj-˚Rd LÙQ ˙Yi-”m. J≠-´-¤m EP-≠-¤m Lh-”l-

TÙh-̊ Pl-̆ T-\p, Lt-T-̊ ]j-ß-\˚] ̇ Um-T-”j-’-Rp, —Rk-ßW £k-R-̊ ]˚V Y[ojRp,

ÿu-≤u-fl ˘NVp-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\-˚]l ˘Tfl-Rp Gu-T˚Y SÙP-Ld Lp-Æ-ú

A•l-T-˚P-VÙ] ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Bœm. SÙP-Lm Gu-T-’ J⁄ R≤-U-≤R ˘NVp-TÙ-”

Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up Bj-UÙoj-R-UÙ] J⁄ ·h-”-ÿ-Vt£ŸUÙœm. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄d-œm

Cd-·h-”-ÿ-Vt-£d-°-˚P-´p L⁄j-’d-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊d °˚Pl-

T-RÙp Bfi˚U ˙Um-TÙh-•t-œm œ› EQo-˚Yl ˘T⁄d-œ-Y-Rt-œm YÙnl-TÙL

A˚U-°-\-’. UÙß¨ ˘Nn-Y-˚R-Ÿm ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Y-˚R-Ÿm Æ”j-’ —Rk-ß-W-UÙL £k-

ßj-’ R]-’ L⁄j-’d-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] LÙh£ A˚Ul-◊-L˚[ A˚Ud-œm

˙U˚P-VÙL Ts∞ Yœl-T-˚\-L˚[ UÙt\ ̇ Yi-”m. ©\ TÙPe-L-˚[d Lt-©l-T-Rt-

LÙ] J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-L-‹m SÙP-Lj-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

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œZk-˚R-L-∞u A˚]j-’ Y[of-£d-œm TVu-T-”m L⁄-Æ-VÙL

SÙPLj˚Rl TX Y[of£ ˘Tt\ SÙ”-Ls Y•-Y-˚Uj-’s-[-]. œQ-

SX≤¤m, œ› EQo-Æ-¤m, Lt-T˚] ˙Um-TÙh-•-¤m, ©Wf-£-˚]-L-

fidLÙ] æo‹ LÙQ-≠-¤m SÙP-Lm ™L-‹m ER-Æ-VÙL C⁄d-°u-\-’.

©\-˙WÙ” ̆ RÙPo-◊-T-”jß Ru-˚]j-RÙ˙] EQok-’ ̆ LÙs-[-‹m, U≤-

Ro-L-˙[Ù-” Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up CVt-˚L-˚VŸm NÍ-Lj-˚RŸm J⁄

ÆUoN]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-˙RÙ-” A‘-œ-Y-Rt-œ SÙP-Lj-˚Rl ˙TÙu\

˙Yfl J⁄ FP-Lm Cp˚X Gu-fl ˙R£V TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f Nh-P-Lm

·fl-°u-\’. œZk-˚R-L∞u T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ß\˚] ˘Y∞d-˘LÙ-Qo-Y-

Rt-LÙ] A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚V˙V ˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ ®˚X-´p SÙP-Ld Lp-

Æ-́ p ©u-Tt\ ̇ Yi-”m. ̆ UÙØl TÙPl-◊j-R-Le-Ls SÙP-L-™Vt-\-¤d-

LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞d-°u-\] Gu-T-’ YW-˙Yt-Lj-Rd-L-’ Gu-\Ù-¤m SÙP-L-

™-Vt-flm T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ÿ˚\-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi” Yk-’s-[] Gu-fl ·fl-

Y-Rt-°p-˚X.

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ SPdL ˙Yi-”-˘U-≤p A±-Æ-‡-˚PV

BZUÙ] ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] J⁄ Æ[d-Lm ˙R˚Y. CRt-œl ©Wf-£-˚]-

L˚[l TX ˙LÙQe-L-∞p LÙQ-˙Yi-”m. Cq-YÙ-fl LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ]

ß\˚] Y[ol-T-Rt-œm GpXÙ œZk-˚R-L-fid-œm Cj-ß-\-˚]l T°ok-

R-∞l-T-Rtœm T˚Pl-TÙdL SÙPL A‡-T-Ye-L-[Ùp CV-¤m.

˘RÙPdL ®˚X-́ -XÙ] SÙPL T˚Pl-TÙt-\p Gu-T-’ œZk-̊ R-L-∞u

CVt-˚L-VÙ] Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-L-∞u ˘RÙPof-£-VÙ-L-‹m ARu Y[of-

£-VÙ-L-‹m C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. C’ œZk-˚R-L-∞u SÙPL ˙U˚P Gu\

®˚X E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”m. ˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ ®˚X-´p œZk-˚R-L-∞u

T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ß\˚] ̇ Um-T-”j-’-Y-̊ R˙V SÙP-Ld LpÆ ̇ SÙd-L-UÙLd

˘LÙi”s-[-’. œZk-˚R-L-∞u CVt-˚L-VÙ] Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-L-∞u

˘RÙPof£-VÙ-L-‹m ARu ˙Um-TÙ-PÙ-L-‹˙U SÙP-Ll T˚Pl-TÙt-\p

˘RÙPdL ®˚X-´p ˘NVp-T-”-°-\-’.

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SÙP-Ld LpÆ ̨ ̇ SÙd-Le-Ls

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p, œZk-˚R-ú CVt-˚L-VÙ]

©\Æ´-˙X˙V °˚PjR ß\u-L-˚[-Ÿm Bo-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm

ÿ•kR[‹ TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Rp YØ YÙrd˚L ®˚X-L˚[ ÆUo-N -]d

Li˙QÙh-Pj-˙RÙ-” ̆ Y∞-´-P-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ̆ Nn-Rp.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄-˚P-V-‹m NÍL LXÙf-NÙW „Zp-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’

˘LÙi-” L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m YØ VRÙojR EQo-‹m U]

®˚\‹m Ht-T-”j-’-Rp.

R]-’ NÍ-Lf „Z-≠p ˘RÙPok-’ ˘RÙPo-◊-˘LÙs-fim ß\˚]

Y[oj-˘R-”j-Rp.

ÿ˚\-VÙ] YÙrd-̊ Ll TÙo-̊ Y˚V-Ÿm Æ›-™V EQo-̊ YŸm

Y[oj-Rp.

RÙ[j-˙RÙ-•-˚VkR EP-X-˚N-‹-Ls, S•l-◊, SÙP-L-UÙd-Lp ÿR-≠

VYt-±p T´t-£-V-∞j-Rp.

TX TÙPe-L-∞-¤s[ SÙPL YÙnl-◊d-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œ J⁄ Lt-©j-Rp Ejß Gu\

ÿ˚\-́ p SÙP-Lm CVt-\˚X Yœl-T-̊ \-́ p TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rtœ

YÙnl-T-∞j-Rp.

SÙP-Ld-LpÆ ̨ A±-Æu ·fl-Ls

SÙP-Lf ̆ NVp-L-∞p D”-T-”-R-XÙp UÙfl-ThP „Zp-Ls, æo-UÙ-]eLs

ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˙\Ù-” ̆ RÙPo-◊-˘LÙi-” A˚N-‹, S•l-◊, C˚N, ̆ NÙpXÙt-

\-¤-P-]Ù] ®Lrj-’-Rp ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±p œZk-˚Rdœ L⁄j-’Ls,

ß\uLs, U]-®-˚X-Ls Ut-flm SÙP-L-UÙd-Lp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm

E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

SÙP-Ld LpÆ ̨ L⁄j-’-Ls

L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ L⁄-Æ-VÙ-œm SÙP-Lm.

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UÙfl-ThP YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L˚[ SÙP-Lm ÍX-UÙL LÙh-£l-T-”jR ÿ•Ÿm. SÙPL

LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u œQ-S-Xu-L-fid-œ HtT E˚W-VÙ-Pp, B˚P AXe-LÙ-Wm, EP-

X-˚N-‹-Ls, ©u-]-¶, AWe-Lm ÿR-≠-V˚Y A˚UdL ˙Yi-”m. E˚W-VÙ-Pp

Cp-XÙ-U˙X ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] TÙY A©-S-Vm, A˚N-‹-Ls ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±u YØ L⁄j-

’d-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´P ER-‹m J⁄ J≠-J¸ıd L˚X-Y-•-Y˙U SÙP-Lm.

SÙP-Ld-Lp-Æ-̨ -ß-\u-Ls

SÙP-Lj-R-]-UÙ] Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-Ls YØ T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ™dL SÙP-L-™Vt\¤d

œj ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] A˚N-‹, J≠d-Lh-”l-TÙ-”, LÙh-£-Ÿ-Qo-‹, TÙYm, EPp-S-∞-]m,

T˚Pl-◊j-ß-\u ÿR-≠V ß\u-L-∞u Y[of-£˚V Lp-Æj-ßh-Pm ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld

˘LÙi”s-[-’.

TX Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-L-˚[j R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m (E-RÙ. S˚P, Kh-Pm,

RÙi”-Rp) ®Lrj-’-Y-Rt-œ-̈ V RÙ[-X-Vj-’-P-]Ù] A˚N-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœRp.

CVt-̊ L-́ u TX Y˚L-VÙ] J≠-Ls, A˚N-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Et-fl-̇ SÙd-°,

˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Ÿm œQm, Et-fl-̇ SÙd-Lp, Ÿdß ÿR-≠V œQe-L˚[ Y[oj-’Rp

œ›-Æp ®Lrj-’-Rp.

R≤-S-To-L-̊ [l TX ÆR-UÙ] £˚X-L-[Ùd° TÙY-̨ -RÙ[ A˚N-‹-L-̇ [Ù-” LÙh£l-

T-”jß ̆ Y∞-´-”-Rp.

YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L˚[ F˚U S•l-©u ÍXm ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-fid-œm L˚Rf „Z-¤d-œm ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] E˚W-VÙ-Pp, B˚P

AXe-LÙ-Wm ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\j ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn’ TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

RÙ[-X-Vj-’-P-]Ù] A˚N-‹-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚PjR A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ SP-]j-ßu

A•l-T-̊ P-L-[Ùd-œ-Rp.

Sm-˚Uf —t-±-´-⁄d-œm ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls, B˚P A¶-L-Xu-Ls

B°V-Yt-̊ \l TVu-T-”jß ˙Rok-̆ R-”jR L⁄j˚R œ›-Æp ®Lrj-’-Rp.

LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u œQe-L-fid-˙Lt\ E˚W-VÙ-Pp RVÙo ˘Nn-’ œ›-YÙL

S•j-Rp.

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LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u œQm, B˚P A¶-L-Xu-Ls, LÙh-£-V-˚Ul-◊, ®Lr‹

E˚W-VÙ-Pp ÿR-≠-V-Yt˚\ U]-ßt-̆ LÙi-” SÙP-L-™-Vt-\-‹m S•d-L-‹m ̆ NnY-

Rt-LÙ] ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp.

SÙP-Ld-Lp-Æ-̨ -̆ N-Vp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls

©Wf-£-˚]j-æo‹

®Lrf-£-L-˚[-Ÿm T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm ÆUo-N-]l-TÙo-˚Y-˙VÙ-” Ußl-©-”-Rp

J˙W L⁄j˚R UÙfl-ThP ÿ˚\-L-∞p ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp

Ej-ß-Ÿ-Pu ßh-P-™-Pp

U]-®˚X

œ› EQo‹

Jt-fl˚U

_]-SÙ-VL ÿ˚\l-T-• LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

EP-≤-⁄l-̇ TÙ-⁄-P-‡m NÍ-Lj-’-P-‡m LÙh-”m T¨‹.

SÙP-Ld-L-˚X-Ÿ-P-]Ù] Tt-fl/˙UÙLm.

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SôP-Lm-þ-Tô-Pj-§h-Pd át-ß-LsYÏl-×-þ-Ju-ß

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 1 A˚N‹

1. œ±l-◊-L˚[ Es-YÙe° U˚\k-ß-⁄d-œm Ei-̊ U-L-̊ [d Li-P-±-Rp, G∞-̊ UVÙ] Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-L-∞p

D”-T-”-Rp.

2. TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞u ˙TÙ’ R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m SPj-Rp, K”Rp, œßj-Rp ÿR≠V

A˚N-‹-L˚[j RÙ[j-ßt-˙LtT ˘Nn-Rp.

3. J≠f-£j-ß-We-Ls YØ J⁄ „Zp/®Lrf£/CPm Gu-T-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 2 ̇ TÙXf ̆ Nn-Rp

4. T\-̊ Y-Ls, ÆXe-œ-Ls ̇ TÙu\Yt-±u J≠-L˚[ Et-fl-̇ SÙd-Lp YØl ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙi-”, ̇ TÙXf ̆ NnRp.

5. T\-˚Y-Ls, ÆXe-œ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±u SP-UÙ-”m ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm £\l-TÙ] A˚N‹-L-˚[-Ÿm Etfl-

˙SÙd°l ˙TÙXf˘Nn-Rp.

6. Si-T˚]l TX Y•-Ye-L-∞p ®t-Lf-˘Nn-Ÿm ̆ NV-≠u YØf £t-Tm ̆ Nn-Rp Utflm TX ̇ RÙt-\e-L˚[

E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 S•l◊

7. L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-L-fid-œ Ht\ S•l-̊ Tj ßh-P-™h-”j R≤-VÙ-L˙YÙ Ap-X-’ œ›YÙL˙YÙ S•j-’d LÙh”Rp.

8. L˚Rf „Z-≠p J⁄ LRÙ-TÙj-ß-Wj˚R S•j-’d-LÙh-”-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 A˚N-Yt\ LÙh£ Bd-Lm

9. ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞p Ht-ThP ÷h-T-UÙ] ̇ Yfl-TÙ-”-L-˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YØ Li-”-©•jRp.

10. Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L-˚[d LÙh-£l-T-”jß ®Lrj-’-Rp.

11. ˘Y∞-´-Pl-ThP LÙh-£-L˚[ Ußl-©h-” Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-fl-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-˛5 E˚W-VÙ-Pp

12. œ›-YÙLd L˚R-˚Vf ˘Nn-˚L-L-˙[Ù-” ®Lrj-’-Rp.

13. „Z-¤d-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] E˚W-VÙ-Pp G›ß TÙYj-˙RÙ-” S•j-Rp.

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SôP-Lm-þ-Tô-Pj-§h-Pd át-ß-LsYÏl-×-þ-C-Wi-Ó


1. EP-X-˚N-‹-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Ÿm Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

2. Æ˚[-VÙh-PÙ-L˙YÙ Ap-XÙ-U˙XÙ Et-fl-˙SÙd-œm ß\-]-Pe-°V (LÙh-£, ̇ Ls-Æ, UQm, ̆ RÙ”

EQo‹ ÿR-≠-V-˚Y) Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

3. Sm-˚U —t-±-¤m C⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m

RÙ[-X-Vj-ßp A˚UkR Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

4. C˚N-ú RÙ[j-ßt-˙LtT œ›-YÙ-L-‹m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m B”-Rp.

5. A˚N-‹-Ls Es[ FL Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

6. A˚N-‹-Ls Ut-flm J≠-Ls ÍX-UÙ-Ld L˚R-Ls/®Lrf-£-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ®Lrj-’-Rp.


7. T\-˚Y-Ls Ut-flm ÆXe-œ-L-∞u YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L-∞p ®L-›m £fl ®Lr-‹-L˚[j R≤-VÙ-

L‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-’-LÙh-”-Rp.

8. TX-R-Wl-ThP ˘RÙØp-Ls, ˘NVp-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-’ LÙh-”-Rp, Ußl-©-”-Rp.

9. CWi-”-˙To Es[ œ›-Æp J⁄-Yo Ut-\-Y-⁄-˚PV Li-QÙ-•-VÙL A˚N-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm TÙYe-

L˚[-Ÿm ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Rp.

UiP-Xm-̨ 3 S•l◊

10. L˚Rl-TÙ-Pp-L-fid-œl ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ̆ Nn-̊ L-L-fim TÙYe-L-fim ̆ LÙ”j-’ EQo-‹-Èo-Y-UÙL

®Lrj-’-Rp.

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11. A±kR L˚R-L-∞u LRÙ TÙj-ß-We-L-˚[, AYo-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-˙VÙ-” ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-’

LÙh”Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 A˚N-Yt\ LÙh-£-VÙd-Lm

12. ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Ap-X-’ CPe-L-∞u ÿk-˚RV ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-’ Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls Ht-

Th”s-[] Gu-fl Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YØ ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

13. STo-L-̊ [l TX-Y-̊ L-VÙ] £˚X-L-[Ùd° (≈-”, UWm, ̆ N•) TÙY-X-Vj-’-Pu LÆ-̊ R˚Vd LÙh£l-

T-”j-ßd LÙh-”-Rp.

14. £fl-œ-›d-L-[ÙL Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] „Zp-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ A˚N-Yt-\-LÙh-£-VÙd-Lm ˘Nn-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 5 E˚W-VÙ-Pp

15. E˚W-VÙ-P-¤m J≠ SV-ÿm ˙Nok-’-Y-⁄m ÿ˚\-́ p E˚W-VÙ-Pp-TÙ-Pp-L˚[d œ›-YÙL

®Lrj’Rp.

16. J≠˚Vd ·h-•-Ÿm œ˚\j-’m, ˘Uu-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m ˙YLm ·h-•-Ÿm œ˚\j-’m ˘NÙp-¤-Rp.

17. „Z-¤d-˙LtT ÆWp-˘TÙm˚U Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-LÙ] E˚W-VÙ-Pp E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

18. TZd-L-UÙ] „Zp-L-∞u E˚W-VÙ-Pp, A˚N-‹-Ls ÿR-≠-V˚Y YØ R]d-˙L-Ÿ-¨V ÿ˚\-´p

œ›-YÙL ®Lrj-’-Rp.

19. L⁄j-’d-L-∞u ̆ RÙPof-£d-œm „Z-¤d-œm Es[ ̆ RÙPo˚T A±k-’ E˚W-VÙ-Pp RVÙo ̆ Nn’

®Lrj-’-Rp.

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SÙP-Lm ̨ TÙPj-ßhPd ·t-fl-LsYœl◊ ˛ Íu-fl

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 1 A˚N-‹-Ls

1. Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YØ ˘Nn-˚L-UÙt-\e-L-˚[d Li-P-±k-’ Ufl Bd-Lm ˘Nn-Rp.

2. TX-ÿ-̊ \-L-∞-¤s[ RÙ[-XV A˚N‹-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚PjR A‡-T-Ye-L-̊ [d œ› ̆ NVp-TÙh•p

TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

3. C˚Nd-˙LtT A˚N‹, RÙ[m ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±u ˙YLj-˚Rd Lh-”l-T-”jß Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p

D”-T-”-Rp.


4. CVt-˚L-´-¤s[ TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] K˚N-Ls, A˚N‹-Ls ÿR-≠-V-Yt˚\ Et-fl-˙SÙd° ˙TÙXf

˘Nn-’ AYt-˚\d œ›-Æp T°ok-’-˘LÙi-” R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

5. ©\-⁄-̊ PV A˚N-‹, RÙ[m ÿR-≠-V-Yt˚\ Et-fl-̇ SÙd° AYt-±t-̇ LtT RU-’ A˚N-‹-L-̊ [Ÿm

RÙ[j-˚R-Ÿm Lh-”l-T-”j-’-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 3 S•l◊

6. TZd-L-UÙ] YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-L-˚[-Ÿm STo-L-˚[-Ÿm F˚U S•l◊ YØ-VÙL

Ufl Bd-Lm ˘Nn-Rp, Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Rp.

7. TZd-L-UÙ] STo-L-˚[-Ÿm —t-±-Ÿs[ ÆXe-œ-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls, ÿL ÿ•, B˚P A¶-

LXu-Ls ÿR-≠-V˚Y TVu-T-”jß F˚U S•l-©u YØ ®Lrj-’-Rp.

8. J≠, J∞ú ÿ˚\l-T-”j-Rp, A˚N-‹, A˚N-˚Yd-Lh-”l-T-”j-Rp ˘Nn-˚L, ˘Nn-˚L-˚Vd

Lh-”l-T-”j-Rp, EP-≠u A˚Ul◊ ÿR-≠-V-Yt˚\ Eh-T-”jß ÆXe-œ-Ls TZd-L-UÙ] STo-Ls

˙TÙu-˙\Ùo-L˚[ S•j-’d-LÙh-”-Rp.

9. LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-̊ U-Ls, L˚Rl-T-œ-ß-Ls ̇ TÙu-\-Yt˚\ EQo-‹-Èo-Y-UÙL S•j’d-

LÙh-”-Rp.

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Ui-P-Xm-̨ 4 A˚N-Yt\ LÙh-£-VÙd-Lm

10. œ±l-©hP ÿ˚\-́ -XÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[ Et-fl-̇ SÙd° UÙt-\e-L-fid-œ ÿu-©-⁄kR

®˚X˚V ÿ˚\l-T-”j-’-Rp.

11. J⁄ „Z-≠u ÿu-©u „Zp-L-˚[d Li-P-±k-’ Am-Íu-fl „Z-˚X-Ÿm

A˚NYt\ LÙh-£-VÙdL-UÙ-Ld LÙh-”-Rp.


12. L˚Rf „Z-¤d-œm LRÙl-TÙj-ß-We-L-fid-œm ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] E˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls

E⁄YÙd° A˚Y-´p ®Lrj-’-Rp.

13. LRÙl-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-̊ U-L-fid-œm „Z-¤d-œm ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ÿ˚\´p

J≠-˚Vd Lh-”l-T-”jßd ·±-Ÿm TÙ•-Ÿm S•j-Rp.

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SÙP-Lm-̨ -TÙ-Pj-ßhPd ·t-fl-LsYœl◊ ˛ SÙu-œ


1. Æ˚[-VÙh-”d-L-∞p Es[ A˚N-‹-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° AkR A˚N-‹-L-˚[l ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Rp.

2. TX-R-Wl-ThP RÙ[ A˚N-‹-L-∞p C⁄k-’ °˚PjR A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ S•l-©u T•-®-˚X-L-[ÙL

˙Um-T-”j-Rp.

3. C˚Nd-˙LtT K˚N, A˚N-‹, S•l◊ ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˚\d Lh-”l-T-”jß œ›-YÙ-L-‹m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m

J⁄ L⁄j˚R/®Lrf-£˚V S•j-Rp.

4. C˚Nd-˙LtT RÙ[ A˚N-‹-L˚[ C˚Qj-’ A•-Ls ˚YjRp.

Ui-P-Xm-̨ 2 ̇ TÙXf-̆ Nn-Rp

5. œ›-YÙLd Li-QÙ-•-L-[ÙL S•d-L-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ˘Nn-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm˛3 S•l◊

6. ˙Rok-̆ R-”jR J⁄ L⁄j-̊ Rf —t-fll-◊-\e-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ̆ TÙ⁄h-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls, B˚P

BT-W-Qe-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l TVu-T-”jß œ›-Æp ®Lrj-’-Rp.

7. EPp S∞-]m, J⁄e-°-˚Ql-◊, S•l-◊j-Ru˚U ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] G∞V SÙPL

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls ®Lrj-’-Rp (SÙh-”l-◊\ Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls, Li-QÙ-• Æ˚[-VÙh-”, ˙TÙXf

˘NnRp, Li-QÙ-• ˙Tf-—, . . . . . )

8. G∞V ©Wf-£˚]f „Zp-L-˚[d œ›-YÙL S•j-Rp.


9. E˚W-VÙ-Pp ÍX-UÙ-L-‹m J≠d Lh-”l-TÙh-” YØ-VÙ-L-‹m S•j-’d-LÙh-•V LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L˚[

Ußl-©-”-Rp.

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10. ˘RÙPof-£-VÙ] A˚N-Yt\ LÙh-£-L[ÙL ̆ Y∞-́ hP J⁄ ®Lrf-£-̊ V J≠, E˚W-

VÙ-Pp, C˚N B°VYt-̊ \f ̇ Noj-’ YÙ˘]Ù≠ SÙP-L-UÙL ̆ Y∞-́ h-” Ußl-¿-”

˘Nn-Rp.

Ui-P-Xm:4 A˚N-Yt\ LÙh£ ̆ Y∞-¬-”

11. J⁄ ®Lrf-£d-œ ÿu-‡m ©u-‡-ÿs[ ®Lr-‹-L-̊ [d œ›-YÙL B˙XÙ-£j’d

Li-”-©-•j-’ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”jß A˚N-Yt\ LÙh-£-L-[ÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

12. L˚R UÙkRo-L-∞u Ti-◊, ®Lr-‹-Ls, LÙh-£-L˚[ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-’-Rp, L˚R

UÙkRo-L-∞u Ti-◊-L-fid-œ Ht\ E˚W-VÙ-Pp, Jl-T-̊ ], CPm B°-V-Yt-̊ \d

L˚P-©-•j-’ ̆ Y∞-´-P-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ̆ Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ui-P-Xm ˛ 5; SÙP-Lm

13. „r®-̊ X-́ Vp/L¶-Rm B°VYt-±p A±-ÿ-L-UÙ] STo-Ls, ®Lr-‹-Ls, ©Wf-£-̊ ]-Ls,

L⁄j-’-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ SÙP-L-UÙL ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

14. œZk-˚R-L-∞u R≤l-ThP A‡-T-Ye-Ls, TÙY-˚], YÙ£jR, ̇ LhP L˚R-Ls/

®Lr-‹-Ls/˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls B°-V-Yt-̊ \j ̆ RÙPof-£VÙL-‹m, Y -̊̈ N-VÙ-L-‹m

A˚U-Ÿm Yi-Qm S•j-’, Ußl-©-P-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

15. SÙP-Lj-ßt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] LÙh£ A˚Ul◊, Jl-T-˚], ÿLÍ•Ls

˙TÙu\Yt˚\f —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-≠-⁄k-’ Li-”-©-•j-’l TVu-T-”j-R-‹m Ußl

©P‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

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SP-]dLûXd Lt-\p Gu-\ôp Gu-]? Gq-Yô-ß?EPp A˚N-‹-Ls YÙ -́XÙ-Ld L⁄j-’-L˚[ ̆ Y∞-́ P CV-¤-Y-’ U≤-Ro-L-fid˙L

E¨V R≤j-Ru-˚U-VÙ-œm. A• G”j-’ ˚Yj-Rp, LÙp-L˚[ UÙt-fl-Rp, —t-fl-Rp

˚LLÙp-L-̊ [-Ÿm EPp-T-œ-ß-L-̊ [-Ÿm RÙ[j-ßt-œm TÙY-̊ ]d-œm HtT AZ-œQof-

£-Ÿ-Pu A˚Nj-’ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y˙R SP-]m Bœm.

TZe-œ-• Ud-L-˚[l ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p L˚X YÙrd-˚L-ú J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL

C⁄kR-’. U°rf-£-VÙ] ̇ SWe-L-∞p U≤-Ru, B•l-TÙ-• EQo-‹-L˚[ SP-]m Gu\

L˚X YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-ß-]Ùu. CP, LÙX ̇ Yfl-TÙ-”-L-fid-œ HtT Y[okR

Cd-L˚X Y•-Yj-ßp U≤R YÙr-Æu Ti-TÙh-”f NÙu-fl-Ls ©W-ß-T-≠d-°u-\-].

CYt-±u T -̈UÙt-\-ÿm Y[of-£-Ÿm SP-]d Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ -́XÙ-L˙Y S˚P-

˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.

SP-]dL˚Xd Lt-\p GRt-œ?

œZk-˚R-Ls £fl T⁄-Yj-ßp R]-’ L⁄j-’-L˚[ UZ-˚X-VÙ-Ll ˙T£-Ÿm R˚X,

˚LLÙp-L˚[ A˚Nj-’m R≤- ÿL TÙYj-’-Pu ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o. œZk-˚R-ú

CVp-TÙ] Cj-ß-\u-L˚[ SP-]j-ßu BWmT Y•-Y-UÙ-Ld L⁄-R-XÙm. Cj-ß-\u-L˚[

CVp-TÙ-L Y[-Wf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ´-XÙL HWÙ[UÙ] A‡-T-

Ye-L-˚[d œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. Lp-Æ-´p Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of-£-

ú EP-X-̊ N‹ NÙokR A±‹ (Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence) Lh-PÙ-V-UÙL S˚P-

˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. ÷h-T-UÙ] ˘R∞-YÙ] EPp CVd-Le-L-˚[d Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m

˙R˚Yd˙LtT J›e-œ-T-”j-R‹m EPp C˚N˚Y Ht-T-”j-R-‹m ˙YLj-˚Rl ˘T\-

‹m ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ A±-Æu ©\ R[e-L∞u ¡’ EP-X-˚N‹ NÙokR A±‹ RÙd-

Lm ˘N¤j-’-°-\-’ Gu-T˚R Cl-TÙ-Pj-ßh-Pm ÿu ˚Yd°u-\-’.

R]-’ EP-˚Xd Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m, Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p EPp A˚N-‹-L˚[

J›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m ARu YØ-VÙLd Lt-T˚]ŸPu L⁄j-’-Ls, EQof-£-Ls, £k-

R˚]-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m œZk-˚R-˚Vj Ái-”-Y-˚R˙V L˚Xd Lt-

\p ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙs-°u-\-’.

˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts-∞d œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œl T⁄-Y-̨ -TÙp ̇ Yfl-TÙ-•u± Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPe-

L-∞u L⁄j-’-L˚[ A±k-’-˘LÙs-fim YÙnl-◊m SP-]d L˚X YØ-VÙ-Ld °˚PdL

˙Yi-”m.

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SP-]dL˚Xd- Lt-\p ˛ TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßu Li-̇ QÙh-Pm

œZk-˚R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊, WN-˚], ˘Y∞-¬-” B°V CVp-TÙ] A˚N-‹-Ls

£kR˚] ˘Y∞-¬h-•u £\kR A˚N-‹-L-[ÙL UÙt\ ˙Yi-”m. CRu YØ-VÙ-Lj

R]-’ £k-R-˚]-˚V-Ÿm EQo-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Y∞-´-”m J⁄ Æ≤-˙VÙL YØ-ÿ˚\

Gu-‡m ®˚X-´p SP-]dL˚X˚Vl TÙPj-ßh-Pm A‘-œ-°u-\-’.

SP-]dL˚Xd -Lt-\p-˛-˙SÙd-Le-Ls

Tp-̇ Y-fl A˚N-‹-L-̊ [d œ±jR L⁄j-’-L-̊ [-Ÿm ß\u-L-̊ [-Ÿm Y[-Wf ̆ NnV

˙Yi-”m.

˘NnV ÿ•-°u\ A˚N-‹-L˚[ W£d-L-‹m J›e-œ-T-”j-R-‹m AYt-±u

YØVÙLj R]-’ EP-˚Xl TVu-T-”jß L⁄j-’-Ls, EQof-£-Ls, £k-R-˚]-Ls

CYt-̊ \l T˚Pl-◊j ß\-̇ ]Ù-” ̆ Y∞-́ -”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞dL ̇ Yi-”m.

˘Yq-˙Y-fl „Zp-L-∞p ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ÿ˚\-´p EPp A˚N-‹j ß\u-L-∞u

YÙnl-◊-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ Bo-Y-Íh-P-̇ Yi-”m.

Yh-PÙ-Wl Ti-TÙh-”-Pu C˚QkR Tp-˙Y-fl SP-]d L˚X-Y-•-Ye-L˚[ A±-

ÿ-Lm ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls Ru-]Ù˙]-Ls, £fl-TÙ-Pp-Ls, LÆ-̊ R-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\

WÙLj-’-P-‡m A˚N-‹-L-fi-P-‡m LÙh-£l-T-”jß ̆ Y∞-´P ̇ Yi-”m.

SP-]dL˚Xd- Lt-\p ˛ A±-Æu ·fl-Ls

U°rf-£-VÙL W£d-°u\ „Zp-L-˚[-Ÿm ®˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm £\kR AZ-œ-Qof-£-Ÿ-

Pu A˚N-‹-Ls YØ-VÙL ̆ Y∞-́ -P-‹m W£l-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] YÙnl-©˚] SP-]d-L-̊ Xd-

Lt-\p œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞d-°-\-’. Ti-TÙh-”f £\l-◊-˚PV SP-]e-Ls, SP-]d L˚X-

Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ˙SW-•-VÙ-Ll TÙod-L-‹m W£d-L-‹m Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt\-‹m Es[

A‡-T-Ye-L-fim SP-]dL˚Xd Lt-\-≠u Tœ-ß-VÙL UÙ\ ˙Yi-”m. CRu YØ-

VÙLd œZk˚R E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls, ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\-Ls B°-V˚Y ∏rY⁄-UÙ-fl.

A˚N-‹-L-∞u YÙnl-◊-Ls ̨ SP-]m

EP-¤d-œf ̆ NnV CV-¤-°u-\˚Y

G˚Y?

EPp Gq-YÙ-fl A˚N-°u-\-’?

EPp Ge-œ A˚N-°u-\-’?

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SP-]d L˚Xd-Lt-\p ˛ L⁄j-’-Ls

A˚N-‹m RÙ[-ÿm

RÙ[-ÿm A˚N-‹m

TÙY-ÿm A˚N-‹m

SP-]j-ßt˙L E¨V EPp A˚N‹

SP] A˚N-‹-L-∞u YÙ -́XÙ-Ld L⁄j-’l-T-̈ -UÙt\ YÙnl-◊-L-fim A˚N-‹-L∞u

˘TÙ⁄j-R-ÿm.

SP] A˚N-‹-Ls YØ-VÙL Es[ œ±-¬-”-Ls.

SP-]m ̨ J⁄ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” FP-Lm.

SP-]d L˚Xd Lt-\p ˛ ß\u-Ls

CVt-˚L-ú A˚N-‹-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-L-˚[d Li-”-

©-•j-Rp, ̆ Y∞-´-”-Rp.

EPp A˚N-‹-L-∞u £\l-◊j Ru-˚U-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-¤m ˘Y∞-´-”-R-¤m.

œ›-YÙ-L-‹m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m SP] A˚N-‹-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ld L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m

˘Nn-Rp.

SP-]dL˚Xd -Lt-\p ˛ ˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls

œ› EQo-‹-Pu SP] A˚N-‹-L-∞p D”-Th-” ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm EQof-£-L-˚[-Ÿm R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-´p ˘Y∞-´-”-

YRtLÙ] A˚N-‹-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ J›e-œ-T-”j-’-Rp.

SP] ˘Y∞-¬-”-L˚[ W£l-T-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ A±k-’-˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

Ti-TÙh-”d ·fl-Ls Gu-‡m ÿ˚\-´p SP-]j-˚Rl ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

EPp A˚N-‹-L˚[ SP] A˚N-‹-L-fid-œ HtT UÙt± Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-’-Rp.

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SP-]dL˚Xd- Lt-\p ˛ U]-®˚X

œ›-YÙL A˚N-‹-L-∞p D”-T-P-‹m ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT A˚N-‹-L-˚[d Lh-”l-

T”jR‹m TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®-˚X-Ÿm Sm-©d-˚L-˚V-Ÿm ˘Y∞l-

T”j-’-Rp.

EPp A˚N‹L∞u YÙnl-◊-L-̊ [l ◊¨k-’˘LÙi-” ARu A•l-T-̊ P-́ XÙ]

ÿ˚\-L-∞p A˚N-‹-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] NÍ-Lf „Zp-L-∞p SP-]d L˚X-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

Ti-TÙh-”j R≤j-Ru˚UL˚[ Es-[-Pd-°V SP] Y•-Ye-L-˚[d LÙi-

TRtœm W£l-T-Rt-œm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] Bo-Ym.

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SP-]m ̨ TÙPj-ßh-Pd ·t-fl-LsYœl◊ ˛ Íu-fl

1. Yh-PÙ-Wj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ A±-ÿ-L-UÙ] Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L˚[j

RÙ[j’P‡m TÙYj-’P-‡m ̆ Y∞-́ -”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

2. Tp-˙Y-fl „Zp-L-∞p R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m ˚LLÙp-L˚[

RÙ[j-ßt-œ HtT A˚Nd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3. RÙ[j-ßt-œ HtT EPp A˚N-‹-L-fi-Pu SP-]-UÙ-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

4. G∞-˚U-VÙ] TÙPp-L-fid-œ HtT Y¨-˚N-VÙ-L-‹m Yh-P-UÙ-L-‹m

®u-fl œ›-YÙL LÙX•-L˚[ G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

5. CVt-̊ L-́ -¤s[ E -̈́ -]e-L-̊ [l ̇ TÙXf˘Nn-’ TÙP-¤d-œ HtT

EPp A˚N-‹-L-fi-Pu LÙp A• G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

(ERÙWQm: LÙ.LÙ LÙLm ∏, ∏, ∏¨)

6. B£-¨-˚V-ú ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu G∞-˚U-VÙ] TÙPp-Ls, ˘Nn-˚Ll

TÙPp-Ls CYt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] LÙp A•-˚V-Ÿm TÙYe-

L˚[-Ÿm Li-”-©-•j-’ ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

7. ˘Nn-˚Ll TÙPp-L-fid-œ HtT A• G”j-’˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls. (≈-”,

˙Y˚X, ˙Y[Ùi-˚U)

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SP-]m ̨ TÙPj-ßh-Pd-·t-fl-LsYœl-◊-˛-C-Wi-”

1. AeL A˚N-‹-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß RÙ[j-’-Pu E´-¨-]e-L-∞u

A˚N-‹-L-˚[l ˙TÙXf˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

2. RÙ[j-ßu ˙YLm, ˘Yq-˙Y-fl RÙ[e-Ls B°-V-Yt-±t-œ HtT LÙp

A•-L-∞u ˙YLj-˚R-Ÿm A•-L-˚[-Ÿm J›e-œ-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

3. AeL A˚N-‹-L-fid-œ HtT E -̈́ -]e-L-∞u A˚N-‹-L˚[l ̇ TÙXf

˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

4. RÙ[ ̇ Yfl-TÙ-”-L-fid-œ HtT LÙp A•-L˚[ J›e-œ-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

5. Tp-˙Y-fl ˙Y˚X-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] TÙPp-L-fid-œ HtT LÙp

A• G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls. (TP-œl ˙TÙh-•, UWm C›j-Rp, SÙtfl

S”-Rp, Afl-T˚P ˘NnRp, ¡u ©•j-Rp)

6. „Z-¤d-œ HtTj R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m LÙp A• G”j-’˚Yd-

°\Ùo-Ls.

7. EPp C˚N‹s[ G∞-˚U-VÙ] EPp A˚N-‹-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•j’

˘Y∞-́ -”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

8. ÿLm, ̊ L, LÙp-L-∞u A˚N-‹-L˚[ C˚Qj-’f £fl TÙPp-L-fidœ

HtTd LÙp A• G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls,

9. Tp-˙Y-fl L⁄j-’-L˚[ Eh-˘LÙiP A˚N-Yt\ LÙh-£˚V YÙn-˘UÙ-

Ø-VÙL Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

10. G∞-˚U-VÙ] B˚P AXe-LÙ-We-L-fi-Pu TÙP-¤d-œ HtT S•j-’j

RÙ[j’P-‡m TÙYj’P-‡m A• G”j-’˚Yd-°-\Ùo-Ls.

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SP-]m þ TôPj-§h-Pd át-ß-LsYÏl× þ êu-ß

1. Rô[ úYß-Tô-Ó-L-Þd-Ï HtT Lôp A¥ GÓj-Õ ûYd-¡-\ôo-Ls.

2. ùYq-úY-ß Rô[j-§p AûUkR TôPp-L-Þd-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-UôL

A¥-ûYd-¡-\ôo-Ls.

3. Sôh-Ól-×-\l TôPp-Lû[j Rô[j-ÕP-àm TôYj-ÕP-àm EPp

CûN-Üd-Ï Ht-T-Üm ùY°-«-Ó-¡-\ôo-Ls.

4. TôPp-L-Þd-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-Uô-Ll Td-LYôh-¥-Ûm úUÛm ¸Ým

YhPj-§-Ûm Li-Lû[ AûNjÕd LôX-¥-Lû[ ûYd-¡-\ôo-Ls.

5. E«-¬-]e-Ls LûRUôk-Ro-L-[ôL Uôßm TôPl-T-Ï-§-«p Rô[j-

ÕP-àm TôYj-ÕP-àm LôpA¥-Lû[ ûYd-¡-\ôo-Ls.

6. Tp-úY-ß TôPp-L-Þd-Ïj R]dúL E¬V Lôp A¥-L-û[d

LiÓ©-¥j-Õ BûP AXe-Lô-WeL-Þ-Pu ùY°-«-Ó-¡-\ôo-Ls.

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SP-]m þ TôPj-§hPd át-ß-LsYÏl× þ Sôu-Ï

1. Sôh-Ól-×-\l TôPp-Lû[ AYt-±u ©u-]-¦d-úLtT Rô[j-Õ-

P-àm TôYj-Õ-P-àm EPp CûN-úYô-Ó ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

2. CVt-ûL-«p úRok-ùR-ÓjR T\-ûY-Lû[ SP] AûN-Ü-Ls

Y¯ ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

3. Kh-PkÕs-[p, ùRn-Vm úTôu\ LûX Y¥-Ye-L-°u úYPm,

A¥-Ls úTôu-\-Yt-±u úYß-Tô-ÓLû[d Li-P-±-¡u-\-]o.

4. G°V CûNd LÚ-®-Lû[l TVu-T-Ój§ SP] A¥-Ls GÓj-

Õ-ûYj-Rp (T-¬-N-êh-Ód-L-°, úLôp-L° úTôu-\-ûY)

5. LûR-Ls, LûRl-Tô-Pp-L-s úYPm, CûNd-L-Ú-®-Ls úTôu\-

Yt-ú\ô-Ó úNoj-Õ Sôh-Ól-×\ SP] Øû\d-Ï Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym

ùLôÓj-Õ Rô[júRôÓ ùTôÚj-R-UôL SP-]-Uô-Ó-¡-\ôo-Ls.

6. úRNTd§ TôPp-L-Þd-Ï Ht\ A¥-Ls Li-Ó-©-¥j-Õ úYP-U¦kÕ

Rô[j-ÕP-àm, TôY-û]-Ù-P-àm ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

7. úLW-[j-§p TW-Y-Xô-Ld LôQl-T-Óm Tp-úY-ß LûX-Lû[j

Rô[j-ÕP-àm TôY-û]-Ù-P-àm ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o. (Jl-T-û],

§Ú-Yô-§ûW, Uôo-Lm-L-°)

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NêL þ ÑLô-RôW þ EPt-Lp®

GRt-Ï? Gq-Yô-ß?

R≤-S-T-̈ u J⁄e-°-̊ QkR Y[of-£-̇ V Lp-Æ-́ u ̇ SÙd-LUÙœm. J⁄e-°-̊ QkR

Y[of£ S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp E[. EPp, EQo‹ Ut-flm NÍL Y[of-£d-œ

ER-‹m A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m.

U≤-R-≤u EPp, Es[ Y[of-£-´p RÙdLm ˘N¤j-’m A˚N-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm

EPpT´t£d Lp-Æ-˚V-Ÿm Lt-\-˚X˙V —LÙ-RÙW EPt-LpÆ ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-

”s-[-’. —LÙ-RÙWm Gu-T-’ CVt-˚L, NÍ-Lm, ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙ-Wm, Ti-TÙ-”, AW-£-Vp

˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Es-[-Pd-°-V-RÙ-œm.

—LÙ-RÙ-W-˘Uu\ £\kR ˙SÙd-Lj˚R A˚P-Y-Rt-œ œfld-œ YØ-Ls Cp-˚X.

N¨VÙ] EQ‹ ÿ˚\-Ÿm Aß-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm Nd-ß-ú N¨-VÙ] ET-˙VÙ-Lÿm

—LÙ-RÙ-Wm ̆ Tfl-Y-Rt-œ ™Lj ̇ R˚Y-VÙ-œm. AkR ®˚X˚V A˚P-Y-Rt-œ C[˚Ul

T⁄Y TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-Ls LÙW-Q-UÙ-°u-\-]. BL˙Y Au-\ÙP ˘NVp-L˚[ ÿ›-

˚U-VÙLf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] Bt-\p Ap-X-’ EPp TXm Gu-T-’ SpX B˙WÙd-°-V-

ÿs[ EP-≠u A±-œ-±-VÙ-œm.

—LÙ-RÙW EPt-LpÆ TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßp Eh-T-”j-Rl-T-”-Y-Rt-œ ˘Y∞l-T-˚P-VÙ-],

ÿd-°-V-UÙ] ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Ei-”. B˙WÙd-°-V-ÿs[ œZk-˚R-L˚[Ÿm, C˚[Oo-

L˚[Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R CRu ˙SÙd-Lm; ˘Yflm EPt-Lp-Æ-VpX. UÙ\ÙL _]-SÙ-

VL U]l-TÙu-˚U, œ› U]l-TÙu-˚U, N°l-◊j Ru˚U ˙TÙu\ NÍL St-Ti-◊-L-

∞p T´t£ ̆ T\ EPt-T-´t-£-Ÿm Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-fim YÙnl-T-∞d-°u\].

EPt-LpÆ Gu-fl £X œZk-̊ R-L˚[l ̇ TÙh-•d-œj RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Y˙R Cu-fl Ts∞-

L-∞p S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’. A˚]j-’d œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pÿm —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-Lp-Æ-ú

A‡-T-Ye-Ls C⁄d-°u-\] G] SÙm Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

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Gßo-LÙ-Xj R˚X-ÿ-˚\-´-]-⁄d-œ EPp Ut-flm EPt-T-´t-£d Lp-Æ-ú ÿd-°-

Vj-’-Yj˚R A±-‹-flj-’-Y-’ Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.

Án˚U EQo‹, EQ-‹-ÿ-˚\, ÿR-¤-R-Æ, TÙ’-LÙl◊ LpÆ, C[-˚Ud Lp-Æ,

˙SÙn-L-s, ˙SÙn R”l◊ ÿ˚\-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y —LÙ-RÙWd Lp-Æ-ú J⁄ Tœ-ß-

VÙœm C˚N-L-XkR EPt-T-´t£ (˚L-]v-Rt-±d) RÙ[j-’-P-]Ù] ˘NVp-Ls, £±V

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls, SÙh-”l-◊\ Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls, ¥mSÙv-•d, ̇ VÙLÙ ̇ TÙu\ ’˚\-L-

∞¤m, Yh-PÙW „r-®-˚Xd-˙Lt-\-YÙ-fl øk-’-Rp, ˚Nd-°s Kh-”-Rp, L[¨ ˙TÙu-\-

Yt-±-¤m œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m.

J⁄e-°-˚QkR A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´p ©\ TÙPe-L-˙[Ù-” ˙Noj-’m ˙Up Yœl-◊-

L∞p —LÙ-RÙW EPt-LpÆ R≤l-TÙ-P-UÙL Ht-flm Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[d ̆ LÙ”dL

˙Yi-”m. A˙RÙ” EPt-˘N-Vp-L-∞p SpX ß\˚U LÙh-”-T-Yo-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ’

Lt\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls Uh-”-™u± R≤l-ThP T´t-£-Ÿm, „Z-¤m E⁄-YÙdL ̇ Yi-

”m. Cm-ÿ-˚\-´p —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-LpÆ Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ A˚]j-’d œZk-

˚R-Lfid-œm Efl-ß-˘Nn-V-‹m Au-\Ù-Pm EPt ˘NVp-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u\ TZd-

Lj˚R ◊ßV R˚X-ÿ-˚\-´]¨-Pm Y[od-L-‹m CVX ˙Yi-”m.

NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-LpÆ ˛ ˙SÙd-Le-Ls

œZk-˚R-ú NÍL, R≤-S-To, EPp, Es[ Y[of-£˚V Efl-ßl-T-”jR

˙Yi”m.

œZk-˚R-ú —LÙ-RÙ-Wj-˚R-Ÿm EPp-NÙokR ®˚X˚V Fd-œ-Æd-L-‹m

B˙WÙd°V YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\-L-s Ut-flm U]-®-̊ X˚V Y[od-L-‹m ̇ Yi”m.

Tp-̇ Y-fl „r-®-̊ X-dœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL EP˚X A˚Nl-T-Rt-LÙ] ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp

˙Yi-”m.

EP-X-˚N˚Yd Lh-”l-T-”j’m Tp-˙Y-fl ©¨-‹-L˚[d Li-P-±-Y-’m EP˚Xl

T˚PlTÙdL A˚N-‹d-LÙ] FP-L-UÙL Y[of-£-V-˚PV ˘NnV‹m ˙Yi-”m.

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NÍ-L-m NÙokR ˘TÙfll-◊-L-̊ [l Tt±V ÆØl◊Qo‹ Ei-PÙ-L-‹m _]-SÙ-V-L-

ÿ˚\-́ p Lt-\p ˛ YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\-L˚[l ©u-Tt-\-‹m W£d-L-‹m ˙Yi”m.

NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-LpÆ ˛ A±-Æu ·fl-Ls

L⁄j-’-Ls

ÿR-¤-RÆ

EPt-T-́ t£

Nj-’Q-‹m —LÙ-RÙ-W-ÿm

TÙ’-LÙl◊d LpÆ

œU-Wl T⁄Yd-LpÆ

Æ˚[-VÙh-”j-ß-\u

ß\u-Ls

EPtTÙLe-L˚[ —Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L-‹m A±-‹-flj-R-≠u T•-Ÿm A˚Nl-T-Rt-LÙ]

ß\u.

Tp-˙Y-fl Æ˚[-VÙh-”d L⁄-Æ-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m ß\u.

RÙ[j-’-Pu A˚N-‹-L-∞p Ht-T-”m ß\u.

Æ˚[-VÙh-”f Nh-Pe-L˚[d L˚P-©-•j-’d œ›-YÙ-L-‹m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m ̆ NVp-L∞p

D”-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\u.

EPt-R-œßj ß\u.

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls

CPm, ˙YLm, ß˚N, NU-®˚X ˙TÙu\ ˙R˚Yl-T-”m A˚N‹f „Zp-L-∞p

EP˚Xl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

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æo-UÙ-≤jR-¤m ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹m.

˙Yfl-ThP A˚N-‹-L-fid-œ HtT EP-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-Rp.

ÆUo-N] Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Rp.

˙SÙd-Lj-˚R-Ÿm ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

U]-®˚X

Nh-Pe-L˚[ Ußj-’ SPd-œm U]-®˚X.

R≤l-ThP LY-]m ˙R˚Yl-T-”-˙YÙ-⁄d-œ ER-‹m U]-®˚X.

œ› U]l-TÙu˚U.

·h-”-\‹ U]-®˚X.

œ•-̊ U-Ÿ-Qo‹

Án˚U EQo‹ L˚P-©-•d-œm U]l-TÙu˚U (R-≤-S-To, —t-fll-◊-\m)

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1. —Rk-ß-W-UÙL Æ˚[-VÙ-P-‹m EPp Efll-◊d-L-∞u (R-̊ X, ̇ RÙs, ̊ LLs, ÆWp-

Ls, LÙp-Ls, C”l-◊) A˚N-‹d-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp

2. £±V Tk-’, TÌi ˙TÙu-\˚Y ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m

Æ˚[-VÙ-”-Rp.

3. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p Te-œ-˘T-flm EPt-R-œß˚V (—-YÙ-Nm, R˚N-Ls,

N°l-◊j-Ru˚U) Y[oj-Rp.

4. L˚R-Ls, TÙh-”-Ls, Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÍXm R≤-S-To

Án˚U˚V (Tp-Æ-[d-œ-Rp, œ∞j-Rp, —j-R-UÙ] B˚P A¶-Rp, ÿ•,

SLm —j-R-UÙL ˚Yj-Rp, NÙl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ ÿu, ©u ˚L L›-‹-Rp) A±-V-

‹m L˚P-©-•d-L-‹m ˘Nn-Rp.

5. L˚R-Ls, TÙh-”-Ls, Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y YØ SpX EQ-‹l TZd-

Le-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

6. ®t-T-’, C⁄l-T-’, G›k-ß-⁄l-T-’, SPl-T-’, œ≤Y’ ˙TÙu\ Æ˚[-VÙh-”-

L∞p D”-T-”-Rp.

7. ÿu, ©u, Td-L-YÙh-•p, K”-Rp, NÙ”-Rp ̇ TÙu\ A˚N-‹-L˚[ G∞V Æ˚[-

VÙh-”d-L-∞u YØ Y[-Wf ˘Nn-Rp.

NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-LpÆ TÙPj-ßhPd ·t-fl-LsYœl◊ ˛ Ju-fl

89

Tœß˛1

1. øßd L˚R-Ls, Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls, A‡-TY Æ[d-Le-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÍXm

—t-fll◊\j Án˚U U]l-TÙu-˚U˚V Y[-Wf ˘Nn-V-‹m Yœl-T-˚\-Ÿm —t-

fll-◊\-ÿm ≈”m —t-fll-◊-\-ÿm —j-R-UÙL TÙ’-LÙj-Rp.

2. £±V L⁄-Æ-L˚[l (˘Yq-˙Y-fl G˚P´XÙ] ˘T¨V Tk-’-Ls, TÌi, Uh-

˚P-Ls) TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.

3. ˘Yq-˙Y-\Ù] RÙi-”-Rp, ˘U’-YÙ-L-‹m, ˙YL-UÙ-L-‹m K”-Rp ˙TÙu-\˚Y

YØ A˚N-‹j-ß-\˚[ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’Rp.

4. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p ÍXm EPt-R-œß˚V (—-YÙ-Nm, R˚N-T-Xm, N°l-

◊j-Ru˚U) Y[o-jRp.

5. TX-ÆRf „r-®-̊ X-L-∞p ̆ RÙPo-◊-̆ LÙi-” R≤-S-To Án˚Ul TZd-Le-L˚[l

Tt±V L⁄j-’-Ls E⁄-YÙd° Án˚U U]l-TÙu-˚U-Ÿ-Pu ̆ NVp-L-∞p D”-

T-”-Rp.

6. B£-¨-V-ü A±-‹-˚Wd-œ HtT ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ß˚N-L-∞p A˚NŸm Æ˚[-

VÙh-” YØ ˘TÙ’ CPm, Gp-˚X-Ls Gu-T] L˚P-©-•jRp.

NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-LpÆ TÙPj-ßhPd ·t-fl-LsYœl-◊-˛-C-Wi-”

90

Tœß˛1

1. ˙R”-Rp ̆ NVp-YØ Nj-’-Q‹ EQ‹ ÿ˚\˚Vd Li-P-±-V-‹m Ts∞-´-¤m

≈h-•-¤m EQ-‹-ÿ˚\˚V ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] A±-‹˚W YZe-L-‹m

˘NnRp.

2. ©u-]Ùp K”-Rp, ß⁄m-◊-Rp ˙TÙu\ A˚N‹ ÿ˚\-Ls ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙YLj-

ß-¤m ß˚N-´-¤m G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞u YØ R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m

˘Nn-Rp.

3. G∞V A˚N-‹-L˚[j RÙ[j-˙RÙ-”m R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m ˘Nn-Rp.

4. Æ˚[-VÙh-•u TÙL-UÙLl Tk-’, Uh˚P ˙TÙu\ G∞V L⁄-Æ-Ls ET-˙VÙ-

°j’l ©•j-Rp, G±-Rp, ˚L, LÙXÙp Rh-”-Rp.

5. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞u YØ —YÙ-£l-◊, R˚N-T-Xm, N°l-◊j-Ru˚U ̇ TÙu\

A•l-T˚P EPt-R-œß ß\u-L˚[j R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m Y[-Wf-̆ NnRp.

6. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls YØ ¥mSÙv-•d A•l-T˚P A˚N-YÙL BACK FRONT

ROLL, LONG ROLL, CART WHEEL ̇ TÙu-\˚Y SPj-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\˚] Y[-Wf

˘Nn-Rp.

7. £±V ÆTj-’-Ls Ht-Th-PÙp ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•V ÿR-¤-RÆ Tt± YÙ£j-’,

®◊-Qo-L-̇ [Ù-” ̇ So-LÙ-Qp SPj-ß-Ÿm B£-̈ -V-̈ u A±-‹-̊ W-́ u T•-Ÿm L⁄j-

’-⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.

NÍL ˛ —LÙ-RÙW ˛ EPt-LpÆ TÙPj-ßhPd ·t-fl-LsYœl◊ ˛ Íu-fl

91

Tœß˛1

1. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls Æ˚[-VÙ-”m ˙TÙ’ ˙YLj-˚Rd œ˚\j-’m ·h-•-

Ÿm K”-Rp, ß˚N-UÙ± K”-Rp, œ±l-©hP EP-X-̊ N˚Y UÙfl-ThP ̇ YLjßp

˘Nn-Rp . . . B°V ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[j R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m ˘Nn-Rp.

2. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p Tk-’, Uh˚P (Bat) B°V ˘TÙ⁄h-L-̊ [d L•-]-

UÙ] ÿ˚\-́ p (C-›j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˙TÙ’ G±-Rp, ©•j-Rp) TVu-T-

”j-’Rp.

3. ÿ±-‹, —fid-œ, N˚R-‹ B°-V-˚Y-Tt± YÙ£j-’m Yp-¤-]o-L-∞-Pm ˙So-

LÙQp ÍXm ÆNÙ-¨j-’m ˘R∞‹ ˘Tfl-Rp. CYt-±t-LÙ] ÿR-¤-R-Æ-L-˚[l

◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-fi-Rp

4. TW-‹-°u\ Ut-flm ©\ ˙SÙn-L-˚[l Tt± YÙ£j-’m —LÙ-RÙ-Wl T¶-VÙ-[o-

L∞-Pm ˙So-LÙ-Qp ÍXm ÆNÙ-¨j-’m ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fi-Rp. ˙SÙn R”l◊

ÆØl-◊-Qo‹ ©Wf-NÙ-Wf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Te-œ ˘Tfl-Rp.

5. LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-Pp, ̇ RPp ÍXm —LÙ-RÙ-Wl TZdL YZd-Le-L-̊ [j ̇ Rok-̆ R”d-

œm A±‹ ˘Tfl-Rp. AYt-˚\l TWl-◊-Rp

6. G∞V Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL ÍfN-Pd-œ-Rp, R˚Nl-T-´t-£, N°l-◊j

Ru-˚U, EPp-Y-≠-˚U, EPt-TÙ-’-LÙl◊ ˙TÙu\ EPt-Lp-Æj ß\u-L-˚[j

R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m A˚P-Rp.

ÑLô-Rô-Wm þ EPt-Lp® TôPj-§hPd át-ß-LsYÏl-×- þ Sôu-Ï

92

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\-Ûm U§l-À-Óm

þ LûXd Lp®

Tœ-ß-̨ 2

9 3

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\p þ TôPj-§h-Pd Li-úQôh-Pm

"œZk˚R Lt-T-˘Rl-T-•?' Gu-T-˚Rl Tt-±V SU-’ L⁄j-’-L˚[ Ufl-T-¨-∫-X˚]

˘NnVj ß\kR U]-˙RÙ-” SÙm ˙Ut-˘LÙiP ÿVt-£-ú YÙ´-XÙL ˙Um-T-”j-ßV

L⁄j-’-L˙[, Lt-\p ̨ Lt-©j-Rp ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-́ p œZk-̊ R-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-’ GlT•

Gu-T-̊ Rj æo-UÙ-≤d-œm A•l-T-̊ Pd L⁄j-’-L-[Ù-œm. C˚Rl Tt± BWÙ-Ÿm ÿu,

Lt-\-˚Xl Tt±V TÙPj-ßh-Pd Li-˙QÙh-Pm Gu-]-˘Yu-fl BWÙn-˙YÙm.

YÙnl-◊d °˚Pj-RÙp Gk-Rd œZk-˚R-VÙ-¤m R]d˙L E¨V ˙YLj-ß-¤m

ÿ˚\´-¤m LtL CV-¤m.

œZk-̊ R-Ls Æ˚[-VÙh-•u YÙ -́XÙ-L-‹m Ut-\-Yo-L-fi-Pu TZ-œ-Y-Ru ÍXÿm

CVp-TÙ] ÿ˚\-´p TX-Yt-˚\-Ÿm Lt-fld-˘LÙs-°u-\-]o. ˘NVp-L˚[

˘NnYRÙp (Doing) SpX ÿ˚\-´p Lt-fld ˘LÙs-°u-\-]o.

"Lt-\p' ̆ RÙPok-’ SPd-œm ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-VÙ-œm. Lt-\p Ts-∞-́ p Uh-”m SPl-

T-ßp-˚X. G]˙Y Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ≈h-•p S˚P-˘T-flm ®Lr-‹-

L-˙[Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-’ AY-£-Vm.

B£-̈ -Vo Lt-flj R⁄-Y˚R Uh-”˙U œZk˚R Lt-T-ßp-̊ X. œZk˚R RÙ]ÙL˙Y

A±-YÙd-Lm ˘Nn-°-\-’. AYu/AYs Ru-‡-˚PV ÿu-]-±-Æ-u A•l-T-˚P-

´p RÙu R]d-œd °˚Pd-œm YÙnl-̊ Tl TVu-T-”jß ◊ßV A±-̊ Yl ̆ Tfl-

°-\Ùu/˘Tfl-°-\Ùs. Cq-YÙ-fl RÙu œZk˚R Ru L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm æo-UÙ-]e-

L˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\-’. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-Ÿm Cj-R-˚LV L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-

Lj-ßt-LÙL R]d˙L E¨V R≤j-Ru˚U YÙnkR J⁄ A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vl ©u-

Tt-fl-°-\-’. Cf˘NVp ÿ˚\˙V Gl-˘TÙ-›-’m S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.

÷h-T-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls, TX YØ-L˚[ T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’l

TÙojRp, Tp-ÆR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[f ˘Nn-Rp B°-V-Yt-±u YÙ´-XÙ-Lj RÙu

˘RÙPd-Ll Ts-∞d œZk-˚R-Ls Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Lt-\p Gu-T-’ J˙W ̇ So-˙LÙh-•p SPd-œm ̆ NV-Xp-X. A’ —Zt£ ÿ˚\-´p

SPd-œm ̆ NV-XÙ-œm (Spiral and not linear). Cq-YÙ-fl Lt\ L⁄j-’-L˚[ ¡i”m

¡i-”m BWÙn-Y-RÙp Ad-L-⁄j-’-Ls BZ-UÙ-Ll Tß°u-\-].

94

Tœß ̨ 2

œZk-˚R-Ls Et-fld LY-≤j-R˚Y/TZd-L-UÙ-]˚Y/◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P-˚Y-L-fid

°-˚P˙V Es[ TWv-TW ˘RÙPo-˚Td Li-”-©-•j-Rp Gu-T-’Lt-\p ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\-́ u TÙL-UÙ-œm. G]˙Y ◊ßV Lt-\p Gu-T-’ Nt-fl-ÿu T•jR RL-Yp-LsUt-flm

Ei-̊ U-L˚[Ÿm Uh-”m L⁄j-ßp ̆ LÙi-PÙp ̇ TÙRÙ-’. UÙ\ÙL øiP LÙXj-Rt-œ

ÿu ≈h-•-≠-⁄k˙RÙ ˙Yfl CPe-L-∞-≠-⁄k˙RÙ °˚PjR RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm

˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-Y-RÙL A˚UV˙Yi-”m.

J⁄e-°-˚QkR ÿ˚\-´p RÙu Lt-\p SPd-°-\-’. UÙ\ÙL A±˚Yj ’i-”-L-

[ÙL˙YÙ TÙPp-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ ·fl-̇ TÙh-” A±-YÙd-Lm ̆ NnŸm ̇ TÙ’ ApX. G]˙Y

Lt-\˚X J⁄e-°-˚QkR ÿ˚\-´p RÙu A‘L ˙Yi-”m. ˘RÙPdL Yœl-

©-¤s[ œZk-˚R-Ls ©\ œZk-˚R-L-˙[Ù-” TZ-œ-Y-Ru YÙ´-XÙ-LjRÙu ˙Um-

ThP ÿ˚\-´p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-’ Li-·-”.

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ˛ TÙPj-ßhPd Li-̇ QÙh-Pj-ßp . . .

Lt-\-˚Xl Tt-±-Ÿm œZk-˚R-ú CVp-◊-Ls Tt-±-Ÿm SÙm Li-P-±k-’s[ L⁄j-

’-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p RÙu Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m CVp-TÙL J⁄e-°-̊ Qk-’m E -̇́ WÙh-Pm Es-[-’-UÙ] „Z˚X

E⁄-YÙdL ̇ Yi-”m. Cj-R-˚LV ©u-◊-Xj-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm Ußl-¿h-”f ̆ NVp-TÙ”-

L-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls VÙ˚Y?

œZk˚R ˚UV-UÙL C⁄d-œm, œZk-˚R-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄d-œm ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-

L˚[d L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-” E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-˚Y-VÙL C⁄d-œm.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-˚V-Ÿm ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-P-˚Y-VÙL C⁄d-œm; Gp-XÙd

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ-UÙ] J˙W-˘VÙ-⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙL A˚U-VÙ-’.

˘S°-›m A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´p A˚Uk-R-RÙ-L˙Y C⁄d-œm.

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Tœ-ß-VÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-]-RÙ-L-‹m ̆ RÙPok-’ SPl-T-RÙ-L-‹m J⁄e-°-˚Qk-R-RÙ-L-‹m

C⁄dœm.

Cd-L-⁄j-’-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Lt-\p-˛-Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-” UÙß-¨˚V Y•-

Y˚Ud-œm ˙TÙ’ Ußl-¿-” Tt± G›lT ˙Yi-•V Æ]Ùd-Ls VÙ˚Y? Gu-T-˚R-

Ÿm AYtflPu Ee-Ls U]-ßp G›m Æ]Ùd-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Noj-’d ˘LÙs-fie-Ls.

9 5

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿-” Tt-±V SU-’ Li-˙QÙh-Pm Gu-]?

œZk-˚R-L˚[ Hu Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?

G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?

Gl-T-• Ußl-©-P ˙Yi-”m? Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Gu-\Ùp Gu-]?

Gl-̆ TÙ-›-’ Ußl-©P ̇ Yi-”m?

Sm Yœl-T-˚\-´p S˚P-˘T-flm £X ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ∏˙Z ̆ LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

N¡T LÙXj-ßp Gk-˘RkR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Yœl-©p ˘Nn-’s-«o-Ls?

Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPe-L-̊ [d Lt\ ̆ TÙ›-’ œZk-̊ R-L-∞-Pm Ht-ThP UÙt-\e-L-̊ [Ÿm

Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm Et-fld LY-≤j-˙Ru.

œZk-˚R-ú R≤l-ThP Ut-flm R≤j-Ru-˚U-VÙ] ˙R˚Y-Ls G˚Y-˘V-]d

Li-”-©-•dL ÿVu-˙\u.

™L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ßh-P-™h-˙Pu.

Ru-]Ùp Gu-˘]u] ̆ NnV ÿ•-Ÿm/ÿ•-VÙ-’, GYt-±p Æ⁄l-Tm,

Gu˘]u] G]d-œl ©•d-œm/©•d-LÙ-’ Gu-fl œZk˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[

YÙnl-T-∞j-˙Ru. AYt˚\ Ht-fld ˘LÙs[ ÿVt-£j-˙Ru.

Ru-]Ùp TX-Yt-˚\-Ÿm ˘NnV ÿ•-Ÿm Gu\ Ru-]m-©d-˚L˚Vd œZk-˚R-

Lfid-œ Fh-• Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-ß-˙]u.

TÙPj-ßhP ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Gk-R-[‹ A˚PV ÿ•k-’s-[-] Gu-fl

LiP±k˙Ru.

œZk-̊ R-L-∞u Y[of-£-̊ Vd LÙh-”m Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-̊ [f ̇ NL-̈ j-’ ̆ Tt˙\Ù¨P-

ÿm ©\-¨-P-ÿm LÙh-•-˙]u.

96

Tœß ̨ 2

Re-Ls Lt-\˚X —V-U-ßl-¿-” ˘NnV œZk-˚R-L-˚[j Ái-•-˙]u.

Gp-XÙd œZk-̊ R-L-∞u Lt-\-¤d-œm Y[of-£d-œm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls

˘Nn˙Ru.

Yœl-T-˚\-´p SPd-œm Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls £\l-TÙL SPdLf NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL

SÙm ˘Nn-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls RÙu C˚Y. œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\˚X Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-

Ÿm ˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm CjRL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p C≤ SPj-’m Lt-\p ˛ Lt-

©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m Gu-T˙R CRu ˙SÙd-Lm.

Æ -̈YÙ-Lf ̆ NÙp-Y-̆ R-≤p, œZk-̊ R-́ u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P ̇ Yfl-ThP Íufl

˙SÙd-Le-Ls Es-[-].

1. œZk˚R LtLj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆ A∞j-Rp.

2. œZk-̊ R-́ u RWj˚R ®o-Q-Vm ̆ Nn-’ ̇ Rof£ Ut-flm NÙu-±-Rr A∞jRp.

3. Lp-Æj-’-˚\-´p Ht-ThP Y[of-£˚Vf NÍ-Lj-Rt-œ G”j-’-˚Wj-’

Ae∏LÙ-Wm ˘T\p.

Cm Íu-fl ̇ SÙd-Le-L-∞u ̆ TÙ⁄-fim TVu-TÙh-” A•l-T-̊ P-Ÿm CVp◊m

™L-‹m ̇ Yfl-Th-P-̊ Y-VÙ-œm. ̇ SÙd-Le-Ls ̇ Yfl-Th-PÙp AYt˚\ Ußl-©-”m ÿ˚\-

L-fim ˙Yfl-T-”m Ap-X-YÙ? Tp-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[d LXk-’ ˘Nn-RÙp

GkR ̇ SÙd-Lj-̊ R-Ÿm A˚PV CV-XÙR ®˚X Ht-T-”m. Aj-R-̊ LV ®˚X Ht-ThPÙp

. . . Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ TÙßd-Ll-T-”m; LpÆ Lh-P-˚Ul◊ ∫o-œ-˚X-Ÿm; Uh-”-UpX

Lp-Æ-ú TÙp Ud-Ls ˘LÙi-”s[ Sm-©d-˚L-Ÿm ≈rf-£-Ÿ-flm. G]˙Y Lt-\p

˙SÙd-Le-Ls G˚Y Gu-fl æo-UÙ-≤j-’ ARt-˙Lt\ Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L˚[

Yœj-RÙp Uh-”˙U Cj-R-˚L-V-˘RÙ-⁄ BTj˚R ˘YpX ÿ•-Ÿm.

9 7

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVpÿ˚\-Ls

Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp Ußl-¿-” Gu\ ˘NÙp˚X SÙm TX Nk-Rol-Te-L-∞-¤m TVu-

T-”j-’-Y-’i-”. Ce-œd Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV GpXÙÆR A[≈”Ls,

œ±l◊Ls, Æ[dLeLs, ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-fi-Rp B°VYt-±u ̆ UÙjR Y•-Y-UÙL˙Y

Ußl-¿h˚Pd LÙQ˙Yi-”m. Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Íu-fl ÿd°VUÙ]

˘NVpÿ˚\Ls Es[].

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”

A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh˚P G∞-˚U-VÙd° œZk˚RL∞Pj-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm

Lt\¤d-œ ERY ˙Yi-”-UÙ-ú B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ AYt-˚\l Tt-±V N¨-VÙ] ◊¨-Rp

˙Yi-”m. Lt\≠u˙TÙ’ ARu ̇ UmTÙh•tLÙL B£¨Vo SPj’m R˚X¬”Ls,

Ußl¿”Ls, ©uÚhPeLs B°V˚Y Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl¿”Ls Bœm.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh•¤m C˚Y CWiP\d LXkß⁄dœm.

Ußl-©-”-R˙X Lt-\p

RÙu ˘NnR T¨˙NÙR˚]L˚[ ÆUoN]ÈoYUÙL —V Ußl¿” ˘NnŸm

œZk˚R Ru ®˚\œ˚\L˚[ C]m LÙ‘m ÿ˚\˙V C’. —V Ußl¿h•u

YÙ´XÙL SPdœm "ß⁄jRp ̆ NVpTÙ”Ls' Ei˚U´p Lt\˙X. ARÙY’ Brk’

˘Np¤m Lt\XÙœm.

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙXjßtœl ©u, "Gu-˘]u] Lt-\Ùo-Ls' Gu-T˚R Ußl-©h”

A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ÆY-We-L˚[ A∞l-T˙R Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”RXÙ-œm. œ±l-©hP

LÙXLhPjßp J⁄ œZk˚R´Pm Ht-ThP UÙt-\m, Lt\p ®˚X B°VYt˚\

Ußl©”Y˚R˙V Lt\˚X Ußl©”Rp Gu˙TÙm. T⁄Y Ußl¿”Ls

Ck˙SÙdLj˚R˙V ®˚\˙Ytfl°u\].

G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m?

œZk˚RL˚[ Ußl©”Rp ÍXm SÙm G˚Rj Li”©•dL ÿVp°˙\Ùm?

œZk˚RL∞u EPp, NÍL, A±‹ Utflm U]lTÙeœ B°VYt±u

Y[of£˚VjRÙu Ußl©”°˙\Ùm. Al˘TÙ›’RÙu Ußl¿” ÿ›˚UVÙ]RÙL

A˚UŸm. Al˙TÙ’RÙu œZk˚Rú Lt\≠p Ts∞Ÿm B£¨V⁄m GkR

98

Tœß ̨ 2

A[Ætœl TeLÙt±]o Gu\ Ei˚U ARÙY’ ©uÚhPm LpÆj’˚\dœd

°˚Pdœm. œZk˚Rú Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] RLYp-L-˚[l ˘T\

Ußl-¿h”f ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-∞p CPm˘T\ ˙Yi-•-V˚Y VÙ˚Y?

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPeL˚[d Lt\¤m ˘Y∞lT”jR¤m.

œZk˚RL∞u ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls ˙TÙu-\-˚Y.

œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\p, Ti-◊-Ls B°VYt-±p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L-fim œ±l

©hP LÙXLhPjßp Ht-T-”m Y[of-£-Ÿm.

Ts-∞-´-¤m Ts∞dœ ˘Y∞´¤m Gßo˘LÙsfim Tp-˙Y-fl „Zp-L-∞p,

YÙnl◊L∞p œZk˚Rú ˘NVXÙt\p..

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞p SÙm GYt˚\ Ußl©”°˙\Ùm GuT’Tt±Ÿs[

TœßL˚[l TÙ⁄eLs. AYt˚\ EeLs YœlT˚\ A‡TYeL˙[Ù”

Jl©”eLs.

Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m?

GR˚] Ußl-©P ̇ Yi-”m Gu-‡m Æ]Ù- G›l◊m ̇ TÙ˙R Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl©P

˙Yi”m Gu\ Æ]Ù‹m G›m. ApX’ GqY[‹ LÙX C˚P˘Y∞´p

Lt\˚XŸm Y[of£˚VŸm Ußl©P ̇ Yi”m Gu\ Æ]Ù‹m ̆ RÙPok’ Y⁄m.

Lt\˚Xl Tt±V Ußl¿”, Lt\p ̨ Lt©jRp ̆ NVpÿ˚\L˙[Ù” ̆ RÙPo◊T”jßj

˘RÙPok’ SPjR ˙Yi•V ˘NVpÿ˚\VÙœm. Ußl-¿-” ÿ›˚U-V-˚PV

˙Yi”˘U≤p Lt-\-≠u GpXÙ ·fl-L-fid-œm RœkR Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm A∞d-L-˙Yi-

”m. C’ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ-L SPdœm Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”Ls YÙ´-XÙL S˚P-˘T\

˙Yi-”m. œZk˚Rú Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V B£-¨˚V ˘RÙPok’ LY≤j’d

˘LÙi•⁄kRÙ¤m A˚R Ufl-T-̈ -∫-X˚] ̆ Nn-V, Lt-\p RWj-ß-̊ ]d Li-P-±V œ±l-

©hP LÙX AYLÙNm ˙R˚YlT”m. ÿ˚\-NÙo Utflm ÿ˚\-NÙWÙ Ußl-¿”L˚[j

˘RÙPok’ SPjß Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rú Lt\p Y[of£˚Vd Li-”-©-•dL

˙Yi”m. Aj’Pu Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-´-¤m ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn’

œZk˚Rú ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ ÆŸÙL UflT¨∫X˚]f ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m.

9 9

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-©”Y’ GlT•?

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-´p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T’m, Lt-\p

Ts-∞-´p Uh-”˙U S˚P-˘T-flm J⁄ ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ ApX Gu-T-˚RŸm SÙm Htfld

˘LÙiPÙp, ∏r Y⁄TYt˚\ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ̇ Yi”m. ÿRXÙYRÙLl Tp˙Yfl

E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ RL-Yp-L-̊ [f ̇ NL-̈ dL ̇ Yi-”m. CWiPÙYRÙL ̇ Y-flThP

Tp˙Yfl A‡-T-Ye-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls, Lt-\p ˘TÙfll-◊-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ld LPk-’

˘Np-¤m Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R´Pÿm Ei-˚U-´p Lt-\p S˚P-˘T-fl-°\RÙ Gu-

T˚R A±V ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi”m.

Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\Ls, EjßLs

˘Yq-˙Y-fl UiPXeL∞p HtThP Lt-\p Y[of-£- œ±jR RLYp-Ls/

NÙuflLs A∞d-Lj Rœ-ß-VÙ] J⁄ YØ-ÿ-˚\˙VÙ Ej-ß˙VÙ Cp-˚X.

œZk˚RL˚[ EtfldLY-≤j-’m AYo-Ls ·fl-Y-˚Rd ˙Lh”m, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo, EPu-

Lt-̇ TÙ-̈ -Pm ÆNÙ¨j’m TX RL-Yp-L-̊ [l ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs-[ ÿ•Ÿm. A˚Rl˙TÙX˙Y

œZk˚RLs G›-ß-V-˚Y, T˚Pl◊Ls B°VYt˚\ Ußl-©h-”m œZk˚R-L-∞u

—V Ußl-¿h•u A•l-T-˚P-´-¤m RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨d-L-XÙm. CRu YÙ´-XÙLd

œZk˚RL-∞u Lt\p, Y[of£ œ±jR A±˚Y Æ¨-Y-˚P-Vf ˘Nn-°u-˙\Ùm.

Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\L˚[l TVuT”j’Y’ GlT• GuT’Tt± TÙLm˛2p

Ußl¿h” EjßLs, L⁄ÆLs Gu\ Tœß´p ·\lTh”s[˚Rl TÙodL‹m.

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-̊ [l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp

G˚Rl Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

œZk˚RLfidœ ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•V ©u-Úh-Pm (feedback)

B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR ©u-Úh-Pm.

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p ˙Um-TÙ-” œ±jR Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp-Ls.

100

Tœß ̨ 2

Gu-T-]-Y-t˚\l Tß‹˘NnV ˙Yi”m. T⁄Y Ußl-¿h•p CYt-fl-Pu œZk˚Rú

Lt-\p RWjßu A•l-T-˚P´p ©u-Úh-Pÿm A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚Rdœm

B£¨V⁄d-œm Uh-”-Uu± ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls ˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Ußl-¿h-•u ÿd-°V ̇ SÙd-Lm ©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-’m ̆ Tfl-Y-’-UÙ-œm Gu\Ùp,

A’ œZk˚Rú Y[of-£ A•lT˚P´p A˚UkR TVuR⁄m œ±l-◊-L-[Ù-L˙Y

C⁄d-œm. AlT•Vu± A,B,C,D Gu\ RW-U-ßl-¿h-” œ±¬h•tœ (grade) Gq-

YÙfl ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL CV-¤m? Aq-YÙ-fl A∞d°˙\Ùm G≤p A’ GqYÙfl

Lt\˚X ˙UmT”j’m?

˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p

RL-Yp-L-̊ [f ̇ NL-̈ j-R-©u SPdL ̇ Yi•V’ Gu]? ̇ NL-̈ j-R-Yt-̊ \-Ÿm Tß‹

˘Nn-RYt˚\Ÿm œ±j-’d L⁄j’⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. AYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jßd

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR J⁄ ÿ•-‹d-œ YW-˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R GkR

®˚X-´p Es-[Ùu? AY‡dœ ERY Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m? Gu-\ Æ]Ùd-L-

fid-œ Æ˚P LÙQ‹m C˚Y TVu-TP ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙL œZk˚Rú

T˚Pl◊j ̆ RÙœl˚TŸm (Port folio) Ut-flm B£-¨-Vü œ±l-˙Th-˚P-Ÿm

(Teaching Manual) Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’, J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙXLhPjßp ˙NL¨jR

RL-Yp-L˚[ Ufl Bn‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”m. C˚Y-˘Vp-XÙm YœlT˚\´p -RÙu

TVu-T-”j-’m Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\-Ls, Yœl-T˚\ ˙UXÙi˚U, Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L-∞u

TVu-TÙ-” B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-P‹m, œZk˚RLfidœ ER-‹m ÿ˚\-´p AYt-

±p ˙Ut-˘LÙ-s[ ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L-˚[j æo-UÙ-≤d-L-‹m ER-‹m.

Ußl-¿h-” ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-ÆjR¤m T°ok’˘LÙsfiR¤m

œZk˚Rú Lt-\p Y[of-£-˚Vd LÙh”m NÙuflL˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-P-‡m

©\⁄P-‡m Te-°-”m ˙TÙ’RÙu Lt-\-≠u T•l-T-•-VÙ] Y[of-£˚V B£-¨-V-⁄m

©\-⁄m ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤m. œZk˚Rdœd L•-]-UÙ-Lj ˙RÙuflY]Yt˚\d

Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m, AYt±tLÙ] æo‹ LÙQ-‹m C’ ER-‹m. œZk˚Rú LpÆ

˘RÙPo-TÙ] GjR˚LV RLYp-L-˚[l- ̆ Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-P-‡m Ut\YoLfiP‡m T°ok-’

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m GuT˚R BWÙn˙YÙm.

1 0 1

Tœß ̨ 2

œZk˚R GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Lt-fls-[Ùu?

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p AYoLs Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-’

˘LÙi•⁄d-°\ÙoLs?

œZk˚Rd-œ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-˚Y, Æ⁄l-T-™p-XÙ-R-˚Y- G˚Y?

œZk˚Rd-œ Gk-R-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ ˙R˚Yl-T-”-°-\-’?

œZk˚Rú Lt-\˚X G∞-˚U-VÙd-œ-T˚Y G˚Y?

≈h•p ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls LY-≤jR Gu-˘]u] RLYpLs AYoL-∞u

Lt-\p Y[of-£-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi-”s-[]?

Ußl-¿h-”j RLYpLs ©\-⁄-Pu Jl©h”l ̇ TÙh-•-́ -”-Y-Rt-LpX.

UÙ\ÙL AY‡Pu AY˙] ˙TÙh-•-´-”-Y-Rt-˙L-VÙ-œm Gu-‡m Gi-

Qj˚R œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. ˙St-fl Ap-X-’ J⁄ YÙWj-

ßt-œ ÿu SÙu GkR ®˚X-́ -≠-⁄k-̇ Ru? Cu-fl GkR ®˚X-́ -¤s-̇ [u?

Gu\ Æ]Ù œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m.

102

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ̨ C˚N

TÙPp-L˚[ ̆ Uh-”, RÙ[m, TÙYj-̇ RÙ-” TÙ”-Rp, ̇ Lh-” CW-£j-Rp, C˚N NÙokR

◊ßV A±-‹-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”j-’p, C˚N-̇ VÙ-•-̊ VkR T˚Pl-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙd° ̆ Y∞-

´-”-Rp B°V ˘NVp-Ls C˚N Yœl-©p S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. C˚N NÙokR A±-

YÙd-Lm, ̆ Tt-fls[ ß\u-L˚[ Y[oj-Rp, AYt-̊ \l ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] „Z-≠p TVu-

T-”j-’m U]-®˚X B°-V-Yt-˚\d Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú YÙ´-XÙL Lt-\p A‡-

T-Ye-L-[ÙL Sp-œm ˙TÙ’ Gu-˘]u] £d-Lp-Ls Ht-T-”-°u-\] Gu-T˚R Ußl-

©P ̇ Yi-”m.

C˚N Lt-\-≠u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. Cj-R-˚LV

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-̊ [d œZk-̊ R-L-∞u ̆ Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m AYo-L-[-’ Gßo-

Æ-̊ ]-VÙt-\p-L-∞p C⁄k-’m B£-̈ -Vo ̇ NL-̈ dL ̇ Yi-”m. Cj RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-

T-˚P-´p Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Gk-˘Rk-Rd Lh-Pe-L-∞p Gu-˘]u] ER-Æ-Ls

˘NnV ̇ Yi-”m, AYo-L-˙[Ù-” Gl-˘TÙ-›-’ C˚P-¬-” ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-”m? ̇ TÙu-

\-Yt˚\ B£-¨-Vo ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm.

C˚N ˛ G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m? Gl-T-• . . .?

C˚Nd Lp-Æ-ú YÙ´-XÙLd œZk˚R E⁄-YÙd-œm L⁄j-’-Ls, ˘Tflm ß\u-

Ls, ̆ Nn-Ÿm ̆ NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©P ̇ Yi-”m. CYt˚\ ̆ RÙPd-

Ll-Ts∞ ®˚X-´p Íu-fl Ui-P-Xe-L-[Ù-Ll Tœj-’s-˙[Ùm.

C˚N-˚Vd ˙Lh-” CW-£j-Rp

TÙ”-Rp, C˚N NÙokR T˚Pl-◊f ˘NVp-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp

C˚N E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Tp-˙Y-fl Lh-Pe-L-∞p œZk-˚R-´-Pm E⁄-YÙ-œm

£kR˚]-ú Ae-L-UÙL CVp-TÙL J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ ˘Np-¤m ÿ˚\-´p RÙu

Lt\¤m Ußl-¿-”m A˚UV ˙Yi-”m. Aq-˙Y-˚[-L-∞p ˙Ut-˘NÙu] Íu-fl

Ui-P-Xe-L-∞p œZk˚R GjR-˚LV A±-˚Yl ˘Tt-fls-[Ùu Gu-T-˚Rj-RÙu

1 0 3

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl©P ˙Yi-”m. A˚N-‹, SP-]m, KÆ-Vm æh-”-Rp, L˚R ˘NÙp-¤-Rp, Gi-‘-

Rp, SÙPLm B°V Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞p Cq-Y-±‹ ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm. CYt-˚\l TVu-

T-”j-ßj RÙu œZk-˚R-ú C˚N-V-±˚Y Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m.

Ko G”j-’d-LÙh-•u YØ CmUßl-¿h-”f ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \˚V A±k-’-̆ LÙs[XÙm.

G∞V C˚Nd-·-fl-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-Ll TÙ”-Rp (˘Uh-”, RÙ[m, —⁄-ß) Gu\

TÙPj-ßhP CXd-˙LÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV, Yœl-©p S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ßV Lt-\p ˛

Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚Vl TÙol-˙TÙm.

"’∞j ’∞-VÙn' Gu\ TÙPl-T-œ-ß-´-¤s[ TÙP˚X B£-¨-Vo TÙ”-°-\Ùo.

B¨Vü A±-‹-flj-R-¤d-˙LtT œZk-˚R-L-fim Al-TÙ-P-˚Xl TÙ”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

˘RÙPok-’ ˙Yfl TX œZk-˚R-Ls TÙ•V C˙R TÙP-≠u œflk-R-Lh˚Pd

œZk˚R-Ls ˙Lh-°-\Ùo-Ls.

B£-¨-Vo TÙ•-V-˚Rd ˙Lh-”l TÙ•V˙TÙ’ ∏rd-LÙ-‘m Ei-˚U-L˚[

B£¨Vo A±k-’ ˘LÙi-PÙo.

˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ] œZk-˚R-Lfid-œm œ›-YÙ-Lf ̇ Nok-’ TÙP-ÿ-•-°-\-’.

J˙W —⁄-ß-´p TÙ”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ] œZk-˚R-Lfim RÙ[j-ßt-˙LtT TÙ”-°-\Ùo-Ls. B]Ùp £Xo

£W-Ul-T-”-°u-\-]o.

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ˘RÙPok-’ SPjR Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ

GqYÙfl ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm? —⁄-ß, RÙ[m, ˘Uh-” B°-V-Yt-±p œZk-˚R-Ls ß\u

˘T\ ˙U¤m TX Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m Gu\ Ei-˚U˚V

B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ EQoj-’m RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm C˚Y. Ce-œ SPk-R-’ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ]

Ußl¿PÙ-œm.

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-” ˛ C˚N

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú YÙ´-XÙL B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ °˚Pl-T˚Y.

104

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ ÿu-]-Pj-ßf ˘NpX ER-‹-T-˚Y.

°˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p EP-]-•-VÙ-L˙YÙ Ap-X-’ ©\˙LÙ

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-Ls, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls

B°V˚Y œZk-˚Rd-œl ©uÚhP-UÙ-Ld °˚Pd-°u\].

C˚Y œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p ®˚X-Tt±V TV-‡s[ RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞d-

°u-\-].

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p ˛ C˚N

˙Yfl TX œZk-˚R-Ls TÙ•V C˙R TÙP˚Xd œflk-R-Lh-•p ˙LhP ˙TÙ’

œZk˚R-L-∞-Pm E⁄-YÙ] GiQe-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm.

TYÙ≤ Su-\Ù-Ll TÙ•-]Ùs; AYs TÙ•V CWÙ-Lm G]d-œl ©•j-ß-⁄k-R-’.

—⁄-ß-Ÿm RÙ[-ÿm ̆ Uh-”m C⁄k-R-]. œWp Y[-ÿm ̇ Lh-T-Rt-œ C≤˚U-VÙL

C⁄k-R-’.

œUÙo L˚R ̆ NÙp-Y-’ ̇ TÙXl TÙ•-]Ùu. Ju-flm ̆ R∞-YÙ-Ld ̇ Lh-L-Æp-˚X.

RÙU-˚W-ú œWp LW-”-ÿ-W-PÙL C⁄k-R-’.

C˚N ̆ RÙPo-TÙ] œZk-̊ R-L-∞u Gi-QeL-∞-≠-⁄k-’ Gu-̆ ]u] L⁄j-’dLs

SUd-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-]?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Ußl-¿h-•-≠-⁄k-’ C˚N-ú A•l-T-˚Pd ·fl-L˚[ AYo-Ls

A±k-’s-[Ùo-Ls Gu\ Ei˚U SUd-œl ◊X-]Ù-°-\-’. Ce-œ SPd-œm Ußl-¿-”

Gu-T-’ Ei-˚U-´p Lt-\-˙X.

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-Y-Ru ÍXm SÙm ̆ Tflm RL-Yp-L-∞u ̆ TÙ’l Ti◊Ls

VÙ˚Y?

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú˙TÙ’ SPd-œm NL-U-ßl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL Cd

L⁄j’Ls °˚Pd-°u-\-].

1 0 5

Tœß ̨ 2

—V Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿” ÍX-m °˚Pd°u\].

—V ˙Um-T-”j-R-¤d-œm, NL ˙Um-T-”j-R-¤d-œm YÙnl◊⁄YÙd-°j R⁄-T˚Y.

œZk˚R R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-ú, ßh-P-™-Pp, S˚P-ÿ˚\, Ußl-¿-”

˙TÙu\Yt˚\ EQok-’s-[Ù]Ù G] A±V B£-¨-˚Vd-œj RL-Yp

A∞lT˚Y,


C˚Nd LpÆ´p Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp ÿd-°V ˘Y∞-¬-”-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-

VÙLd ˘LÙi-PÙ-œm. Jufl Ap-X-’ Ju-fld-œ ˙Ut-ThP A±-‹-L-∞u ˘UÙjRj

˘RÙ˚L-˚V˙V C˚Nd LpÆ´p Lt-\-≠u Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙL G”j-’d˘LÙs-[l-T-”-

°-\’. Uh-”-™u± œZk-˚R-Ls RVÙ-WÙd-œm WN-˚]d œ±l-◊, ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls ˙TÙu-

\˚Y Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙL Ht-fld ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-” C˚Qj-’l TÙod-œm˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R-´Pm S˚P-˘Tt\

Lt\≠u ®˚X˚Vj ˘R∞-‹-T-”j-’m RL-Yp-Ls Cß-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm.

J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßu Cfl-ß-´p ˘Tt-˙\Ù-˚W˙VÙ œZk-˚R-˚V˙VÙ Lt-\p

®˚X˚Vj˘R¨-ÆdL B£-¨˚V ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˙[Ù BL-XÙm.

Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R E⁄-YÙd-°V A±‹ œZk-˚R-´Pm Gk-R-[-‹d-œ ®˚Xj

ß⁄d°\’ GuT’ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-

RÙœm.

˘Tt\ L⁄j-’, ß\u, ˘NVp ÿ˚\ B°V˚Y C˚Y Gk-R-[-‹d-œd LÙQl

T”°-u\] G] A±-YRt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞d-°-\-’.

106

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NV-≠p ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-’ Ußl-¿-”. Lt-\-¤d-LÙL Gu-˘]u]

YØ-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°j-˙RÙ˙UÙ AYt-±p Gp-XÙm Lt-\-≠u Ußl-¿-”m APe°

C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\p „r-®-˚X-L∞p C˚N-ú A±-

‹⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œd °˚Pd-œm YÙn-◊-L-∞u-˙TÙ’RÙu C˚N-ú Ußl¿” £\kR

ÿ˚\-´p A˚U-Ÿm. C˚Nd Lt-\-≠u ©¨-YÙ] ̇ Lh-T-’, TÙ”-Y-’, T˚Pl-T’ Gu-

T-]Yt-±p œZk˚R E⁄-YÙd-œm A±-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ SÙm GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ̇ Yi”m?

A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßtœ Ußl-¿h•t-œUÙL Yœl©p TVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\-Ls ∏˙Z

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

œ› Ußl-¿-”

œ› Ußl-¿h-•u J⁄ ERÙ-W-Qj˚Rl TÙol-˙TÙm. TÙPj-ßh-Pj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-

˚PV C˚N Am-Ne-Ls APe-°V TÙh-”-Ls TÙ”m J⁄ ̆ NVp-TÙh˚Pl TÙ⁄eLs.

J˙W ̆ Up-≠˚N˚Vl TX œZk-˚R-Ls TÙ•-V˚R J≠-SÙ-PÙ-Æp ̇ Lh-œm YÙnl-

T-∞d-Ll-Th-P-’ (4 œ›d-Ls). œZk-˚R-Ls TÙh-˚Pd LY-]j-’-Pu ˙LhP ©u 4

œ›d-L-fidœm ∏rY-⁄m ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-P].

Ee-L-˚[d LYok-R- TÙPp G’?

Al-TÙ-P˚X Æ⁄m-◊-Y-˙Ru?

©\-⁄-˚PV CV-XÙ-˚U-Ÿm ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fim Gu-]?

SÙu-œ œ›d-L-fim LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YØd Li-P-±kR Ei˚U-L˚[ J⁄-Yo

≈Rm ̆ Y∞-́ h-P-]o.

1 0 7

Tœß ̨ 2

Ju-\Ùm œ›

£k-’ TÙ•-V-’ Su-\ÙL C⁄k-R-’. SpX Nl-R WÙL- RÙ-[j-’-Pu TÙ•-]Ùs.

ÿW-∞-Ÿm U’-‹m TÙ•-V-’ N¨-VÙ-L-Æp˚X. U’ TÙ•-V-’ ̇ T—-Y-’ ̇ TÙu-fl

C⁄k-R-’.

CWi-PÙm œ›

£k-’-Æu TÙPp Su\ÙL C⁄k-R-’. WÙL-ÿm —⁄ß-Ÿm LÙQl-Th-P-’.

C˚Y ©\ CWi-•-¤m Cp-˚X.

Íu-\Ù-Y-’ œ›

C˙R L⁄j’RÙu. Íu-\Ù-Y-’ œZk˚R L˚R ·fl-Y-’ ˙TÙu-fl

TÙ•-V-’.

SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ œ›

©\o ·±-V-’ ˙TÙu˙\ Nl-Rm LW-L-Wl-◊-Pu LÙQl-Th-P-’.

Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æ-≠-⁄k-’m Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙL œZk-̊ R-Ls —V-UÙL E⁄-YÙd°V

œ±l-◊-Ls C˚Y.

1. WÙLm 3. —⁄ß

2. RÙ[m 4. œWp Y[m

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æt-œm B£-¨-Vo ˘LÙ”jR A±-‹˚W C˚Y.

GpXÙd œZk-˚R-L-fim Re-Ls L⁄j-’-L˚[ G›R ˙Yi-”m.

G›-ßV L⁄j-’-L˚[d œ›-Æp ÆYÙßjR ©u J⁄-Yo

˘Y∞´P ̇ Yi-”m.

™Lf £\kR˚R ˙Rok-˘R-”j-R-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-Ls N¨-VÙL G›R ˙Yi-”m;

˘NÙpX ˙Yi-”m.

108

Tœß ̨ 2

NL Ußl-¿-”

SÙu-œ œ›d-L-fid-œ SÙu-œ G∞V LÆ-˚R-Ls ˘LÙ”j-’, AYt-±t-œ ˘Uh-P-

˚Uj-’l TÙ”m-T-• ·±-]Ùo. ˘Uh-P-˚UdL ER-‹m ÆRm "Ru-]Ù˙] . . ' ˙TÙu-\-

˚Y-L-̊ [d ̇ Lh-P-]o. Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æt-œm TÙ”-Y-Rt-œ YÙnl◊ A∞d-Ll-ThP’.

œ›d-Ls TÙ•V ̆ Y∞-́ -P-¤d-œl ©u œ›-Æ-¤s[ J⁄-Y-⁄d-œ Ußl-©h-”l ̇ TN

YÙnl◊ A∞d-Ll-Th-P-’.

ÿR-XÙ-Y-’ œ›

Ge-Ls œ›-Æ-¤s-[-Yo-Ls J˙W œW-≠-¤m ˘RÙ≤-´-¤m TÙ•-]o.

Íu-\Ùm œ›-Æu UXo-Èd-œm LÙ”-Ls Su-\ÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m J⁄-Y-⁄-˚PV œWp Uh-”m R≤-VÙL J≠j-R-’.

SÙu-LÙm œ› ™L ˘U’-YÙLl TÙ•-V-’. ˙Lh-T-Rt-œ C≤˚U-VÙLj ˙RÙu-\-Æp-˚X.

CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ› TÙ•-V-’ ˘Y∞˙V ˙Lh-L˙Y Cp˚X. ˘U’-YÙLl TÙ•-]o.

SÙu-œ œ›d-L-fim Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh-•p Te-œ-˘T-fl-Y-ßp LÙh-•V Bo-Ym TÙWÙh-Pj-Rd-L-’.

CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ›

ÿR-XÙ-Y-’ œ› J˙W œW-≠p, SpX WÙLj-ßp TÙ•-]o. œ›-YÙLl TÙ”m˙TÙ’s[ AZ-œ TÙh-•t-œf £\l◊

˙Noj-R-’. ÿRp ®˚X AYo-L-fid-˙L.

CWi-PÙm (SÙe-Ls) œ›-Æ-]o ˘U’-YÙ] Nl-Rj-ßp TÙ•-]o. £±-’ œWp EVojßl TÙ•-´-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

Íu-\Ù-Y-’ œ›-Æp J⁄-Y-ü œWp- Uh-”m ˙Yfl-Th-” J≠j-R-’.

SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ œ›Æp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ̇ Yfl-Th-”l TÙ•-]o.

Te-œ˘Tt-\-Yo-L-s RY-fl-L˚[j ß⁄jßf £\l-TÙL TÙP ÿVX ˙Yi-”m.

Íu-\Ù-Y-’ œ›

™Lf £\kR’ Ju-\Ù-Y-’ œ›. J˙W-˙TÙp TÙ•-]o. ©\ œ›d-L-s Tt-±V L⁄j-’-Ls CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ›

·±-V-’ ˙TÙu\˙R.

SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ œ›

Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m Su-\Ù-Ll TÙ•-]o. ™Lf £\k-R-’ Ju-\Ù-Y-’ œ›. SÙe-Ls ˘U’-YÙLl TÙ•-˙]Ùm.

1 0 9

Tœß ̨ 2

NL Ußl-¿h-•t-œd ̆ LÙ”jR

A±-‹-̊ W-Ls

Gp-̇ XÙ-⁄-̊ PV TÙh-̊ P-Ÿm

Ht-fld-̆ LÙs-fie-Ls, TÙWÙh”e-Ls.

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

Li”©-•-Ÿe-Ls

TVu-™dL A±-‹-̊ W-Ls

A∞Ÿe-Ls

œ±l◊Ls

œ›-YÙLl TÙ”m˙TÙ’s[

J⁄e°-̊ Ql◊

—⁄ß, RÙ[m, C≤-˚U-VÙ]

WÙLm

—V Ußl-¿-”

TÙ”m ˙Y˚[-´p œZk˚R —V Ußl-¿h-•u YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Np-°-\’. C’

œZk˚R A±-VÙ-U˙X ®Lr-°-\-’. £X NU-Ve-L-∞p —VUÙL A±k-’m S˚P-˘T-flm.

SÙm T -̈̇ NÙ-ßl-̇ TÙm.

RÙu TÙ•V˚R Si-To-L-∞u TÙP-˙XÙ-” Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙TÙ’.

RÙu TÙ•V˚Rd œ±l-◊-Ls ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’.

RÙu £\lTÙ-Ll TÙP B£-¨˚V ER-ÆŸPu Y⁄m ˙TÙ’.

—V Ußl-¿h-•p LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V ·fl-Ls C˚YVÙœm.

SÙu TÙ”-Y-Rt-œ ET-˙VÙ-°jR Ej-ß, ÿ˚\.

R]-’ TÙP≠p £\k-R-˚Y, Gp-˚X-Ls, LÙW-Qe-Ls

RÙu TÙ•-V-ßu £\l-◊-Ls

RÙu Li-P-±kR/ÿ•-Æu £\l-◊-Ls/Gp-˚X-Ls

Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Lfim L⁄-Æ-Lfim ˛ C˚N

œZk-˚R-Ls C˚N-˚Vd ˙Lh-”d L⁄j-’-·-\-‹m TÙP-‹m T˚Pd-L-‹m ˘Nn-Ÿm

CVp-TÙ] „Zp-L˚[ Ußl-©P ™L G∞V YØ Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-YRÙœm. ˘RÙPdL

®˚X-´p C˚N A±˚Y Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ™L £\kR Ejß Et-fl˙SÙd-L-XÙ-œm.

œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] A±˚Y B£-¨-˚V-Ÿm œZk-

˚R-L-fim ̆ T\ ̇ Yi-”m. C˙RÙ-” ̇ Yfl £X Ej-ß-L-̊ [Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-̊ [Ÿm C˚Nd-

Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-•t-œ TVu-T-”jR-XÙm.

110

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-Ls ̨ C˚N

1. ˙Lh-T-’m, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\¤m

2. TÙ”-Rp

3. T˚Pj-Rp

Et-fl-̇ SÙd-Lp ˛ ˙LsÆ YØ

œZk˚R ˘Tt\ C˚N ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±-‹-L-∞u Su-˚U-L˚[d Li-P-±-V-‹m

Y[of-£-˚V A[-ÆP C≤ Gj-R-˚LV ER-Æ-Ÿm A‡-T-Ye-L-fim œZk-˚Rdœd

˘LÙ”dL ̇ Yi-”-˘U]j æo-UÙ-≤dL Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp Gu\ Ußl-¿h-” Ejß ̇ R˚Y-

VÙ-œm. Ußl-©-”-Y-’ B£-¨-Vo Uh-”-Up-X. œZk-˚R-Ls œ›d-L-[ÙL ©¨k-’ CWi-

”-˙To APe-°V œ›-Æp C˙R Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß˚Vl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. B]Ùp

˙SÙd-Lj-˚Rl Tt-±V N¨-VÙ] ◊¨-R-¤m Ak-˙SÙd-Lj˚R A˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\‡m

C⁄-Y-⁄d-œm J˙W ˙TÙp C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. C˚N -Tt-±V A±-˙YÙ-” C˚N E⁄-

YÙd-°V ˘NVp ÿ˚\-˚V-Ÿm Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m.

R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\˚X Ußl-©Pd °˚Pd-œm „r-

®˚XLs £X-Yt-̊ \l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

LY-]j-˙RÙ-” C˚N-˚Vd ˙Lh-Pp.

˙Lh-P-’ Gu]/Gu-˘]u]/Gu-T-˚Rl Tt-±d œ›-Æp ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp ·fl-Rp.

˙LhP C˚N˚V A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” TPm Y˚W-Rp, œ±l◊ G›’-Rp

TÙP-¤d-˙LtTj RÙ[m C”-Y-’m, A˚N-Y-’m

TÙP˚Xl TÙ”-Rp.

Gu] WÙLm ˘LÙ”d-L-XÙm G]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

C˚Nd L⁄-Æ-Ls TVu-T-”j-R-¤m RÙ[m C”-R-¤m.

C˚Nd L⁄-Æ-L˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’d œ›-YÙLl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp

C’˙TÙu\ „Zp-Ls, C˚N-U-V-UÙ] ̆ NVp-Ls, T˚Pl◊-Ls, ̆ Y∞-¬-”-Ls ̇ TÙu\-

Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”-Rp.

1 1 1

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-PXe-L-fim

œ±l-◊-L-fim ˛ C˚N

1. ˙Lh-Pp ˛ ©W-ß-T-≠j-Rp

œZk˚R C˚N˚V CW-£d-°-\-’.

œZk˚R Ru˚] U\k-’ C˚N˚V

CW£d-°-\-’.

C˚N-ú RÙ[j-ßt-œm ˘Uh-•t-œm

HtT ˚LLÙp-L˚[ A˚Nd-°-\-’; £fl

SP] A˚N-‹-L-̊ [-Ÿm ̆ Nn-°-\-’.

˙LhP C˚Nú R≤j-Ru-˚U-L-˚[d

Li-”-©-•d-°-\-’.

RÙu ̇ LhP C˚N-̊ Vl Tt-±l Tp-̇ Y-fl

˘UÙØ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls YÙ´XÙL

ÆY-̈ d-°-\-’.

RÙ[d-LÙ-W-˚]d Li-”-©-•j-Rp

œZk-̊ R-Ls Yh-P-UÙL ®t-°-\Ùo-Ls. J⁄ œZk˚R Uh-”m Yh-Pj-ßt-œ ̆ Y∞˙V

®t-°-\Ùs. Yh-Pj-ß-≠-⁄d-œm œZk-˚R-L-fis J⁄jß RÙ[-™-Pj ˘RÙPe-œ-°-\Ùs.

Uh-”-UpX. AYs RÙ[j-ßt-˙LtT £X A˚N-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nn-°-\Ùs. AYs ˘Nn-

Y-’ ˙TÙp Yh-Pj-ß-¤s[ œZk-˚R-L-fim ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls. Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ RÙ[m

UÙfl-°-\-’; RÙ[j-ßt-˙LtT A˚N-‹m UÙfl-°-\-’. Al-˙TÙ-’ ˘Y∞-´p ®t-œm

œZk˚R Yh-Pj-ßt-œs Yk-’ "RÙ[d-LÙ-W-̊ ]'d Li-”-©-•dL ̇ Yi-”m. RÙ[m UÙfl-

°-\-’; A˚N-‹m UÙfl-°-\-’. RÙ[d-LÙ-W-˚]d Li-”-©-•j-’Æh-PÙp Æ˚[-VÙh-”

ÿ•-Ÿm. ˙Yfl C⁄-Y-˚Wj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ Æ˚[-VÙh-” ˘RÙPo-°-\-’,

Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh-•p B£-¨-˚V-Ÿm œZk-˚R-Ÿm G˚R Et-fld LY-≤j-’ Ußl-©-”-

YÙo-Ls? ˘Nn-˚Ll TÙP-˚Xl TÙ”m ˙TÙ’ G˚R Ußl-©-”-YÙo-Ls?

G∞V C˚Nf ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls

˘UÙØ, L¶-Rm, „r-®-˚X-´-Vp B°-V-Yt-fl-Pu J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ Y⁄m C˚Nf

˘NVp-ßh-P-Pe-Ls C˚Nd Lp-Æ˚V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ Ej-ß-VÙ-œm.

Aj-R-˚LV £X ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-L-˚[l TÙol-˙TÙm.

L˚Rd-œl ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] J≠-L-̊ [j ̇ Rok-̆ R-”j-’ ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-’-Rp/J≠j-Rp.

HRÙ-Y-˘RÙ-⁄ C˚Nd L⁄-Æ˚V Y•-Y-˚Uj-’l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.

TÙPp/LÆ-˚Rd-œ ˘Uh-P-˚Uj-Rp.

TÙh-”m ˘Nn-̊ L-Ÿm LXk-’ Y⁄m ˘Nn-̊ Ll TÙPp-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp; TÙ”-Rp.

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R-L˙[ E⁄-YÙd-°V RW-®o-Q-Vd

œ±l-◊-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß œ›-˙Y Ußl-¿” ˘NnVXÙm; Lt-\˚X ˙Um-T-”j-R-

XÙm. CRt-œ Cj-R-˚LV ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls ˘T¨-’m ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm.

UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊

J⁄e-°-˚QkR A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´p A˚UkR Yœl-©p Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPeL-˙[Ù-”

˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-fim T˚Pl-◊-L-fim Lt-\p NÙu-fl-

L[ÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm. AYt-fls C˚N Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙ] NÙu-fl-L-fim C⁄d-L-XÙm.

112

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-XeLfim œ±l-

◊-L-fim ˛ C˚N

2. TÙ”-Rp

Æ⁄l-Tj-˙RÙ-”m C˚N-Ÿ-Qo

˙YÙ”m TÙ”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

C˚Nd ·fl-L -˚[l TVu

T”jßŸm ®˚X-®-flj-ß-Ÿm TÙ”-

°-\Ùo-Ls.

œ›-YÙL‹m R≤-VÙ-L‹m TÙ”-

Y-Rt-˙Lt-T- UÙt-±l TÙ”-°-

\ÙoLs.

B£-¨-Vo Ut-flm œ›-Æ-]o

·flm A±-‹-flj-Rp-L-fid-œf

˘NÆ-NÙnd-° -\Ùo -Ls; ARt-

˙LtTf ˘NVp-T-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ußl-©h-P˚Y œ› ˛ 1 œ› ˛ 2 œ› ˛ 3

L˚R-˚V-Ÿm TÙh-˚P-Ÿm Su-œ J⁄e-°-˚Qj-’ ˘NÙu-]Ùo-Ls.

C˚N J⁄ Lt-\p ̆ Y∞l-TÙ-PÙ-œm. G≤-‡m Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Ae-L-UÙL

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-ú T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊-L-∞p ∏rd-LÙ-‘m NÙu-fl-Ls CPm

˘Tfl-Up-X-YÙ?

Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ-Ld Li-”-©-•jR RW-®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-Ls

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÆ˚R/TÙP-¤d-LÙ-Ld Li-”-©-•jR Tp-˙Y-fl ˘Uh-”-L-∞u

Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

CW-N-˚]d œ±l-◊-Ls

—V ˘Y∞-¬h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls

Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Vl TVu-T-”j-ßV ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp

T˚PjR/TÙ•V T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u J≠ SÙPÙ/œflk-R-h-”

Ußl-¿h-”d L⁄-Æ-Ls ̨ ̇ NÙR-̊ ]l Th-•-Vp

TÙh-”m S•l-◊m LXkR’ J⁄ œ›-Æu T˚Pl˚T Ußl-©P ̇ Yfl œ›-Æ-

]o TVu-T-”j-ßV ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

TÙPp-Ls TX-ÆR ˘Uh-”-L-∞p Es-[]

˘Uh-”-Ls C≤-˚UVÙL C⁄k-R]

J˙W —⁄-ß-´p A˚]-Y-⁄m J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ TÙ•-]Ùo-Ls

TÙh-•t-˙Lt\ ˘Nn˚L ˘Nn-RÙo-Ls

TÙP-¤d-°-˚P˙V G›l-©V J≠-Ls ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL C⁄k-R]

1 1 3

Tœß ̨ 2

Æ]Ùd-Ls

E˚WVÙPp Y•-Æp A˚UkR- TÙ-Pp Tœ-ß-L-˚[d œ›d-Ls ÿ˚\l-T-”j-ßl

TÙ”m J⁄ „Z˚X Gi¶l TÙ⁄e-Ls. TÙP-¤d-˙Lt\ ˘Uh-P-˚Uj-’, ˘TÙ⁄j-R-

UÙ] ©\ J≠-Ls ˙Noj’l TÙ”m ÿu B£-̈ -Vo ˙LhP £X Æ]Ùd-Ls ∏˙Z

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

CWi-” L˚R UÙk-RoL-∞u œWp-Ls Gl-T-•-´-⁄d-œm? VÙ⁄-˚PV œWp

Ke° J≠d-œm? VÙ⁄-˚PV œWp ˘Uu-˚U-VÙL C⁄d-œm?

C⁄-Y-⁄m J˙W ̆ Uh-•p TÙ”-YÙo-L-[Ù?

LW-L-WjR œW-≠p VÙo TÙ”-YÙo? A”j-R-Yo Gl-T-•l TÙ”-YÙo?

C⁄-Y-⁄m J˙W ˙YLj-ßp TÙ•-]Ùp Gu-]Ù-œm?

TÙh-•p ß⁄m-Tj ß⁄mT Y⁄-Y-˘R-’?

Gk-˘RkR ˘NÙt-L-fid-œ A›j-Rm ˘LÙ”j-’l TÙP ˙Yi-”m? A˚R

GlT•l TÙP ̇ Yi-”m?

Cq Æ]Ùd-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p SPkR LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp ÍXm E˚W-VÙ-Pp

TÙPp Tt-±V œ±l-◊-L˚[ Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ-L-‹m TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. ̇ Ut-LiP Æ]Ùd-

L-fim E˚W-VÙ-Pp TÙPp-L˚[ Ußl-©P ER-‹m. Cq-YÙ-fl Ußl-©P ER-‹m Æ]Ùd-

L˚[ øe-L-fim Li-”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls.

Ußl-¿h-” UiP-Xe-L-fim

œ±l◊-L-fim ˛ C˚N

3. E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

E⁄-YÙd-°V C˚N SÙP-Lj-ßu

YÙ´-XÙL Gßo-TÙojR CXd˚L

(œ-Qm, TÙYm . . . . ˙TÙu-\-˚Y)

A˚Pk-’s-̇ [Ùm.

œ›-Æ-]o SPj-ßV J⁄ C˚N

SÙP-Lj-ßp Tp-˙Y-fl ÆR-UÙ]

J≠-Ls, C˚N SV-UÙ] J≠-Ls,

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ÿ˚\-´p

¡i”m ¡i-”m Y⁄m J≠-Ls

B°-V˚Y Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].

Tp-˙Y-fl ÆR-UÙ] J≠-Ls,

C˚Nd-L-⁄-Æ-Ls B°-V-Yt-̊ \l

TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[Ùo-Ls.

C˚N SÙP-Lm E⁄-YÙ]

L˚R˚V ÆY-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

114

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp ˛ KÆ-VdL˚X

KÆV ˛ £t-Td L˚X Lt-\≠p G˚R Ußl-©-”-°-˙\Ùm? L⁄j˚R Eh-˘LÙs-fi-

Rp, T˚Pl-TÙt-\p Y[of-£, Cj-R-˚LV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL E⁄-YÙ°

Y[okR U]l-TÙe-œ-Ls B°-V-̊ Y RÙu L˚Xd Lp-Æ-́ u ÍXm E⁄-YÙdL ̇ Yi-

•V A±-‹-Ls Gu-fl SÙm A±-˙YÙm. Cd ·fl-Ls Y[o-Y-Rt-œj ˙R˚YVÙ]

YÙnl-◊-Ls Sp° œZk-˚R-ú L˚Xd Lp-Æ˚V ˙Um-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. L˚Xd

LpÆ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m SÙm Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

VÙ˚Y?

CWi-PÙm Yœl-©p "Gp-XÙm Su-˚Ud˙L' Gu\ AX-˙LÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV

Gk˘RkR ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ÍXm L˚Xd-LpÆ SPk-R-’ G]f £k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄eLs.

Lt-\-¤d-LÙL Ußl-¿-”

Cq-Æ-]Ùd-Ls YÙ´-XÙL SÙm G˚R Ußl-©-”-°-˙\Ùm? Ru Th-P-±-˚Yl TVu-

T-”jßl ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ œZk-˚R-VÙp ÿ•-°-\RÙ Gu-T-˚Rj RÙ˙]!

CRu ÿRp T•-VÙ-Ld œZk˚R Rmÿu Es[ ©Wf-£-˚]˚V EQ-W-‹m Ht-fld

˘LÙs[‹m ̇ Yi-”m Ap-X-YÙ? œZk-˚R-Ls LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•V©u R≤j-R-≤-VÙL

TPm Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.

CRu A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk˚R TPm Y˚W-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ SÙm GYt˚\ Ußl-©-”-

˙YÙm?

• ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ru Th-P-±-Æu ÍXm AX£ BWÙnk-’s-[Ù-]Ù?

• L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-L-ÿm U]l-TÙe-œm E⁄-YÙ-°-Ÿs-[-RÙ?

• C˚R KÆ-Vd L˚X-ú YÙ´-XÙL ˘Y∞l-T-”jR ÿ•-°-\-RÙ?

1 1 5

Tœß ̨ 2

B£-̈ -Vo Hu Cq-YÙ-fl Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo?

• L˚Xd Lp-Æ-́ u YÙ -́XÙLd œZk˚R ˘Tt\ L⁄j-’-Ls, KÆ-Vd-L-̊ X˚V

˘Y∞l-T-”j-’m ß\u, Cj-ß-\˚] A˚PVd ̊ LVÙiP ÿ˚\-Ls, ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\-

Ls B°-V-Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p Lt-\p CXd-˙LÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-ß

B£¨Vo A∞dL ®˚]d-œm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Æ -̈‹-T-”j-R-‹m J›e-œ-T-

”jR‹m ̇ Yi-”m.

• L˚Xd-Lp-Æ YÙ´-XÙ-Ld °˚PjR ß\u-Ls, ˙U¤m A˚PV

˙Yi•V ß\u-Ls G˚Y Gu-fl Li-”-©-•j-’, C≤ Gu] ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-”m

Gu-fl æo-UÙ≤dL.

˘R∞-YÙ] ˙SÙd-Le-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p CdLh-Pj-ßp SPd-œm Ußl-¿-”Ls

Lt-\¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-PÙ-œm.

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

RÙu Y˚Wk-’ ÿ•j-R-‹-Pu Ut-fls-[-Yo-Ls Y˚Wk-R-˚Rl TÙod-œm Bo-Ym

Gp-XÙd œZk-˚R-L-∞-P-ÿm CVp-TÙ-L˙Y C⁄d-œm. G]˙Y œZk-˚R-Ls æh-•V

A˚]j-’ KÆ-Ve-L-̊ [-Ÿm J⁄ NU-R-[j-ßp TWl© J⁄ KÆ-Vd Li-LÙh£ A˚Ud-

L-XÙm.

œZk-˚R-Ls £\kR KÆ-Vj-˚Rj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Lh-”m. GR-]-•l-T-˚P-´p £\kR

KÆ-Vj-˚Rj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-RÙo-Ls?

Ö L⁄j-’

Ö Y•-Y-Z-œ

Ö ®\m ˘LÙ”j-Rp

Gu-̆ ]u] L⁄j-’-L-̊ [d L⁄j-ßp ̆ LÙi-” œZk-̊ R-Ls Cd-L-⁄j-’-⁄-YÙdLm

˘Nn-RÙo-Ls?

• Ru T˚Pl-©p Es[ £\l-◊-L˚[ ÆPj Ru Si-To-Ls £X-̈ u T˚Pl-◊L∞p

Aß-L-UÙ] £\l-◊-Ls Es-[-].

• -T-Pj-ßu L⁄j-’ Gu TPj˚R ÆPl ©\-W-’ TPe-L-∞p ˘R∞-YÙL ˘Y∞l-

116

Tœß ̨ 2

Th-”s-[-’.

• Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Y•-Yj-ßu A[-‹, CPm, ˙Nod-˚L, TÙYm, AZ-œ B°V

A˚]j’m ˙NokR AZ-œ Ut-fls[ TX-ü KÆ-Ve-L-∞p C⁄k-R].

• Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] ®\e-Ls, Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] Y•-Ye-Ls B°V CWi-”m £X-W-’

KÆVe-L-∞p ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-°u-\-].

• Cl-T-•l TÙoj-RÙp G]-’ KÆ-Vj-ßp £X UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-ß-⁄d-L-XÙm Gu-fl

˙RÙu-fl-°-\-’.

• Gu KÆ-Vj˚RŸm £X Si-To-Ls TÙWÙh-•-]Ùo-Ls.

KÆ-Vd Li-LÙh-£-ú ˙TÙ’ ˙Ut-LiP £\l-©-Vp-◊-L-˚[j ˘R¨k-’

˘LÙi˙Pu; CW-£j-˙Ru.

Ce-œ GYt˚\ Ußl-©-”-°-˙\Ùm? Ru £k-R-˚], KÆ-Vm æh-”-Rp, ®˚Xl-TÙ-”-

Ls, ÿ˚\-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ œZk˚R ¡i”m T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’l TÙod-°-\-Rp-X-YÙ?

ARu YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ◊ßV ®˚Xl-TÙh˚P G”d-°-\-Rp-X-YÙ?

Ce-œ Ußl-©-Pp Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.

J˙W Yœl-©p, J˙W YV-ßp, J˙W TÙPj-ßp ˘NnR T˚Pl◊-L-∞u RWm J˙W

˙TÙp C⁄d-L-Æp-˚X. £X œZk-˚R-Ls Y•-Y-˚Ul-©p ˘Tt\ ˘R∞-‹-Pu ®\m

˘LÙ”d-œm L⁄j-’m ß\-‡m ̆ Tt-\Ùo-Ls Ap-X-YÙ? Ce-œ-RÙu B£-̈ -V-̈ u ERÆ

˙R˚Yl-T-”-°-\-’.

˙Rok-˘R-”jR KÆ-Ve-L˚[ B£-¨-V-ü R˚X-˚U-´p BWÙnk-RÙo-Ls.

• UWj-ßu R•-Uu, °˚[-Ls, C˚X-Ls B°-V˚Y ˙TÙ’-UÙ? C≤ Gu]

˘NnVXÙm?

• °˚[-L˚[ Cl-T-• Y˚W-Y-’ N¨-VÙ? A˚Y ˙SWÙ-LYÙ Y[o-°u-\-]? C’-

˙TÙp ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

• Nt-flj ̆ RÙ˚X-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ TÙoj-RÙp C˚X-ú Y•-Ym Gl-T-•-´-⁄d-œm?

• UWj-ßu, C˚X-L-∞u ®\e-Ls Gl-T-•-´-⁄d-œm?

1 1 7

Tœß ̨ 2B£-¨-V-ü D”-TÙ-” œZk˚Rd-œ

ER-‹-Y-’ Gq-YÙ-fl?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Ru-]m-©d˚L

Y[o-°-\-’.

˘RÙPo Lt-\-¤d-œj Ái-”-

˙LÙXÙL A˚U-°-\-’.

KÆVd L˚X-´p ÿu-˙]t-\m

LÙi-T-˘Rl-T-• Gu-fl ◊¨-°-\-’.

L˚Xj-ß-\-̊ ]d LpÆ ̆ RÙPoTÙ]

ß\-]ÙL Ht-fld ˘LÙs-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• UWm Ge-°-⁄d-°-\-’? —t-±-¤m ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u] Es-[-]?

• UWj-ßp ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u] C⁄d-°u-\-]?

• BLÙ-Vj-ßp Gu-˘]u] C⁄d-°u-\]?

Cq-Æ-]Ùd-L˚[ U]-ßp ˘LÙi-”, ˘Y∞-´-¤s[ J⁄ UWj-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

œZk-˚R-L-fi-Pu ˘Y∞-´p ˘Nu-fl Et-fl LY-≤j-’j RL-Yp-Ls ßWh-”-eLs.

°˚PjR ◊ßV RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ◊ßV KÆ-Vm æh-Pj Ái-”e-Ls.

• KÆ-Vd Li-LÙh£ SPj’m YÙnl◊

• —V Ußl-¿-”

• NL Ußl-¿-”

• B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿-”

CWi-” T˚Pl-◊-L-∞≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-s A”jR T˚Pl-

©t-LÙ] ÿu-]-±-YÙL A˚U-°-\-’.


C’-Y˚W SPkR ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ˘Tt\ A±-YÙd-Lm œZk-˚R-

L∞-Pm Gk-R-[-Æt-œ ®˚X-˘Tt-fls-[] Gu-flm AYt˚\d œ±l-©hP „Z-≠p

TVu-T-”jR AYo-L-[Ùp CV-¤-°-\RÙ Gu-flm A±V ˙Yi-”m. Al-˘TÙ-›-’-RÙu

Lt-\-¤m T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ß\u-L-fim Y[-⁄m. J⁄ KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-

œm A±-YÙd-Lm ˙Y˘\Ù-⁄ KÆ-Vj˚R Y˚W-Vj ÁiP ˙Yi-”m. ARt-LÙ]

YÙnl-T-∞dL ˙Yi-”m. Al-T-˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©-P-‹m ˙Yi-”m. C’˙Y Lt-

\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp G]l-T-”-°-\-’.


˘RÙPd-Ld LpÆ ®˚X-´p ©\ TÙPe-L-˙[Ù-” J⁄e-°-˚Qk˙R KÆ-Vd

L˚X Lt-\p SPd-°-\-’. Lt-\p-˛-Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p E˚W-VÙ-Pp, G›j-’

˙TÙu\ Tp-̇ Y-fl ̆ UÙØ ̆ Y∞-¬h-” Y•Ye-Ls YÙ -́XÙLd œZk-̊ R-Ls Ru Gi-

Qe-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo-Ls. A˙R ˙TÙp KÆ-Vd L˚X-Ÿm J⁄ L⁄j’ ˘Y∞-

¬h-” Y•-Y-UÙ-œm.

118

Tœß ̨ 2

J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp (A-Xœ/

T⁄-Ym) SPkR Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y˚R

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp Gu-°-˙\Ùm. J⁄

œ±l-©hP LÙX-A[Æp KÆ-Vd-

L˚Xd Lp-Æ-´p Ht-ThP Lt-\p

A˚P˚Y ˘Tt-˙\Ùo, NÍLm B°-

˙VÙ-⁄d-œj ˘R¨-ÆdL ˙Yi-”-˘U-

≤p AYt-˚\l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp Cu-

±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.

£X A±-‹-L˚[/A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ G›-ß-˙VÙ, ˘NÙp-≠˙VÙ ˘Y∞l-T-”jR CV-

XÙR ®˚X Ht-T-”-Y-’i-”. B]Ùp Aq-Y-±-‹-Ls œZk-˚R-ú Br U]-ßp

Tßk-’ ̇ TÙ´-⁄d-œm. CRu Ti-ThP Y•-Y˙U L˚Xl T˚Pl-◊-L-[ÙL ̆ Y∞l-T-”-

°u-\-].

Cj-R-˚LV ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L˚[ Lt-\p Ej-ß-L-[Ù-L-‹m £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p Lt-\p

NÙu-fl-L-[Ù-L-‹m ̆ T⁄m-TÙ-¤m Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L[ÙL‹m SÙm L⁄R ̇ Yi-•V ®˚X

Ht-T-”-°-\-’. œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm E⁄-YÙ] Gk-˘RkR ß\u-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo Cq-YÙ-fl

L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m?

• ˙R”m ß\u, C]m Li-”-˘LÙs-fim ß\u.

• AX£ BWÙ-Ÿm ß\u, L⁄j-’ ˘Y∞-¬h-”j ß\u

C˚Y J¸ı FP-Le-L-∞p Aß-Æ-˚W-YÙ-L-‹m Su\Ù-L-‹m ˘Y∞l-T-”-°u-\-].

©\ TÙPe-L-∞u Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L-fi-Pu L˚XdLpÆ Lt-\p Ußl-¿-”m J⁄e-

°-˚Qk-’ ˘NpX ˙Yi-”m. C’-Y˚W ©u-Tt-±V ˙TÙh-• U]l-TÙu-˚U˚V E⁄-

YÙd-œm Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls A±-Æ-Vp-Èo-Y-UÙ-]-˚Y-Vp-X. AYt˚\ C≤-Ÿm

©u-Tt-fl-Y-’ ÿ˚\-Vp-X. J⁄e-°-˚QkR ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] ˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-”

ÿ˚\˚Vl ©u-Tt\ ˙Yi-•-V-’ Cu-˚\V LÙXj-ßu Lh-PÙ-V-UÙL UÙ±-Ÿs-[-’.

œ› Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-” B°V Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls —V, NL

Ut-flm ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ®˚X-L-˚[d L¶dLl ˘T¨-’m ER-‹m ÿ˚\-L-[Ù-œm.

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ Aq-Yl-˘TÙ-›-’ Gu-˘]u] ©uÚhPe-Ls ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m Gu-fl æo-UÙ-≤d-L-‹m TÙPj-ßhP CXd-œ-L-∞u S˚P-ÿ˚\ A±˚Y

œZk˚R ˘Tt-fls-[RÙ Gu-fl Efl-ß-T-”j-R-‹m B£-¨-Vo SPj-’m Ußl-¿-” Cu-±-

V˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.

Cf ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-́ p Gu-̆ ]u] L⁄-Æ-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”jß Ußl-¿-” SPj-RXÙm

Gu-fl TÙol-̇ TÙm.

• Et-fld LY-≤j-Rp

• Æ]Ùd-Ls

1 1 9

Tœß ̨ 2

• TP YÙ£l◊

• ˙NÙR-˚]l-Th-•-Vp-Ls

• UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊/G]-’ KÆ-Vd œ±l-˙T-”

B°V L⁄-Æ-L˚[ KÆ-Vd L˚X˚V Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] L⁄-Æ-L-[Ù-Ll TVu-

T-”j-R-XÙm.

œ› Ußl-¿-”

CWi-PÙm Yœl-©p "Gp-XÙm Su-˚Ud˙L' Gu\ AX-°p G˚R KÆ-VUÙ-Lj

æhP-XÙm Gu-fl B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚R-L-fim LXk-RÙ-˙XÙ-£j-’j æo-UÙ-≤j-RÙo-Ls.

A˚]j’d œZk-˚R-L-fim R≤j-R-≤-VÙ-Ll TPm Y˚Wk-RÙo-Ls. AYt˚\ Yœl-

T˚\d Li-LÙh-£-´p ˚Yj-RÙo-Ls.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ̆ NVp-TÙh-•u ÍXm B£-̈ ˚V œZk-̊ R-L˚[ Ik-’ œ›d-L[Ùd-

°-]Ùo (Tf-̊ N, øXm, £Yl-◊, Ug-Ns, C[g-£-Yl-◊). Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œZk-̊ R-Ÿm RÙeLs

˘NnR Ußl-¿h˚P œ›-Æp T°ok-’ ˘LÙi-PÙo-Ls.

œUÙo Y˚WkR TPm ™L AZ-LÙL C⁄d-°-\-’. B]Ùp A¶-≠u ÿ’-

°-≠⁄dL ˙Yi-•V Íu-fl ˙LÙ”-L-˚[j-RÙu LÙQ-Æp-˚X. AYt˚\

Y˚Wk-ß-⁄d-L-XÙm.

C[e˙LÙ ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Yi-Qm æh-•-́ -⁄k-RÙu. UWj-ßt-œd ̆ LÙ”jR

RÆh” ®\-ÿm, ˙ULe-L-fid-œ A∞j-ß-⁄kR ˘Ys˚[ ®\-ÿm, BLÙ-

Vj-ßt-œj æh-•-́ ⁄kR øX Yi-Q-ÿm ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL AZ-LÙL C⁄k-R-].

G]d-œ UXoÆØ Y˚WkR KÆ-Vm ™L-‹m ©•j-R-’. AYs Y˚WkR

C˚X-L-fim Èd-L-fim AZ-LÙL C⁄k-R-]. UÙm-T-Zm R≤j-R-≤-VÙ-LYÙ

LÙnj-’j ˘RÙe-œm? UÙeLÙú ®\-̆ Uu-]? UÙm-T-Zm Ug-Ns ®\-UÙ?

£Yl◊ ®\-UÙ?

Yœl-T˚\ KÆ-Vd Li-LÙh-£-˚Vl TÙojR A˚]-Y-⁄m Re-Ls L⁄j-’-L˚[

œ›-Æp ·±-]o. £Xo TPj-ßp CPm-̆ Tt-fls[ L˚R UÙk-Ro-L-∞u EQo-‹-L˚[d

·ok-’ LY-≤j-’j Re-Ls L⁄j-’-L-˚[d ·±-]o. ˙Yfl £Xo ®\f ˙Nod-˚L˚Vl

120

Tœß ̨ 2

Tt± Ußl-©h-”d L⁄j-’j ˘R¨-Æj-R-]o.

œ›d-L-∞u L⁄j-’-L˚[ G”j-’-̊ Wd-œm ̇ Y˚[´p KÆ-Vd L˚X-́ u Tp-̇ Y-fl Ui-

P-Xe-L-̊ [l Tt±d œZk˚RLs CVp-TÙ-Ld LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-•-]o. £\kR KÆVj˚Rj ˙Rok-

˘R-”l-T-Rt-LÙ] RW-®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-L˚[ œZk-̊ R-L˙[ E⁄-YÙd-°-]o.

ÿu ˚YjR ©Wf-£-˚], A˚PkR ˙Uu˚U B°-V-Yt˚\ A[‹ Ut-flm Ti◊

B°-V-Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”-°-˙\Ùm. œZk-˚R-L-fim B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok’

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-• Y•-Y-˚UjR Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ] A[‹˙LÙp-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

• Y•-Y-Z-œ

• ®\f ˙Nod˚L/Yi-Qd LX˚Y

• L⁄j-’ J⁄e-°-˚Ql◊

Cq-YÙ-fl GRu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Ußl-©-Pl-T-”-°-̇ \Ùm Gu-fl ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙi-” ̆ NnŸm

T˚Pl-◊f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˙[ ˙U¤m ◊ß-V-˙RÙo T˚Pl-˚Tl T˚Pd-Lj Ái-”-˙LÙp-L-

[Ù-°u-\-].

NL Ußl-¿-”

œZk˚R Ru U]-ß-¤s-[˚R E⁄-Ye-L-[Ùd-°, Yi-Qm æh-• KÆ-Vm Gu\ T˚Pl-

TÙL ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-’-°-\-’. NL UÙQ-Y-‡m Cj-R-̊ LV ÿVt-£-́ p RÙu D”-T-”-°-\Ùu. Re-

Ls T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ J⁄-Y-⁄d-̆ LÙ-⁄-Yo UÙt-±d ̆ LÙs-[-‹m Re-Ls Gi-Qe-L˚[ KÆ-

Vj-ßu ÍXm T°ok-’ ̆ LÙs-[-‹m YÙnl-T-∞d-œm Cm-ÿ˚\ ™L‹m TV-‡s-[-RÙ-œm.

T˚Pl-◊j ß\u Ußl-¿-”m T˚Pl-©-¤s[ L⁄j-’ Tt-±V LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-P-¤m NL Ußl-

¿h-•p SPl-T-̊ Y-VÙ-œm. N -̈VÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Lfim, B£-̈ -V-̈ u YØ-LÙh-P-¤m

Cm ÿ˚\˚V N -̈VÙ] YØ-́ p ˘LÙi-” ˘NpX ER-‹m Gu-T-’ Efl-ß. C[m T˚Pl-

TÙ-∞-VÙ] NL UÙQ-Y-‡-Pu SPj-’m ̇ So-LÙ-Qp G›jßp Ru L⁄j˚R ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-R-

‹m NL Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-‹m ˘T¨’m ’˚Q ◊ -̈Ÿm. KÆVjß-¤s[ ˙Uu-̊ U-L˚[

C]m LÙ‘-R-¤m ARu ÍXm Ru KÆ-Vjßıp ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-Ls G˚Y-

˘V] EQo-R-¤m CVp-TÙ-L-‹m Æ˚W-YÙ-L-‹m S˚P-̆ Tfl-°u\].

—V Ußl-¿-”

˘NØ-Vu RÙu Y˚WkR KÆ-Vj˚Rd Li-¶-˚Ud-LÙ-Up TÙoj-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-

1 2 1

Tœß ̨ 2

RÙu. Tf-˚Nd œ›-Æ-]o Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ L⁄j-˚Rd ·flm ˙TÙ’m AY-]-’ Li-Ls

AY]’ T˚Pl-˚T˙V TÙoj-’l TÙoj-’ ¡i-P-].

ARu T⁄-Uu, EV-Wm, ®\m B°-V˚Y Su-\ÙL A˚Uk-’s-[] Gu-fl Si-

ToLs ·±-]Ùo-Ls. UÙU-Wj-ßp ®˚\V UÙe-LÙn-Ls C⁄d-°u-\-]˙Y! ˙ULe-Ls

Gp-XÙm øX Yi-Qm. Yi-Qj-’l Èf-£-Ÿm øX-®-\-UÙ-L˙Y Es-[-’. Ne-∏-RÙ˚Y

ø Gq-Y-[‹ AZ-LÙL Y˚Wk-’s-[Ùn! AY-[-’ Es-[e-̊ L-L-∞-¤m Lu-]e-L-∞¤m

ø æh-•-Ÿs[ C[m £Yl◊ ®\m RÙu Gj-R˚] AZ-œ!

N¨-RÙu. Ae-œ C[g-£-Yl◊ ®\m RÙu ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m. ˙ULe-L-fim

YiQj-’l Èf-£-L-fim Lt-ÈW UÙU-Wj-ßu ˙Up T\k-’ ˘Np-°-\-Rp-X-YÙ?

B]Ù-¤m G]d-œj ß⁄lß Cp-˚X. Ne-∏-RÙ-Æu ·k-R-˚Xd ˘LÙg-Ne-·P

J›e-LÙL Y˚Wk-ß-⁄dLXÙm. ˘Ru˚] UWj˚R Cq-Y-[‹ T⁄-U-]ÙL Y˚W-Vj

˙R˚Y-´p-˚X. B]Ùp Yi-Qd Lh-•-˚Vl (°-W˙VÙu) TVu-T-”j-’-Y-RÙp RÙu

T⁄-Uu Aß-L-UÙ-°u-\-’. Lt-È-W-UÙ-U-Wm ˙T—-Y-˚Rl ˘Tu-£-XÙp G›-Rj ˘RÙPe-

°˙]u. B]Ùp GpXÙ G›j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm G›R ÿ•-V-Æp-˚X. G›-’-Y-Rt-œ

˙YLUÙ-Ld Lt-fld ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

TÙj-ßUÙ R]-’ ß\-̊ U-L-̊ [-Ÿm Gi-Qe-L-̊ [-Ÿm U]l TÙe-œ-L-̊ [-Ÿm —VUÙL

Ußl-©h-PÙs. Si-To-L-∞u KÆ-Ve-L-∞p TÙol-T-Rt-œm Lt-fld ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œm

HWÙ[m Es-[-]. AYo-Ls TÙPj-ß-¤s[ Gk-˘Rk-Rl Tœ-ß-L˚[ KÆ-V-UÙd-

°]ÙoLs? Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm ˙TÙ’ "Gp-XÙm Su-˚Ud˙L' Gu\ L˚R-´-¤s[

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘NÙt-L-fim U]d-Li ÿu ˙RÙu-fl-°-\-Rp-X-YÙ?

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] „Zp-L-̊ [f —V-U-ßl-¿h-•t-LÙL A∞d-œm ˙T’ œZk-̊ R-́ u

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ÿ›-̊ U-VÙ-L-‹m KÆ-Vj-ß-\u-Ls £\kR ÿ˚\-́ -¤m Y[of£

A˚P-°u-\-]. Y˚Wk-’m, Y˚Wk-’ A±k-’m, Lt-\-̊ XŸm ̆ Y∞-¬h˚PŸm TV‡s-

[-̊ Y-VÙdLd œZk-̊ R-́ u —V Ußl-¿-” ™L-‹m Cu-±-V-̊ U-VÙ-R-RÙœm.

B£-̈ -V-̈ u Ußl-¿-”

B£-̈ -Vo Aq-Yl-̇ TÙ-’ ̇ Ut-̆ LÙs-fim Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ -́XÙ-Lj RÙu œZk˚R-

L-∞u KÆ-Vd LpÆ ̇ Um-T-”-°-\-’. Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-’-Pu Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\Ls,

˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls, ßh-P-™-”-Rp B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-”-Y-’m B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ ER-‹-

°u\]. œZk-˚R-L-˚[f N¨-VÙ] ß˚N-´p YØ-LÙh-P-‹m AYo-L-[-’ —Rk-ß-W-UÙ]

122

Tœß ̨ 2

T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’ Bo-Y-Íh-”-Y-Rt-œm B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿-”

’˚Q◊¨V ˙Yi-”m.

Ko B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿h-˚Pd LÙi-˙TÙm

• KÆ-Vd L˚X-ú TÙPj-ßh-Pd ·-fl-Ls œZk-˚R-˚Vf ˘Nu-\-˚P-Vj RÙu

A∞jR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ˙TÙ’-UÙ-]-˚Y-VÙ?

• œZk-˚R-Ls ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Yi-Qe-Ls ˘LÙ”l-T-Rt-LÙ] ß\-˚]l

˘Ttfls[Ùo-L-[Ù?

• KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Y-Rt-œl ˙TÙ’-UÙ] ÿVt£-Ls A∞j-ß-⁄k-RÙp £X UÙQ-Yo-

L-∞u T˚Pl-◊-Ls NWÙ-N¨ RWj-˚R-VÙ-Y-’ ˘Tt-±-⁄d-L-XÙm.

• Ys-∞, L≤-˘UÙ-Ø, Aÿ-RÙ, TÙj-ß-UÙ, Èe-˘LÙ-•, U¶-Li-Pu B°-˙VÙ-ü

T˚Pl-◊-L-∞p L˚X-÷-‘d-Lm Es[].

• SpX KÆ-Ve-L-˚[d LÙi-T-Rt-œm Y˚W-Y-Rt-œm ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] YÙnl-◊-L-fim

WN-˚], ÆYÙ-Rm B°-V-Yt-±p LXk-’-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙ] „Z-¤m °˚Pj-RÙp

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-Ÿm ˙U¤m ˙Um-ThP Lt-T-˚]j ß\-‡-Pu KÆVm

Y˚W-YÙo-Ls.

• KÆ-Vm Ut-flm £t-Td L˚X-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙL SÙ‡m ◊ßV A±-˚Yl

˘Ttfld-˘LÙs[ ̇ Yi-”m.

Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V A±k-’ ˘LÙs[

TV-‡s[ Ußl-¿˙P KÆ-Vd Lt-\-≠p Ht-fld ˘LÙs-[l-Th-”s-[-’. KÆ-Vm

Y˚W-Ÿm ˙Y˚[-´p Y[of-£-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿-”

˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm. ÿß-V-Yo-Ls TZ-œm EX-̊ Ll ©±-̆ RÙ-⁄ TÙo-̊ Y-́ p œZk˚R TÙod-

°u-\-’. YV-’, £k-R-˚], A±-Ÿm Bo-Ym B°-V˚Y œZk-˚R-ú TÙo-˚Y˚Vj

æo-UÙ-≤d°u-\-’. œZk-̊ R-́ u Gi-Qe-L-fim £k-R-̊ ]-L-fim C’ ̇ TÙu\ RÙdLe-

[Ùp-RÙu E⁄-YÙ-°u-\]. KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Ÿm ˙Y˚[-L-∞p œZk-˚R-ú U]-ßp

E⁄-YÙ-œm UÙt-\e-Ls A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu A˚P-VÙ-[e-L-[Ù-œm. TPm Y˚W-Ÿm ̇ TÙ’

SPd-œm A±-YÙd-Lf ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \˚V B£-̈ -Vo, Ußl-©P ̇ Yi-”-UÙ-́ u œZk˚R-

ú TÙo-˚Y-´p £k-ßdL ˙Yi-”m. Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, ˙NÙR-˚]l-Th-•-Vp, RW

A[˚Y, Æ]Ùd-Ls, Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-¿h-•t-œl

TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

1 2 3

Tœß ̨ 2

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

œZk˚R KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-°u-\-’? Gq-YÙ-˘\p-XÙm

Y˚W-°u-\-’? Ge-œ, GYt-±p LY-]m ˘N¤j-’-°u-\-’? Gu-T-Yt˚\ ˙SW-•-VÙL

Et-fl ˙SÙd-œ-Y-Ru YÙ´-XÙL Uh-”˙U A±k-’-˘LÙs-[-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ÿ•-Ÿm.

Y˚W-Ÿm ÿ˚\-Ÿm TZd-L-ÿm Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-≠u ÍXm ◊Xl-T-”m. œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-

”-L-fid-œm ©\ ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œm HtT Yœl-T-˚\-˚V UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-œ ̇ SW-•-VÙL

Et-fl-˙SÙd-°d Li-”-©-•jR RL-Yp-Ls ˙R˚Yl-T-”m.

œZk-˚R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j-˘RÙ-œl-◊, TPe-Ls, £t-Te-Ls B°-V˚Y U˚\-ÿ-L-

UÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-R¤d˙Lt\ UÙß-¨-L-[Ù-œm.

œZk-˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˙Y˚[-L-∞p CVp-TÙL SPj-’m £fl

E˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls YÙ´-XÙL AYo-L˚[ Su-œ Ußl-©P CV-¤m. Li-”-©-•l-◊, ©Wf-

£-̊ ]j æo-‹, ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙ] A‘-œ-ÿ˚\ B°V L˚Xj Ru-̊ U-Ÿs[ ̆ NVp-

ÿ-˚\-L˚[ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y˙R CVp-TÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp. Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-≠u ÍXm

◊¨k-’-˘LÙi-P-Yt-±u œ±l-◊-Ls ̆ RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•t-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm.

˙NÙR-̊ ]l Th-•-Vp

TZdL YZd-Le-Ls, Ti-◊-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls B°V Jq-

˘YÙu˚\l Tt-±V RL-Yp-L-˚[l Tß‹ ̆ Nn-Y-Rt-œf ̇ NÙR-˚]l-Th-•Vp TVu-T-

P-XÙm. KÆ-Vf £t-Td L˚Xd Lt-\-≠u Tp-˙Y-fl ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-

UÙ] ̇ NÙR-̊ ]l Th-•-V-̊ Xf ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-̊ [j ßh-P-™-”m ̇ Y˚[-́ -̇ X˙V RVÙ-

¨l-T-’ ™L‹m Sp-X-’.

B£-¨-V-ü A±-‹-flj-Rp-L-fid-œ HtT œZk-˚R-Ls J⁄ L˚Xl-T-˚Pl˚T

Y•Y˚UjR ̇ TÙ’,

• œZk-˚R-Ls Y¨-˚Nl-T-• N¨-VÙ-Lf ˘Nn-’s-[Ùo-L[Ù?

• KÆ-Vj-ßp YW-˙Yi-•V Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-Ls KÆ-Vj-ßp CPm

˘Ttfls[]?

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u Bo-Y-ÿm Ái-”-Rp-L-fim GkR ®˚X-´-¤s-[-]?

• KÆ-Vj-ßp ˙U¤m Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

124

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-Ls ˛

KÆVd-L˚X

1. KÆ-Vm Y˚W-Rp

2. Yi-Qm È—-Rp

3. ˘LÙ[Ùx

4. £t-Tm

5. Af-—d-L˚X

• CRt-œs ˘Nn-’ ÿ•j-R˚Y G˚Y?

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u L˚Xl-T-˚Pl-◊-L-∞p LÙQl-T-”m £\l-Tm-Ne-Ls G˚Y?

˙U˙X ·\l-Th-P-Yt˚\ Ußl-©P ̆ Yq-̇ Y-fl „Zp-L-∞p ̇ NÙR-̊ ]l Th-•Vp

™L-‹m AY-£-V-UÙ-œm. œZk-̊ R-L-̊ [f —V-U-ßl-¿h-•t-œj Ái-”-°u\ J⁄ ̆ NVp-

TÙ-” ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp Bœm.

RW A[˚Y (Rating Scale)©Wf-£-˚]j æo‹ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls, ß\u-L-∞u ®˚X, U]-®-˚X,

Ái-”-Rp-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©Pj RW A[˚Y ™Ll ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-RÙ-œm.

œZk˚R Gu] ˘Nn-V-Æp˚X Gu-\-±-Y-Rt-Lp-X, UÙ\ÙLd œZk˚R Gu] ˘Nn-°-

\-’ Gu-\-±-Y-Rt˙L RW A[-˚Y-˚Vl TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. L˚Xf ˘NVp-TÙh-

•u Gk-Rf £\l-©-Vp-˚T-Ÿm B£-¨-Vo RÙu E⁄-YÙd-°V RW A[-‹-˙LÙp-L-˚[l

TVu-T-”jß Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m.

©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo-‹-LÙ‘m T˚Pl-©u YÙ´-XÙLd œZk˚R ˘Tt\ ß\-˚]j

A B C D E

˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ Ko B£-¨-Vo RVÙ-¨jR RW A[-˚Y˙V C’.

KÆV YÙ£l◊

KÆ-Vj˚R ˙U˙XÙh-P-UÙ-Ll TÙol-T-Rt-œm AR˚] Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œm

C˚P˙V HWÙ-[m ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls Es-[-]. KÆ-Vj-ß-¤s[ ˘Nn-ß-L-˚[d Li-”-

©•l-T-’m LiP LÙh-£-L-̊ [f £k-R-̊ ] Y[of-£d-œl TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’m A±-YÙdLf

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm. —V Æ[d-Lm A∞d-œm KÆ-Ve-L-˚[˙V CRt-

LÙLl TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. B£-¨-Vo ®˚]j-R-Yt-˚\d LÙ‘m ÆRm KÆV

YÙ£l◊ T˚Pl-TÙt-\p ™d-L-RÙL UÙ±-]Ùp œZk-˚R-L-∞u RWj˚R G∞-RÙL Ußl-

©-P-XÙm.

™L -™Lf

£\k-R-’

™ L f

£\kR’£\k-R-’ £X ˙Uu-˚U-Ls

Es-[’

˙Um-T-”jR ̇ Yi-•-V-’

1 2 5

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-L-fim ˘TÙ’d

œ±l-◊-L-fim ˛ KÆ-Vd-L˚X

L⁄j-’ ÿ›˚U

Y•-Y-Z-œ

Tp-˙Y-fl Yi-Qe-L˚[ J›e-

LÙ-Lj æh-”-Rp

CP Æ≤-˙VÙ-Lm/J›e-L-˚Ul◊

(Lay out)

Æ]Ùd-Ls

Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-’m Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Æ]Ù-‹m ˘R∞-YÙ-L-‹m, £k-R-˚]-

˚Vj Ái-”-Y-RÙ-L‹m, ◊ßV Gi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-T-˚]-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-

RÙL‹m A˚UV ˙Yi-”m. T˚Pl-◊j ß\-˚]j Ái-”m Cj-R-˚LV Æ]Ùd-Ls

EVokR £k-R-˚]f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u¡’ œZk-˚R-L-∞u LY-]j˚Rj ß⁄l-©-Æ-”-

°u-\-]. Su-œ ßh-P-™hP Æ]Ùd-L˙[ Ußl-¿h-•t-œ ER-‹-°-u\].

UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊

œZk-˚R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©tLÙLj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-ThP KÆ-Ve-L˚[

Y -̊̈ Nl-T-”j’m ̇ Y˚[-́ p Ußl-¿h-” ̇ SÙd-Lm ̆ R∞-YÙœm ̇ TÙ’, A˚Y Yœl-

T-˚\d-œ ˘Y∞˙V œZk-˚R-L-∞u U]-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm Æ¨-YÙ] Lt-\-≠u NÙu-±-

R-ZÙ-°u\]. CYt-±p œZk-˚R-ú Æ⁄l◊ ˘Yfll-◊-L-fim Bo-Y-ÿm ©W-ß-T-≠d-

°u-\-]. œZk-̊ R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j ̆ RÙœl-©-¤s-[-Yt-̊ \d œZk-̊ R-Ls Æ[d-œm

˙TÙ’ RÙu Ußl-¿-” ’p-≠-V-UÙ--°u-\-’.

˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls

LÙh£ Ut-flm L˚Xd Lt-\-¤d-œ YØ-LÙh-”m G∞V ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-L-˚[d œ›-

YÙ-L˙YÙ R≤-VÙ-L˙YÙ ̆ Nn-Y-Rt-œm ÿ›-̊ Ul-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œm ER-Æ-◊-̈ -Y-’ œZk-

˚R-L-∞u Bo-Yj-˚Rj Ái-”m. Lt-\p ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm U]-®-˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm TV-

‡s[ Y˚L-´p Y[-Wf ˘NnV ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls ˘Nn-Y-’ ™L-‹m Sp-X-’. ˘NVp-

ßh-Pj˚R Ußl-©P ÿ˚\-VÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls ˙R˚YVÙ-œm.

126

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ̨ Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”jß ’p-≠-V-UÙ] Æ°-Rj-ß-¤m AL-Xj-

ß¤m C⁄ T¨-UÙ-Q, ÿl-T-¨-UÙQ Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R Y•-Y-˚Ul-◊d

L˚X´p S˚P-̆ T\ ̇ Yi-”m. ̇ LÙ”-Ls, Yi-Qe-Ls, Y•-Ye-Ls, A”d-œ-Ls B°-

V-Yt-±u ̇ Yfl-TÙh-̊ Pl ◊¨k-’ Lt-T-̊ ]j ß\-‡-Pu Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœm ß\u

T˚Pj-R-Y-]Ù-Ld œZk-˚R˚V UÙt-flm A‡-T-Ye-Ls Yœl-T-˚\-´p °˚PdL

˙Yi”m. œZk-̊ R-̊ Vl ˘TÙfljR Y˚W-́ p Y•-Y˚Ul◊f ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Gu-T-’

AY]’ EQo-‹-L˚[ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. Y•YÙd-Le-L˚[

W£jRp, Es-fi-Qo-‹-L˚[ ̆ Y∞l-T-”jR ER-‹m Y•-LÙ-XÙL Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ Y•-YÙd-Le-

L-̊ [Ÿm TVu-T”j-’-Rp B°-V-̊ Y˙V Cl-TÙ-Pl Tœ-ß-̊ Vd Lt-T-Ru ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-

œm.

Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú RÆodL ÿ•-VÙR Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm Ußl-¿-”.

œZk˚R Y•-YÙdLd L˚X-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm LPk-’-˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’m

˙R˚Y-VÙ] Ußl-¿-”-Ls ˘Nn-’ ©uÚhPm A∞dL ˙Yi-•-V-’ Cu-±-V-˚U-

VÙR-RÙ-œm. Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Y[of-£d-œ C’ ˘T¨-’m ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm.

B£¨Vü Ußl-¿” UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u YÙn-˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-fidœm T˚Pl-◊-

Lfidœm ’˚Q-®t-œm.

Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X-´p Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y?

• Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X ˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

• Y•-Y˚Udœm ß\u, U]-®˚X

• R]-’ Lt-\˚X/£k-R-̊ ]-̊ Vl Tœl-TÙn‹ ̆ Nn-’ A‘-L-‹m Ußl-©-”-Y-Rtœm

Es[ ß\u.

• Y•-Y˚UlT-Ru YÙ´XÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm ÷‘d-Lm.

C˚Y Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y ̆ Y∞l-T-”-°u-\-]. Y•-YÙd-Ld L˚X-ú

Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls G˚Y?

• E⁄-YÙd-°V T˚Pl-◊-Ls

• Y•-Y˚Ul◊f ˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls

1 2 7

Tœß ̨ 2

• T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-©h-”d °˚PjR L⁄j-’-Ls/

A±‹-˚W-Ls

• B£-¨Vo A∞jR Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R-Ls ·±V

Tßp-Ls.

CYt-±-˘Xp-XÙm œZk-˚R-Ls ˘Tt\ A±‹ ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm. Cq-Y-±˚Y Ußl-

©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls G˚Y? Ko ERÙ-W-Qj-˚Rd LÙi-˙TÙm.

Y•-YÙd-Ld L˚X ˘RÙPo-TÙL Íu-\Ùm Yœl-©p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Tp-˙Y-fl

˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p £X ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls.

A⁄-¶u ≈h˚P Y˚Wk-’-Æh-˙PÙm. C≤ Aq-≈h˚P Y•-Y-˚Ul-˙TÙ-UÙ?

• B]Ùp ≈h-˚Pl TPj-ßp Es-[-’ ˙TÙu-fl E⁄-YÙdL CV-¤-UÙ?

• ≈” E⁄-YÙd-œm ̇ TÙ’ TPj-ßp Es[ GYt-̊ \-̆ Vp-XÙm L˚P-©-•dL CV-¤m?

• ˘NnV CV-XÙ-R˚Y TPj-ß-¤s-[-RÙ?

• ˘NnV CV-XÙ-R-Yt˚\ ød-°-]Ùp ≈h-•t-œ Gu] ®L-›m? Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp

Gu] ˘Nn-V-XÙm?

• Aq-YÙ-\Ù-ú TPj-ßp ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\m Gu-]?

Cq-YÙ-\Ù] Æ]Ùd-L-˚[d ˙Lh-”d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-Rp, TPj˚R UÙt±

Y˚WRp, T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p ˙Noj-Rp.

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

RÙu Y˚WkR ≈” Gl-T-•l-Th-P-’? ≈h˚P E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙Y˚[-´p ˘NnV

˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-Ls G˚Y? UÙt-\m YWd LÙW-Qm Gu-]? Cq-YÙ-fl Ru T˚Pl˚T

—V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls. C˚Y, RÙu LPk-’ YkR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-

ßd-L-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m æo‹ LÙQ-‹m ER-‹-°u\ „Zp-L-[Ù-œm. Cm-U-ßl-¿h-”f

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L˙[ Ce-œ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-[ÙL UÙfl-°u-\-]. Cq-YÙ-fl-RÙu

Ußl¿˙P Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-XÙL UÙflm ˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’j Ru-˚U-Ls

G˚Y?

• Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p SPd-œm —V Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-” B°-V˚Y

YÙ´XÙLd °˚Pl-T-̊ Y.

128

Tœß ̨ 2

• Re-L-[-’ Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ßh-P-™-Pp, S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-’-Rp, Ußl-

©-”-Rp Gu-T˚Y œ±j-’ œZk-˚R-L-˚[ ÆØl-◊-Qo‹ A˚P-Vf ˘Nn-R¤m

RY-fl-L-˚[j RÆodL YÙnl-T-∞j-R-¤m.


©±-˙RÙo „Z-˚Xd LÙi-˙TÙm

≈” E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm

Y•-Æ-Vp Y•-Ye-L˚[ ˘Lh-• Ah-˚P-´-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Yh-• G”j-’d œZk-˚R-

Lfid-œd ˘LÙ”d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• ≈” E⁄-YÙd-œm YÙnl◊ A∞d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

• ≈” E⁄-YÙdL ÿ•k-R-RÙ?

• Cp-˚X-˘V-≤p Hu?

• ≈h-•u TPj-ßp ˙U¤m Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

• Y˚W-RÙ-∞p Y•-Æ-Vp Y•-Ye-L˚[ Jh-• ≈” E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• Tp-˙Y-fl Yi-Qd LÙ°-Re-L˚[ Jh-• AZ-œ-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• E⁄-YÙd-°V ≈h˚P œ›-YÙL Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

TPj-ßp ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

RÙu E⁄-YÙd-°V ≈h-˚Pf —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ ˙U¤m ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙL

Ußl-¿h-̊ Pl TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls. œ› Ußl-¿h-̊ P-d œZk-̊ R-L-s Lt-\˚X ̇ Um-

T-”j-Rl TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls. AßL Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿˙P C’. CYt-±u YÙ´-

XÙ-Ll ˘Tt\ L⁄j-’-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?

• Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pl-T-˚Y.

• Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V ÿu-˙]Ùd-°d ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-T˚Y.

• œZk-˚Rd-œl ©uÚhPm °˚Pd-°u-\-’.

• B£-̈ -V-⁄d-œd œZk-̊ R-́ u Lt-\p ̆ RÙPo-TÙ] TV-‡s[ RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-

°u-\-].

1 2 9

Tœß ̨ 2

Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X

˘NVp ÿ \̊̊ V Ußl-©-”-Rp

1. œZk-˚R-ú Bo-Ym

2. œZk-˚R-ú ·h-”-\‹

U]lTÙe-œ

3. ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls œ±j-RÙ]

A±‹

4. ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u ÷‘d-

L-ÿm ’p-≠-V-ÿm

5. ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-L-∞p —t-flf-„-

Zp TÙ’-LÙl-◊j ˘RÙPo-TÙ]

ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym


Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©P ER-‹m C⁄ YÙnl-◊-Ls Cq-Æ-Wi-” ˘NVp-

TÙ”-L-∞¤m Es-[-].

Ju-fl, œZk-̊ R-Ls Y˚WkR ≈h-•u TPm, Ut-̆ \Ùu-fl Y•-Æ-Vp Y•-Ye-L-̊ [l

TVu-T-”jßd œZk-˚R-Ls Y•-Y-˚UjR ≈h-•u TPm. Y•-YÙdLd L˚X-´p Y•-

Æ-Vp Y•-Ye-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-ßd œZk˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V ≈h˚P Ußl-©”m

˙Y˚[-´p Ju-±t-œ ˙Ut-ThP Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u Æ˚[-‹-Ls Sm-ÿu ®t-

°u-\-]. œZk-˚R-Ls Y•-Y-˚Uj-R-Yt-˚\˙VÙ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[˙VÙ Ußl-©h-”

B£-¨-Vo RVÙ-¨d-œm œ±l-◊-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ̇ NL-¨l-◊-Ls B°-V-˚YŸm œZk-

˚R-L˚[ Ußl-©P ER-‹-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-œ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R-´Pm S˚P-˘Tt\

Lt\p Y[Ùf£.

• J⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-́ p ̆ Tt-̇ \Ù-̈ -P˙UÙ œZk-̊ R-L-∞-P˙UÙ ̆ R -̈ÆdL ̇ Yi•V

RL-Yp-Ls.

• œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm A±‹ GkR A[‹ ®˚X-˘Tt-fls-[-’.

B°-V˚Y Cf-˘N-Vp-ÿ˚\ YØ-VÙL SUd-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-].


Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p Ußl-¿-” RÆodL ÿ•-VÙR Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm. Lt-\p ˘NVp-

ÿ-˚\d-œl TVu-T-”j-’m Gp-XÙf ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-¿h-•t-œm TVu-T-”j-

R-XÙm. œ› Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-”, B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿-” B°-V˚Y Ußl-¿h-•t-œl

TVu-T-”j-’m Ej-ß-L-[Ù-œm.

œ› Ußl-¿-”

Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\-≠u ˙TÙ’ B£-¨˚V J⁄ øol-TÙ-N] A˚Qd-Lh-•u

UÙß¨˚V E⁄-YÙd-œm ˘TÙfll-˚Td œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm Jl-T-˚Pj-RÙo. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

œ›-‹m A˚Qd-Lh-•u UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°, AYt-fls £\k-R-˚Rj ˙Rok-˘R-

”d-œm ˘TÙfll-˚T-Ÿm A∞j-RÙo.

Gk-Rd œ›-Æu UÙß¨ £\k-R-’?

£\k-R-’ G]d ·\d LÙW-Qm Gu-]? ©\ UÙß-̈ -L-∞p Gu-̆ ]u] œ˚\TÙ”Ls

Es-[-]? AYt˚\ ˙Um-T-”jR Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

130

Tœß ̨ 2

Cq-Æ-]Ùd-L˚[ Y˚W-RÙ-∞p G›ß AYo-Ls ÿu-˚Yj-RÙo. E⁄-YÙd-°-V-

Yt˚\d œ›-Æp Ußl-©h-”, °˚PjR RL-Yp-L˚[ Yœl-©p YÙ£j-RÙo-Ls. £\k-

R-’ G]d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-˚[d œZk-˚R-L˙[ œ›-Æp E⁄-

YÙd-°-]Ùo-Ls.

• ’p-≠-V-UÙ] A[-‹m A˚Ul-◊m E˚P-V˚Y

• A±-Æ-Vp Èo-Y-UÙ-]-Yt˚\ Ht-fld ˘LÙi-”s-[Ùo-Ls

• TÙol-T-Rt-œ ™L-‹m AZ-LÙL Es-[-’.

• ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-P L⁄j-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p E⁄-YÙd-°-Ÿs-[-]o.

B£-¨-Vo GpXÙ œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm C⁄k-’m œ±l-◊-L˚[ G›ß YÙe° Ußl-

©h-”s-[Ùo.

B£-̈ -V-̈ u Ußl-¿-”

œZk-̊ R-Ls RVÙ-̈ jR UÙß-̈ -L˚[ Yœl-©p LÙh-£l-T-”jß B£-̈ -Vo Etfl

˙SÙd° Ußl-©h-” R]-’ Ußl-¿h˚P Yœl-©p G”j-’-˚Wl-T-’ Ut-˘\Ù-⁄ Ußl-

¿h-” ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm. Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m Ußl-¿h˚P ˙U¤m

÷h-T-UÙ-L-‹m ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-œm B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿-” ER-‹m.

—V Ußl-¿-”

œ› Ußl-¿h-•t-œ ÿu Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æu UÙß-¨-L-∞u £\l-◊-L˚[ Ak-

RkRd œ›d-L˙[ ·\ YÙnl-T-∞d-L-XÙm. œ› Efll-©-]o-Ls AYt-˚\d Li-”-

©•j-’j ˘RÙœj-’ £\k-R-Yt-˚\d ·flm ˙TÙ’ —V-U-ßl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-’.

• UÙß¨ Y•-Y-˚Ud-œm ˙TÙ’ SÙm ©u-Tt-±V Ej-ß-Ls/L⁄j-’-Ls G˚Y?

• Y•-Y-˚UjR UÙß-¨-Ls GkR A[‹ ©W-ß-T-≠d-°u-\-]?

• ÿd-°-V-UÙ] ˙Uu-˚U-Ls G˚Y?

• œ˚\-Ls G˚Y? AYt˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl ®Yojß ˘Nn-V-XÙm?

B°-V-Yt-˚\f —V Ußl-¿h-” ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim

ÿ›-˚U-VÙ], CVp-TÙ] Lt-\p „Zp-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° Y•-Y-˚Ul-◊d

L˚X˚Vd Lt-TRtLÙ] YÙnl˚T B£-¨-Vo E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. Y•-Y-˚Ul-◊d

T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Rp

1. Y•Y˚UlTßt-LÙ] Y•-Y-

ÿm A˚Ul-◊m

2. T˚Pl-©u Tp-˙Y-fl Tœ-ß-

L-fid-°-˚P˙V Es[

Æ°Rm, Y•YZ-œ

3. ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙ-”, ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\ B°-V-Yt-±u A[‹

4. Y•-Y˚UlT-ßp Es[

T˚Pl-◊j ß\u

5. T˚Pl©u ÿ›˚U

1 3 1

Tœß ̨ 2

L˚X-́ p Y•-YÙd-Lf ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ÿm Y•-YÙd-Lj-ßu YÙ -́XÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm T˚Pl-

◊m Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-[ÙL SUd-œd °˚Pd-œm. CYt˚\ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Gk-˘Rk-Rd

L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm?

• Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

• UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ ˛ Y•YÙd-Le-Ls ˛ œ±l-◊-Ls

• G∞V ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls

• Æ]Ùd-Ls

• ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp-Ls

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

C’ Y•-Y˚Ul◊f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ™Ll

TV‡s[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm. Y•-Y-˚Ud-œm ÿ˚\, TVu-T-”j-’m L⁄-Æ-Ls, ˙SWm,

œZk˚R-L-∞u A±‹ B°-V-Yt˚\ Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YÙ´-XÙL Ußl-©-P-XÙm.

B£¨˚V G∞-RÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-Rd ·•V ™L ÷‘d-LUÙ] L⁄Æ Et-fl-˙SÙd-LXÙ-

œm. Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YÙ´-XÙL ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p œZk-˚R-L-∞u Te-L-∞l-˚Tl T¨-

˙NÙ-ßd-L-‹m EP-‡-RÆ A∞d-L-‹m CV-¤m.

UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊-Ls

Y•-YÙd-Le-Ls, œ±l-◊-Ls

CRu YÙ´-XÙL Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X-ú Lt-\p Y[of-£-˚Vj ’p-≠-V-UÙL

A[dL-ÿ-•-Ÿm. ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p œZk-˚R-Ls RVÙ-¨jR Y•-YÙd-Le-L-˚[-

Ÿm Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Jl-©h-” Ußl-©-”m ˙TÙ’ Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V

B£-̈ -V⁄m œZk-̊ R-L-fim ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs[ CV-¤m. ̆ Tt-̇ \Ùo œZk-̊ R-L-̊ [d œ±j-

’l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ CkR Y•-Y˚Ul◊L-fim œ±l-◊-L-fim ER-‹m.

• Li-”-©-•jR Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.

• Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls ˛ —V-UÙL ˛ œ›-Æp ˛ E⁄-YÙd-°-V˚Y.

• Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-Vl TVu-T-”j-ßV ˙NÙR-˚]l-Th-•-Vp, Y•-YÙd-Le-Ls B°-V-

Yt˚\ œZk-˚R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p ˙Nod-LXÙm.

132

Tœß ̨ 2

G∞V ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls

Y•Y˚Ul◊d L˚X-́ u ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-L˚[ ˘TÙfll-̇ Tt-fl ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm

Cj’˚\ NÙokR AßL ˙RP-¤d-̇ Lt\ ß\u T˚Pj-R-Yo-L-[ÙLd œZk-̊ R-L˚[ UÙt\

CV-¤m. £fl Y•-YÙd-Lm ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls, ©Wf-£-̊ ]j æo-‹f ˘NVp-ßh-

Pe-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ œZk-̊ R-L-∞-Pm A∞j-RÙp A˚Y Lt-\-¤d-œm Ußl-¿h-•t-œm

ER-‹m.

Æ]Ùd-Ls

Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X-ú Ußl-¿h-•t-œl TVu-T-”m ™Lf £\kR L⁄-Æ-L˙[

Æ]ÙdLs.

• Y•-Y˚Ul˚T-Ÿm Y•-YÙd-Lf ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-̊ V-Ÿm œ±j-’d œZk-̊ R-Ls ◊¨k’-

˘LÙs-fi-Rp

• ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-Ls, ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\j ˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp

• ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u] ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[/R[e-L˚[ CRt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm?

• ˘LÙ”d-Ll-ThP œ±l˚T/L⁄˚Y œZk˚R GkR A[‹ ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙi-”s-[Ùu?

Gu-T-]-Yt˚\ Æ]Ùd-Ls YÙ´-XÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•-Ÿm.

˙NÙR-̊ ]l Th-•-Vp

Y•-Y˚Ul◊d L˚X˚V Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] £\kR L⁄Æ ˙NÙR-˚]l

Th•VXÙ-œm.

Gi œ±l-◊-Ls Bm Cp˚X

1 ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] A[-Æp Y•-Y-˚Uj-’s-[Ùo-L-[Ù?

2 ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[Ùo-L-[Ù?

3 Y•-Ye-Ls/KÆ-Ve-Ls CYt-±t-°-̊ P˙V Es[ C˚P-˘Y∞ Æ°-RÙf-NÙ-Wm ©u-Tt-\l-Th-”s-[-RÙ?

4 Y•-Ye-Ls Ju-fld-˘LÙu-fl N¨-VÙ] Æ°-Rj-ßp Es-[-]-YÙ?

5 ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ®\e-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]YÙ?

6 ®\d LX˚Y/˙Nod˚L ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL Es-[-RÙ?

1 3 3

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-Ls ˛ SÙP-Lm

1. A˚N‹

2. ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Rp

3. S•l◊

4. F˚U S•l◊

5. E˚W-VÙ-Pp

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ̨ SÙP-Lm

Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y? Gq-YÙ-fl?

SÙP-Ld Lt-\p S˚P-˘Tflm ˙Y˚[-´p A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œj R˚P-VÙL C⁄l-T-

Yt-˚\l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” Ak-Rj R˚P-L˚[ UÙt\ Gq-ÆR ERÆ A∞dL ˙Yi-

”m Gu\ B£-¨-V-ü ◊¨-R˙X, Af-˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\-ú Ußl-¿h-•tœd LÙW-Q-UÙ-

°u-\-’. CRu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p A∞dL ̇ Yi-•V ER-Æ-́ u Ru˚U, A[-‹, ÿ˚\

B°-V-Yt-˚\j æo-UÙ-≤j-’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. CRu A•l-T-˚P-´p

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•p ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ÿ•-Ÿm. œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-

•u ˙TÙ’m —V ˘Y∞-¬h-•u ˙TÙ’m Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV CV-¤m.


SÙu-LÙm Yœl-©p "T£-˘Vu-‡m TÙÆ' Gu\ AX-°-¤s[ J⁄ L⁄j-R-X-°p

CPm-̆ Tt-fls[ SÙP-Lj-ßt-LÙ] YÙnl-̊ Tl TVu-T-”j-ßf ̆ NVp-TÙ-” SPkR ̇ TÙ’

S˚P-̆ Tt\ Ußl-¿h-̊ Pl T -̇̈ NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm. œ›d-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨j-’d ̆ LÙ•V ̇ Y≤t-

LÙ-Xm, ˙TUÙ¨ (˙Tn U˚Z), ˘LÙ•V Y]j-ßp Ko CW‹ B°-V-Yt-±u J≠l-

TPeLs E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-]. Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œ›-‹m J≠-Ÿ-Pu ·•V LÙh-£˚V ̆ Y∞-

´h-PÙo-Ls. ©\ œ›d-Ls AYt˚\ Ußl-©h-P-]. J≠ J›e-œ, J≠-ú TVu-

TÙ” B°-V˚Y LÙh-£˚V ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßk-R-RÙL UÙt\ GkR A[‹ ER-Æ-VÙL

A˚Uk-R] Gu\ Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm A∞j-RÙo-Ls. ˘Y∞-´hP œ›

AkR A±-‹-̊ W-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Lt-\-≠u A”jR ®˚Xd-œf ̆ Nu-\-’. Ceœ

œ›d-Ls A∞jR Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL A”jR ®˚Xd-œf ̆ Np-Y-Rt-œm ̆ RÙPo

Lt-\-¤d-œm ER-‹m RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pj-R-].

134

Tœß ̨ 2Ußl-¿-” ̨ SÙP-Lm

LÙh-£-Ls ˘RÙPof-£-Ÿm SÙP-Lj

Ru˚U-Ÿm ˘LÙi-P˚Y.

®Lrf£ S˚P-˘T-flm L[m

˘R∞YÙ-Ll ◊X-]Ù-°u-\-’.

EP-X-˚N-‹m Efll-◊d-L-∞u

A˚N‹m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL Es-[-].

L˚R-UÙk-Ro-L-∞u Ti-◊-Ls,

EQof£ ®˚X B°-V-Yt˚\

U]ßp ˘LÙi-” ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

œWp Ht-\j RÙr-‹-Ls, TÙY˚]

CYt-±t-œ HtT J≠-˚Vl TVu-

T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Lt-\˙X Ußl-¿-”

SÙP-Lm ÿ•-Y-˚PkR ©u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æu SÙP-Lj-˚R-Ÿm Tß‹ ˘NnR

J¸ıf£j-ß-Wm Yœl-©p LÙh-Pl-T-”-°u-\-’. LÙh£ ÿ•kR ©u ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[

Æ]Ùd-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp SPj-Rl-T-”-°u-\-’.

• L˚R UÙk-Ro-L-∞u œWp ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-˚Y-VÙ?

• L˚R UÙk-Ro-L-fid-œ E´-˙WÙh-Pm Ei-PÙ? (K-˚N-Ÿm S˚P E˚P TÙY-˚]-

LfiUp-XYÙ L˚R UÙk-Ro-L-fid-œ Eó A∞l-T-˚Y.)

• G]-’ S•l˚T ̇ Um-T-”jR ̇ Yi-”-UÙ?

• Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

CYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-L-fim œ›-Æ-‡-˚PV‹m

Ru‡˚PV‹m ˘Y∞-¬h˚P Ußl-©h-”f —V ˘Y∞-¬h-”d œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-’

œ›Æp YÙ£d-°-\Ùo-Ls. œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-”-Pu R]-’ ÿVt-£-˚V-Ÿm Eh-T-”jß

Ußl-©-”-Y-Ru YÙ -́XÙLd œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œj Re-L-[-’ Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-̊ V- Ußl-

©h” ˙Um-T-”j-’m Lt-\p YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-°u-\-’.


œZk˚R A˚PkR ®˚X-˚Vd Lt-\p CXd-œ-Pu Jl-©h-”d œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-

YÙd-°V A±‹ GkR A[‹ AYo-L-∞-Pm ®˚X-˘Tt-fls-[-’ Gu-T˚R A±k-’

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.

ERÙ-W-Qm: S•l-©u ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-˚[d LPk-’ YkR œZk-˚R-Ls ◊ß-V-

˘RÙ-⁄ S•l-◊f „Z-˚Xd LÙh-£-VÙd-œm ̇ TÙ’ ̇ YPm, CPm, L˚R UÙk-R-ü E˚W-

VÙ-Pp B°-V-Yt-±p ˙Yfl-TÙ-” LÙh-•-]Ùp A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu TWl-˚T-Ÿm S•l-TÙt-

\-˚X-Ÿm Ußl-©P ÿ•-Ÿm.

1 3 5

Tœß ̨ 2


SÙP-Lm J⁄ R≤f ̆ NVp-TÙ-” Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up J⁄ œ›f ̆ NVp-TÙ-”m Bœm.

G]˙Y œ› Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-”, B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿-” B°V

Ußl-¿-”-Ls S˚P-˘T\ YÙnl-◊-Ls Es-[-].

Lt-\p, Ußl-¿-”, ©uÚhPm B°-V˚Y C˚QkR ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ´-XÙL

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p ˙Um-TP HWÙ-[m YÙnl-◊-Ls °˚Pd-°u-\-].

Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim ˛ SÙP-Lm

Re-L-[-’ ß\u-L˚[/˘Y∞-¬-”-L-˚[l TÙod-œm YÙnl◊ œZk-˚R-L-fid-œd

°˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. CRt-œj RW A[-˚Y, ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp B°-V-Yt˚\

Ej-ß-L-[Ù-Ll TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

• Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

• ˙NÙ˚]l-Th-•-Vp

• RW A[˚Y

• Æ]Ùd-Ls

• UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊

136

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ̨ SP-]m

RÙ[, TÙY, NX] Y[of£ SP-]d LpÆú YÙ´-XÙ-Ld œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm Ht-TP

˙Yi”m. SP-]d Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ -́XÙ-Lf ̆ Np-¤m œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œ A±‹

Y[of-£, SP-]j ß\u-L-∞u Y[of-£, NÍL YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L-∞p Sp-X-ÿ-˚\-

´p Gßo-˘LÙs-fim U]-®˚X E⁄-YÙd-Lm B°-V-Yt±u Y[of-£˚V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-

Ld ̆ LÙi˙P SP-]d Lp-Æ˚V S˚P-ÿ-̊ \l-T-”j-’-°-̇ \Ùm. CRt-LÙ] Lt-\p ̆ NVp-

ÿ-˚\-L-∞p D”-T-”m-˙TÙ-’ Gß-¨-”m £d-Lp-Ls G˚Y-˘V] Ußl-©-”-Y-Ru YÙ´-

XÙL B£-¨-V⁄d-œd °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-Ls œZk-˚R-ú SP-]d Lp-Æ˚V ˙So

YØl-T-”jR ER-‹-°u-\].

SP-]m ˛ G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m? Gq-YÙ-fl?

J⁄ ®Lrj-’ L˚X Gu-‡m ®˚X-́ p ARu ̆ Y∞-¬h˚P Ußl-©-”-Y˙R SP]d

Lt-\-≠p ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-RÙ-œm. ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls RÙ[ EQo-‹m EQof£ UVÿm AZ-

œQo-‹m ™∞o-T-̊ Y-VÙL A˚Uk-ß⁄dL ̇ Yi-”m. CYt˚\ Et-fl ̇ SÙd-Lp YÙ -́

XÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•-Ÿm. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Ußl-¿h-”f ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-

œm?

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. ÿR-XÙ-Y-RÙL Ußl-¿h-•t-

LÙ] RL-Yp-L-̊ [f ̇ NL-̈ dL ̇ Yi-”m. Cj-R-L-Yp-L˚[ Ge-°-⁄k-’ ̇ NL-̈ d-L-XÙm?

œZk-˚R-ú J⁄e-°-˚QkR Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP B£-¨-Vo

Cj RL-Yp-L-˚[l Tp-˙Y-fl E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ?

˙NL-̈ jR RL-Yp-L-∞u Ti-◊m TVu-TÙ-”m J˙W Ru-̊ U-Ÿs-[-̊ Y-VÙL C⁄d-œUÙ?

Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-” ˛ SP-]m

SÙu-LÙm Yœl-◊j R™rl TÙPË≠p "L˚Xd ·Pm' Gu\ TÙPl-T-œ-ß-́ p SP]d

Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙL A∞jR Tp-˙Y-fl ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p Es[ Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ]

YÙnl-◊-Ls G˚Y?

1 3 7

Tœß ̨ 2

B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l◊

.©W-ß-T-≠l◊:

L≤-˘UÙØ Su-\ÙL B•-]Ùs

G]d œZk-˚R-Ls ·±-V-˙Ru?

˚LLÙp-L-∞u A˚N‹ RÙ[j-ßt-œ

HtT C⁄k-R-’.

„Zp Ju-fl

• B£-¨-Vo œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ TW-R-SÙh-•-Vl TPj-˚Rd LÙh-”-°-\Ùo.

• C’ Gk-Rd L˚X Y•-Yj-ßu TPm?

CkR Æ]Ù TW-R-SÙh-•Vd L˚X˚V A±-ÿ-Lm ˘NnV GkR ®˚X-´-¤s[ RL-

Y˚X B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ A∞d-°u-\-’?

œZk-˚R-L-[Ùp TWR SÙh-•-Vj-ßt-LÙ] ˙YPm, A¶-L-Xu-Ls B°-V-Yt-

˚\l Tt± ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙs[ ÿ•-°u-\-RÙ? Aq-YÙ-\Ù-́ u ARu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p A±-

YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ Ht\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P B£-¨-V-WÙp ßh-P-™P CV-¤m.

Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p

LÆ-˚R˚V G›-ß-YÙ-£jR ©u LÆ-˚Rd-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] SP] A˚N-‹-L-

˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’f ˘Nn-’ LÙh-”m œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” A∞d-Ll-Th-P-’. Af-˘N-

Vp-TÙh˚P Ußl-¿-” ˘NnR ˙TÙ’ Gj-R-˚LV RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-°u-\-]? Ußl-

¿h-”d œ±l-©p ·\l-T-”m L≤-˘UÙ-Ø-ú ˚LLÙp-L-∞u A˚N‹ RÙ[j-ßt-œ

Ht-\-RÙ-œm. L≤-˘UÙ-Ø-ú A˚N-‹-Ls LÆ-˚R-ú RÙ[j-ßt-œ Ht\˚Y G]d

œZk-˚R-Ls Li-”-©-•j-R-’ Gl-T-•?

œZk-˚R-Ls œ›d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙ-Ld L≤-˘UÙ-Ø-ú SP-]jßp

LÆ˚Rd-œ Ht-\-RÙ-[-ÿm RÙ[j-ßt-œ Ht\ A˚N-‹m C⁄k-R-’ G]d Li-”-©-•j-

RÙo-Ls. Cf-„-Zp B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ Gj-R-˚LV RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞d-°-\-’? œZk-˚R-

Ls RÙ[j-ßt-œ HtT A˚N-‹m C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m G] Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.


J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ÿ•-Y-˚P-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[˙VÙ

YÙn-˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-˚[˙VÙ Ußl-©-”-Y˙R Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp Bœm. J⁄

AX-°u Cfl-ß-́ ˙XÙ J⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-́ ˙XÙ Cq-YÙ-fl Ußl-©-P-XÙm. Ußl-¿h•u

YÙ -́XÙ-Ld °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-Ls YÙ -́XÙL B£-̈ -V-⁄m œZk-̊ R-Ÿm ̆ Tt-̇ \Ù⁄m

œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p RWj-˚Rl ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm.

138

Tœß ̨ 2


Yœl-T-˚\-´p J⁄ Lt-\p ̆ NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm ̇ Y˚[-´p œZk-˚R-L-∞u

A±-YÙd-Lm £\l-TÙL S˚P-̆ T-\l Tu-ÿL A±-‹j R[e-L-̊ [l TVu-T-”j-’-YRtœ

Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ SÙm ˚LVÙs-Y-’i-Pp-X-YÙ?

• œZk-˚R-L-˚[d œ›-YÙ-Ll ©¨j-’

• —V-UÙL Ht-fld˘LÙs-[f ˘Nn-’

• CWi-” ˙To APe-°V £fl œ›d-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨j-’

• œ›-Æp B£-¨-Vo ˙SW-•-VÙL D”-Th-”

• B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚R-L-fim ˙Nok-’

œ› Ußl-¿-”

˙L≠f £j-ß-Wj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ LÆ-˚R˚V E⁄-YÙd-°d œ›-YÙL SP-]m B•V J⁄

„Z-˚Xl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

• œZk-˚R-Ls ˙L≠f £j-ß-Wj-˚Rl TÙoj-’j Re-Ls U]-ßp ˙RÙu-±V L⁄j-’-

L˚[d LÆ-˚R-VÙL G›-ß-]Ùo-Ls. ©\-œ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ˘Yq-˙Y-fl œ›d-

L-[ÙLl ©¨k-’ LÆ-˚R˚V YÙ£j-RÙo-Ls.

• B£-¨˚V œ›-Æp S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d œ±j-’f N¨-

VÙ] A±-‹-flj-Rp-Ls A∞j-’d œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-]Ùo.

• Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-Ÿm RÙe-Ls G›-ßV LÆ-˚R-ú L⁄j-’-L-˚[d ·±-

]Ùo-Ls.

• œ›-Æp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄-˚PV L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm A±-‹-˚W-L-˚[-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-

ßd LÆ-˚R˚V UÙt± G›-ß-]Ùo-Ls.

©\ œZk-˚R-Ls G›-ßV LÆ-˚R-L-˚[d œ›-Æp YÙ£jR ̇ TÙ’, RÙu G›ßV

LÆ-˚R-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”j R]-’ T˚Pl◊ GkR ®˚X-´p Es-[-’ G]f —V-UÙ-Ll

◊¨k-’-̆ LÙi-PÙo-Ls. œ› Ußl-¿h-•u Ck-Rf „Zp "Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p' Gu\ ̇ SÙd-

Lj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-°u-\-’.

1 3 9

Tœß ̨ 2

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm ˙Y˚[-´-¤m S˚P-˘Tt\ ©\-œm Ußl-

¿h•tLÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim G˚Y?

• œZk-˚R-Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Æ]Ùd-L˚[ G›l-◊-Rp

• œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” R]d-œ ER-Æ-V-’ Gl-T-• G]d ·fl-Rp

NL Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u GkR ®˚X-´p Gq-YÙ-fl NL Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-

˘Uu-flm ARt-œ Gu-˘]u] Ej-ß-L-˚[d ˚LVÙ[ ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-flm B£-¨-Vo

’p-≠-V-UÙ-Lj ßh-P-™P ˙Yi-”m. Al-˙TÙ-’-RÙu NL Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-flm.

œm-™l TÙh-” G›ß œm™ BhPm B•V ®˚X-L-˚[l Tœj-RÙ-Ÿm ̇ TÙ’ NL

Ußl-¿h-•t-œ Gu-˘]u] YÙnl-◊-Ls °˚Pj-R-]? Si-ToL-∞u SP] A˚N-‹-

Ls RÙu ̆ Nn-R-Yt-±-≠-⁄k-’ Gq-YÙ-fl ̇ Yfl-Th-P] Gu-T˚R Jl-¿-” ̆ Nn’ Li-”-

©-•d-œm A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚R-L-fid-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-]. Gk-˘Rk-Rf „Zp-L-∞p

C˚Y S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-]?

• Si-To-L-∞u A˚N-‹-L-∞p G]d-œl ©•j-R˚Y/©•d-LÙ-R˚Y G˚Y? Hu?

• ˘NÙpX ̇ Yi-•V L⁄j-˚Rf N¨-VÙ-L ̆ Y∞l-T-”j-ß-]Ùo-L-[Ù? ̇ TÙu\ Æ]Ùd-

L˚[ œZk˚R R]d-œs ˙Lh-°u-\-’.

NL Ußl-¿h-•t-œl TVu-T-”j-’m Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim G˚Y?

• ˙NÙR-̊ ]l Th-•-Vp ˛ CWi-” ˙T⁄m LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-́ u

Tp-̇ Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p Lt-\-¤-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-̊ PV œ±l-◊-L˚[ Es-[-Pd-°-V-̊ Y.

• B£-¨˚V RVÙ-¨j-’ Yœl-©p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•V Ußl-¿h-” Æ]Ùd-Ls.

140

Tœß ̨ 2

—V Ußl-¿-”

Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú ̇ TÙ’ —V Ußl-¿-” ̆ Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] „Zp-Ls YØ-VÙLd

œZk˚R LPk-’ ˘Np-°-\-’. C˚Y œZk˚R A±-VÙ-U-˙X˙V S˚P-˘T-fl-m ˘NV-XÙ-

œm. £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p A±k-’m Cq-YÙ-fl S˚P-˘T-\-XÙm. œm-™-VÙhPm B•V

Gk-˘RkRf „Zp-L-∞p CRt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls °˚Pj-R-]?

œZk-˚R-Ls TÙojR œflk-R-Lh-•p Es[ SP] A˚N-‹-L-fid-œm R]-’ A˚N-

‹-L-fid-œm C˚P˙V Es[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[ Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-R-©u B•V „Zp.

• R]-’ A±˚Y/Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V NL œZk-˚R-ú A±‹/Lt-\p ̆ NVp-

ÿ-˚\-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm ˙TÙ’

• R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\/T˚Pl-˚Tl ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-L-∞u

A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’

• J⁄ œ±l-©hP ̆ NVp-TÙh-•p B£-̈ -̊ V-́ u ©uÚhPm °˚Pd-œm ̇ TÙ’

ÆUo-N]l Èo-Y-UÙ] Lt-\p A‘-œ ÿ˚\-´p A˚UkR Yœl-T-˚\f „Zp

YÙ´-XÙ-Ld œZk-˚Rd-œj R]-’ £k-R-˚]d œ±j-’f £k-ßd-Lj Ái”m YÙnl-◊-

Ls °˚Pd-°u-\-]. CRu ÍXm œZk-˚R-´-Pm —V Ußl-¿-”m BZ-UÙ] Lt-\-¤m

S˚P-̆ T-fl-°-\-’.

B£-̈ -Vo-Ls ̇ Lh-œm Æ]Ùd-L˚[ —V Ußl-¿-” ̆ Nn-V-‹m R]-’ £k-R-̊ ]˚V

Ufl-T-¨-∫-X˚] ˘Nn-V-‹m ER-‹-°-\-’.

SP-]d Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ A∞jR ˙TÙ’ Lt-\-≠u Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-L-∞p

Æ]Ùd-Ls ˙Lh-LlTh-P] Gu-T-˚Rl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

• œflk-R-Lh•p TÙojR œm-™-VÙh-Pjßp Ee-L-fid-œl ©•jR Tœ-ß-Ls G˚Y?

• Ee-Ls A˚N-‹-L-fid-œm œm-™-VÙh-PdLÙ-Wo-L-∞u A˚N-‹-L-fid-œm

C˚P˙V Gu-˘]u] ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-Ls Es-[-]?

• Ee-Ls A˚N-‹-L-˚[j œm-™-VÙh-Pd-LÙ-Wo-L-∞u A˚N-‹-Ls ˙TÙp UÙt-fl-Y-

Rt-œ Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

1 4 1

Tœß ̨ 2

• Ee-Ls A˚N-‹-L-∞p Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

• LÙ≠u A˚N-‹-L-∞p, ˚LL-∞u A˚N-‹-L-∞p, R˚X-ú A˚N-Æp, ˚L Rh-P-

≠p Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

• œflk-R-Lh-˚Pl TÙojR ©u, Ee-Ls Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP UÙt-\e-Ls G˚Y?

B£-̈ -V-̈ u Ußl-¿-”

œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\˚X Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV B£-¨-Vo A±k-ß-⁄dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

G˚Y?

• RÙu ßh-P-™h-” SPj-ßV Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls YÙ´-XÙL Gßo-TÙojR A±-

YÙd-L-ÿm ß\-‡m œZk-˚R-´-Pm Y[of£ A˚Pk-’s-[-]YÙ Gu-T-˚Rl T¨-

˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.

• J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp Ht-ThP Y[of-£-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

• Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPl-©-̈ -‹-Ls YÙ -́XÙ-Ld °˚Pd-œm Lt-\-≠u TV˚] Efl-ß-̆ Nn-Rp.

• œZk-̊ R-́ u Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of-£-́ u RXj-̊ Rl ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-Y-’-Pu ARu

Y[of-£-̊ V-Ÿm UÙt-\j-̊ R-Ÿm A±k-’ ˘RÙPo Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ A∞j-Rp.

• œZk˚R Ts-∞-´-¤m ˘Y∞-˙V-Ÿm œ”m-Tj-ß-¤m NÍ-Lj-ß-¤m ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs-

fim ˙TÙ’ ˘Y∞l-T-”m R≤ Bfi-˚U-ú £\l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm NÍL D”-TÙh-˚P-

Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

Gk-R-˘RkRf „Zp-L-∞p B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©-P-XÙm?

• œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh˚P Et-fl-˙SÙd-œm ˙TÙ’

• œZk-˚R-Ls Tßp A∞d-œm-˙TÙ-’

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u Y•-YÙd-Le-L˚[ Ußl-©-”m ˙TÙ’

• ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp YÙ´-XÙL

Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim ˛ SP-]m

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ HWÙ-[m Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm

TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\-≠u ˙SÙd-Lm, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Ru-˚U,

Ußl-¿h-•u ̇ SÙd-Lm, Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\, œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œd °˚PdL ̇ Yi-•V Lt\p

ERÆ B°-V˚Y J⁄ œ±l-©hP „Z-≠p GkR Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-˚Vl TVu-T-”jR

˙Yi-”m Gu-T-Rt-LÙ] A•l-T-˚P-VÙL A˚U-Ÿm.

142

Tœß ̨ 2

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp

£\kR Ußl-¿h-•t-œ NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\˙V Et-fl-̇ SÙd-Lp. œZk-

˚R-L-fi-Pu AßL ̇ SWm ̆ NX-Y-Øl-T-RÙp L˚Xf ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u Tp-̇ Y-fl ®˚X-

L-∞p AYo-L-[-’ ˘Y∞-¬-”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙdL ÿ•-Ÿm. œZk˚R Gu-˘]u]

˘TÙ⁄s-L-̊ [f ̆ NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙLj ̇ Rok-̆ R-”d-°u-\-’, ̆ NVp-TÙh-•u ̇ TÙ’ VÙo

VÙ⁄-Pu TZ-œ-°u-\-’, Si-To-L-∞-P-™-⁄k-’ Gu-̆ ]u] ER-Æ-L-̊ [l ̆ Tt-fld ̆ LÙs-

°-\-’, ©\-⁄-Pu S˚P-˘T-flm LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp, L˚Xf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[f ˘Nn-’

ÿ•d-Lf ˘NX-Y-Ød-œm ˙SWm B°-V-Yt-˚\d LY-≤d-L-XÙm.

LÆ-˚Rd-œ HtT SP-]m B•-V-˙TÙ-’ Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-L-∞p B£-¨˚V Et-fl

˙SÙd-°-Ÿs-[Ùo? ̇ L≠f £j-ß-Wj-̊ Rd LÆ-̊ R-́ u Y•-Æp G›ß SP-]-UÙ-•V ̇ TÙ’

˛ LÆ-˚R-ú RÙ[m, ˘Y∞-¬h-” ÿ˚\ B°-V-Yt˚\ Et-fl ˙SÙdL ÿ•-°-\-’.

RVÙ-̈ jR LÆ-̊ Rd-̇ LtT œ›-Æp SP-]-UÙ-•V ̇ TÙ’ œZk-̊ R-Ls TÙoj-R-’m AYo-

L-∞u U]-ßp Tßk-R-’-UÙ] A˚N-‹-L-fi˙U SP-]j-ßp ̆ Y∞l-Th-P-]. Cf-˘N-Vp

ÿ˚\-L˚[ B£-¨˚V ˙SW-•-VÙL Et-fl ˙SÙd-L-XÙm.

Et-fl-̇ SÙd-Lp ˛ Tp-̇ Y-fl ÿ˚\-Ls

1. ˙SW-•-VÙL Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp : œZk-˚R-Ls ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ˘Nn-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm

˙Y˚[-́ p AYo-L˚[ Et-fl-̇ SÙd-œ-̇ YÙ-UÙ-́ u AYo-L-[-’ TZdL YZd-Lm, Ti-

◊-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm. B£-¨-V-ü A±-‹-˚W-L˚[ GkR

A[‹ ©u-Tt-fl-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-’m Yœl-T-˚\f „Zp L˚Xf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œ

GkR A[‹ ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-’ Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-[j ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm RL-Yp-

Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-].

2. U˚\-ÿ-L-UÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp : œZk-˚R-L-∞u L˚Xl-T-˚Pl-◊-Ls APe-°V

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊-Ls, TPe-Ls, œflk-R-L-”-Ls.

Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ œ±j-’j ̆ R∞-YÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs[ Yœl-T˚\ Etfl ̇ SÙd-

L˙X TVu-R-⁄m ÿ˚\-VÙ-œm.

1 4 3

Tœß ̨ 2

˘NVp-ßh-Pe-Ls

SP-]d-L-˚Xj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] G∞V ˘NVp-ßh-Pe-L-˚[j R≤-VÙ-L˙YÙ œ›-

YÙL˙YÙ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ A∞d-L-XÙm.

• Tp-˙Y-fl SP-]d-L˚X Y•-Ye-L-∞u TPe-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-Rp.

• Yh-PÙW SP-]d L˚X-Y-•-Ye-L-˚[j ˙R•d Li-”-©-•j-Rp

• SP] A˚N-‹-L-fid-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘NÙt-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-Rp

• SP-]j-ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m Jl-T-̊ ]l ̆ TÙ⁄s-Ls, A¶-L-Xu-Ls ̨ Auflm,

Cu-flm ˛ ˙R”-Rp

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊

SP-]d Lt-\-≠p œZk-˚R-L-∞u SP-]e-Ls ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]˚Y Gu-\Ù-¤m CRu

˘NVp-ÿ˚\ A±-YÙd-Lm Gu-T-RÙp ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-́ u Tœ-ß-VÙ] E⁄-YÙd-Le-L˚[-

Ÿm Ußl-¿h-•t-œ Eh-T-”jR ̇ Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ? Aq-YÙ-\Ù-́ u T˚Pl-◊j ̆ RÙœl◊

Gq-YÙ-fl A˚Uk-ß-⁄d-œm?

C’, J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚R SP-]d Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙL SPj-

ßV Tp-˙Y-fl ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-TÙ-œm. C˚Y J⁄ SÙs, J⁄ UÙRm, J⁄

T⁄-Ym Ap-X-’ J⁄ Y⁄-Pj-ßp E⁄-YÙ] Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L-[Ù-L-XÙm. œZk-˚R-

ú T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©u ˙SÙd-Lm, œ±d-˙LÙs B°-V-Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p

AYo-L-∞-P˙U Æ[d-Lm ˙Lh-œm ÿ˚\˙V C’. œZk˚R A±-YÙd-Lm ˘Nn-Ÿm

ÿ˚\, Tß-X-∞d-œm ÿ˚\, ©\-¨-Pm Æ[d-œm Ti◊ B°-V˚Y Ußl-¿h-•t-œ

ER-‹-°u-\-]. T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[ £X ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[d

œ±j-’j Re-L-fid-œ Gu] ̆ R¨-Ÿm Gu-fl ©\-¨-Pm ̇ LhL œZk-˚R-˚Vj Ái-”-

°u-\-’.

œZk˚R R≤-VÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V T˚Pl-◊-L-fi-Pu ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YÙ -́XÙL Yœl-

T-̊ \-́ p ̆ TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙ] Lt-\p ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ̆ Y∞-¬-”-L-fim Ußl-¿”m

CPm ̆ Tflm.

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl TVu-T-”j-ßd œZk-˚R-ú J⁄e-°-˚QkR Y[of£

œ±j-’j ˘R∞-YÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ CVX ˙Yi-”m. CYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ œZk-˚R-

ú Lt-\p Y[of-£-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm.

144

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-L-fim

˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \d œ±l-◊-L-fim ̨ SP-]m

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p Gu-˘]u] NÙu-fl-L˚[ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm?

SP-]j-ßu YÙ´-XÙL S˚P-˘Tt\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p E⁄-YÙ-]-Ytfls GYt-

˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-[Ù-Lf ˙NL-¨d-L-XÙm Gu-T-˚Rl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.

1. ˙L≠f £j-ß-Wm, œZk-̊ R-Ls G›-ßV LÆ-̊ R, œZk-̊ R-L-∞u SP-]dLÙh-£.

2. œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-Ls

• œZk-̊ R-Ls B•V SP-]d œflk-R-L-”. T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl-¿” ˘Nn-Y-

Ru YÙ´-XÙ-Ld œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p œ±j-’ Gu-˘]u] œ±l-◊-Ls B£¨-V-⁄d-

œd °˚Pd-œm?

• J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP UÙt-\m, Y[of£

• ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u Y[of£

• L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-RÙp œZk-˚R-L-∞p Ht-ThP ÿu-˙]t-\m

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u U]-®-˚X-L-∞p/Ußl-◊-L-∞p Ht-ThP Y[of£/UÙt-\m

• L˚Xj-ß-\-≤p Ht-ThP Y[of£/Bo-Ym

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•V Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-

Rt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-L-̊ [d œZk-̊ R-L-̇ [Ù-” LXk-’-̊ W-VÙ-• E⁄-YÙdL ̇ Yi-”m. CRu

A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk-˚R-L˙[ Re-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©P CV-¤m.

B£-¨˚V œZk-˚R-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ T˚Pl-˚T-Ÿm Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ AYt-±p

TV-‡s[ œ±l-◊-L-̊ [l Tß‹ ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-”m. C˚Y œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œ A∞dœm

ÿd-°-V-UÙ] ©uÚhP-UÙL C⁄d-œm.

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚T E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙TÙ’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y.

• L⁄j-’-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ß\u-Ls, C˚Y ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls.

• Lt-\-¤d-œ YØ-LÙh-•V ©W-ß-T-≠l-◊-Ls LÙQl-TP ˙Yi-”m.

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•t-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ’ °˚Pd-œm

RLYp-Ls

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p œ±jR RL-Yp-Ls

1 4 5

Tœß ̨ 2

• œZk-˚R-˚Vj ˘RÙPok-’ Ußl-©-”-Y-Ru YÙ´-XÙL

T˚Pl-◊j ̆ RÙœl-©-¤m Lt-©j-Rp ̊ L˙Vh-•-¤m œ› T˚Pl-◊-L-∞-¤m LÙQl-

T-”m œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR TVu-R-⁄m œ±l-◊-Ls

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-”m ©uÚhPm A∞j-R-¤m ˛ SP-]m

Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ -́XÙ-Ld LPk-’ ̆ Np-¤m ̇ Y˚[-́ p œZk-̊ R-́ u Lt\p

Y[of-£-́ p UÙt-\e-Ls Ht-T-”m˙TÙ’ ©uÚhPm A∞l-T-RÙp Lt-\-¤m Lt-©j-R-

¤m TV-‡s-[-RÙL UÙfl-°u-\]. ©uÚhPm Gu-T-’ œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\-¤d-LÙ]

Ái”-R-XÙ-œm. B£-¨-˚Vd-œ R]-’ Lt-©j-Rp ˙SÙd-Lj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-Y-Rt-LÙ]

YØ-ÿ-̊ \-Ÿ-UÙ-œm.

B£-̈ -̊ Vd-œm œZk-̊ Rd-œm C˚P˙V Es[ ̆ RÙPo◊ YÙ -́XÙ-L-‹m, LXk’˚W-

VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-œm A±-‹-˚W-Ls ©uÚhPm Bœm.

œm-™-VÙhPm B”-Y-Rt-œ B£-¨˚V A∞jR ©uÚhPj-˚Rl T¨-

˙NÙßdLXÙm.

œ›d-Ls SPj-ßV SP-]j-ßt-œl ©u Gk-̆ RkR œ›d-L-s £\l-TÙL SP-]-UÙ-•]

Gu-T-˚Rd Li-”-©-•dœUÙ-fl œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm ˙Lh-”d ˘LÙs-[l-Th-P-’. £\k-R-

˚Rd Li-”-©-•dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œ›-‹m ©\ œ›d-L-∞u SP-]j˚R Ußl-©P ̇ Yi-”m. œZk-̊ RLs

L⁄j-’j ˘R¨-Æj-R-]o.

Ußl-¿h-•t-œ SÙm GYt˚\ Gp-XÙm Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m?

œZk-˚R-Ls ·±-V-Yt˚\ B£-¨-˚Vd L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p Tß‹ ˘Nn-RÙo.

• TÙP-≠u RWm

• TÙP-≠u L⁄j-’ ̆ Y∞l-T-̊ P-VÙ-]-RÙ?

• TÙP-¤d-œ HtT A• G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùo-L-[Ù?

œZk-˚R-Ls CYt-˚\d ·±V ©u◊ B£-¨˚V ©u-Y-⁄-UÙ-fl ˙Lh-PÙo.

˙U¤m ˙NodL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y Ei-PÙ? œZk-˚R-Ls ˘U¸]-UÙL C⁄k-R-]o ˛ £X-

Yt-˚\d ·P Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ? B£-¨-˚V ·±-]Ùo.

A˚N-Æu ˙YLm RÙ[j-ßt-œ HtT A˚Uk-’s-[-RÙ?

146

Tœß ̨ 2

• ˚LLÙp-L-∞u A˚N-‹-Ls ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-˚Y-VÙ?

• ÿL TÙY-˚]-Ls UÙfl-°u-\]YÙ?

• J⁄e-°-˚Qk-’ œm-™-V-•j-RÙo-L-[Ù?

• B£-¨-Vo YZe-°V œ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Eh-T-”jß œZk-˚R-Ls œ›f ˘NVp-

TÙh˚P Ußl-©h-PÙo-Ls.

L˚R-L-∞, Jl-T-˚], ß⁄-YÙ-ß-˚Wd-L∞ B°-V-Yt˚\ œ›d-Ls B•V

˙TÙ’ A˚Y Sp-X-RÙ-[ÿm LÙX-•-L-∞u ̇ YLÿm ̊ LLÙp-L-∞u A˚N‹m ̆ TÙ⁄j-

R-UÙ-L- C⁄k-R-].

˙UÙ°-≤-VÙh-Pm, ’s-[p B°-V-Yt˚\ SPj-ßV œ›d-L-∞u L⁄j-’m ÿL

TÙY-˚]-Ÿm Su-\ÙL C⁄k-R-’.

©uÚhPj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Tt\ RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-˚Vd-œ Gj-R-˚LV L⁄j-’-L˚[

A∞d-°u-\-]?

œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞dL ˙Yi-•V ER-Æ-Ls G˚Y Gu-T˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤d-Ld œZk-

˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-œm A±-‹-L-s G˚Y? Re-L-[-’ A”jR SP-]j-ßu ˙TÙ’ LY-

≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y-Ÿm Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y-Ÿm G˚Y?

1 4 7

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-”NÍL ̨ —LÙ-RÙW ̨ EPtLpÆ

Ue-L-Xm œu-±p J⁄ ◊ßV WÙNÙ ˙R˚Y. WÙNÙ˚Y Gq-YÙ-fl ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-

XÙm? EPp Y≠-˚Ul ˙TÙh-• SPj-Rj æo-UÙ-≤d-Ll-Th-P-’.

œZk-˚R-Ls "È T±dL YÙ√o' Gu\ Æ˚[-VÙh-•t-œ HtT ˙TÙh-•˚V

SPj’°\Ùo-Ls. Yœl-©-¤s[ Gp-XÙd œZk-˚R-L-fim CWi-” œ›-YÙ-Ll ©¨k-’

Gßo Gß˙W ®t-Lh-”m. J⁄ œ› TÙ•d ˘LÙi˙P Ut\ œ›-Æt-œ ˙SWÙL SPd-

°u-\]o. TÙP-≠u Cfl-ß-´p TÙPp TÙ”m œ›-Æp J⁄ œZk˚R ©\ œ›-Æ-

¤s[ J⁄-Y-ü ˘TV˚W A˚Zj-’ Ad-œ-Zk-˚R-˚Vj Re-Ls œ›-‹d-œ ˙SWÙL

C›d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

˘LÙm-Tu AW-N-‡d-œ J⁄ N˚U-Vp A˚Uf-Nu ̇ R˚Y. VÙo A˚Uf-N-]Ù-Y’?

VÙ˚W WÙNÙ-YÙd-œ-Y-’? E´-¨-]e-L-fid-°-˚P˙V YÙd-œ-YÙ-Rm ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.

N˚UVp A˚Uf-N-˚]j ˙Rok-˘R-”dL WÙNÙ J⁄ ˙TÙh-• SPj-Rj æo-UÙ-≤j-RÙo.

Gu-˘]u] ̇ TÙh-•-Ls SPj-R-XÙm. œZk-˚R-Ls LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Ph-”m.

œZk-˚R-L˚[ Æ˚[-VÙh” ˚URÙ-]j-ßp Tp-˙Y-fl œ›d-L-[Ù-Ll ©¨d-°-\Ùo-

Ls. ̊ URÙ-]jßu Tp-̇ Y-fl Í˚X-L-∞p TX N˚U-Vp œ±l◊ ̊ Yd-Ll-T-”-°u\’.

AW-Nu Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ ÆXe-°u ̆ TV-̊ Wd ·± EQ‹ ̇ Lh-°-\Ùo. WÙNÙ ·±V ÆXe-

°u A˚N-˚Yl ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-’ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-‹m N¨-VÙ] N˚U-Vp œ±l-˚Td

˘LÙi-” Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls. Æ˚[-VÙh-” ˘RÙPok-’ S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-’. ™Ld-·-”-Rp

◊s-∞-Ls ˘Tt\ œ› ˘Yt± ˘Tfl-°u-\-’. EPp SX ˛ EPt-T-´t-£d Lp-Æ-´p

GYt˚\ Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

• ·h-”-Qo‹

• A±-‹-˚W-L-˚[l ©u-Tt± Æ˚[-VÙh-”-L-∞p D”-TP ÿ•k-R-RÙ?

• ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-´-¤s[ RÙi-”-Rp, ˘U’-YÙL‹m ˙YL-UÙ-L-‹m K”-Rp

148

Tœß ̨ 2


œ› Ußl-¿-”

EPp-SX ˛ EPt-T-´t£ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] œ› Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙ-fl S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-’

Gu-T˚R WÙNÙ˚Yj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-XÙm Gu\ ˘NVp-TÙh-•u YÙ´-XÙ-Ll T¨-˙NÙ-

ßd-L-XÙm.

WÙNÙ-˚Yj ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-XÙm Gu\ ˘NVp-TÙh-•p E´-¨-]e-L-∞u A˚N-˚Y,

˙TÙXf ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙Y˚[-´p Ußl-©-”m ÿ˚\.

• RÙu "˙TÙXf ˘Nn-R-’' N¨-VÙL C⁄k-RRÙ Gu-T-˚Rd œ›-Æp Ußl-©-”-Rp

• œ›-Æp ©\ œZk-˚R-Ls ˘NnR ˙TÙXf ˘Nn-R˚X Jl-©h-”f —V Ußl-¿-”

˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• ©\ œ›d-L-∞u ̆ Y∞-¬-”-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”j R]-’ œ›-Æu ®˚\œ˚\-L˚[l

◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Ej-ß-Ls

• ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp, RW A[-˚Y, Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp

NL Ußl-¿-”

£\kR ̆ Y∞-¬h-•u Ru˚U R]-’ ̆ Y∞-¬h-•u œ˚\-Ls CYt˚\ Ußl-©h”f

£\k-R-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞-´-”m ®˚X˚V A˚P-°u-\-]o.

NL Ußl-¿-” S˚P-̆ T-fl-Y-’ Gl-̇ TÙ-’?

• £\kR ̆ Y∞-¬h-”-Pu Jl-©h-” Ußl-©-”m ̇ TÙ’

• £\kR œ›-Æu ˘Y∞-¬h˚P Ußl-©-”m ˙TÙ’

Ej-ß-Ls

1 4 9

Tœß ̨ 2

Ußl-¿h-” Ui-P-Xe-Ls

RP-L[ Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls

- ˛ Kh-Pm

˛ RÙi-”-Rp

˛ G±-Rp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls

øk-’-Rp

EPp Án˚U

NÍ-Lj Án˚U

EPp-SX TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-Ls

• ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp RW A[-˚Y, Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp.

—V Ußl-¿-”

EPp-S-X-˛-E-Pt-T-´t-£d Lp-Æ-´p —V Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-flm „Zp-Ls

• —V ˘Y∞-¬h˚P Ußl-©-”m ˙TÙ’

• NL œZk-˚R-Ÿ-Pu Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙TÙ’

• œ±l-◊-L-fid-œ HtT Ußl-©-”m ̇ TÙ’

• B£-¨-V-ü A±-‹-˚W-Ls °˚Pd-œm ˙TÙ’

B£-̈ -V-̈ u Ußl-¿-”

˙Ut-·-\l-ThP ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p B£-̈ -Vo SPj-’m Ußl-¿-”-Ls RWl-Th-”s-[-].

• ·h-”-\-‹-Qo‹

• R˚X-̊ Ul Ti◊

• A±-‹-flj-Rp-L˚[ L˚P-©-•d-œm ß\u

• CPm UÙ± SP-]-UÙ-”m ß\u

• ˙YLm, ˘Un YZd-Lm

150

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\-¤m Lt-©j-R-¤m ™L-‹m TV-‡-˚P-V-RÙL A˚U-Y-’ Gl-˙TÙ-’ Gu-fl J˙W

YÙd-°-Vj-ßp ·\ ÿ•-Ÿ-UÙ? Ee-Ls A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-Pu SÙu-LÙm Yœl◊ UÙQYo-

L-fid-œd °˚PjR Cd-Lt-\p ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ C˚Qj-’l Tœl-TÙn‹ ̆ Nn-VXÙm.

≈” Y˚W-̇ YÙm

Li-˚Ql ˘TÙj-ßd ˘LÙi-” AY-W-Yo ≈h-•u Es˙[ SPl-T-˚Rd Lt-T˚]

˘Nn-ŸUÙ-fl B£-¨-Vo ·fl-°-\Ùo-. ©\ A˚\-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-” Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ A˚\-

ú A˚U-Æ-Pj-˚R-Ÿm œZk-˚R-Ls Lt-T˚] ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls. Li-˚Qj ß\kR

©u £X œZk-˚R-Ls AYo-Ls U]-ßp Lt-T˚] ˘NnR ≈h˚P Y˚Wk-’ Yœl-

©p ˘Y∞-´h-PÙo-Ls. J⁄ T\-˚Y-˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl ≈h-•u ˙U˙X T\k-’ ˘Nu-fl

˘Ne-œj-RÙ-Ll TÙoj-RÙp ≈” Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-œm?

""≈h-•t-œ ˙Ut-·˚W Cp˚X G]d L⁄-R-‹m. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Ak-Rl T\-˚Y

TÙod-œm ÆRj-ßp ≈” Y˚WV ÿ•-Ÿ-UÙ?'' Gu\ Æ]Ù˚Y B£-¨-Vo ˙LhPÙo.

œZk-˚R-Ls R≤j-R-≤-VÙ-Ll TPm Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùo-Ls. Y˚W-Ÿm ÿu-◊m

Y˚Wk-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˙TÙ’m œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ IVe-Ls G›k-R-]. B£-¨-Vo

AYt-fls £X-Yt˚\l Tt± Yœl-©p ˘TÙ’-YÙ-L-‹m £X-Yt-˚\l Tt-±f £Xd

œZk-˚R-L-fi-P-u R≤-VÙ-L-‹m LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•-]Ùo. TPm Y˚Wk-’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm

˙TÙ’ Y˚W-Y-’ œ±j-’ œZk-̊ R-L∞u L⁄j-’-L-̊ [l ◊¨k-’ ̆ LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙL B£-

-̈Vo AYo-L-[’ TPe-L-̊ [l TÙoj-’d ̆ LÙi-”m ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]-

Æ-d ˘LÙi-”m UÙQ-Yo-L-∞-˚P˙V SPk-RÙo.

B£-¨-Vo £X œZk-˚R-L-∞u TPe-L-˚[l TÙojR ˙TÙ’ AYo-L-fis £Xo

˘LÙ”d-Ll-ThP L⁄j-ßt-œ HtT TPm Y˚WV CVXÆp˚X Gu-T-’ ◊¨k-R-’. Al-

T-•l-ThP œZk-˚R-Ls HWÙ-[m Ei-” Gu-T-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙiP B£-¨-Vo Lt-

©j-Rp Ej-ß˚V UÙt-±-]Ùo. ˙U˚N˚V Yœl-©u S”-Æp Ch” œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm

Cq-YÙ-fl ˙Lh-PÙo. ""CkR ˙U˚N˚V ˙U≠-⁄k-’ TÙoj-RÙp Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-œm?

AR-˚] Y˚W-V- ÿ•Ÿ-UÙ?'' AR-˚]d œZk-˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-RÙo-Ls. A’-˙TÙu-fl

J⁄ £fl ˘Th-•-´p TX Y•-Yj-ß-¤s[ Æp˚X-L˚[(Token) ˚Yj-’ AR˚]

˙U-≠-⁄k-’ TÙojRÙp ̆ R¨-Ÿm ̇ RÙt-\j˚Rd œZk-˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-RÙo-Ls. AYo-Ls

¡i-”m ≈” Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùo-Ls.

LûXd-Lp®«p

Lt-\p U§l-À-Óm ©uòhPm A°j-R-Ûmþ

1 5 1

Tœß ̨ 2

£X œZk-˚R-Ls Y˚WkR TPe-L-∞p ≈h-•u Es-T-œ-ß-´¤s[ A˚\-Ls

Ju˙\Ù˘PÙu-fl C˚Qd-Ll-T-P-Æp˚X Gu-T˚R B£-¨-Vo LY-≤j-RÙo. AYo-

L˚[ J⁄ œ›-YÙd-°V ©u ˙Lh-PÙo. ""YWÙk-RÙ-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ N˚U-V-X-˚\d-œ Gl-

T•f ˘Np-Y-’? YW-˙Yt-T˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl T”d˚L A˚\-L˚[ C˚Qd-°u-\-’.''

AkRd œ›-Æ-¤s[ œZk-˚R-Ls LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-œl ©u TPe-L˚[ UÙt±

Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùo-Ls. GpXÙ A˚\-L-fim C⁄k-RÙ-¤m AYt-±u A[‹

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-RÙL A˚U-V-Æp-̊ X. B£-̈ -Vo J⁄ œZk-̊ R-́ u TPj-̊ Rl TÙoj’

Cq-YÙ-fl ˙Lh-PÙo. ""LÆ-RÙ-Æu ≈h-•-¤s[ A˚\-L-∞p ™Ll ˘T¨V A˚\ G’?

£±-V A˚\ G’?'' AY-fid-œ B£-¨-Vo ·±-V-’ ◊¨k-R-˙RÙ Gu-]˙YÙ, ˙YL-UÙL

UÙt± Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùs.

©uÚhP-ÿm Lt-\-¤m

B£-̈ -V-⁄d-œm œZk-̊ R-L-fid-œm C˚P˙V T˚Pl-◊j ß\-‡-P-u ̆ RÙPo-◊-̊ PV

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-p Ce-œ S˚P-˘Tt-\-’. Uh-”-UpX Yœl-©-¤s[ GpXÙ œZk˚R-L-

fi-P-‡m £X œ›d-L-fi-P-‡m £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p J⁄ œZk-˚R-Ÿ-P-‡m B£-¨-Vo

˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi-” AYo-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©”m ˙TÙ˙R ©uÚhPm A∞d-L-

‹m ˘NnRÙo. Ce-œ B£-¨˚V A∞jR ©uÚhPm Gl-T-•l-Th-P-’?

• L˚X AW-£-ú TPm Yœl-©p £\k-R-’ Gu-fl ·\-Æp-˚X.

• ÿL-U-’d-œd ·±-V-’ ◊¨-V-Æp˚X Gu-fl ·\-Æp-˚X.

• UÙ≠≤ £±-R-[‹ ·P LY-≤dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl A±-‹-flj-R-Æp-˚X.

Hu? C˚Y Lt-\-≠u A”j-R-®-˚Xd-œd œZk-˚RLs ˘Np-Y-Rt-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨-

V˙YÙ ÁiP˙YÙ ̆ Nn-VÙ-’ Gu-T-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ̆ R¨-Ÿm. AR-]Ùp B£-¨-Vo

Yœl-©-¤s[ Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œZk-̊ Rd-œm Af-„-Z-≠p ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ÿm A∞j’

AYo-L-˚[f —V-UÙ-Lj Ái-Pf ˘Nn-Y-’-UÙ] ©uÚhP-ÿm A∞j-RÙo.

CkR Æ]Ù-Æt-œ Ee-Ls Tßp Gu-]?

Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Ußl-¿h-˚P-Ÿm œ±j-’s[ ̆ RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ TÙP Ht-TÙh-•u

Li˙QÙh-Pm ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[-’.

• Lt-\˚X ˘RÙPok-’ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˙V Ußl-¿-”.

• A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T\

˙Yi-”m. Aj-R-L-Yp-L-˚[d œZk-˚R-Ls A±k-ß-⁄d-L-‹m ˙Yi-”m.

152

Tœß ̨ 2

• Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘Tt-\Ùp ARt-˙Lt\ ©uÚhPm œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚PdL

˙Yi”m. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Uh-”˙U œZk-˚RLs Lt-\p CXd-°˚] A˚PV

˘RÙPok-’ Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤dL CV-¤m.

Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p RÙu ˘RÙPok-’ ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V

˘NVp-TÙ-” Gu] Gu-T-’ æo-UÙ-≤d-Ll-T-”-°u-\-’. AR˚] Aq-Yl-˙TÙ˙R ßh-P-

™h-” S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ß-]Ùp Uh-”˙U œZk-˚RVÙp Lt-\p CXd˚L A˚PV

ÿ•-Ÿm.

Ußl-¿-” ÿd-°-V-UÙ-Ld œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ-¨-V˚Y Bœm. Lt-\˚X ˙Um-T-”j-’-

Y˙R Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-Lm. Cfl-ß-´p ·±V C⁄ B£-¨-Vo-L-∞u Tßp-Ls RÙu

˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts-∞l TÙP-Ht-TÙ-” œ±d-˙LÙ-[Ù-Ld ˘LÙs-fim Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-

˚\˚V Jh-• A˚Uk’s-[].

©uÚhPf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\

Yœl-©p œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-•V ©uÚhPm G˚Y Gu-T-˚Rj æo-

UÙ-≤l-T-’ Gl-T-•? Cf-˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\˚V J⁄-ÿ˚\ ·P T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm. œZk-˚R-

L-∞u Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-”,

• TV-‡s[ Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. (Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp,

Æ]ÙdLs, ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp B°-V-˚Y)

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u Tßp-L-˚[d LY-]-UÙ-Ld ˙LhL ˙Yi-”m/Et-fl ˙SÙdL

˙Yi”m.

• Tßp-L-˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.

• Tœl-TÙn-Æu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©uÚhPm A∞dL ̇ Yi-”m.

CRu A•l-T-˚P-´p B£-¨-Vo R]d-œs £X Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]Y ˙Yi-”m.

• œZk-˚R-Ls Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]-˚V-Ÿm ARu CXd-˚L-Ÿm GkR A[‹ ◊¨k’-

˘LÙi-”s-[Ùo-Ls?

• (Lt-\-≠u Ak-RkR ®˚X-L-∞p) CXd-œ-Pu Jl-©h-” œZk-̊ Rd-œ Gu-̆ ]u]

˘R¨-Ÿm? ˙U¤m GYt˚\ A±k-’ ˘LÙs-[-˙Yi-”m?

1 5 3

Tœß ̨ 2

• œZk-˚R-Ls Lt-\p CXd˚L A˚PV ˙U¤m Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

• Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-Ÿm Lt-\p CXd˚L A˚P-Y-ßp RÙu GkR ®˚X

´¤s˙[u Gu-flm ̇ U¤m Gu] ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-”m Gu-flm A±k-’ ̆ LÙs[

Gu˘]u] Ej-ß-L˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m?

• Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ œZk-̊ R-̊ V-Ÿm AY-W-Yo Lt-\p ®˚X˚V ÆUo-N]l Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-©-”-

Y-Rt-LÙL Bo-Y-ÍhP/ÁiP SÙu Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?

„Z-¤d-œ ™L-‹m ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©uÚhP-ÿm ER-Æ-Ÿm A∞l-T-Rt-LÙ] Ejß-

L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ Cq-Æ-]Ùd-Ls CVp-TÙ-L˙Y B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ YØ-LÙh-”m.

AYt˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm?

©uÚhPm A∞j-Rp

KÆ-Vd Lt-\-p ˘RÙPo-TÙL B£-¨-Vo TVu-

T-”jßV ©uÚhPf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚Vl T¨-˙NÙ-

ßŸe-Ls. B£-¨-Vo ̇ LÙ”-L-˚[-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L-˚[-

Ÿm TVu-T-”jß TÙPl-T-œ-ß-́ p Æ⁄l-T-UÙ] L⁄j-

’-L-∞u A•l-T˚P-´p —Rk-ß-W-UÙL KÆ-Vm Y˚W-

Ÿm YÙnl-T-∞j-RÙo.

B£-¨-Vo ·t-±p G”j-’-˚WjR LÙh-£-L-˚[d

œZk-˚R-Ls Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°]ÙoLs. Jq-˘YÙ-

⁄ œZk-˚R-L-fim Y˚W-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ AYo-Ls U]-

ßp Gu-̆ ]u] LÙh-£-Ls BZ-UÙ-Ll Tßk-’s-[]

Gu-T˚R B£-¨-Vo Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-]Ùo. ˘T⁄m-TÙu-

˚U-̇ VÙo L⁄j-ßu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p ̆ T¨V UWj˚R

Y˚Wk-’s-[Ùo-Ls. AYtfls J⁄ TPj-̊ Rl TÙ⁄e-

Ls. ˙U¤m £X L⁄j-’-Ls TPj-ßp CPm-˘T\

˙Yi-”m. ARt-LÙ] ©uÚhPm A∞d-œm ̆ TÙ⁄h”

B£-¨-Vo £X Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Æ]Æ]Ùo.

154

Tœß ̨ 2

B£-¨-Vo L˚R UÙk-R-ü ˘TV-˚Wd L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p G›-ßV ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R-

Ls L˚R UÙk-R-ü ˘TV˚W EWd-Ld ·±-]Ùo-Ls. ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u] L⁄j-’-Ls

Gk-˘RkR LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-Ls L˚R-´p Es[-]? œZk-˚R-Ls ·fl-Y-Rt-˙LtT Jq-

˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm Y˚Ll-T-”jß L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p G›-ß-]Ùo. CVt-˚Ld LÙh-£, L˚R-

UÙk-Ro-Ls, ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls, E´-¨-]e-Ls, „Zp-Ls B°-V-˚Y.

œZk-˚R-Ls ¡i-”m Bo-Yj-’-Pu TPm Y˚W-Vj ̆ RÙPe-°-]Ùo-Ls. Cl-˙TÙ’

TPj-ßp TX L⁄j-’-L-fim Yk-’s-[-]. B]Ù-¤m œZk-˚R-L-fid-œd L˚R-UÙk-

RoL˚[-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄s-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘LÙg-Nm ·P ˙Yfl-ThP E⁄-Yj-’-P-‡m EQof-

£Ÿ-P-‡m Y˚WV CV-¤-Up-X-YÙ? AYo-Ls ßh-P-™h-” Y˚WkR˚Y L˚Xj Ru˚U-

Ÿm AßL L⁄j-’-L˚[ Y˚Wk-’ ˙Nol-T-Rt-œl ˙TÙ’-

UÙ-]-̊ Y-Ÿ-Up-X. C’ ̇ TÙu\ J⁄ TPj-̊ Rl TÙ⁄eLs.

ÿR-≠p Y˚WkR TPj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ Ck-Rl TPm Gu-

˘]u] UÙt-\e-L˚[ Eh-˘LÙi-”s-[-’? AYt-fls

B£¨-Vo A∞jR ©uÚhPj-ßu RÙd-Lm G’?

˙U¤m Gu˘]u] ©uÚhPm A∞dL ˙Yi-

”m? A˚Y œZk-˚R-Ls A∞d-œm NLl ©uÚhPm

BL-XÙm. Yœl-©p RÙt-LÙ-≠-L-UÙL E⁄-YÙd°V LÙh£

˙U˚P-´p œZk-˚R-Ls T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ LÙh-£lT”j-ß-

]Ùo-Ls. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m £\kR Tj-’ TPe-L-˚[j

˙Rok-˘R-”j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-” E˚W-VÙ-•-]ÙoLs. Gp-XÙd

œ›d-L-fim AY-W-Yo Li-”-©-•l-◊-L˚[ G”j-’d ·±

AYo-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”jR Tj-’l TPe-Ls G˚Y? ˙Rok-

˘R-”d-Ld LÙW-Q˘Uu] Gu-T-’ œ±j-˘Rp-XÙm E˚W-

VÙ-•-]Ùo-Ls. ̇ LÙ”-Ls, Yi-Qe-L-∞u TVu-TÙ-” B°-

V-Yt-±p œZk-˚R-Ls ©uÚhPm A∞j-RÙo-Ls. œZk-˚R-Ls Y˚W-Ÿm ÷‘d-Lj-

˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ B£-¨-Vo YÙnl-T-∞j-RÙo. LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-°-˚P˙V B£-

¨-Vo œZk-˚R-L-∞u £X L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-ß-]Ùo.

1 5 5

Tœß ̨ 2

""TPj˚R UÙt± Y˚W-Vh-”UÙ NÙo?'' ̨ AuT-Z-Lu. ""UÙt± Y˚W-Ÿm ̇ TÙ’ UWj-

ßp Gu˘]u] UÙt-\m ˘Nn-V-XÙm?'' ˛ ºf-No

""ÿR-≠p Y˚WkR ̇ TÙ’ UWj-ßp C⁄k-R˚Y CWi-PÙ-Y-’ Y˚W-Ÿm ̇ TÙ’ ̇ TÙn-

Æ-”m'' ̨ AUXÙ.

""Nh-̆ Pu-fl Gp-̇ XÙ-⁄d-œm G∞-ßp Li-¶p ◊Xl-T-”-UÙ-fl Y˚W˙YÙm-?'' ̨ ºfNo.

""A’ Uh-”m ˙TÙRÙ-’. CWi-PÙ-Y-’ TPj-ßp UWj-ßu °˚[-Ls ™L AZ-LÙL

Es-[-]. B]Ùp UWm TWk-’ LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’. ÿR-≠p Y˚Wk-R-

Rt-œ SpX T⁄-Uu C⁄k-R-’'' ˛ Bojß.

CkR E˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-œ C˚P˙V Au-T-Z-Lu R]-’ CWi-

PÙY’ TPj˚R UÙt± Y˚Wk-RÙu. J⁄ £\kR TP-UÙL Y˚W-Ÿm

ÿVt£ú J⁄ TPm ˙TÙu-fl A˚UkR Au-T-Z-L≤u

TPj˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Au-T-Z-Lu Y˚WkR Íu-fl TPe-L-˚[-Ÿm Yœl-©p S˚P-

˘Tt\ Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú YÙ´-XÙL A±k-’-

˘LÙi-ºo-L-[p-X-YÙ? ÿRp TPj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ Íu-\Ù-Y-’ TPm Y˚W-

Ÿm ˙TÙ’ AuT-Z-L≤u A±-YÙd-Lj-ßp Ht-ThP TV-‡s[

UÙt\e-Ls G˚Y? ARt-LÙL B£-¨-Vo TVu-T-”j-ßV

©uÚhPf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú Ej-ß-L-s G˚Y-˘V-]d Li-”-©-

•d-L-‹m.

©uÚhPm ˛ IVe-Ls, Æ]Ùd-Ls

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”-Pu Ußl-¿h-˚P-Ÿm

©uÚhPj˚RŸm C˚Ql-T-ßp Ee-L-fid-œ Ht-ThP IVe-Ls G˚Y? C’-̇ TÙu\

£X IVe-L˚[ Es-[-Pd-°V £X Æ]Ùd-Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[] YÙ£Ÿe-

Ls. Ee-Ls A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Æ˚P-L-˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’

Æ[dœeLs.

156

Tœß ̨ 2

©uòhPm Gu-\ôp Gu-]?

©uòhPm GRt-Ï?

• Lt-\p CXd-°u YØ˙V œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\˚X Ußl-

©h” ˘RÙPo Lt-\-≠u ß˚N-œ-±j-’ AYo-L-fid-œ

A∞dœm RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm.

• B£-¨-V-ü Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ™Lf £\l-

TÙL A˚U-Y-Rt-œ YØ-ÿ˚\ ·flm RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm.

• œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’-⁄-

YÙd-Lj-ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV Ej-ß-Ls B°-V-Yt-±u

TV˚]d œ±j-’m GYt-±-˘Xp-XÙm LY-]m ˘N¤jR

˙Yi-”-Uu\ RL-Yp A∞l-T-Ru YÙ -́XÙL œZk-̊ R-́ u

Lt-\-≠u RWj˚R EVWf ˘Nn-°-\-’.

• —V-UÙ-Ll T•d-L-‹m A±-YÙd-Lm ̆ Nn-V-‹m ©Wf-£˚]dœj

æo‹LÙQ‹m CV-¤-°u\ Y˚L-´p RÙ]Ù-L˙Y R]-’

Lt-\˚X UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[Ÿm

RLYp-L˚[Ÿm œZk-˚Rd-œ A∞d-°-\-’.

Aj-Õ-Pu CûY Ee-L-Þd-Ïs ×§V IVe-Lû[ GÝl-TXôm. ERô-W-Q-UôL, ""ÏZkûR

YûWkR TPj-§t-Ï Sôu Gl-T-¥l-ThP ©uòhPjûR Gq-Yô-ß A°lúTu?''

1 5 7

Tœß ̨ 2

©uòhPm A°l-T-Rt-Lô] Ej-§-

Ls GûY?

©uòhPm TV-às-[-ûY-VôL

AûU-Y-Õ Gl-úTô-Õ?

©uòhPm ãZ-Ûd-Ï HtT AûUY-Õ

Gl-úTô-Õ?

(AÕ U§l-Àh-Ó ùRôPo -TôL Tp-úY-ß Y¥-Yj-§p

AûUVXôm Gu-\ô-Ûm ùTôÕ-YôL . . . )

• LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp, DÓ-Tô-Ó-Ls, ®]ôd-Ls

• NL U§l-À-Ó

• ÑV U§l-À-Ó

• B£-¬-Vo TôPm

• Lt-\p TûPl-×-L-û[l T§Ü ùNn-RûY

• UôQ-Yo TûPl-×j ùRôÏl-©-Ûs[ Ï±l-×-Ls,

úNôRû]l Th-¥-Vp

• U§l-Àh-Ó-Pu SûP-ùT-ßm Yôn-ùUô-¯d LÚj-Õd-Ls/

A±-Ü-ûW-Ls

• Lt-\p CXdûL ùR°-Yô-Ll ×¬k-ÕùLôi-Ó ARû] AûPV

ER-Ü-Y-RôL CÚd-Ïm.

• Lt-\p ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-Þd-¡-ûPúV Jq-ùYô-Ú

ÏZkûR«u Lt-\p ¨ûX-«-û]-Ùm A±k-Õ A§---

ÚkÕ Øu ùNp-Y-Rt-Lô] Y -̄Ù-Pu CûQk-R-RôL CÚd-

Ïm.

• YÏl-©p ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Gi-¦d-ûL, ¡ûPd-Ïm Lt\p

LÚ-®-Ls, B£-¬-ûVd-Ïm ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ïm ¡ûPd-Ïm

úSWm B¡-V-Yt-±u A¥l-T-ûP-«p SûP-Ø-û\l-T-ÓjR

CV-Û-Y-RôL CÚd-Ïm.

• U§l-Àh-Óf ùNVp-Ø-û\ûV úSôd-L-Uô-Ld ùLôiP

Lt\p Nôu-ß-L-Þ-Pu Jl-©h-Ól Tôod-Ïm úTôÕ

• Ï±l-©hP Lt-\p ùRôPo-TôL R]-Õ §\u-Ls YWu-Øû\-

Ls, ©uòhPm úRûY-Vô] Ui-P-Xe-Ls B¡-V-

Ytûû\d ÏZkûR ×¬k-Õ ùLôs-Þm YûL-«-Xô]

RLYp-Lû[ A°d-Ïm úTôÕ

• ÏZk-ûR-«u Lt-\p Y[of-£-ûV ûUVl-T-Ój-Õm úTôÕ

158

Tœß ̨ 2

• ÏZk-ûRVôp Ht-ßd ùLôs[ CV-Ûm YûL-«p

(Gi¦d-ûL-«-Ûm Ti-©-Ûm) A±Ü-ßj-Rp-

L[ôLúYô, Y -̄Lôh-Ó Ï±l-×-L-[ô-LúYô Uôßm úTôÕ

• ÏZkûR ×¬k-Õ-ùLôs-Þm ùUô -̄«p A±-Yôd-Lj-§tÏ

ER-Üm ®]ôd-Ls, Ï±l-×-Ls B¡V Y¥-Ye-L-°p.

• úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Lô] Ui-P-Xe-Ls, Y¯-Ø-û\-Ls,

ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls B¡-V-Ytû\ Ht-ßd-ùLôs-[j

çiÓm Y¥-Yj-§p.

• Öh-T-Uô] Øû\-«p ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Sm-©d-ûL-ûVj

çi-Óm YûL-«p.

• Lt-\p úSôdûL Gp-úXô-Úm Øu-]úW ùR°-Yô-Ll

×¬k-Õ ùLôs[ úYi-Óm.

• U§l-Àh-Ód Ï±l-×-L-Þm A[-ûY-L-û[-Ùm ùTôÕ-YôL

EÚ-YôdL úYi-Óm.

• ÏZk-ûR-L-°p £k-R-û]-ûVd Ï±j-Õf £k-§l-T-Rt-Lô]

§\û] Y[odL úYi-Óm.

• NL, ÑV U§l-Àh-Ó Ej-§-Lû[ Lt-©j-Rp Uô§-¬-«p

Eh-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm.

©uòhPm A°dL úYi-¥-

VùRl-T-¥?

©uòhPjûR Gq-Yô -ß

G°ûUl-T-Ój-R-Xôm?

1 5 9

Tœß ̨ 2

©uòhPm þ ùNnV úYi-¥-VûY/úYi-Pô-RûY

1. ÏZk-ûR-L-°p BZ-Uô] Lt-\p SûP-ùT-ß-Y-Rt-Lô] Lt-\p ùTôßl-×-L-û[j

§h-P-ªP úYi-Óm.

2. U§l-Àh-¥t-Lô-Ll TVu-T-Ój-Õm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Lû[ Jq-ùYô-Ú AX-Ï-L-°-

-ÚkÕm úRok-ùR-ÓdL úYi-Óm.

3. Ak-RkR TôPe-L-°u úRûY-ûV-Ùm Ti-ûT-Ùm ùTôßj-Õl ©uòhPm

A°dL úYi-Óm. (AúR úYû[-«p ùY°-Â-Ó úRûYl-T -Óm

CPe-L-°p ùUô¯-«u N¬-Vô] TVu-Tôh-ûP-Ùm ©\-Yt-û\-Ùm LY-]j-§p

ùLôs-[-Xôm.)

4. Lt-\p Nôu-ß-L-°p ÏZk-ûR-«u Ïû\-L-û[l T§Ü ùNn-Y-ûRj R®odL

úYi-Óm. AYt-±p RWjûR-Ùm T§Ü ùNn-Vd áPô-Õ.

5. ÑV U§l-À-Ó Yô«-Xô-Ld ÏZkûR LY-²dL úYi-¥V áß-Ls, YWu-Ø-û\Ls

B¡-V-Ytû\ úUm-T-Ój-Õm Yônl-×-Lû[ ©uòhPj-§p GÓj-Õd á\

úYi-Óm.

6. úRûY-Vt\ ®]ôd-L-û[j (ùR-¬-V-®p-ûX-Vô?/×¬-V-®p-ûX-Vô? JÚ-Øû\

áP £k-§j-Õl Tôo) R®odL úYi-Óm.

7. A±-Ü-ßj-Rp-Ls CVu-\-YûW ®]ô-Y-¥-®p AûUdL úYi-Óm. Ru-²Pm

HúRô JÚ T§ûX B£-¬-Vo G§o-Tôod-¡-\ôo Gu\ EQoÜ ÏZk-ûR-L-°-Pm

EÚ-Yô-Ïm.

8. ùNu\ Øû\ T§Ü ùNnR AúR ©uòhPjûR Ái-Óm T§Ü ùNn-Vd

áPô-Õ.

9. ùRôPo Yôd-¡-Ve-Ls áh-Ó Yôd-¡-Ve-Ls B¡-V-Yt-û\j R®ol-T-Õ Sp-X-Õ.

ÏZkûR ×¬k-Õ ùLôs-Þm YûL-«p G°-ûU-Vô] ERô-W-Qj-Õ-Pu GÝR

úYi-Óm.

10. ÏZk-ûR-«u Lt-\ûX ûUV-Uô-Ld ùLôs-Þe-Ls. Y[of-£ûV úSôd-L-Uô-Ld

ùLôi-Ó AYt-û\l T§Ü ùNn-Ùe-Ls.

160

Tœß ̨ 2

Lt-\p U§l-À-Ó T§Ü ùNn-R-Ûm þ JÚe-¡-ûQkR Li-úQôh-Pm

SÙm Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-˚[l Tß‹ ˘NnYRu ˙SÙd-Le-Ls, ÿ˚\-Ls, Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls B°-V-Yt-

˚\l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-˙RÙm. CYt˚\ Ge-œ Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m? CRt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-L-fim LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-

XÙL E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-Ru J⁄e-°-˚QkR Li-˙QÙh-Pm Gq-YÙ-fl

A˚U-Ÿm Gu-T-˚Rd LÙi-˙TÙm. Ee-Ls A‡-T-Ye-Ls, C’-LÙ-flm SPkR LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp B°-V-Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-

´p ∏r Y⁄m Ah-P-Y-˚Q-˚Vl T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

T§Ü ùNnV úYi-¥V RL-Yp-Ls

Lt-\p úSôd-Lm ùRôPo-Tô] Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏZk-ûR-

«u Lt-\p RWm

JÚ Ï±l-©hP Lt-\p úSôd-Lj-§u Lt-\p ùNVp-

Ø-û\d-Ï CûPúV ÏZk-ûRd-Ï R² ER® úRûY-

Vô] ãZ--p Gq-®R ER® A°j-¾o-Ls? ÏZk-

ûR-«p Ht-ThP Uôt-\m Gu-]?

JÚ Lt-\p ùNVp-Tô-Ó ùRôPo-TôL EÚ-Yô]

ùYq-úY-ß Lt-\p Nôu-ß-Ls Ï±j-Õ

ÏZk-ûR-L-°u ÑV U§l-À-Ó Yô«-XôL AYo-L-[-Õ

Lt-\--p Ht-ThP Y[of-£-«p B£-¬-Vo ×¬k-Õ

ùLôi-P-Yt-û\d Ï±j-Õ

B£-¬-Vo Øu-]úW ¾o-Uô-²jR Lt-\p Ej-§-Ls,

U§l-Àh-Ó Øû\-Ls B¡-VûY GkR A[Ü

TVàs-[-ûY-VôL AûUk-R] Gu-T-Õ Ï±j-Õ

ÏZk-ûR-«u R² Bo-Ym, LY-²dL úYi-¥-

VûY Ï±j-Õ

Lt-\p ùTôßl-©p Te-Ï-ùT-ß-Y-§p ¾®W

BoYm Lôh-PôR ÏZk-ûR-L-û[d Ï±j-Õs[

A¥l-T-ûPj RL-Yp-Ls

Gl-úTô-Õ?

TÚY

Cß§-«p

Ak-RkRf

ùNVp-TôÓ-

Ls Ø¥-Y-

ûPkR ©\-Ï

Ak-RkRf

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-

Ls Ø¥-Y-

ûPkR ©\-Ï

A X - ¡ t -

Ïl ©u

Ak-RkRf

ùNVp-Tô-Ó-

Ls Ø¥-Y-

ûPkR ©\-Ï

Ak - R k R

ãZ-Ûd-Ïl

©\-Ï

Ak - R k R

ã Z - - p

Gq-Yô-ß?

T V - à s [

Ï±l-×m RW-Øm

T V - à s [

Ï±l×Ls

T V - à s [

Ï±l-×-Ls

T V - à s [

Ï±l-×-Ls

T V - à s [

Ï±l-×-Ls

T V - à s [

Ï±l-×-

T V - à s [

Ï±l-×-

GYt-±p?

TûPl-×j ùRôÏl×

Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó

Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó


Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó


Lt-©j-Rp-ûL-úV-Ó

Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó


Lt-©j-§p ûLúV-Ó

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 6 1

Tœß ̨ 2

T§Ü ùNnV úYi-¥V RL-Yp-Ls

ÏZk-ûR-Ls JÚ-Y-Úd-ùLô-Ú-Y-Úm, B£-¬-V-Úd-

Ïm ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ïm CûP-úV-Ùm TZ-Ïm

úTôÕ HúR-àm ©Wf-£-û]ûV G§o-ùLôs-Þm

ÏZk-ûR-L-û[d Ï±j-Õ

©Wf-£-û]dÏ¬V ÏZk-ûR-ûVd Ï±j-Õs[

úRP- -u Yô«-Xô-Ll ùTt\ RL-Yp-L-Þm

ARtÏ Sôm ùNnV úYi-¥-V-ûY-Ùm

ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ï A°jR ©uòhPm, ER®

CûY Yô«-Xô-Ll ùTôÕ-Yô-L-Üm Jq-ùYô-Ú

ÏZk-ûR-«-à-ûP-V-Üm Lt-\ - -p Ht-ThP

Uôt\m, ARt-Lô] Nôu-ß-Ls

ÏZk-ûR-Ls EÚ-Yôd-¡V Ï±l-×-L-°u ®j-§-

Vô-Ne-L-Þm, R²j-Ru-ûU-Ùm

JÚ AX-Ï Ø¥-Y-ûPkR ©u ÏZk-ûR-«u Lt-

\p Y[of£ Ï±j-Õ ùTt-ú\ô-Ú-Pu áß-Rp

8

9

10

11

12

T§Ü ùNn-Rp

6, 7, 8, 9 B°V RL-Yp-Ls Æj-ß-VÙ-N-UÙ-]-˚Y-Ÿm ˙RP-¤d-œm ˘RÙPo

˘NVp-L-fid-œm Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y-Ÿ-UÙ-œm. Uh-”-Uu± Jq-˘YÙ-⁄

œZk-˚R-˚Vd œ±j-’s[ ÆY-We-L˚[ (˙R-˚Y-VÙ-]Ùp) Tß‹ ˘NnV

˙Yi-•V „Zp E⁄-YÙ-L-XÙm. CYt˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl GYt-±p Tß‹ ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m. "G]-’ œZk-˚R-Ls' Gu\ Tß-˙Yh-•p Tß‹ ̆ Nn-Y-’ ̇ TÙu-fl

C˚Y R≤-VÙL Ußl-©-Pl-TP ˙Yi-•-V˚Y Ap-X-YÙ?

GqYôß?

TVàs[

Ï±l-×-Ls

TVàs[

Ï±l-×-Ls

-TVàs[

Ï±l-×-Ls

TVàs[

Ï±l-×-Ls

-TVàs[

Ï±l-×-Ls

Gl-úTô-Õ?

A k - R k R f

ã Z - - p

A k - R k R f

ãZ-Ûd-Ïl

©\Ï

TÚY

Cß§«p

AX¡t-Ïl

©\-Ï

AX¡t-Ïl

©\-Ï

GYt-±p?

Lt - ©j - Rp

ûLúVÓ

Lt -©j - Rp

ûLúVÓ

TûPl - × j

ùRôÏl×

Lt - ©j - Rp

ûLúVÓ

Lt -©j - Rp

ûLúVÓ

162

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-” -

UÙ-ß¨...

Tœß ˛ 3

163

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-” UÙß¨

ÆUo-N] Èo-Y-UÙ] NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-̊ P-́ -XÙ] Lt-\p ̨ Lt-©jRp

˛ Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú UÙß-¨˚V Gq-YÙ-fl E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm?

œZk˚R R]-’ A‡-T-Yf „Z-≠-≠-⁄k-’ A±-YÙd-Lm ̆ Nn-°-\-’ Gu-T-ßu A•l-

T-˚P-´p SÙm ·fl-°u\ L⁄j-’-Ls G˚Y?

œZk-˚R-Ls ˘RÙPok-’ ˙RP-≠p D”-Th-” A±-YÙd-Lm ˘Nn-Ÿm J⁄ Yœl-

T˚\˙V SU-’ ˙SÙd-Lm. Cq-YÙ-\Ù] Lt-\p S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-ú Yœl-

T˚\´p NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-

¿h”f ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ C˚Qk-’ S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-’ Gu-T˚R Eflß ˘Nn-Rp

˙Yi”m. Al-T-•l-ThP J⁄ Yœl-T˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl LÙQl-T-”m? Aq-Y-œl-©p

Gu˘]u] S˚P-˘T-flm? ˘UÙØ ˛ L¶R ˛ —t-flf-„-Z-≠-Vp Yœl-T-˚\-ú J⁄

Li-˙QÙh-Pm Cq-YÙ\ÙL C⁄d-œm.

œZk˚R/œZk-˚R-Ls

• L⁄j-’-Ls, Li-̇ QÙh-Pe-Ls, A‡-T-Ye-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ̆ Y∞-́ -”-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• E⁄-YÙd-°V A±‹ A‡-T-ÆjR ©Wf-£-˚], L⁄j-’-Ls, ©Wf-£-˚]j æo‹

B°-V-Yt˚\ G”j-’d ·± Æ[d-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p ˘Y∞-¬-”-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-°f

NUol©d-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• AYo-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl ©Wf-£-˚]-dœj æo‹ LiPÙo-Ls Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm A˚Y

GkR A[‹ N -̈VÙ-]-’ Gu-T-̊ R-Ÿm —V-UÙ-Ld ·fl-Y-’-Pu Tß‹ ̆ Nn-°-\ÙoLs.

• Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-Ls, Lt-\p YÙn-˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-”-

Y-Rt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° AR-˚]l TVu-T-”jß Re-L-fi-˚P-V,

©\⁄˚PV T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Ußl-©h-”d L⁄j-’d-Ls ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls, Tß‹

˘Nn°\Ùo-Ls.

• Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p „Z-¤d-œm Ej-ß-L-fid-œm ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] L⁄-Æ-L-̊ [l TVu-

T-”jß Ußl-©-”-Y-’-Pu Ußl-¿h-”d L⁄-Æ-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls.

164

Tœß ˛ 3

• R≤-VÙL/œ›-Æp ˘NVp-TÙh-•p LPk-’ YkR YØ-L˚[ ¡i-”m B˙XÙ

£j’j RY-fl-L-˚[j ß⁄j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls. £\kR YØ-L-˚[d Li-” ©•d-°-\ÙoLs.

• E⁄-YÙd-°V A±-‹, L⁄j-’, E⁄-YÙd-°V Lt-\p NÙu-fl, CYt-±t-LÙ-Ll TVu-

T-”j-ßV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\, Ej-ß-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ®VÙ-Vl-T-”j-ß, Ußl-©h-”

AYt-±u ˙Uu-˚U-Ls/Y˚W-V-˚\-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\d ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• œ›f ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-Th-”j RL-Yp-Ls, L⁄j-’-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls CYt-˚\l

T°ok-’ ˘LÙi-” ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-°-\Ùo-Ls.

• LPk-’ YkR YØ-L-˚[, ¡i-”m TÙo-˚Y-´h-” R]-’/œ›-Æu Lt-\p ˘NVp-

ÿ-˚\-L-∞p ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L˚[ A±-‹-flj-R-‹m S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-

T”jR‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.

B£-¨˚V

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Li-˙QÙh-Pe-Ls EQo-‹-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\

Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl C˚Qj-’ Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V ˘Y∞-´-”-°-\Ùo.

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u Gi-Qe-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙ] Æ]Ùd-Ls, Et-fl

˙SÙdLp, Æ[d-Lm B°-V-Yt˚\j ˘RÙPok-’ ˘Nn-°-\Ùo.

• Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p ÿ˚\d-œm ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\, L⁄Æ B°-V-

Yt-˚\j ßh-P-™h-” S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo.

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u Tßp-Ls, ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Aq-Yl-

˙TÙ-’/AX-œ ÿ•kR ©\-œ/J⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-´p Ußl-©h-”l TV-‡s[

ÿ˚\´p ©uÚhPm A∞j-’l Tß‹ ˘Nn-°-\Ùo.

• Ußl-¿h-•t-œl ©\-œ ©uÚhPj˚R YÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙ-L-‹m G›-ß-Ÿm Aq-Yl-

˙TÙ˙R A∞d-°-\Ùo. T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©p Tß‹ ˘Nn-°-\Ùo.

• A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu J⁄ ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-’ A”jR ®˚Xd-œf ˘NVp-Y-Rt-LÙ]

ERÆ Gu\ ®˚X-´p Æ]Ùd-Ls/Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls/B£-¨-Vo TÙPm ˙TÙu\

Ej-ß-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo.

• Ußl-©-P-‹m —V-UÙL ̆ Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] œ±l-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ]Ùd-L-˚[-Ÿm

165

Tœß ˛ 3

RVÙ-¨j-’d œZk-˚R-L-fi-Pu LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp SPj-’-°-\Ùo.

• S˚P-ÿ-̊ \lT”j-ßV ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p œZk-̊ R-L-∞u Tßp-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m Lt\p

NÙu-fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m °˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt\e-

L˚[ EP-]-•-VÙ-L˙YÙ ©\˙LÙ ˘Nn-°-\Ùo.

• œ›f ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ TV-‡s[ Y˚L-́ p ̆ NVp-T-”jR ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Ejß-

L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo.

• œZk-˚R-L-∞u £\kR Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ AYo-L-[-’ Te-L-∞l-◊-Pu Li-”

©•j-’ Ußl-©h-” RWm A∞d-°-\Ùo. (T-⁄Y Cfl-ß-´p)

• ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙R˚Y-L-fid-œ ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p YÙ£d-L-‹m Æ[d-L-‹m

W£d-L-‹m Ái-”m Y˚L-´p YÙ£d-œm YÙnl◊ A∞d-°-\Ùo.

• œZk-̊ R-́ u Lt-\p ̇ Uu-̊ U-L-̊ [-Ÿm Lt-\-¤d-œj ̇ R˚Y-VÙ] ·fl-L-̊ [Ÿm

˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu £\kR ÿ˚\-´p G”j-’d ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-” UÙß¨ ˛ LÙW-¶-Ls

A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œl ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\p ̨ Lt-©j-Rp ̨ Ußl-¿h-”f ̆ NVp-ÿ˚\

S˚P-˘T-fl-°u\ E´-˙WÙh-Pj-’-Pu ˘NVp-T-”j-’-°u\ J⁄ Yœl-T-˚\-ú £\l-◊-

Ls G˚Y Gu-T˚R SÙm ÿu-]˙W Li-˙PÙm. Cq-YÙ-\Ù] J⁄ Yœl-T-˚\˚V

U]-ßp Li-” J⁄ Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-” UÙß-¨˚V E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙TÙ’

Gu-˘]u] ·fl-L˚[ SÙm T¨-˙NÙ-ßdL ̇ Yi-”m? ̆ UÙØ, „Z-≠-Vp, Lp-Æ, L¶-

Rm B°-V-Yt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p T¨-˙NÙ-ßdL ˙Yi-”m.

1. Lt-\p YÙnl-̊ T-Ÿm „Z-̊ X-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp

œZk˚R ̆ Tt\ A±-‹-Pu ̆ RÙPo-◊-T-”j-ß-Ÿm AR˚] Ufl-T-¨-∫-X˚] ̆ Nn-’m

A±-YÙd-Lm ˘Nn-°-\-’. NÍL ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ GpXÙ TÙPe-L-˙[Ù-”m ˘RÙPo◊

T”j-’-Y-˙RÙ-” B£-¨˚V AYt˚\ YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ©Wf-

£˚]-L-[ÙL UÙt± A∞d-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùo. Cl-©-Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ Ht-fld ˘LÙi-”

œZk-˚R-Ls ˙RP-≠p D”-T-”-°-\Ùo-Ls. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Cq-YÙ-fl ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV

Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙TÙ’m Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V ˘Y∞-´-”m ˙TÙ’m

SÙm LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y?

166

Tœß ˛ 3

• œZk˚R Lt-\p ©Wf-£ -˚] ˘RÙPo-TÙ -Ll ˘Tt\ A±-‹-Ls G˚Y

GuT˚Rl T¨-˙NÙ-ßdL ˙Yi-”m.

• ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls œZk-˚R-ú A‡-T-Yj-ßp YÙrd-˚L-Ÿ-P-‡m ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V

RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-ú YÙrd-˚Ll ©Wf-£-˚]-ú ÿd-°-Vj

’Ym Gu] Gu\ Æ]Ù˚Y B£-¨˚V —V-UÙ-Ld ˙LhL ˙Yi-”m. ©Wf

£˚] œZk-˚R˚V EQo-‹-Èo-Y-UÙ-Lj Ái-”-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

• EQo-‹-Èo-Y-UÙ-Lj Ái-P-‹m ˘Y∞l-T-”j-R-‹m Tp-˙Y-fl UÙt-\e-Ls/

Y•YeLs/œ±-¬-”Ls CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m YÙnl

T∞dL ̇ Yi-”m.

• B£-¨˚V Lt-\p „Z˚X E⁄-YÙd-Lj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p L⁄-Æ

L˚[j (Yh-PÙ-Wj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ̆ TÙ⁄s-Ls, YÙ£l◊ ËpLs, TPeLs,

˙L≠f £jß-We-Ls, LÙh£ FP-Le-Ls) RVÙ-¨dL ˙Yi-”m.

Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p YÙnl-˚T-Ÿm „Z-˚X-Ÿm Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p E⁄-YÙd-œ-

YRÙp Ei-PÙ-œm Su-˚U-Ls G˚Y?

• œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm Lt-\p Bo-Yj˚R E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ

• Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]d-œ ˙SWÙL YØ-LÙh-”-Y-Rt-œ

• œZk-˚R-L-˚[j Ái-”-Y-Rt-œ

• Lt-T˚] ˘NnV YØ-LÙh-”-Rp

• ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œ ˙SWÙL YØ-S-Pj-’-Y-Rt-œ

2. ·h-”-\-‹-Pu Lt-\p

œ› Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-”, B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿-” B°-V˚Y

C˚QkR Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˙V ·h-”-\-‹-Pu Lt-\-XÙ-œm. A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-

ÿ˚\-Ÿm, ©Wf-£˚] ˚UV ÆUo-N] Èo-Y-UÙ] Lt-\p £\kR ÿ˚\-´p S˚P-

˘Tfl-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-̊ \-Ls Ej-ß-Ls, ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-Ls B°-V-̊ Y-Ÿm ·h-”-\-‹Pu

Lt-\-≠p APe-°-Ÿs-[].

167

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-\-≠u Tp-̇ Y-fl TÙPl-T-œ-ß-L-∞p ·h-”-\-‹-Pu Lt-œm YÙnl-◊-Ls Ußl-¿h”

ÿ˚\-L-∞p ©W-ß-T-≠l-T-˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.

3. £\kR ßh-P-™hP ˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-Ls

Ts∞ Gu-T-’ œZk-̊ R-L-∞u R≤l-Th-P, NÍLd Lp-Æd-LÙ] ̇ R˚Y-L˚[ ®Wk-

R-Wm YW-˙Yt-L-‹m Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m ˘Nn-Ÿm ®fl-Y-]-UÙ-œm. Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp

˘NVp-ÿ-̊ \-̊ Vj ßh-P-™h-”d œZk-̊ R-L-∞u Lt-\p Y[of-£-́ u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p

—V-UÙL Ußl-©h-” Ufl-T-̈ -∫-X˚] ̆ Nn-V-‹m ◊ßV ÿ˚\-L-̊ [d Li-”-©-•j-’ S˚P-

ÿ-˚\lT”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-Y-’ æÆ-W-UÙLf ˘NVXÙt-flm Ts-∞-L-∞u A±-œ-±-L[Ùœm

Ts-∞-́ u ˘TÙ’-YÙ] A‘-œ-ÿ˚\

˙Ut-·-±-V-Yt˚\ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Yœl-T˚\f „Z-¤d-œ HtT B£-¨-V˙W S˚P-

ÿ˚\l-T-”j-’-YÙo. B£-¨˚V œZk-˚R-L-∞u ˙R˚Y-Ls, L˚Xj-ß-\u, A±-Æ-Vp

ß\u, A‡-T-Ye-Ls, CVp-TÙ-Ll ˘Tt\ A±‹ B°-V-Yt˚\ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld

˘LÙi-” Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-L-̊ [j ßh-P-™-”-°-\Ùo. œZk˚R Jq-̆ YÙ⁄

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm ß\u-T-Pf ˘Nn-’ ÿ•d-L-XÙm G]d L⁄-’-Y-ßp-˚X. B£-¨-

Vo ˙U˙X ·\l-ThP L⁄j-’-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk-˚Rd-œ A±˚Y E⁄-

YÙdL CV-¤m Y˚L-´p TÙPd L⁄j-’-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\j

˙Rok-˘R-”dL ̇ Yi-”m. C’ ̇ TÙX˙Y œZk-˚R-˚Vl ̆ TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p ̆ RÙPof-

£-VÙ] Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ CVp-TÙ] A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-VÙL UÙfl-°u-\-’.

SÙm Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Lt-©j-R-˚X-Ÿm Ts-∞-ú Te-L-∞l-˚T-Ÿm œ±jR

Li˙QÙhPj-̊ Rl ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙi-” Lt-\p ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-̊ V-Ÿm Lt-\p ̆ NVp-TÙ”L-

˚[-Ÿm ßh-P-™-”-°-˙\Ùm.

œZk-˚R-ú CVp◊, Lt-\p ÿ˚\, A±-‹, Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ B°-V-

Yt˚\l Tt± SÙm ◊¨k-’-̆ LÙiP L⁄j-’-Ls VÙ‹m ßh-P-™-”m ̇ Y˚[-́ p SUdœ

ER-‹-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ̇ Yi-”m. Cq-YÙ-\Ù] ßh-P-™-Pp ̆ NVp-L˚[ SpX ÿ˚\´p

˘NnV ER-‹m. Aq-YÙ-\Ù-́ u SÙm ßh-P-™-Pp ̆ RÙPo-TÙL —V-UÙ-Ld ̇ Lh-L-̇ Yi•V

Æ]Ùd-Ls G˚Y?

1. ©Wf-£˚] Ui-P-Xj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Lt-\p ˘TÙ⁄s G’?

168

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-\p Tœß

Lt-\p ©Wf-£˚]

2. Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lm Gu-]?

L⁄j-’-Ls

ß\u-Ls

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j ß\u-L-fim

Ußl-◊-Ls/U]-®-˚X-Ls

3. Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]-ú ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym Gu-]?

œZk˚R ©Wf-£˚] YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Np-Y-’ GRt-œ?

œZk-˚R-ú YÙrd-˚L-´p CRt-LÙ] ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym Gu-]?

4. œZk-˚R-ú ˘Tt\ A±‹ G’?

œZk-˚R-ú A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Li-˙QÙh-Pe-Ls, Bo-Ym B°-V˚Y

Lt\p ©Wf-£-˚]-Ÿ-Pu GkR A[‹ ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi-”s-[-’?

5. œZk˚R E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-•V A±‹ G’?

L⁄j-’

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j ß\u-Ls

Ußl-◊-Ls/U]-®-˚X-Ls

6. L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-Ÿ-Pu C˚QdL YÙnl-◊s[ ©\ TÙPe-Ls G˚Y?

˘UÙØ

L¶-Rm

169

Tœß ˛ 3

7. Lt-\-¤d-œ ER-‹m ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls G˚Y?

8. œZk-˚R-L˚[ A±-YÙd-Lj-ßp D”-T-”-Y-Rt-œj Ái-”-T˚Y G˚Y?

9. NLd Lt-\-¤d-œd œ› A˚Ul-T-’ Gl-T-•, Gl-˙TÙ-’?

10. A±-˚Yl TVu-T-”j-R-‹m Æ¨-‹-T-”j-R-‹m Gu-˘]u] YÙnl-◊-L˚[

A∞l¿oLs?

11. Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙ-fl Gl-̇ TÙ-’?

Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-L-∞p Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m Gu-˘]u] Ej-ß-Ls?

œZk-˚R-L-fid-œf —V Ußl-¿-”m NL-U-ßl-¿-”m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ej-ß-Ls

G˚Y?

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V Gq-YÙ-fl Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?

GqYÙfl ̇ Um-T-”j-R-XÙm?

Cq-Æ-]Ùd-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ßh-P-™-Pp ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ´-XÙL

E⁄YÙd°V AX-œj ßh-Pe-L-fim ̆ NVp-T-”j-ßV J⁄ Lt-©j-Rp ̊ L˙V-”m Ceœ

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[]. C’Y˚W-́ -¤m Lt-\p, Ußl-¿-” B°-V˚Y ̆ RÙPo-TÙL SÙm

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•-V˚Y GkR A[‹ TV-]-∞d-°u-\-’ Gu-T˚R YÙ£j-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Ee-Ls Yœl-©p TVu-T-”jß Ußl-©-”e-Ls.

170

Tœß ˛ 3

˛ C˚N ˛

Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-” -UÙ-ßÄX-œj-ßh-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V”

171

Tœß ˛ 3

AX-œj-ßh-Pm©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : úY[ôi-ûUûV YôrdûLl Ti-Tô-PôLd LôQôR ¨ûX

ÕûQl-©-Wf-£û] : úY[ôi-ûUúV Yôr-®u BRô-Wm Gu\ ¨ûX Uô±d ùLôi-¥-Úd-¡-\-Õ.

AX-Ï 2 : ûR . . . ûR . . . ®ûR þ

TôPj-§hP úSôd-Lm : A±-Ø-L-Uô-]l TôPp-Ls (U-ûZl-Tô-Pp-Ls, úY[ôi TôPp-Ls) Ru-]ôú], AûNÜLs

úTôu-\ûY

CûN : úYLm A§-L-¬j-Õm, Ïû\j-Õm TôÓ-¡-\ôo-Ls

LÚj-R-X-Ï: 3

St-Ti-×-Ls : úY[ôi-ûU-úVô-Óm úY[ôi-ûU-«p DÓ-T-Ó-úYôo ÁÕm U§l-×, ék-úRôh-Pm, AÓd-Lû[j

úRôh-Pm úTôu-\-Ytû\ EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Y-§p Te-Ï ùTß-Y-Rt-Lô] U]-¨ûX

LÚ-®-Ls : ®ûR-Ls, Nôoh-Ó-Ls

úY[ôiûU EQ-Üm,

TQ-Øm A°d-¡-\-Õ.

úY[ôi ®û[

ùTôÚh-Lû[ ®t-

Tû] ùNnV LûP/

NkûR Ei-Ó

Gi A±Ü ùT¬-V-Õ/

£±-V-Õ

áh-Pp

ÏÚ® ®Y-Nô-Vm ùNn-YûRl TôojR UôR-Yu, Sôu Hu ®Y-

Nô-Vm ùNn-Vd áPô-Õ? ®Y-Nô-Vm ùNn-Rôp EQ-Üm, TQ-

Øm ¡ûPd-Ïm. SU-Õ LxPØm ¾Ú-úU? AlTô RkR ®ûR-

Lû[ GÓj-Õ ®Y-Nô-Vm ùNnVj ùRôPe-¡-]ôu. CûR úLô̄ ,

LôLm, Gßm× Gp-Xôm Tôoj-Õ ̈ u-\-]. AûY-Ùm CÕ-úTôu-ß

SôØm ùNn-Rôp Gu] G] úVô£j-R-]. ùNV---Ûm C\e-¡-].

®û[kR Lôn-L-±-Lû[ ùT¬-V-Õ, £±-V-Õ G] ùYq-úY-\ôL

AÓd¡ ûYj-R]. C² CYtû\ Sôm ®t-Tû] ùNn-V-Xôm

úLô̄ úVôNû] ùNôu]Õ.

ùT¬-V-ûY, £±-V-ûY, Gi-¦dûL úTôu-\ûY ÏÝ-®p

Li-P-±-¡u-\-]o. Jl-À-Ó ùNn-Õ ©Wf-£-û]d-Ïj ¾oÜ Lôi-

¡u-\-]o. úLô ,̄ LôLm, ÏÚ® úTôu-\ûY Nk-ûRd-Ï Lôn-

L± ùLôi-Ó ùNp-YûRl TôojR TôUô Gu-à-ûPV Lôn-L-

±-L-û[-Ùm ùLôi-Ó ùNp-Åo-L[ô Gu-\ôs. AûY N¬-

ùVu\]. Y -̄«p LôLm LY-ûX-Ù-Pu ü-\-Õ. LôLj-§u

Td-Lj-§p Yi-¥ ̈ u-\-Õ. TôUô LôLj-§-Pm úT£-]ôs, TôUô

Gu] úT£-«-Úl-Tôs. LôLm ARt-Lô] T§p Gu] á±-

«Úd-Ïm. CWi-Ó úTo APe-¡V ÏÝ-®p EûW-Vô-Pp

RVô-Wô-¡-\-Õ. ùY°-«-Pp þ úUm-T-Ój-Rp þ úSôh-Ól-

×jRLj§p

£±-V-Õ, ùT¬-V-Õ, XôTm Gu\ LÚj-Õ

ÏZkûR-Ls EÚ-Yôd-Ï-YûR B£¬ûV

U§l-©-Ó-¡-\ôo.

úLs-®, T§p úTôu-\-Yt-±u Ej-§, ãZp,

ùTôÚj-Rm Gu-T-Ytû\ B£¬ûV

U§l©Ó-Rp

Yœl◊ : 1

LÚj-Õ-Ls/§\u-Ls A±-YôdLf ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-Þm U§l-À-Ó Gu-]? Vôo? Gq-Yô-ß?

ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

172

Tœß ˛ 3

RôY-We-L-°u Gk-ùRkR

TôLe-Lû[ EQ-Üd-LôL

ET-úVô-¡d-¡-ú\ôm GuT-

ûRl ×¬k-Õ-ùLôs-¡-

\ôo-Ls

úY[ôi ®û[-

ùTôÚh-Lû[ Yôe-L-Üm,

®t-L-Üm ùNn-V-Xôm

úY[ôi-ûU-úVô-Ó

BoYm

úY[ôi Tôh-Ó-Ls

Yôn-jRô-ûW-Ls TôÓ-Rp

TôUô-ûY-Ùm ©\-ûW-Ùm Tôoj-R-Yo-Ls Sôe-L-Þm

NkûRdÏ YÚ¡ú\ôm G]d á± AYoLú[ôÓ

ùNu\]o. GeúL ùNp-¡-Èo G]d ¡° úLhP úTôÕ

Sôe-Ls ®Y-Nô-Vm ùNn-Vl úTô¡-ú\ôm Gu-\-]o.

GpúXôÚm U¡rf-£-Ù-Pu ùNu-\-]o.

Nk-ûRd-Ïd ùLôi-Ó ùNu\ Lôn-L-±-Ls Gu-ù]u-]?

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp? Th-¥-V- - -Ó-Rp.

ùLôi-Ó ùNu-\ûY RôY-We-L-°u Gu-ù]u] TÏ-§-Ls

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp ùRôÏj-Rp

ùLôi-Ó-ùNu\ ùTôÚh-Lû[ ®t-Tû] ùNn-R-]o.

TQm ¡ûPj-R-Õ. Gp-úXô-Úm ®ûR-Ls Yôe-¡-]o.

®ûR-Ls Gu-ù]u-]?

LÚj-Õ-Ls, Th-¥-V- - -Ó-Rp

úYûX ùNn-Y-Rt-Ï LÚ-®-Ls Yôe-¡-]o.

Gu-ù]u-]?

LÚj-Õ-Ls, Th-¥-V- - -Ó-Rp

Gp-úXô -Úm §Úm© Yk-R -]o. Et-Nô -Lj -Õ -Pu

úYûXûVj ùRôPe-¡-]o. ®ûR-Ls ®ûRj-R-]o.

AYo-Ls úNok-Õ Tô¥-]o

ùLôj-Õ ùLôj-Rôn AY-ûWd-Lôn

HúXúXô HúXúXô

ùLô¥-«p Lônj-Õj ùRôe-Ï-Õ

HúXúXô HúXúXô

ÏÝf ùNVp

Tôh-ûPd ÏÝ-®p Rô[j-Õ-Pu TôÓ-¡u-\-]o.

Tp-úY-ß RôY-We-L-°u £X TôLe-Lû[

EQ-Üd-LôL TVu-T-Ój-Õ-¡-ú\ôm Gu\

LÚjûR U§l-©-Ó-Rp

úY[ôiûU ùNn-Y-Rt-Lô] LÚ-®-

Lû[l Tt±d LÚjûR U§l-©-Ó-Rp

TôP - -u WôLj -§t -úLtT Rô[ -ªh -

Ós[]Wô G]d ÏÝ-®p ÏZk-ûR-Ls

U§l-©-Ó-¡-\ôo-Ls

YÏl-©p B£-¬-ûV-Ùm U§l-©-Ó¡-\ôo.


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

173

Tœß ˛ 3

TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p Td-Lm 26-þp Es[ TôhûP

ÏÝdLs S¥j-Õl TôÓ-¡u-\-]o.

HúXúXô Gu-\ôp Gu-]? S¥dL Ø¥-Ù-Uô?

Yônj-Rô-ûW-Ls Øu× T¥j-§-Úd-¡-Èo-L-[ô? úLs-®l-

Th-P-Õi-Pô? ÏÝd-Ls TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p CÚk-Õ

Yônj-Rô-¬ûVd Li-Ó-©-¥j-Õ ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

Tôh-¥u WôLj-§t-Ïm Rô[j-§t-Ïm HtT Yôn-jRô-ûW-

Lû[ ùUÕ-Yô-L-Üm úYL-Uô-L-Üm TôÓ-Y-Õ Gq-Yô-ß

GuT-ûRd Li-Ó-©-¥d-¡-\ôo-Ls (L-Xk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp Y¯)

ÏÝd-Ls B£-¬ûV A°d-Ïm TôhûP TX úYLj-

§-Ûm WôLm, Rô[j-Õ-Pu ùTôÚk-Õ-¡u\ Ru-]ôú]

ET-úVô-¡j-Õl TôÓ-¡u-\-]o.

£\kR ùY°-Â-Ó GÕ?

GR-]ôp? Ï±l-×-Ls EÚ-Yôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o.

Gq-Yô-ß úUm-T-Ój-R-Xôm?

úUm-T-Ój§ ùY°-«-Ó-Rp

Øu LÚjûR U§l-©-Ó-Rp

RW-ö-QV Th-¥-Vp ET-úVô-¡j-Õ

B£¬ûV U§l-©-Pp


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

174

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V”

AX-Ï : 2 ûR . . . ûR . . . ®ûR.

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : úY[ôi-ûUûV YôrdûL Ti-Tô-PôLd LôQôR ¨ûX

ÕûQl-©-Wf-£û] : úY[ôi-ûUúV Yôr-®u BRô-Wm Gu\ ¨ûX Uô±d ùLôi-¥-Úd-¡-\-Õ

LÚj-Õ : úY[ôiûU EQ-Üm TQ-Øm A°d-¡-\-Õ

úY[ôi ®û[ ùTôÚh-Ls Yôe-L-Üm ®t-L-Üm LûP/NkûR Ei-Ó

TôPj-§hP úSôd-Le-Ls :

• úY[ôi LÚ-®-Ls, AYt-±u ET-úVô-Lm úTôu-\ûY LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp Et-ß-úSôd-Lp

êXm LÚj-Õ-Ú-Yôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o.

• úY[ôi-ûU-úVô-Ó ùRôPo-×-ûPV Tôh-Ó-Lû[d úLh-L-Üm R²-Vô-L-Üm ÏÝ-Yô-L-Üm

TôPÜm ùNn-¡u-\-]o.

• ùR¬kR TôPp-Lû[f ÑRk-§-W-UôLj Rô[j-úRô-Ó TôÓ-¡u-\-]o

• ùR¬kR TôPp-Ls (U-ûZl-Tô-Pp-Ls, úY[ôi TôPp-Ls) Ru-]ôú], AûN-Ü-Ls

úTôu\Ytû\ úYL-Uô-L-Üm ùUÕ-Yô-L-Üm ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

Lt-\p LÚ-®-Ls : ®ûR-Ls, Nôoh-Ó-Ls (úY-[ôi TôPp-Ls, Ru-]ôú] TôPp-Ls)

RW-ö-QV Th-¥-Vp, TP Ah-ûP-Ls (úY-[ôi-ûUd-Ï TVu-T-Ój-Õm LÚ-®-Ls)

Yœl◊ : 1

175

Tœß ˛ 3

ÏÚ-®, úLô¯, Gßm× B¡-VûY úY[ôiûU ùNn-Vj

ùRôPe-¡-]. SpX ®û[f-Np ¡ûPj-R-Õ. ®û[kR Lôn-L-

±-Lû[l ùT¬VÕ, £±-V-Õ G]j R²j-R-²-VôL AÓd¡

ûYj-R-]. C² CRû] ®t-Tû] ùNnVúYi-Óm. Gu]

ùNn-V-Xôm? úLô¯ úVôNû] ùNôu-]-Õ. TôUô-Ü-Pu úNok-

Õ Nk-ûR-«p ®t-ß YW-Xôm? ùNp-Ûm Y¯-«p LôLm LY-

ûX-Ù-Pu ̈ u\Õ. LôLj-§u Td-Lj-§p Yi-¥ ̈ u-\-Õ. TôUô

LôLj§Pm úT£-]ôs.

Lt-\p ®˚XLs Ußl-¿”

176

Tœß ˛ 3

ùNVp

TôUô LôLj-§-Pm Gu] úLh-Pôs?

LôLj-§u T§p Gu-]?

CWi-Ó úTo APe-¡V ÏÝ-®p EûW-Vô-PûX Yôn-ùUô-

¯-VôLj RVô-Wôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o.

ùY°-«-Pp þ úUm-T-Ój-Rp

GkRd ÏÝ ùY°-«h-PûY áÓ-Rp ®Úl-T-Uô-]-Õ?

GR-]ôp ®ûP-Lû[d Ï±l-×-L-[ôL Uôt-ß-¡u-\-]o?

EûW-Vô-Pp RVô-Wôd-Ïm úTôÕ LY-²dL úYi-¥-VûY

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

®[d-Lm

TôUô-ûY-Ùm, ©\-ûW-Ùm Tôoj-R-Yo Sôe-L-Þm YÚ-¡-ú\ôm

G]d á± AYo-L-ú[ô-Ó ùNu-\-]o. GeúL ùNp-¡-Èo-Ls

G]d ¡° úLh-P-úTô-Õ Gp-úXô-Úm JÚ-ªjR ÏW- -p

á±]o. Sôe-Ls ®Y-Nô-Vm ùNn-Vl úTô¡-ú\ôm. Gp-úXô-

Úd-Ïm U¡rf£. Nk-ûRûV AûPk-R-]o.

ùNVp-Øû\

Nk-ûRd-Ïd ùLôi-Ó ùNu-\ûY Gu-ù]u-]?

CÕ RôY-Wj-§u GkR TÏ-§?

Aq-Yô-ù\-²p Sôm Ei-Ôm Lôn-L-±-L-Þm TZe-L-Þm

Guù]u-]? CÕ RôY-Wj-§u GkRl TÏ-§? LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-

Pp Y¯ Th-¥-V-- -Ó-Rp, ùRôÏj-Rp

Ik-Õ ÏÝd-Ls (2 úTo) ùY°-«h-P-§p AÚi, A¡Xô

ÏÝ-®u ùY°-«-PûX Gp-úXô-Úm ®Úm-©-]o.

• SpX úLs®

• úLs-®d-úLt\ T§p

• LûR-úVô-Ó ùRôPo×

• SpX WôLj-§-Ûm TôY-û]-Ù-Pu ùY°-«-Pp

TôUô : LôLúU ¿ GeúL ùNp-¡-\ôn?

LôLm : Nk-ûRd-Ïl úTôL úYi-Óm.

TôUô : GRt-Ï Nk-ûRd-Ï?

LôLm : G]d-Ï ®ûR YôeL úYi-Óm

úSôh-Ól-×j-R-Lj-§p

• RôY-Wj-§u Tp-úY-ß TôLe-Lû[ Sôm EQ-Üd-LôL

ET-úVô-¡d-¡-ú\ôm Gu\ LÚjûRd ÏZk-ûR-L-

ÞdÏ A°dL Ø¥k-R-Õ.


177

Tœß ˛ 3

®[d-Lm

ùLôi-Ó ùNu\ ùTôÚh-Lû[ ®t-Tû] ùNn-R-]o. TQm

¡ûPj-R-Õ. Gp-úXô-Úm ®ûR-Ls Yôe-¡-]o.

ùNVp

Gu-ù]u] ®ûR-Lû[ Yôe-¡-«-Úl-Tôo-Ls?

LÚj-Õ-Lû[ þ Nôoh-¥p GÝ-Õ-Rp.

®ûR-Ls Uh-Óm úTôÕUô ®Y-Nô-Vm ùNn-V?

úYß Gu-ù]u] úYi-Óm (L-Ú-®-Ls, EWm úTôu-\-ûY)

AûY Ge-¡-Úk-Õ ¡ûPd-Ïm? Nk-ûR-«p ¡ûPd-Ï-Uô?

Nk-ûRd-Ï ùNu-\-Yo-Ls Vôo? Vôo?

ÏZk-ûR-Ls Aà-T-Ye-Lû[d á\h-Óm.

®[d-Lm

úY[ôiûU ùNnV AYo-Ls LÚ-®-Ls Yôe-¡-]o.

ùNVp

AYo-Ls Gu-ù]u] LÚ-®-Ls Yôe¡ CÚl-To?

LÚj-Õ-Lû[ Nôoh-¥p GÝ-Õ-¡u-\-]o.

B£-¬ûV úYûX ùNn-Ùm LÚ-®-Ls APe-¡V NôohûP

ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

Nk-ûRd-Ïf ùNu\ Aà-T-Ym VôÚd-Ï-ªp-ûX.

LûP-Lû[l Tôoj-R-Yo-Ls £Xo

Ui-ùYh-¥

©d-Lôv

úTôu-\-Yt-±u ùTVo-L-û[d á±-]o.


178

Tœß ˛ 3

®[d-Lm

Gp-úXô-Úm §Úm© Yk-Õ Et-Nô-Lj-Õ-Pu úYûX-ûVj ÕYe-

¡-]o. ®ûR-Ls Øû[j-R-]. ùN¥-Ls Lônk-Õ ü-\].

AYo-Ls Ju-ß úNok-Õ Tô¥-]o.

ùLôj-Õ ùLôj-Rôn AY-ûWd-Lôn

HúXúXô HúXúXô

ùLô¥-«p Lônj-Õ ùRôe-Ï-Õ

HúXúXô HúXúXô

ùNVp-Øû\

BÓm, A¦-Ûm úY[ôiûU ùNnR ®û[l-ùTô-Úh-L°u

ùTVo GÝ-§V/TPm YûWk-Õ ºh-Ó-Ls A°j-R-]o.

Lj-R-¬. ùYi-ûP, YôûZ

ºh-¥u A¥l-T-ûP-«p ÏÝ-Yô-¡u-\-]o.

Tôh-¥t-Ï ÏÝ-®p WôLm Li-Ó-©-¥d-Lh-Óm. (úR-ûY-ùV-²p

B£-¬-V-Úm ER-Y-Xôm)

ÏÝd-L-°u ùY°-Â-Ó

ÏÝd-Ls WôLj-Õ-Pu TôÓ-¡u-\-]o

GkRd ÏÝ-®u ùY°-Â-Ó £\k-R-Õ? LôW-Qm Gu-]?

LôW-Qe-Lû[l Th-¥-V-- -Ó-¡u-\-]o.

£\kR ÏÝd-Ls Ái-Óm ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

N¬-Vô] WôLj-Õ-Pu TôPô-R-Yo-Lû[d ÏZk-ûR-Ls Li-Ó-©¥d-

Lh-Óm. (úNok-Õ ûLRhPô-R-Yo-Ls) ÏÝd-L-°p B£-¬-V-Úm

Li-Ó-©-¥d-Lh-Óm.

Bß-úTo N¬-VôLj Rô[-ªPj §\-ûU-Ùs-[-Yo-Ls G]d

Li-Ó-©-¥j-Rôo.

ùYi-ûPd ÏÝ-®u ùY°-Â-Ó £\l-TôL AûUkRÕ.

• EÚ-Yôd-¡V Ï±l-×-Ls

• WôLm

• Rô[m

• Nl-Rm (K-ûN)


179

Tœß ˛ 3

LôL-Øm A¦-Ûm Tô¥V úYù\ô-Ú TôPp (Tô-Pl-×j-R-Lm Td-

Lm 26) GpXô ÏÝ-Üm TôPh-Óm. B£-¬-ûV-Ùm ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm

úNok-Õ TôÓ-¡u-\-]o.

Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm Tôh-¥u Y¬-Lû[ Jq-ùYôu-\ôL S¥j-Õl

TôPh-Óm.

HúXúXô Gu-\ôp Gu-]?

CRû] S¥j-Õd Lôh-P-Ø-¥-Ù-Uô? CRt-Ï ùTôÚs Ei-Pô?

CÕ-úTôu\ Yônj-Rô-ûW-Ls (Rô-ú], Rôu-]ô-ú], IX-Nô) Es[

TôPp-Lû[ Øu-]o úLh-¥-Úd-¡-Èo-L-[ô? T¥j-§-Úd-¡-\ôo-L-[ô?

T¬-úNô-§j-Õd Li-Ó-©-¥d-Lh-Óm.

Li-Ó-©-¥jR TôPp-Lû[d ÏÝ-®p ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

GkRd ÏÝ-®u ùY°-Â-Ó Ee-L-Þd-Ï ®Úl-Tl-Th-P-Õ?

GR]ôp?

®ûP-Lû[d Ï±l-×-L-[ôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o.

Yônj-Rô-ûW-Ls TôÓm úTôÕ Gu-ù]u] LY-²dL úYi-Óm?

B£-¬ûV: Bt-ú\ô-Wm Sôt-ß Sh-Ó

ÏZk-ûR-Ls: IX-Nô, IXNô

Cq-Yô-ß Y¬-Lû[ B£-¬-ûV-Ùm Ru-]ôú] ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm

TôÓ-¡u-\-]o.

©u-]o, B£-¬-ûV-Ùm ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm úNok-Õ úYL-UôLl TôÓ-

¡u-\-]o. Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm ùY°-«-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

Øu-]o ET-úVô-¡jR Ï±l-×-Ls ET-úVô-¡j-Õ ùY°-ÂhûP

U§l-©-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

©\ Ru-]ôú]l Tôh-Ó-Lû[l Tp-úY-ß úYLj-§p ÏÝdLs

TôPh-Óm.


Ru-]ôú] Tt-±V A±Ü Cp-ûX.

ÏÝd-Ls Ru-]ôú] TôPp-Lû[l TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p

Li-Ó-©-¥j-R-]o.

êu-ß ÏÝd-Ls ùY°-«h-P-]o

ùYiûPd ÏÝ-®û] Gp-úXô-Úm ®Úm-©-]o.

LôW-Qm, SpX WôL, Rô[j-Õ-Pu Tô¥-]o

£X-Úd-Ïl Tôh-¥t-úLt\ WôLj-Õ-Pu TôP CV-X-®pûX-

RW A[-‹-˙LÙp

œ›-Æu ˘TVo :

WÙLm 1/2/3/4

RÙ[m 1/2/3/4

Nl-Rm 1/2/3/4

Ru-]Ù˙] Jt-fl˚U 1/2/3/4

RW A[-Ü-úLôp ûYj-Õ U§l-©h-Ó £\kR ÏÝûY

úRok-ùR-Ód-¡u-\-]o.

180

Tœß ˛ 3

˛ KÆ-Vd-L˚X ˛

Lt-\p -̨ - Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-”- UÙ-ßÄX-œj-ßh-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V”

181

Tœß ˛ 3

AX-œj-ßh-Pm

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : EX-L-Uô-à-Pm Gu-àm Li-úQôh-P-ªuûU

ÕûQl-©-Wf-£û] : Uôß-ThP HWô-[-Uô] ùTôÚh-Ls Es-[-]. AYt-±p E«-Ús-[-ûY-Ùm Cp-Xô-R-ûY-Ùm

EhTÓm. AYt-±t-¡-ûPúV ùRôPo-×-Ls Es-[-]. AYt-±t-¡-ûPúV Es[ ùRôPo-×-Lû[l

Tt±V A±Ü Y[of-£-V-ûP-¡-\-Õ.

AX-Ï : Gp-Xôm Su-ûUdúL!

LÚj-R-X-Ï :

U§l-×-Ls :

®Úl-T-Uô-] LÚj-Õ-L-

û[-Ùm TôPl-T-Ï-§-Ù-

Pu ùRôPo-× -ûPV

TPe-L-û[-Ùm ÑRk-§-W-

Uô] úLôÓ-L -Þm

Yi-Qe-L-Þm TVu-

T-Ój§ YûW-Rp

Ne-¸-RôûYd LiP Nk-§-Wu ªL-Üm U¡rf£ AûPk-

Rôu. ""Eu-û]l Tôoj-Õ Gq-Y-[Ü Sôh-Ls B¡-

®hPÕ!'' ""¿ Su-\ôL Y[ok-Õ®h-Pôn'' AYo-L-°u LXk-

Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp Gu-]-YôL CÚd-Ïm?

TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p Td-Lm 14-þI R²j-R-²-VôL Yô£d-

¡\ôo-Ls. ARu-©u ÏÝ-YôL CÚk-Õ Yô£j-Rp. Nk-

§W-àm Ne-¸-Rô-Üm LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-¥-V-Õ Gu-]-ùYu-ß

ÏÝ-®p Es[ ÏZk-ûR-Ls YÏl-©p á\h-Óm. TôPl-

T-Ï-§-«p Es[ TPjûRd LY-²j-Rp. TP Yô£l×.

TP Yô£l-©u A¥l-T-ûP-«p TPm YûW-Rp.

®ûP-á-ß-T-Yo-Ls Vôo? Vôo? Gu-ß

LY-²j-Õl T§Ü ùNn-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls áß-Y-ûRd LY-²j-Õd

Ï±jÕ ûYj-Rp. ØÝ-ûU-Vô-Ld á±-

VYo-Ls, Ju-ßúU á\ô -R -Yo -Ls

úNôRû]l-Th-¥-V--p T§Ü ùNn-Rp.

Yœl◊ : 2


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

182

Tœß ˛ 3

ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ï ùYs-û[d Lô¡-Rm, Yi-Qe-Ls

úTôu-\-Yt-û\d ùLôÓj-Rp. ÏZk-ûR-Ls AYo-Ls

®Úl-Tm úTôp R²j-R-²-VôLl TPjûR YûW-Vh-Óm.

YûWkR TPe-L-°u Li-Lôh-£ûV SPj-Õ-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls Sp-X TPe-L-û[j úRok-ùR-Ód-¡u-\-]o.

CûY £\k-RûY Gu-ß úRok-ùR-Ód-Ld LôW-Qm, A[-

Ü-úLôp-Ls úTôu-\-Yt-û\d LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Ó-¡u-\-]o.

• LÚj-Õ

• Y¥-Y-Z-Ï

• ¨\ AZ-Ï

B£-¬-Vo £X TPe-Lû[d Ï±j-Õd ÏZk-ûR-L-Þ-Pu

LXkÕ-ûW-Vô-Ó-¡-\ôo.

UWj-§u A[-Ü, ¡û[-Ls, CûX úTôu-\ûY AZLôL

YûW-Vl-Th-Ós-[-Rô?

Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY?

UWj-§u ¡û[-Ls úSWô-LYô Y[-Úm?

ÏZk-ûR-L-°-Pm ûURô-]j-§-Ûs[ UôU-WjûR Et-ßd

LY-²d-Ld áß-Rp.

GYt-û\-ùVp-Xôm Et-ßd LY-²dL úYi-Óm?

¡û[-Ls Gj-R-û]? AûY úSWô-LYô Y[o-¡u-\-]?

ùRôûX-®p ̈ u-ß Tôod-Ïm úTôÕ CûX-«u Y¥Ym

B¡-V-Ytû\ Et-ß úSôd¡f £\l-×j Ru-ûU-L-û[d

ÏZk-ûR-Ls áß-¡u-\-]o. êu-ß Ap-X-Õ Sôu-Ï ÏZk-

ûR-Lû[ UôUWj§u TPm YûW-Vf ùNôp-Û-Rp.

B£-¬ûV UôU-Wj-§u TPjûR YûWk-Õ ûURô-]j§p

¨t-Ïm UôU-Wj -ûRl úTôp Es-[Rô Gu-ß

LXkÕûWVô-Ó-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls YûWkR TPe-L-û[j ùRôÏj-Õ JÚ TPj-

ùRô-ÏlûT EÚ-Yôd¡ B£-¬-Vo U§l-©-Ó-Rp.


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

183

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V-”

AX-Ï : Gp-Xôm Su-ûUdúL

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : EXL Uôà-Pm Gu-àm Li-úQôh-P-ªuûU

ÕûQ Ui-P-Xm : Uôß-ThP HWô-[-Uô] ùTôÚh-Ls Es-[-]. AYt-±p E«-Ús-[-ûY-Ùm Cp-Xô-R-ûY-Ùm

EhTÓm. AYt-±t¡-ûPúV ùRôPo-×-Ls Es-[-]. AYt-±t-¡-ûPúV Es[ ùRôPo-×-

Lû[l Tt-±V A±Ü Y[of-£-V-ûP-Rp.

Ne-∏RÙ Ru ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu ˘T¨-Vm-UÙ-Æu ≈h-•t-œf

˘Nu\Ùs . . . . Nk-ß-W-˚]d Li-P-’m Ne-∏-RÙ-Æt-œ ÆVl-TÙL

C⁄k-R-’. AYo-Ls Gu-˘]u] ̇ T£-´-⁄l-TÙo-Ls.

(TÙ-Pl-◊j-R-Lj-ßp Td-Lm 14-˛I YÙ£j-Rp)

B£-¨-Vo £X ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˙Lh-°-\Ùo.

• Ne-∏RÙ ˘Th-•˚Vj ß\k-’ G”j-R-’ Gu-]?

• Ne-∏RÙ ˙RÙh-Pj-ßp TÙoj-R˚Y G˚Y?

• Nk-ß-Wu GkR ÆXe˚L Y[od-°-\Ùu?

• UÙU-Wj-˚Rl-Tt± Nk-ß-Wu Ne-∏-RÙ-Æ-Pm Gu]

˘NÙp≠´⁄l-TÙu?

CkRl TPe-L˚[ Ee-L-[Ùp Y˚WV ÿ•-Ÿ-UÙ?

ÏZk-ûR-L°Pm Yô£dLd á±V úTôÕ £X-Wôp Yô£dL

Ø¥-V-®pûX Gu-TûRl ×¬k-Õ ùLôi-úPu. G]-Õ

úLs-®-L-Þd-Ïl ùTÚm-Tôu-ûU-Vô] ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm

T§p á±-]o.


Yœl◊ : 2

184

Tœß ˛ 3

ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ï ùYs-û[d Lô¡-Rm, Yi-Ql ùTu-£p úTôu\-

Yt-û\d ùLôÓj-Rp. ÏZk-ûR-Ls R²j-R-²-VôLl TPm YûW-VhÓm.

YûWkR TPe-L-°u Li-Lôh£ SPj-Õ-Rp

• JÚ L«-ß CÝj-Õd LhP úYi-Óm.

• YûWkR TPe-L-û[d L«t-±p ùRôeL®Ó-Rp.

Tf-ûN, ¿Xm, £Yl-×, Ug-Ns, LÚl× þ CûY GÝ-§V Õi-Ó AhûP-

L-û[d ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ïd ùLôÓj-Õ Ik-Õ ÏÝd-L-[ôdÏRp. Jq-

ùYôÚ ÏÝ-Üm Li-Lôh-£-ûVl Tôod-Lh-Óm. JqùYôÚ ÏÝ-Üm

£\k-R TPe-L-û[j úRok-ùR-Ód-Lh-Óm.

Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm úRok-ùR-ÓjR TPe-Ls GûY-ùVu-ßm úRok-

ùRÓdL LôW-Qe-Ls GûY-ùVu-ßm á\h-Óm.

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp êXm U§l-©-P-Ûd-Lô] YûW-V-û\-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-

Ï-Rp. 1) Y¥-Y-Z-Ï 2) ¨\ úYt-ßûU 3) LÚj-Õl ×Xl-Tô-Ó B£-¬-Vo

CkR YûW-V-û\-Lû[ Nôoh-¥p GÝ§ YÏl-©p ùRôeL®Ó-Rp.

Juß Ap-X-Õ CWi-Ó TPe-L-û[j úRok-ùRÓjÕ CkR YûW-V-û\-

L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p Ái-Óm T¬-úNô§j-Rp.

• GpXô LRô-Tôj-§-We-L-Þm Es-[-]-Yô?

• Jq-ùYô-Ú ùTôÚ-Þm/LRô-Tôj-§-W-Øm N¬-Vô] A[-®p YûWVl-

ThÓs-[-]-Yô?

• LRô-Tôj-§-Wm/ùTôÚh-L-Þd-Ï AkR Y¥-Ym ¡ûPj-Õs-[-Rô?

Guù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY?

ûURô-]j-§p ¨t-Ïm UôU-WjûR Et-ß LY-²dL ÏZk-ûR-L-ÞdÏ

Yônl-T-°j-Rp. Et-ß LY-²dL úYi-¥-VûY GûY?

• Gj-Rû] ¡û[-Ls?

• AûY úSWôLYô Y[o-¡u-\-]?

• ùRôûX-®p ü-ß Tôod-Ïm úTôÕs[ CûX-«u Y¥-Ym.

Et-ß LY-²jR R²j-Ru-ûU-L-û[l Tt± ÏZk-ûR-L-Þ-Pu LXk-Õ-ûW-

Vô-Ó-Rp þ êu-ß Ap-X-Õ Sôu-Ï úTo UôU-Wj-§u TPjûR YûW-Rp.

Sôu ÑY-¬p B¦ A¥j-Õ L«-ß Lh-¥-ú]u. TPm

YûWk-R-Yo-Ls ""¡°lûT''l TVu-T-Ój§ TPj-ûRj

ùRôe-L-®h-Pôo-Ls. LûP-£-VôL SôNo TPjûR YûWkÕ

Ø¥j-Rôu.

Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm Jq-ùYô-Ú ùTg-£p CÚk-R-]o. Jq-

ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-®-]-¬-P-Øm £\kR TPe-L-û[j úRok-ùR-

ÓdL á±-ú]u. ÏZk-ûR-Ls ÏÝ-®p LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P-

Ûm ®Yô-Re-L-Þm SPj-§-]o. L²-ùUô-̄ , AØ-Rô, ùNp-

Y-Ï-Uôo, Øj-Õf ùNp-®, Àh-Po CYo-Ls YûWkR TPe-

Ls £\k-RûY G]j úRok-ùR-Ód-Ll-Th-P].

ùT¬-V-RôL YûW-Vl-Th-P-Õ. Yi-Qm ùLôÓd-Ll-ThPÕ

Tôoj-Rôp AúR úTôp úRôu-ß-Y-Õ Gu\ A¥l-T-ûP-

«p Rôu úRok-ùR-Ód-Ll-Th-P-RôL ÏZk-ûR-Ls á±-]o.

UôXô, Á]ô CYo-Ls YûWk-Rl TPe-L-°p

Guù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls ùNnV úYi-Ó-ùUu-ß

ÏZkûR-Ls á±-]o.

UWd-¡-û[-Ls úSWôL YûW-Vl-Th-Ós-[-].

UôU-Wj-§u ̧ úZ ùRuû] UWm YûW-Vl-Th-Ós-[-Õ.

TÑ YûW-Vl-T-P-®p-ûX.

Et-ß úSôd-¡-V-©u UôU-Wm YûWk-R-Yo-Ls A§-LUôL

¡û[-Ls YûWk-R-]o. ¡û[-Ls úUp úSôd¡ YûWk-

§-Úk-R-]o. ùT¬-V-RôL Es-[]. GpXôd ¡û[-L°-Ûm

CûXLs YûW-Vl-Th-Ós-[-]. ÏZk-ûR-L-°u TPe-Ls

úNôR-û]l Th-¥-V--p T§Ü ùNn-Vl-Th-P-].


185

Tœß ˛ 3˛ Y•-Y-̊ Ul-◊d L˚X ˛

Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp U§l-À-hÓ Uô§¬

AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó

186

Tœß ˛ 3

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : JÓd-Ll-Th-úPô-¬-Pm BR-WÜ CuûU

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] : EQ-Ü, EûP, Eû\-®-Pm ØR--V A¥l-T-ûPj úRûY-Lû[ ¨û\-úYt\

GpúXôÚdÏm Yônl×d ¡ûPl-T-§p-ûX.

AX-Ï : ÅÓ SpX ÅÓ

LÚj-R-X-Ï : Ju-ß

ÅÓ Lh-Óm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-°u

úTôÕ Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-

Lû[l ©¬j-R-±-¡u-\-]o.

YÏlTû\ YûW-T-Pm YûW-

Y-Ru êXm YûW-T-Pm EÚ-

Yôd-Ï-Y-Õ Gq-Yô-ß Gu\

LÚj-Õ Y[-Ú-¡-\-Õ.

TX-Y-ûL-Vô] ÅÓ þ ÑYo Tj-§-¬ûL

ùNn-§j-Rôs Ut-ßm Tj-§-¬-ûL-L-°---Úk-Õ TX YûL-

Vô] ÅÓ-L-°u TPe-L-û[d ÏZk-ûR-Ls úNL-¬d-

¡u-\-]o. AYt-û\l TVu-T-Ój§f ÑYo Tj-§-¬ûL

EÚ-Yôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o. Jq-ùYô-Ú Åh-¥-Û-Øs[ Y¥-

®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-û[d LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp êXm LiÓ-

©-¥j-Rp.

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp êXm SU-Õ YÏl-©-Ûm Ñt-ßl ×\e-

L-°-Ûm Es[ YhP Y¥-Y-Uô-], NÕW Y¥-Y-Uô]

ùTôÚh-Lû[ Et-ß úSôd¡ Li-Ó-©-¥d-¡u-\-]o.

ÏÝd-Ls ùRôÏd-¡u-\-]o.

YÏl-Tû\ YûW-T-Pm

ÏZk-ûR-Ls, YÏl-T-û\-«u TPjûR YûWk-Õ

ùTôÚh-Lû[ AûP-Vô-[l-T-Ój-Õ-¡u-\-]o. ©\-Ï

ÏÝ-YôL CÚk-Õ AûR úUm-T-Ój-Õ-¡u-\-]o.

B£¬V-Úm ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô¥ B£-¬-

Vo TôPjûR (Teacher version) EÚ-Yôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o

ÅÓ-L-°p Es[ Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-

L-û[d Li-Ó-©-¥dL CV-Û-¡-\Rô

Gu-TûR B£-¬-Vo U§l-©-Ó-Rp.

YhP Y¥-®-Ûm NÕW Y¥-®-Ûm

Es[ ùTôÚh-L-û[d ÏÝ-YôL

CÚk-Õ Li-Ó-©-¥d-¡u-\-]o.

YûWkR YûW-T-PjûRf ÑV-Uô-L-

Üm ÏÝ-Yô-L-Üm U§l-©-Ó-¡u-\-]o.


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

AX-œj-ßh-PmYœl◊ : 2

187

Tœß ˛ 3

Y¥-®-Vp AûUl-×-Lû[

AZ-Ï-Qo-úYô-Ó EÚ-Yôd-

Ïm A±ûY Y[oj-Rp.

LÚj-Õl T¬-Uôt-\j-§t-LôL

TPm YûW-Rp.

ÅÓ Lh-Ó-Y-Rt-Lô] ùNX-Ü-

Lû[l Tt±j ùR¬k-Õ

ùLôs-¡u-\-]o.

Lt-T-û]dúLtT Y¥-®-Vp

Y¥-Ye-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój§

Åh-¥u TPm YûW-Rp.

¿e-Ls ÏÝ-®p YûWkR TPj-§tÏm ùTôÕ-YôL

YûWkR TPj-§tÏm Es[ ùTôÕd áß-Ls VôûY?

ÏZk-ûR-Ls áß-T-Ytû\d LÚm-T-X-ûL-«p GÝ-Õ-

Rp. TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p ùLôÓd-Ll-Th-Ós[ ""AÓjRÕ

Gu-]? YûWk-Õ TôÚe-Ls'' Gu\ ùNVp-TôhûPf

ùNn-Rp.

LûX-Yô-Q-²u ÏÓm-Tj-Rô-Úd-Ï ÅÓ Lh-¥d

ùLôÓdL úYi-Óm. ÅÓ Gq-Yô -ß AûUV

úYiÓm? Gu-ù]u] YN-§ -Ls úRûY?

úTôu\ûY Tt-±V LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp. Åh-¥t-Ïj

úRûY-Vô-]ûY GûY Gu-ß ùR¬k-Õ ùLôs-Þ-Rp.

B£¬Vo ùLôÓd-Ïm ùYs-û[j Rô°p Lt-

Tû]dÏ HtT TPm YûWk-Õ ¨\m ùLôÓd-Lh-Óm.

ÏÝ-®p R]-Õ TPj-ûRl Tt± ùTÚ-ûU-VôL

á\hÓm. úUÛm GYt-û\-ùVp-Xôm úNoj-Õ YûWV

úYi-Óm? ÑV-UôL Al-T-PjûR úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Rp

(UôQ-Yo TûPl-×j ùRôÏl-×) B£-¬-Vo RW-̈ o-QV

A[-Ü-úLôp, UôQ-Yo TûPl×j ùRôÏl×

CYt±u êXm U§l-©-Ó-Rp.

LûX-Yô-Q²u ÏÓm-Tj-RôÚdÏ ¿e-Ls YûWkR

YûW-T-Pj-ûRl-úTôu\ Åh-ûPd Lh-P-úYi-Ó-Uô-«u

Gu-ù]u] ùNXÜ YÚm Gu\ LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp

êXm ùNX-Ü-L-û[l-Tt-±V LÚjûR EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp.

ÅÓ EÚ-Yôd-Ï-úYôm (Y-¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ym)

Y¥-®-Vp EÚ-Ye-L-û[l TX-®-R-Uô] Yi-Qd Lô¡-

Re-L-°p ùYh-¥ GÓj-Õ Lh-¥j Rô°p (Nôoh) Jh-¥

ÅÓ-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Lh-Óm. AYt-û\d ÏÝ-®p úUm-

T-Ój-Rh-Óm. (Uô-Q-Yo TûPl-×j ùRôÏl-×)

B£-¬-Vo U§l-À-Ó

Y¥-®-Vp AûUl-×-Ls

AZ-Ï

¨\e-L-°u ùTôÚj-Rm

ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó

Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ Eßl-©-]-Úm

ùNnR-§p Gu-ù]u] R²j-

RuûU-Ls Es-[-]?

ÑV U§l-À-Ó

GYt-û\f úNoj-Õ Gu-à-ûPV

TûPlûT úUm-T-Ój-R-Xôm.

B£-¬-Vo ÏÝf ùNVp-TôhûP

U§l-©-Ó-Rp. ÏÝd-Ls ©\ ÏÝd-

Lû[ U§l-©-Ó-¡u-\-]o. (¨-\m,

Y¥Ym, AZ-Ï)

B£-¬-VoB£-¬-Vo

Y¥-®-Vp Uô§-¬, LtTû] úTôu\-

Yt-û\d ÏZk-ûR-L-°u TûPl-×-

L°u êXm U§l-©-P-Xôm.

LÚj-Õ-Ls/§\u-Ls A±-YôdL ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-Þm U§l-À-Ó Gu-]? Vôo? Gq-Yô-ß?

ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

188

Tœß ˛ 3

K¬-Lôª ÅÓ-Ls Lh-Ó-Rp

BPm-T-Wm Cp-XôR ÅÓLú[

Nê-Lj-§t-Ïj úRûY Gu\

LÚj-Õ EÚ-YôRp

L¦-Rj-§u AZûL W£j-Rp

Pôu-¡-Wôm EÚ-Ye-Lû[f

ùNnÕ Y¥-Y-ûUl× SPjÕRp

ÅÓ (K-¬-Lô-ª)(Lô-¡-Rj-§p EÚ-Ye-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp)ÏZk-ûR-Ls ùYs-û[d Lô¡-Rj-§p K¬-Lôª ÅÓ-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Lh-Óm. (B-£-¬-Vo A°d-Ïm Ï±l-©uT¥) ùTôÚj-R-Uô] CPj-§p Nu-]p, LRÜúTôu-\ûY YûWk-Õ Lt-T-û]d-úLtT ¨\e-LsA°j-Õ AZ-Ï-T-Ój-Rh-Óm. ÏZk-ûR-Ls AYo-L-Þd-ÏjùR¬kR úYß K¬-Lôª ÅÓ-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Ï-¡u-\-]o.

TôPl-×j-R-Lj-§p ùLôÓd-Ll-Th-Ós[ ÅÓ-Lû[ (Td-Lm:86) Et-ßd LY-²j-Õ ÅÓ-Ls Ju-ú\ô-Ó Ju-ß Gq-YôßúYß-Th-Ós-[] Gu-ß LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Ó-Rp. ÏÝ LXk-ÕûW-Vô-Pp êXm BPm-TW ÅÓ-Ls, Ïû\kR ùNX-®p Lh-Pl-T-Óm ÅÓ-Ls úTôu-\-Yt-±t-¡-ûP-úV-Vô]úYß-Tô-Ó-L-û[-Ùm Jt-ß-ûU-L-û[-Ùm Th-¥-V---Ó-Rp.ÏÝ-®p GÝkR LÚj-Õ-Lû[ YÏl-©p ùRôÏj-Rp.Al-T-¥-Vô-]ôp G]-Õ ÅÓ Gq-Yô-ß AûUV úYiÓm.?AYo-Ls Re-L-[-Õ ÅhûP YûW-Vh-Óm.

ÑYo Tj-§-¬ûLDod-Ïf£/v¥Wô ET-úVô-¡j-Õ TP AÓd-Ï-Lû[EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp.×§V Y¥-Ye-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Rp. LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp êXmEÚ-Yô] LÚj-Õ-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p AÓd-Ï-Lû[U§l-©-Ó-Rp. ×§V AÓd-Ï-Lû[ EÚ-YôdL B£¬-VoER-Y-Xôm. B£-¬-Vo TûPl-×-Lû[ U§l-©-Ó-Rp.

Pôu-¡-WômB£-¬-Vo ùLôÓd-Ïm Tp-úY-ß Yi-Qd Lô¡-Re-Lû[f NÕ-Wm, Yh-Pm, Ød-úLô-Qm, ùNq-Y-LmB¡V Y¥-Ye-L-°p ùYh-¥ Pôu-¡-Wôm AûUj-Rp. Tp-úY-ß Y¥-Ym, ¨\m úTôu-\ûY YÚ-Y-Rt-LôLd LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp SPj-Õ-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls LÚ-®-Lû[ ûLVô-

Þm ®Rm, ùTôÚj-R-Uô] LÚ-®-

Lû[j úRok-ùR-Ój-Rp úTôu-\-

Ytû\j ùRôPo U§l-À-Ó êXm

U§l-©h-Ó T§Ü ùNn-Rp. úSoj-

§Vô] U¥l-×, AZ-Ï CYtû\

B£-¬-Vo U§l-©-Ó-¡-\ôo. Pôu-¡-

Wôm ÅÓ, K¬-Lôª ÅÓ Jl-À-Ó

ùNnÕ A§-Ûs[ Y¥-Ye-Lû[d

áß-¡u-\-]o.

B£-¬-Vo U§l-©P úYi-¥-VûY

• LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P-p ÏZk-ûR-L-°u

Te-úLt×

• LÚj-Õ

• ÏÝf ùNVp-Tô-Ó

JÝe-Ï, AZ-Ï, LYof£ úTôu-\-

Ytû\d ÏÝd-Ls U§l-©-Ó-Rp.

B£-¬-Vo ÏZk-ûR-L-°u §\û]

AYo-L-[-Õ TûPl-×-L-°u A¥l--

TûP-«p U§l-©-Ó-Rp.


• Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-Lû[ U§l-

©Ó-Rp

• Tp-úY-ß EÚ-Ye-Ls

• LÚ-®-L-û[l ùTôÚj-R-Uô-Lj

úRok-ùR-Ój-Rp

• LÚ-®-L-û[d ûLVô-Þm §\u


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

189

Tœß ˛ 3

TX-Y-ûL-Vô] Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-

Ye-L-û[l TVu-T-ÓjR éd-

úLô-Xm AûUj-Rp

ÏZk-ûR-Ls AYo-L-Þ-ûPV TûPl-×-Lû[f ÑV-Uô-

L-Üm ÏÝ-Yô-L-Üm Li-Lôh£ SPj§ U§l-©h-Ó

úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Rp.

Y¥-®-Vp éd-úLô-Xm

ÏZk-ûR-Lû[ 5 úTo ùLôiP ÏÝ-Yôd¡ 5 ¨\e-

L-°Xô] Lô¡-Re-Ls ùLôÓj-Õ AYo-L-°u Lt-T-

û]d-Ï HtT Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój§

éd-úLô-Xm AûUj-Rp.

ÑV U§l-À-Ó

G]-Õ TPj-§u £\l×

Uôt± AûUdL úYi-¥-VûY

NL U§l-À-Ó

• EÚY úYß-Tô-Ó

Tp-úY-ß Y¥-®-Vp EÚ-Ye-Ls

ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó

£\kR Pôu-¡-Wô-ªu £\l-×-Lû[d

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp êXm Li-Ó-

©¥jÕ U§l-©-Ó-Rp

(ùTô-Új-R-Uô] ¨\m, AZ-Ï, úYß-

Th-P-ûY)

B£-¬-Vo Tp-úY-ß-ThP Y¥-®-Vp

Y¥-Ye-Ls Yk-Õs-[-]Yô Gu-ß

U§l-©-Ó-Rp

ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó

• ùTôÚj-R-Uô] ̈ \m

• AZ-Ï

• JÝe-L-ûUl×

• Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-°u

Gi¦dûL

• TX-YûL ¨\e-Ls


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

190

Tœß ˛ 3

§hP AX-ÏAX-Ï : SpX ÅÓ

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : JÓd-Ll-Th-úPô-¬-Pm BR-WÜ Cu-ûU.

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : EQ-Ü, EûP, ÅÓ ØR--V A¥l-T-ûPj úRûY-Ls Aû]-Y-Úd-Ïm JúW úTôp

¡ûPl-T-§p-ûX.

LÚj-Õ : R]-Õ Lt-T-û]d-úLtT Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-Lû[ úRok-ùR-Ój-Õ EÚ-Yl-T-Pm (Tangram)

EÚ-Yôd-ÏRp

Lt-\p LÚ-®-Ls : Tp-úY-ß ̈ \e-L-°-Ûs[ Yi-Qd Lô¡-Rm (Yôo-½x úTl-To) (£-Yl-×, Tf-ûN, ¿Xm,

Ug-Ns, LÚl-×) A[Ü úLôp, ùTu-£p, ùYs-û[d Lô¡-Rm, TûN)

B£-¬ûV YÏl-©p Øu-]o ùNnR Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-°-Xô] ÅÓ-

Lû[d Lôi-©j-Õ AYt-±óu R²j-Ru-ûU-Lû[d áß-¡-\ôo. ÏZk-ûR-

L-Þm £\l-×-L-û[d áß-¡u-\-]o. Aq-Yô-\ô-«u CkR Y¥-Ye-L-û[l

(N-Õ-Wm, Yh-Pm, Ød-úLô-Qm) TVu-T-Ój§ úYß Gu-ù]u] EÚ-Ye-

Lû[ Ei-PôdL Ø¥-Ùm.

Ju-ß Ap-X-Õ CWi-Ó EÚ-Ye-Lû[ B£-¬-Vo LÚm-T-X-ûL-«p YûWd-

¡-\ôo. Ee-L-Þd-Ï CÕ úTôu-ß YûWV CV-Û-Uô?

Aû]-Y-Úd-Ïm ùYs-û[d Lô¡-Rm, ùLôÓj-Rp, ÏZk-ûR-Ls R²j-

R²VôL EÚ-Yl-T-Pm YûW-¡u-\-]o.

©\-Ï ÏZk-ûR-Ls AYo-Ls YûWkR TPe-Lû[j RUd-Ïs T¬-úNô-§d-

¡u-\-]o. R]-Õ TPj-§u £\l-×-Lû[ A±-Y-Õ-Pu ©\o YûWkR TPe-

L-°u £\l-×-Lû[ A±k-Õ ARt-úLtT TPj-§p úRûY-Vô]

Uôt\eLû[ Ht-T-Ój-Õ-¡u-\-]o.

B£-¬-Vo Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-[ôp EÚ-Yôd-

¡V ÅÓ-L-°u £\l-×-L-û[d áß-¡u-\-]o.

Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-û[d Ï±jR A±Ü

ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ï Es-[-Õ.

NL U§l-À-Ó SPj-Õ-Rp

Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-L-°u ùTôÚj-Rm

Y¥-Y-Z-Ï

YûW-Vl-ThP Y¥-Ye-Ls GûY?

Lt-\p ®˚X-Ls Ußl-¿-”

Yœl◊ : 3

191

Tœß ˛ 3

ARu-©u ÏZk-ûR-Lû[ ̈ \j-§u A¥l-T-ûP-«p ÏÝ-Yôd-Ï-Rp. ÏÝ-

®---Úk-Õ AYo-Ls YûWkR TPe-Lû[ TWv-T-Wm T¬-úNô-§d-Lh-Óm.

Jq-ùYô-Ú-Y-Ú-ûP-V-Üm TPe-L-Þd-Ï Gu-ù]u] £\l-×-Ls Es-[-]?

Cf-£-\l-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p ¿e-Ls YûWkR TPj-§p Gu-ù]u]

£\l-×-Ls Es-[-]? Cf-£-\l-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p ¿e-Ls YûWkR

TPj-§p Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls Ht-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm. ARu ©u GpXô

ÏÝd-L-Þd-Ïm TX ̈ \e-L-°-Xô] 5 Yi-Qd Lô¡-Rm (Yôo-¦x úTlTo)

ùLôÓdL úYi-Óm. AYoLs YûWkR EÚ-Ye-L-Þd-Ï ùTôÚj-R-Uô]

¨\eLû[ ùYh-¥ Jh-P úYiÓm.

ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó

ÏÝ-YôL CÚkR úTôÕ TX ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm

áÓ-R-XôLl TX EÚ-Ye-L-Þm YûW-Y-ûRd

Li-úPu.

£Xo AYo-Ls YûWk-RûR Uônj-Õ ÏÝ-®p

£\k-R-Ytû\ Ái-Óm YûWk-Rôo-Ls. Sôu AYo-

L-Þd-Ïj úRûY-Vô] ©uòhPm A°j-Õ

Fd-Ï-®j-úRu. GpXô ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm A[Ü

úLôp, Lj-§-¬d-úLôp úTôu-\ûY ùLôi-Ó Yk-

§-Úk-Rôo-Ls. ùNVp-Tô-Ó SPd-Ïm úTôÕ

B£¬Vo U§l-©P úYi-¥-V-ûY.

• LÚ-®-Ls úRok-ùR-Ód-Ïm §\u.

• LÚ-®-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój-Õm §\u.

• LÚ-®-Lû[ Öh-T-Uô-L-Üm Õp---V-Uô-L-Üm

ûLVô-Þm §\u.

ÏÝ

• úYß-ThP TPe-Ls

• TPe-L-°u AZ-Ï

• ùTôÚj-R-Uô] ̈ \m

• Lj-§-¬d-úLôp TVu-T-Ój§ Su-\ôL

ùYhÓ-¡-\ôo-Ls.

• Lj-§-¬d-úLôp TVu-T-Ój§ úSWôL

ùYhPl T«t£ A°dL úYi-Óm.

Cf-ùN-Vp-TôhûP ÏZk-ûR-Ls ªL Bo-Y-UôL

ùNn-¡-\ôo-Ls. CûP-úY-û[-«p AYo-Ls

ùY°úV ùNp-Xô-Up Cf-ùN-Vp-Tôh-¥p êr-¡-

Ùs-[-]o. CÕ úTôu\ HWô-[Uô] ùNVp-Tô-Ó-

Lû[ A°dL úYi-Óm.


CûRl úTôp T§Ü ùNnV úYi-Óm.

ÏÝ-®p ÏZk-ûR-Ls ùNn-R-©u AYtû\ YÏl-©p ùRôeL ®h-Ó

GpXôd ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm LôQ Yônl-T-°dL úYi-Óm. TPe-L-°u £\l-

×-Lû[j ùR¬k-Õ ùLôi-Ó R]-Õ TPj-§p úRûY-Vô] Uôt-\e-Lû[

Ht-T-Ój-Õ-Rp. Y¥-®-Vp Y¥-Ye-Ls, EÚ-Yl-T-Pe-Ls CYtû\ UôQ-

Yo TûPl-×j ùRôÏl-×-L-°p úNodL úYi-Óm.

ùTVo £\k-RûY NWô-N¬ úUm-TP úYi-¥-VûY

192

Tœß ˛ 3

˛SÙP-Lm˛

Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp U§l-Àh-Ó Uô§¬AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó

193

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V-”

AX-Ï : U-Wj-§u Li-½o

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : A±-®-Vp éo-Y-Uô] ¨X, ¿o úUXôiûU CuûU

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : Ri-½o Rh-Ól-Tô-Ó Tt-±V LÚj-§uûU

LÚj-Õ : ¿o Y[m TôÕ-Lôl-T-§p U²-Ro-L-°u LY-]-ªuûU LÓm Y\h£dÏd LôW-Q-Uô-¡-\-Õ.

§\u : SôP-Lj-§-Ûs[ Jq-ùYô-Ú LRô-Tôj-§-Wj-§t-Ïm ùTôÚj-R-Uô] ÏWp úYi-Óm.

EQof£ éo-Y-Uô] Lôh-£-Lû[ EÚ-YôdL ÏWp Ht-\j-RôrÜ úRûY Gu-ß ×¬k-Õ

ùLôs-Þ-Rp.

U§l-À-Ó

TPj-§ -Ûs[ LÚj-Õ -Lû[l ×¬k-Õ

ùLôs[Üm, ®[d¡d á\-Üm Ø¥-¡-\Rô

Gu-ß ÏÝ U§l-©-Ó-Rp

SpX ˘NÙt-Ls Es-[] HWÙ-[m ˘NÙt-Ls Es-[-].

TPj-ßt-œm A•d-œ-±l-©t-œm ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-ÿs-[-’

£k-R-̊ ]-̊ Vj Ái-”-°-\-’. ©\o LY-]j˚R Dod-°-\-’.

Yœl◊ : 4

Lt-\p ¨ûX-Ls

Ri-½o Rh-Ól-Tô-Ó ùRôPo-Tô] £X ùNn-§l TPe-Lû[d ÏZk-ûR-LÞd-Ïd ùLôÓj-Rp

• Ï¥j Ri-½-Úd-LôL Ud-Ls Tôj-§-We-Lû[ ûYj-Õ ÏZôn A¥«pLôj-§-Úd-Ïm TPm

• Xô¬-«p Ri-½o ®¨-úVô-¡d-Ïm Lôh£

• UûXd Ïu-±---Úk-Õ Ri-½o ̈ û\kR ÏPj-Õ-Pu YÚm ÏZkûR

Cl-T-Pe-L-Þd-Ïj R²j-R-²-VôL A¥d-Ï-±l× GÝ-Õ-Rp. CWi-ÓApXÕ êu-ß úTo AûR Yô£j-Rp. AûRj ùRôPok-Õ ÏÝd-L-°pYô£j-Rp. £\kR A¥d-Ï-±l-ûTd Li-P-±k-Õ Yô£j-Rp. Jq-ùYô-ÚÏÝ-Üm £\kR A¥d-Ï-±l-ûTd Li-P-±kR LôW-QjûRd áß-Rp.

ÏÝ-®p JÚ ÏZkûR £\kR A¥d-Ï-±lûT Gq-Yô-ß Li-Ó-©-¥j-R-ÕGu-ß LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp.£\kR A¥d-Ï-±lûT úRok-ùR-Ól-T-Rt-LôL LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P--- - -Úk-Õ EÚ-

Yô-Ïm Ï±l-×-Lû[ B£-¬-Vo LÚm-T-X-ûL-«p GÝ-Õ-Rp.

194

Tœß ˛ 3

UWj-§u Li-½o þ LûRd-Ï Øu

• Ck-Rl TPe-L-°p LiP Lôh-£-ûVl úTôu\ Aà-T-Ye-Lû[ ¿e-Ls

EeLs Yôrd-ûL-«p Tôoj-§-Úd-¡-Èo-L-[ô?

• Ri-½o ÏZô-«---Úk-Õ Ri-½o ÅQôL ¨Wm© Y¯-YûRl Tôoj-R-ÕiPô?

CÕ Tt-±V Ee-Ls LÚj-Õ Gu-]?

• TûZV LôXe-L-°p úLôûPd-Lô-Xj-§p Ï[e-L-Þm ¡Q-ß-L-Þm Yt\ôÕ. B]ôp

Cl-úTô-Õ Ee-Ls Åh-¥-Ûm AÚ-Lô-ûU-«Ûm Es[ ¡Q-ß Ï[e-L-°u ̈ ûX Gu-]?

• Ri-½o Rh-Ól-Tôh-Pôp YÚk-Õ-T-Yo-L-°u LûRûV ¿e-Ls Yô£j-ÕsÇo-L-[ô?

UWj-§u Li-½od LûR (Tô-Pl-×j-R-Lm Td-Lm: 9)

TôPl-T-Ï-§ûV UôQ-Yo-Ls ØR--p R²j-R-²-VôL Yô£d-¡-\ôo-Ls. ©u ÏÝ-YôL Yô£j-

Rp. TôPl-T-Ï-§-«---Úk-Õ £X Nm-T-Ye-Lû[ úRok-ùR-Ój-Rp. GÓj-Õd-Lôh-Ó: ®Xe-¡-

]e-Ls B¥l-Tô-¥ U¡r-Rp. CÕ úTôu\ Nm-Te-L-û[j úRok-ùR-Ój-Õ ÏÝ-®p LXk-

Õ-ûW-Vô-Ó-Rp.

FûU S¥l-©t-Lô] ÏZk-ûR-Lû[d ÏÝ-®---Úk-Õ úRok-ùR-Ój-Õ AYo-Lû[ S¥dLf

ùNn-Rp

Õi-Óf ºhÓd-ùLô-ÓjÕ S¥d-Lj çi-Ó-Rp

B£-¬-Vo TX úYß-ThP Nm-T-Ye-L-û[j Õi-Ó Lô¡-Rj-§p GÝ§ ÏÛd-Lp SPj§

ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ïd ùLôÓj-Rp. Lô¡-Rj Õi-¥p á\l-Th-Ós[ ̈ Lr-Ü-Lû[ S¥j-Õ Lôi-

©dL úYi-Óm. Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏZk-ûR-Ùm Re-L-Þd-Ï ¡ûPjR Lô¡-Rj Õi-Ó-L-°p

Es[ ¨LrûY S¥l-T-Õ Gl-T-¥ Gu-ß §h-P-ª-Ó-Rp. ARu-©u S¥j-Rp.

• Ri-½o ¡ûPd-Lô-Up R®j-Õ AûX-Ùm ÏZkûR

• Ñh-ùP-¬d-Ïm ùY«-p Rs-[ô-Óm JÚ Ø§-V-Yo

• Ck-¨-Lr-Ü-Lû[ S¥jR ©u LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Ó-Rp

• EPp AûN-Ü-Ls á\l-ThP ¨Lr-Ü-L-Þd-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-Øs-[-RôL CÚk-R-Rô?

• ÏWp Ht-\j-RôrÜ ùTôÚj-R-UôL AûUk-R-Rô?

• Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY?

ÏWp K®-Vm

Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-®t-Ïm £X CVtûL ¨Lr-Ü-Lû[ A°j-Rp. AûR ÏWp Y¥-Yj-§p

ÏÝd-Ls ùY°-«P úYi-Óm. (ERô: C¥-Ù-Pu UûZl ùTn-Rp, Lôt-ß ÅÑ-Rp)

ÏZk-ûR-Ls Re-L -[ -Õ

YôrdûL Aà-T-Ye-L-û[d

áß-Rp þ B£-¬-Vo U§l-À-Ó

Yô£j-Õ LÚj-ûRl ×¬k-Õ

ùLôs-¡-\ôo-L[ô Gu-ß ÏÝ

U§l-©-Ó-Rp.



S¥l-×, ÏWp Ht-\j -RôrÜ

CYtû\ ÏÝd-Ls U§l-À-Ó

ùNn-Rp

B£-¬-Vo U§l-©-Ó-Rp


195

Tœß ˛ 3

LÚj-Õ ùR°-Yô-Ïm ®Rj-§p ÏWp Ht-\-RôL AûUk-R-Rô?

AûN-Yt\ Lôh£ AûUj-Rp

TXjR Lôt-±p AûNk-Rô-Óm UWe-Ls

Ri-½-Úd-LôLd ÏZô-V-¥-«p ¨t-Ïm Ud-Ls

UûZ YÚ-YûRl Tôoj-Õ U¡rf-£-Ù-Pu ̈ t-Ïm Ud-Ls. LÚj-Õ ùY°l-

T-Óm ®Rj-§p Lôh-£-Ls AûUk-Õs-[-Rô? Lôh-£-Lû[ Rj-ì-T-UôL

AûUdL Ø¥k-R-Rô?

FûU S¥l×

• Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm Ri-½o Rh-Ól-Tôh-Ó-Pu ùRôPo-×-ûPV £X

¨Lr-Ü-Lû[ FûU S¥l× êXm ùY°l-T-Ój-Rh-Óm.

• Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm S¥j-Õd Lôi-©d-Ïm úTôÕ Ut\ ÏÝ AYo-Ls

S¥d-Ïm Lôh£ GÕ-ùYu-ß ®[dL úYi-Óm.

• LÚj-Õ-Pu ùTôÚk-Õ-¡-\-Rô?

• S¥l×j §\u £\l-TôL Es-[-Rô?

• Jl-T-û], Lôh£ AûUl× LÚj-Õ-Pu ùTôÚk-Õ-¡-\-Rô?

LûR-Ùm EûW-Vô-P-Ûm

£ß-Yo LûR-L-û[j úRok-ùR-Ój-Õ ÏÝd-L-Þd-Ï ùLôÓj-Rp. (Y-\h-£,

Ri½o Rh-Ól-Tô-Ó, úLôûPd-Lô-Xm ùRôPo-×-ûP-V-ûY) ÏZk-ûR-Ls

LûRûV Yô£j-Õ GúRàm JÚ TÏ-§ûV EûW-Vô-P-XôL SPjR úYiÓm.

• EûW-Vô-P--p ÏWp Ht-\j RôrÜ Es-[-Rô?

• LRô-Tôj-§-We-L-°u ùNVp-Lû[ EûW-Vô-Pp êXm ùY°l-T-ÓjR

CVÛ-¡-\-Rô?

Yôù]ô- SôP-Lm

B£-¬-Vo Ri-½o Rh-Ól-TôhPôp R®d-Ïm Fo Ud-L-°u ¨ûXûV

®[d-Ï-¡-\ôo. ÏZk-ûR-Ls ARt-úLt\ ãZûX EÚ-Yôd¡ EûW-Vô-Pp

êXm Yôù]ô- SôP-LjûR AûUdL úYi-Óm.

ÏÝ NLU§l-À-Ó


• LÚj-Õ ùY°l-T-Ó-¡-\-Rô?

• Lôh-£-Lû[ E«-úWôh-P-UôL AûUj-

Õs[ôo-L-[ô?

• ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó, B£-¬-Vo U§l-À-Ó.

• Lôh-£f ãZp, LÚj-Õ, S¥l-×j §\u

CYtû\ ÏÝdLs U§lÀ-Ó ùNn-Rp.

B£-¬-Vo U§l-ÀÓ

ÏWp, Ht-\j-RôrÜ TôYû], Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym

CYtû\ ÑV, NL U§l-ÀÓ ùNn-Rp.


196

Tœß ˛ 3

• Ri-½o Rh-Ól-Tôh-Pôp Ud-Ls AY-§l-T-Ó-¡-\ôo-Ls Gu-TûR

Y-ÙßjRj úRûYl-T-Óm EûW-Vô-Pp-Ls GûY?

• SôP-Lj-§u ãZûX ÏWp Ut-ßm J- AûUl-Tôp Gq-Yô-ß Yôù]ô-

úSVo-L-Þd-Ï EQoj-R-Xôm?

•

CÕ úTôu\ LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp SPj-Õ-Rp þ Yôù]ô- SôP-Lm SPj-Õ-Rp.

Yôù]ô- SôP-Lj-§t-Ïl ©u

• LRô-Tôj-§-We-L-Þd-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-Uô] J- AûUl× CÚk-R-Rô?

• CkR SôP-Lj-Rôp LÚjûR ùY°l-T-ÓjR CVu-\-Rô?

• ãZûX J- AûUl× êXm Ht-T-ÓjR Ø¥k-R-Rô?

SôP-L-Uôd-Ï-Rp

Yôù]ô- SôP-LjûRd ÏZk-ûR-Ls ÏÝ-YôL CÚk-Õ úYPm A¦k-Õ,

Jl-Tû] ùNn-Õ ãZûX AûUj-Õ, ÏWp Ht-\j Rôr-Ü-Pu S¥j-Õd

LôhPh-Óm.

CûRl TPm ©¥j-Rp (Video Recording)

Gk-Rd ÏÝ-®-à-ûPV SôP-Lm £\k-R-Õ. LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp.

• LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P-- - - -Úk-Õ £\k-R- SôP-Lm Gu-ß úRok-ùR-ÓjR LôW-¦-

Lû[ B£-¬-Vo LÚm-T-X-ûL-«p GÝ-Õ-Rp.

• SpX ùNn§ (Message)• SôP-Lj-§t-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-Uô] ãZp

• LRô-Tôj-§-We-L-Þd-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-Uô] Jl-Tû]

• ÏWp Ht-\j-Rôr-Ü, YN-]m

• LRô-Tôj-§-We-L-°u TôY-û], S¥l-×, AûNÜ

TPm ©¥j-R-ûRd Lôi-©j-Rp

Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-Üm SôP-Lm S¥jR úTôÕ TPm ©¥j-RûR B£-¬-Vo

YÏl-©p Lôi-©j-Rp


197

Tœß ˛ 3

• LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u œWp ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL Es-[-RÙ?

• LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-Ls E´-˙WÙh-P-UÙL A˚Uk-ß-⁄k-R]YÙ?

• Jl-T-˚], YN-]m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL C⁄k-R-RÙ?

• Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-L˚[ Ht-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m?

˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp RVÙ-¨j-Rp

Ï±l-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p U§l-©-Ó-Rp

(ÑV U§l-À-Ó, B£-¬-Vo U§l-À-Ó)

Ï±l-×-Lû[ NL U§l-À-Ó ùNn-Rp.


WN-û]d Ï±l-©u RW ö-QV Ï±l-×-L-°u

A¥l-T-ûP-«p U§l-©-Ó-Rp

B£-¬ -Vo TûPl-©u A¥l-T -ûP-«p

úUmTÓj-Õ-Rp.

WNû]d Ï±l-×-Ls

• LÚjûR Ehd-ùLôi-P-]o,

• R]Õ LÚjûR GÝ§-Ùs-[ôo-Ls.

• N¬-Vô] ùUô¯-S-ûP.

WN-û]d Ï±l× GÝ-Õ-Rp

SôP-Le-Lû[ U§l-©h-Ó Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏZk-ûR-Ùm WN-û]d Ï±l× GÝ-Õ-

Rp. WN-û]d Ï±l-©p CÚdL úYi-¥-VûY GûY? LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp

(LÚj-Õ/St-ùNn§/LÚjÕ Gq-Yôß EQok-úRu, LÚjÕ ùY°l-

ThÓs[Rô) úTôu-\ûY Tt± ®¬-YôL GÝ-Õ-Rp.

ÏÝ-®p Yô£j-Rp. úUÛm úUm-T-Ój§ GÝ-Õ-Rp.

œ› ˛ 1 œ› ˛ 2 œ› ˛ 3 œ› ˛ 4Ußl-©P ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

1. L˚R SÙPLl ˘TÙ⁄j-Rm

2. LRÙTÙj-ß-We-L-fid-œ Ht\ Jl-T˚]

3. LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u S•l-◊, œWp

4. LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u œQj-ßt-œ

Ht\ YN-]e-Ls

198

Tœß ˛ 3

˛ SP-]m ˛

Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp U§l-À-hÓ Uô§¬AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó

199

Tœß ˛ 3

AX-Ïj-§h-Pm (S-P-]m)©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : Sm LXôf-Nô-Wl ùTÚ-ûU-ûV-Ùm ARu R²f-£-\l-×-L-û[-Ùm EQ-Wô-ûU.

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : SU-Õ TWm-T-ûWd LûX-Ls

AX-Ï : AWe-Lj-§p BP-Xôm

U§l-×-Ls : LûX Y¥-Ye-L-û[l TôÕ-Lôd-Ïm U]l-Tôu-ûU. NêL ãZ--p ©Wf-£-û]d-Ïj ¾oÜ

LôÔm U]l-Tôu-ûU-Ùm ©Wf-£-û]d-Ïj ¾oÜ LôQ LûX Y¥-Ye-Lû[l TVu-

TÓjÕY-RtLô] U]-¨-ûX.

Lt-\p LÚ-®-Ls : Ïm-ª-Vôh-Pl TPe-Ls, Ïm-ª-Vôh-Pm Tt-±V Ïßk-R-L-Ó (CD)

LÚj-Õ

1. SUÕ Ti-Tôh-Ój R²j-Ru-ûUûV

¨ûX ¨ßjÕm LûX-Ls.

2. LÚj-Õl T¬-Uôt-\j-§tÏ ER-Üm

LÚ®úV LûX--Ls.

3. Ïm-ª-Vôh-Pm þ Rô[m, SP-]m, TôPp,

A¥-Ls(Steps), BûP AXe-LôWeLs

4. Ïm-ªl TôPp-Ls

TPl ©Wf-£û]

• TPj-§p Es[ LûX-Y-¥-Ym GÕ?

• ÏZk-ûR-L -°u T§pLû[l TPd

Ï±lTôL GÝ§ ùY°-«-Ó-Rp.

• Ïm-ª-Vôh-Pd LûX-«u TPj-ûRl

TôojÕ BûP AXe-Lô-Wm, SP-]m,

ûLjRô[m, TôPpL°u R²j Ru-ûU-

L-s B¡-VûY Tt-±V ÏZk-ûRL°u

LÚj-ÕLû[d áß-Rp

• Ïm-ª-Vôh-Pd LûX-«u R²j-Ru-ûU-

Lû[j ùRôÏj-Rp. SU-Õ LûX-Ls þ

Sm TiTôh-Óf ùNôjÕ þ LXk-Õ-

ûWVôPp.

• Ïm-ªl-Tô-PpLs þ Ïm-ª-VôhPm Tt-±V

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls LW -Lôh-Pd

LûXûV U§l-©-Ó-Rp

ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Øu-]-±-®u

A¥l-T-ûP-«p B£-¬-Vo U§l-

©-Ó-Rp

Yœl◊ : 4


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

200

Tœß ˛ 3

SÙh-”l-◊-\l TÙPp-Ls

Ïmªl TôPp-Lû[d ÏZk-ûR-Ls TôÓ-Rp

• Tô¥-V-§p £\k-R-Ytû\j úRok-ùR-Ój-Rp.

GR-]-¥l-T-ûP-«p £\k-R-Ytû\j úRok-

ùRÓj-R-]o Gu-ß LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Ó-Rp

• úUÛm B£-¬-V-¬u ER-®-Ù-Pu £X

Ïmªl TôPp-Lû[l Ti-úQô-Ó

TôÓ-Rp

SP]m

• Ïmªl TôPp-L-Þd-Ï Ht\ SP]jûR

BÓ-Rp

• Rô[j-§t-úLt\ SP-]m, LÚj-§t-úLt\

TôYû]

• ÏÝ-YôL SP-]m BÓ-Rp

• U§l-©h-Ó úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Rp

Ïm-ª-VôhP Ïßk-R-L-Ó LôÔ-Rp

• Jl-T-û], BûP AXe-Lô-Wm

• ûLj Rô[m

• SP-]m, úYLm, A¥-Ls(Steps).• ûLLôp-L-°u AûNÜ

• RûX AûNÜ

• ØLj§u TôYû]

Ïßk-R-L-Ó TôojR ©u Ïm-ª-Vôh-Pj-ûRl

Tt-±V Ï±l× GÝ-Õ-Rp

TôPp-L-°u LÚj-Õm Rô[m

CYt±t-¡-ûPúV Es[ ùRôPo×

SP-]jûR U§l-©-Ó-Rp

• Rô[j-§t-úLt\ AûNÜ

• LÚj-Õd-úLt\ TôYû]

• TôY-û], SP-]m ùRôPo×


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

201

Tœß ˛ 3

ÏZk-ûR-Ls ØR--p B¥V SP-]j-§t-Ïm,

Ïßk-R-Lh-¥p TôojR SP-]j-§t-Ïm CûP-

«Ûs[ úYß-Tô-Ó-L-û[d áß-Rp. ARt-

úLtT Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Lû[ Ht-T-ÓjR

úYi-Óm? LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp

Uôt-\e-Ls Ht-T-Ój§ SP-]-Uô-Ó-Rp

B£-¬-V-¬u Ï±l-©t-úLtT £X Uôt-\e-

Lû[ Ht-T-Ój§ SP-]jûR úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Rp

B£-¬-V-Úm ÏZk-ûR-L-Þm Tôh-¥t-úLtT

Jl-Tû]ùNnÕ BûP AXe-Lô -Wm

A¦kÕ ùTôÚj-R-Uô] TôY-û]-úVô-Óm,

ûLj-Rô-[j-Õ-Pu A¥-LsUôt±, SP]

AûN-Ü-L-ú[ôÓ £\l-TôLd Ïm-ª-V-¥jÕ

SP]-ª-Ó-Rp.

Ïßk-R-L-Ó TôojR ©u RVô¬jRd

Ï±l-×-Lû[ U§l-©Ó-Rp

U§l-ÀÓ


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

• -ùTôÚj-R-Uô] Jl-Tû].

• SP] AûN-Ü-Ls.

• ÏÝ-®-]o JÚe-¡-ûQkÕ

TôÓ-Rp.

• ÏÝ-®-]o JÚe-¡-ûQjÕ

Ïmª-V-¥jÕ BÓ-Rp.

202

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-ÓAX-Ï : AWe-Lj-§p BP-Xôm

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : Sm LXôf-Nô-Wl ùTÚ-ûU-ûV-Ùm ARu R²f £\l-×-L-û[-Ùm EQ-WôûU

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] UiP-Xm : SU-Õ Sôh-¥u TWm-TûWd LûX Y¥-Ye-Ls

LÚj-Õ : LW-Lôh-Pd LûX

Lt-\p LÚ-®-Ls : Tp-úY-ß LûX Y¥-Ye-L-°u TPe-Ls

Ïm-ªVôh-Pj-§u TPjûRd Lôi-©j-Õ CkRd LûX-«u

ùTVo Gu-]? Cd-L-ûX-ûVl Tt± Ee-L-Þd-Ï Gu-ù]u]

ùR¬Ùm G]d úLh-Pp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls Re-L-[-Õ LÚj-Õ-L-û[d á\p. LXk-Õ-ûW-

VôPpLs.

Cd-L-ûX-«u £\l-×-L-û[l Tt± GÝ-Õ-Rp. GÝ-§-V-ûRd

ÏÝ-®p Yô£j-Rp.

Cd-L-ûX-«u £\l-×-Ls, BûP AXe-Lô-Wm, Jl-Tû],

Rô[m CûY Tt-±V Ï±l-×-Ls CÚdL úYi-Óm.

Ïm-ªVôh-Pd LûXl Tt-±V ÏZk-ûR-L-°u A±ûY

U§l©-Ó-Rp


Yœl◊ : 4

203

Tœß ˛ 3

B£-¬ûV £X Ïm-ªl TôPp-L-û[l TôÓ-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls AYo-L-Þd-Ïj ùR¬kR Ïmªl TôPp-L-û[l

TôÓ-Rp.

£\kR TôPp-Lû[j úRok-ùR-Ój-Rp.

úRok-ùR-Ód-Ïm úTôÕ LY-²dL úYi-¥-VûY

• TôP- -u LÚj-Õ.

• Rô[m, WôLm.

Ïmªl TôPp-L-°u ùRôÏl× EÚ-Yô-dLj çi-Ó-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-Ls Yh-P-UôL ̈ u-ß WôL-UôLd ÏmªV¥jÕl TôPp-

L-û[l Tô¥ SP-]-Uô-Ó-Rp.

B£-¬-Vo úRûY-Vô] A±-Ü-ûW-Ls YZe¡ TôP-Ûd-úLtT

SP-]-UôP ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ïl T«t£ A°j-Rp.

SP-]-Uô-Óm úTôÕ B£-¬-Vo LY-²dL úYi-¥-V-ûY.

• Rô[j-§t-úLt\ SP-]m.

• EP-X-ûN-Ü-Ls.

• JÚe-¡-ûQl×

ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó

• £X ÏZk-ûR-Ls SpX WôLj-§-Ûm Rô[j-§-Ûm

Tô¥]o.


204

Tœß ˛ 3

• ØL TôYû]

• ûL Lôp-L-°u AûNÜ

• TôP-Ûd-úLt\ úYLm

• Li, RûX AûNÜ

Ïm-ªVôh-Pm Tt-±V Ïßk-R-L-Ó Lôi-©j-Rp

B£-¬-V-¬u ©uòhPj-§t-Ï ©u

ÏZk-ûR-Ls ÏÝd-L-[ôLd Ïmªl- TôPp-L-Þd-Ï HtT SP-

]m ùNn-Rp

ÏÝ U§l-À-Ó

£\k-R-Õ GÕ? Hu?

LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp

ÑV U§l-À-Ó

Rô[j-§t-úLtT ûLÙm LôÛm ØR--p AûN-V-

®pûX. Ïßk-R-Lh-ûPl TôojR©u Gq-Yô-ß

LôpLû[ ûYj-Õ BP úYi-Ó-ùUu-ßm ûLÙm

RûX-Ùm Gq-Yô-ß AûNV úYi-Ó-ùUu-ßm ×¬kÕ-

ùLôi-P-]o.


205

Tœß ˛ 3

˛NÍL -̨—LÙ-RÙW ˛EPt-LpÆ

Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp U§l-À-hÓ Uô§¬AX-Ïj-§h-Pm, Lt-©j-Rp ûLúV-Ó

206

Tœß ˛ 3

AXœj-ßhPm

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : R²-U-²R Ut-ßm ùTôÕ ÑLô-Rô-Wm Tt-±V ®¯l-×-Qo-®uûU

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : EPp-S-Xm TôÕ-Lôl-T-§p EQ-Ü, Ñj-Rm CYt-±u Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym Tt-±V úTô§V

A±-®uûU

AX-Ï : GeL FÚ ®û[-Vôh-Ó

G°V ®û[-Vôh-Ó-Ls êXm

EPp YÛl ùTß-Rp

(êf-Ñ APd-Ï-Rp, RûN TXm,

ùTôß-ûU, ùUn YZd-Lm . . . . )

TX-Y-ûL-Vô] Ï§j-Rp, ùUÕ-

Yô-L-Üm úYL-Uô-L-Üm KÓ-Rp

CûY êXm CP Uôt\j §\u

ùY°l-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ.

Tp-úY-ß ãZp-L-°---Úk-Õ R²-

S-To Ñj-Rm Tt-±V A±Ü EÚ-

Yô-Rp. Ñj-Rm Tt-±V EQo-

ÜPu ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-°p DÓ-

TÓRp.

YNk-R-àm, Li-Q-àm, ©¬-Vô-Üm, ÏUô-Úm, Øj-Õ-Üm,

L²-ùUô-̄ -Ùm ûNTôp ®û[-VôhûP ®û[-Vô-¥

Ø¥j-R-]o. ARt-Ïs úYß Si-To-L-Þm YkÕ úNok-

Rôo-Ls. AYo AÓj-R-RôL ®û[-Vô-¥V ®û[-Vôh-Ó

Gu-]-ùYu-ß ùR¬-Ù-Uô? ""é T±dL úTôúYôUô'' Gu\

®û[-Vôh-Ó. CkR ®û[-VôhûP ®û[-Vô-Ó-Rp

YÏl-©-Ûs[ ÏZk-ûR-Lû[ CWi-Ó ÏÝ-Yôd-Ï-Rp.

CWi-Ó ÏÝd-L-Þm úSÚd-Ï úSWôL ̈ tL úYi-Óm.

""é T±dL úTôúYôUô'' Gu-ß Tô¥d ùLôi-Ó JÚ ÏÝ

Ut\ ÏÝ-®-]ûW úSôd¡ ùNpX úYi-Óm. AkR ÏÝ

G§o Tôh-Ó Tô¥d ùLôi-Ó ©u-]ôp ùNp-Û-Rp. ARu-

©u Tôh-Ó TôÓm ÏÝ-®-Ûs[ JÚ ÏZkûR Ut\

ÏÝ-®-Ûs[ JÚ ÏZk-ûRûV JÚ ûLVôp Re-Ls

ÏÝ-®t-Ï CÝj-Õf ùNpX úYi-Óm.

B£-¬-Vo ÏZk-ûR-L-°u TXjûR

U§l-©-Ó-Rp. ÏZk-ûR-Ls Re-L-[-Õ

§\û] U§l-©-Ó-Rp.

ÏZk-ûR-L-°u CP-Uôt-\j §\û]

U§l-©-Ó-Rp

Yœl◊ : 2


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

207

Tœß ˛ 3

ÏZk-ûR-Ls Jq-ùYô-Ú-Y-WôL Øu-]o Yk-Õ JÚ

ûLVôp Ut\ ÏÝ-®p Es-[-Yo-Lû[ CÝj-Õj

Re-Ls ÏÝ-®t-Ïd ùLôi-Ó ùNpX ØVt-£j-Rp.

Cq-Yô-ß Ï±l-©hP úSWj-§t-Ïs ªL-Üm A§-L-

Uô] ÏZk-ûR-Lû[ CÝj-Õd ùLôi-Ó YkR ÏÝ

ùYt± ùTßm. ®û[-Vôh-Ó ùRôP-Wh-Óm.

TôPl-T-Ï§

Dod-Ïf£ ®û[-VôhûPd ÏZk-ûR-Ls Yô£j-Rp.

Dod-Ïf-£-Ls £R±d ¡Pd-¡u-\-]. AYo-Ls AkR

CPjûRf Ñj-Rm ùNn-¡-\ôo-Ls.

SôØm Ñj-Rm ùNn-úYôm.

ÏZk-ûR-Lû[ ûURô-]j-§p TX ÏÝd-L-[ôLl ©¬j-

Rp. Jq-ùYô-Ú ÏÝ-®t-Ïm Jq-ùYô-Ú áûP A°j-

Rp. ûURô-]j-§-Ûs[ ©[ôv-¥d Eû\-Ls,

©[ôv¥d ùTôÚh-Ls úTôu-\-Ytû\ GÓj-Õ

ØR-p áûPûV ̈ û\l-T-Yo-Ls ùYt± ùTß-Yo.

Cq-Yô-ß Lô¡-Rj-Õi-Ó-Ls Ut-ßm ÏlûTd á[e-

Lû[ Al-×-\l-T-ÓjR Cf-ùN-Vp-TôhûP ùNn-V-Xôm.

Ñt-ßl-×\ Ñj-Rm, R²-S-To Ñj-Rm úTôu-\-Ytû\

Fd-Ll-T-ÓjR Cf-ùN-Vp-Tô-Ó A°d-Ll-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ.


ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls

208

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V”

AX-Ï : Nk-R-]f úNôûXd-Ï

©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : R² U²R Ut-ßm ùTôÕ ÑLô-Rô-Wm Tt-±V ®¯l-×-Qo-®uûU

ÕûQl ©Wf-£û] Ui-P-Xm : EPt-Lp®: G°V ®û[-Vôh-Ó-Ls êXm EPp Y--ûU ùTß-Rp

LÚj-Õ : E«-¬-]e-L-°u EQ-Ü-Ø-û\-«p TX-Y-ûL-Ùi-Ó (ûN-Ym, AûN-Ym . . . )

EP-Ûd-Ï Eß§ RÚm áß-Ls YÛl-ùT-ß-¡u-\] (R-ûNl-T-Xm, ùUn-Y-Zd-Lm)

TX-Y-ûL-Vô] Ï§j-Rp, ùUÕ-Yô-L-Üm úYL-Uô-L-Üm KÓ-Rp CûY êXm CP-Uôt\

AûNÜ §\u ùY°l-T-Ó-¡u-\-].

Lt-\p LÚ-®-Ls : LûP-L-°u ùTVo-Ls (T-Zd-L-ûP, Lôn-L-±d LûP, TX-N-Wd-Ïd LûP úTôu-\ûY

GÝ§V Ah-ûP-Ls)

ùNVp-Øû\

Nk-R-]f-úNôûX §Ú-®-Zô-ûYl Tt± Rônd-Ï-We-Ï Ïh-¥d ÏWe-¡Pm

á±-V-Õ. AûRd úLhP Ïh-¥d ÏWe-Ï Ru Si-To-L-û[-Ùm áh-

¥d ùLôi-Ó Nk-R-]f úNôûXdÏf ùNpX ¾o-Uô-²j-R-Õ.

Ïh-¥d ÏWe-Ï Vôo VôûW Nk-R-]f úNôûXd-Ï AûZj-Õf

ùNu±ÚdÏm?

AYo-Ls Ae-Ï Gu-ù]u] Tôoj-§-Úl-Tôo-Ls?

Ïh-¥d ÏWe-¡u Si-To-L-Þd-Ï ®Úl-T-Uô] EQ-Ü-Ls GûY?

Ïh-¥d ÏWe-Ï LûPd-Ïf ùNu-\-Õ Hu?

Ïh-¥d ÏWe-¡t-Ïd LûPd-Ïf ùNpX ìTôn Vôo ùLôÓj-§-Úl-Tôo-

Ls? Gj-Rû] ìTôn LûPd-Ï ùLôi-Ó ùNu-±-Úd-Ïm?

Ïh-¥d ÏWe-ÏPu LûPd-Ïf ùNu\ Si-To-Ls Vôo Vôo? Gu-

ù]u] ùTôÚh-Ls Yôe-¡-«-Úl-Tôo-Ls?

LûP-Å-§d-Ïf ùNu\ Ïh-¥d ÏWe-Ïm Si-To-L-Þm HWô-[m LûP-

Ls CÚl-TûR Tôoj-R-]o. GkRd LûP-«p Gk-Rl ùTôÚs CÚd-Ïm?

ÏZk-ûR-Ls LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P--p Bo-Y-Ø-Pu Te-

úLt-\-]o.


209

Tœß ˛ 3

ÏZk-ûR-Ls LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-P- -p Bo-Y-Ø-Pu Te-

úLt\]o.

CkR ®û[-VôhûPd ÏZk-ûR-Ls ªL-Üm Bo-Y-Ø-

Pu ®û[-Vô-Ó-¡u-\-]o. ØR--p £X ÏZk-ûR-L-ÞdÏ

CkR ®û[-Vôh-Ól ×¬-V-®p-ûX. CWi-Ó êu-ß

Øû\ ®û[-Vô-¥V úTôÕ Aû]-Y-Úm Et-Nô-Lj-Õ-Pu

Cq-®-û[-Vôh-¥p DÓ-Th-P-]o.

ùTi ÏZk-ûR-Lû[ ®P Bi ÏZk-ûR-Ls Cq-®-

û[-Vôh-¥p Bo-Y-UôL Te-ùL-Ój-R-]o.

ÏZk-ûR-L-°u EPp Y--ûU, ùUn YZd-Lm úTôu-\-

Ytû\ U§l-©-Ó-Rp.


®û[-Vôh-Ó

B£-¬-Vo ØR--p ûURô-]j-§u Ñt-±-Ûm TX CPe-L-°p

LûP-L-°u ùTVûW (Lôn-L-±d-L-ûP, TZd-L-ûP, TX-N-Wd-Ïd

LûP . . . ) Ah-ûP-«p GÝ§ JhP úYi-Óm. ÏZk-ûR-Lû[

Yh-P-UôL ¨tLf ùNôp- HRô-Y-Õ JÚ ùTôÚ-°u ùTV-ûWd

á\ úYi-Óm. Vôo ØR--p AkR ùTôÚs ¡ûPd-Ïm LûP-

«u Øu úTôn ̈ t-¡-\ôoLú[ô AkRd ÏZkûR ùYt± ùTt\-

RôL A±-®dL úYi-Óm. ERô-W-Q-UôL "El×' Gu-ß B£¬Vo

á±-]ôp Vôo ØR--p TX-N-Wd-Ïd LûP-«p K¥f ùNu-ß ¨t-

¡-\ôo-Lú[ô AYo-Ls ùYt± ùTß-Yo. Cq-Yô-ß ®û[-VôhÓ

ùRôP-Wh-Óm. Cq-Yô-ß B£-¬-Vo ùYq-úY-ß ùTôÚh-L-°u

ùTV-ûWd áß-Rp (E-Rô. Bl-©s, Lj-§-¬d-Lôn, . . . .)

ÏZk-ûR-Ls AkR ùTôÚs ¡ûPd-Ïm LûP-«u ùTVo

Jh¥V CPj-§p ØR--p ùNu-ß ¨tL úYi-Óm. Jq-ùYô-Ú

Øû\-Ùm ùYt± ùTßm ÏZk-ûR-ûVl TôWôhP úYi-Óm.

A§L Øû\ ùYt± ùTt\ ÏZk-ûRûV ®û[-Vôh-Ó Cß-§-

«p TôWôhP úYi-Óm.

210

Tœß ˛ 3

B£-¬-Vo ùT\ úYi-¥V §\u-Ls þ LûXd-Lp®(Teacher Competencies)

TÙP-Ht-TÙh-” L⁄j-’-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p SÙm £\kR J⁄ Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˛

Ußl-¿h” UÙß-¨˚V E⁄-YÙd-°-Ÿs-˙[Ùm. Cm-UÙ-ß-¨-ú A•l-T-˚P-´p Yœl-©-

¤s[ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ S≈-]l-T-”jR £X ß\u-L˚[ SÙm A˚PV ˙Yi-”m.

A˚Y G˚Y Gu-fl TÙol-˙TÙm.

œZk-˚R--ú Lt-\p ÿ˚\-˚Vl Tt-±-Ÿm ˘Yq-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\-˚Xl

Tt-±V A±‹

L˚Xd-Lt-\-≠u ÍXm ˘UÙØ/L¶-Rm/„r-®-˚X-´-Vp CYt-±u R≤j

Ru˚ULs, ·fl-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls B°-V˚Y Tt-±V A±-‹.

NÍLl ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fi-Pu ˘Yq-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm L⁄j-˚R-Ÿm

˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-Rp.

ßh-P-™-P-¤d-LÙL Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙Vh˚P G›-’m ß\u.

œ›-Æu Ti-◊, A[-‹, œ›-YÙd-œm Ejß ˙TÙu-\-˚Y-L-˚[j æo-UÙ-≤j-’

œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh˚P Fd-œ-Æd-œm ß\u.

©Wf-£-˚]˚V G”j-’-˚Wl-T-ß-¤m ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo-‹d LÙQj ̇ R˚Y-VÙ]

˙Ls-Æ-L˚[d Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m ̆ TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ̇ Y˚[-́ p Æ]-‹-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ]

ß\u.

Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls, ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls CYt˚\ Ußl-©h-”m AX£ BWÙnk-’m

œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p ®˚X-˚Vl Tt-±V A±˚Yl ˘Tflm ß\u.

˙R˚Y-VÙ] Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙SWj-ßp TVu-

T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œUÙ] ß\u.

œZk-˚Rd-œd Lt-\-≠p Ht-T-”m ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[d Li-P-±k-’ ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

ERÆ-Ls A∞d-œm ß\u.

˙Ls-Æ-Ls ÍX-UÙ-L-‹m ©uÚhPm ÍX-UÙ-L-‹m œZk˚R —V-UÙ-L˙Y R]-’

Lt-\p ÿ˚\-˚Vl Tt± £k-ßd-L-‹m —V-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\-˚U˚V

E⁄-YÙd-œm ß\u.

211

Tœß ˛ 3

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-ú ÍXm œZk˚R ˘T\ ˙Yi-•V L⁄j-’-Ls,

Y[of£ ˘T\ ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls, Y[W ˙Yi-•V U]l-

TÙu˚U-Ls, Ußl-◊-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls ˙TÙu-

\˚YL˚[j ßh-P-™P CVp-°-\-’.

Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\-¤d-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] „Z-˚X- A˚UdL

CVp-°-\-’.

œZk-˚R-L-∞u A‡-T-Ym, Bo-Ym CYt˚\d L⁄j-ßp ̆ LÙi-” Lt-

\p ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ G”j-’-˚WdL CVp-°-\-’.

L⁄j-ßt-œm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\d-œm ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] Lt-\p

Lt-©j-Rp Ej-ß-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jR CV-¤-°-\-’.

Ußl-¿h-” „Zp-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls ̇ TÙu-\-Yt-̊ \l TVu-T-”jR

CV-¤-°-\-’.

Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p œZk˚Rd LPk-’ YkR YØ-L˚[ —V-UÙL

Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[j ßh-P-™-”-R-≠u ˙TÙ˙R A˚UdL

CVp-°-\-’.

Gi Ußl-¿” ÿ›-̊ U-VÙL A˚W-œ-̊ \-VÙL ™Ld-œ-̊ \‹

L˚Xd-Lt-\-≠u Tp-̇ Y-fl Ui-P-Xe-L-∞-¤s[ Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[l ©\ TÙPe-L-fi-Pu J⁄e-°-̊ Qk’ A∞dœm

ß\u.

B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ C⁄dL ˙Yi-•V £X ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ß\u-Ls ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. Cj-’-Pu ˙U¤m £X

·flL˚[ SÙm ˙Nod-L-XÙ-Up-X-YÙ? BWm-Tl Ts∞ B£-¨˚V Gu\ ®˚X-´p øe-Ls Cl-˙TÙ-’ Ge˙L ®t-°-»o-Ls?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ RW ®o-QV A[-‹-˙LÙ-˚Xl TVu-T-”jß —V-UÙ-Ll Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ TÙ⁄e-Ls.

1. Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u Lt-\p-˛-Lt-©j-R˚X Ußl-©-”m ˘NVp-ÿ˚\

1

2

3

4

5

6

212

Tœß ˛ 3

2. Lt-\p ̨ Lt-©j-Rp ̨ Ußl-¿h-”f ̆ NVp-ÿ-̊ \-L˚[ S˚P-ÿ-̊ \l-T-”j-’-Rp

Lt-\p ©Wf-£-û]-L-Þ-Pu ùRôPo-×-ûPV ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Aà-T-Ye-

Lû[-Ùm Yh-Pô-Wj-§p A±-Ø-L-Uô] ©Wf-£-û]-L-û[Ùm Li-Ó-©-¥jÕ

GÓj-Õ-ûWdL CV-Û-¡-\-Õ.


TX ¨ûX-L°Ûs[ UôQ-Yo-Ls Es[ YÏl-©t-Ïl ùTôÚj-R-Uô]

Tp-úY-ß Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp Ej-§-L-û[l TVu-T-ÓjR CV-Û-¡-\-Õ.

Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-L-°u úTôÕ L¦², J-Jüõ FP-Le-Ls úTôu-

\-Ytû\l TVu-T-Ój-Õm §\u Es-[-Õ

áh-Ó-\-Üd Lt-\p Øû\-ûVf £\kR Øû\-«p SûP-Ø-û\l-T-ÓjR CVp-

¡\Õ.

úSW-¥-Vô] Aà-T-Ye-Ls ùTß-Y-Rt-LôL £\kR LûX Uô§-¬-Lû[ SPjRÜm

Ht-TôÓ ùNnV-Üm CVÛ¡\-Õ.

Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-°u Lt-\--p úRPp Y¯ Lt-\-Ûd-Ïm, ©Wf-£-û]d-

Ïj ¾oÜ LôÔm Ej-§-L-Þd-Ïm Yônl× A°dL CV-Û-¡-\-Õ.

LôX YûW-V-û\d-Ï Eh-Th-Ó Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[f ùNVp-T-ÓjR

CV-Û-¡-\-Õ.

ùNVp-Øû\j §\u-L-°u Y[of-£d-Ï ER-Üm YûL-«p Lt-\p ùNVp-

Ø-û\-Lû[f ùNVp-T-ÓjR CV-Û-¡-\-Õ.

ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\p ùY°-Â-Ó-Lû[ U§l-©h-Ó ©uòhPm

A°dLÜm ER-®- A°d-L-Üm U§l-Àh-Ó RL-Yp-L-û[l ùTt-ú\ôo-

L°Pm ùR¬-®d-L-Üm CV-Û-¡-\-Õ.

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

213

Tœß ˛ 3

3. Lt-\p LÚ-®-L-û[j RVôo ùNn-Rp

17. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙Ut-TÙo˚Y ◊j-R-Le-L˚[ Ht-TÙ-” ˘NnV ÿ•-°-\-’.

18. œ˚\kR ˘NX-Æp Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp L⁄-Æ-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•d-

L‹m E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m CV-¤-°-\-’.

4. B£-¬-Vo ÑV-UôL úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Rp

Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-°u Lt-\p êXm EÚ-Yô-Ïm ×§V LÚj-Õ-L-û[-Ùm

Li-Ó-©-¥l-×-L-û[-Ùm Eh-ùLôs[ Ø¥-¡-\-Õ.

A±-®-Vp £k-R-û]-Ùm U]l-Tôe-Ïm LûXd Li-úQôh-P-Øm Es-[-].

NêLl ©Wf-£-û]-L-û[l Tt-±V ®¯l-×-Qo-Üm ̈ ûXl-Tô-Óm Es-[-].

BWônf£ U]l-TôuûU Ei-Ó.

SÅ] Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp Ej-§-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój-Õm Bo-Y-Øi-Ó.

R]-Õ Lt-©j-Rp ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[ U§l-©-Ó-Y-Õ Ei-Ó.

ùNVp-Øû\ BWônf£ SPj-Õ-Y-Õi-Ó.

LÚj-Õl T¬-Uôt-\j §\-û]-Ùm LÚj-Õ-Lû[ ùY°-«-Óm §\-û]-Ùm

úUm-T-ÓjR ØVt-£l-T-Õi-Ó.

Lt-\p Nôu-ß-L-û[f úNL-¬l-T-Õ-Pu UôQ-Yo TûPl-×j ùRôÏlûT

EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Y-Õi-Ó.



19

20

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214

Tœß ˛ 3

ÑV-UôL úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Y-§u ØRp T¥ Rôu ùNnR ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[ AX£

BWôn-Y-Rp-X-Yô? RW-ö-QV A[-Ü-úLôp Ee-L-û[l Tt±d á±-V-Õ Gu-]?

GkùRkR Õû\-L-°p ¿e-Ls §Úl-§-V-ûPk-Õs-Ço-Ls? Gk-ùRkR Õû\-L-°p ¿eLs

úUÛm Øu-ú]\ úYi-Óm? Aq-Yô-\ô-«u ARt-Lô] Y¯-Ls GûY?

Ts-°-«-Ûs[ Lp® AûUl-×-L-°u §h-P-ª-PûX úUm

TÓjRXôm. Ts-°-«p Rt-úTô-Õs[ Ts° Y[d-Ï-Ý (SRG)®u

ùNVpTôÓ-L-°p ¿e-Ls §Úl-§-V-ûPk-Õs-Ço-L-[ô?

Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp þ U§l-Àh-Ó ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[ Øû\-VôL

§h-P-ª-Óe-Ls. ¿e-Ls Cl-úTô-Õ GÝ-Õm Lt-©j-Rp ûLúVh¥p

Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Lû[ EÚ-Yôd-Ï-Åo-Ls.

YhPôW B£-¬-Vo-áh-Pe-L-°p (Cluster) §h-P-ª-Pp þ Ee-Ls

YhPôW B£-¬-Vo Cluster T«t-£Ls úRûY-Ù-Qo-úYô-Óm,

®ß-®-ßl-úTô-Óm §h-P-ªh-Ó ùNVp-TÓj-Rl-T-Ó-¡u-\-Rô?

EeL[-Õ LÚj-Õ-Lû[ AÓjR áh-Pj-§p áßÅo-Ls Ap-X-Yô?

Tp-úY-ß TôPe-L-°u Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-L-û[l Tt±d

áÓRXôLl ×¬k-Õ ùLôs-[-Üm, Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\ûV BdL-

éo-Y-UôL SPj-R-Üm ¿e-Ls TVu-T-Ój-Õm Y[e-Ls (Sources)GûY?

215

Tœß˛ 4

ùRôPo U§l-À-Óm

TÚY U§l-À-Óm

Tœß ˛ 4

216

Tœß˛ 4

Lt-\p Ußl-¿-”m T⁄Y Ußl-¿-”m

J⁄ T⁄Y ÿ•-Æp, Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[l TVu-T-”jßd œZk-˚Rú Lt-\p

˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L∞p AY-]-’ Te-L-∞l-◊, ˘NVp-TÙ-” B°V˚Y-L-˚[-Ÿm, Ußl-©-P-

‹m œ±l-◊-L-˙[Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jß Lt-\-≠u RWj˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤d-L-‹m ˙Yi-”m.

Tp-̇ Y-fl Ui-P-Xe-L-∞p AYt-±u œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-̊ P-́ p ÿu-]o A˚PkR

Lt-\p ®˚X-̇ VÙ-” Jl-©h-”, œZk˚R Cl-̇ TÙ-’ A˚PkR ÿu-̇ ]t-\m Gq-Y[‹

Gu-fl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-’ ÿd-°-V-UÙ-œm. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-” Gu-T-’ Lt-\-p Ui-

P-XeL˚[ ÿ›-˚U-VÙLd L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-” Ußl-©-”-Y-RÙ-œm. J⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-

´p UÙQ-Yo-Ls A˚PkR ÿu-˙]t-\j˚Rf N¨-VÙL Ußl©P UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl◊j

˘RÙœl˚T Ußl-©hPÙp ˙TÙ’-Up-XYÙ?

CR-‡-Pu, Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] T⁄Y Ußl-¿h”j RL-Yp-L-˚[-Ÿm

˙Noj’ AYt˚\d Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Le-L-˙[Ù-” Jl-©h-PÙp œZk-˚Rú Lt-\p RWm

Gu-]-˘Yu-fl ˘R∞-YÙL A±k-’- ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm. Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm, Ußl-

¿h˚PŸm ·”-Rp ˙Uu-˚U-Ÿs-[-RÙL UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-œf £X B£-¨-Vo-Ls ’Ye°

˚YjR ˙RPp-Ls YØ-LÙh-”-°u-\-]. AkR YØ-Ls G˚Y-?

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp ˙Uu-̊ U-VÙ-]-RÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ . . . . . .

˘TÙ’-YÙLj ̇ Ro-‹-Ls YØ-VÙL Uh-”m Lt-\˚X Ußl-©h-PÙp œZk-̊ R-Lfidœ

CkRf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p, Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˚Rj RÆW ˙Yfl-Te-œ

Ju-flm Cp-˚X. A’ Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up

* U§l-©-Óm úLs-®-L-°u Gi-¦dûL

* U§l-©-Pl-T-Óm A±-Ü, §\u-Ls, §\u Ui-P-Xe-Ls úTôu-\-Yt-±u

GpûX.

B°-V-Yt˚\ ˙Ro-Æu YØ-VÙL Uh-”m Ußl-©h-PÙp Ußl-©-”-Y-ßu Sm-TLj

Ru-˚U ˘Lh-”-Æ-”m. TÙPj-ßh-Pm ÿu-˚Yd-œm TWk-R Ut-flm UÙfl-ThP Lt-\p

˙SÙd-Le-Ls ÿ›-˚U-VÙL Ußl-©-Pl-T-P-Æp˚X Gu-T-˚R Ce-œ SÙm ®˚]-Æp

˘LÙs-[-̇ Yi”m.

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Tœß˛ 4

Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P G›j-’j ˙Ro-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm T⁄Yj ˙Ro-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm Uh-”m

©u-Tt-fl-Y-R-]Ùp- RÙu CkRd œ˚\-TÙ-”-Ls Ei-PÙ-°u-\-] Gu-fl œ±l-©h-” ·\

˙Yi•-V-ßp-˚X. Al-T-• Gu-\Ùp Lt-\p Ußl-¿h˚P AßL ˙Uu-˚U-Ÿs-[-RÙL

UÙt-±. CkR Gp-̊ X-̊ Vd LPk-’ ̆ NpX SÙm Gu] ̆ Nn-V-XÙm? SU-’ B£-̈ VoLs

£Xo ’Ye° ˚YjR £X ˙RPp-L-fim YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-fim C˙RÙ:

1. Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-«u TÏ-§-VôL UôQ-Yo-Ls EÚ-Yôd-¡V Lt-\p -Nôu-ß-

Lû[d Lt-\ûX U§l-©-Ó-Y-Rt-Ïl TVu-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm.

2. UôQ-Yo-L-°u Lt-\p TûPl-×-L-°p Ï±jÕ ûYj-R ©uòhPj-§u

ùRôÏlûT-Ùm Lt-\ûX U§l-©-Ó-Y-Rt-Lô] JÚ Nôu-\ôL Ht-ßd ùLôs-[-

úYiÓm.

3. JÚ TÚY Cß-§-«p UôQ-Yo-L-°u Lt-\p ¨ûXûVj ¾o-Uô-²l-T-§p Lt-\-

Ûd-Lô] U§l-Àh¥t-Ïm Lt-\p U§l-Àh¥t-Ïm NU Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym A°dL

úYi-Óm.

4. Cß-§-«p Lt-\p TûPl-×-L-Þ-Pu Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-«u Tp-úY-ß Lh-Pe-L-

°p EÚ-Yô] Lt-\p Nôu-ß-L-û[-Ùm LY-]j-§p ùLôi-Ó, Lt-\p ùNVp-Øû\-

ûVÙm TûPl-×-L-û[-Ùm Ak-RkR úSWj-§p U§l-©P úYi-Óm.

5. Lt-\-Ûd-Lô] U§l-ÀÓ, U§lÀúP Lt-\p Gu\ ùNVp-Ø-û\-«u Y -̄VôL UôQ-

Yo-Ls EÚ-Yôd-¡V U§l-Àh-Ód Ï±l-×-L-û[l TVu-T-Ój§ Lt-\ûX U§l©P-

-úYi-Óm. YÏl-©-Ûs[ Aû]j-Õ UôQ-Yo-L-û[-Ùm JúW Øû\-«-Ûs[

Ï±l-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«-úXúV U§l-©P úYi-Óm.

6. Lt-\ûX U§l-©-Ó-Y-Rt-LôL Jq-ùYô-Ú TÚY Ø¥-®-Ûm Lt-\p Nôu-ß-Ls úRok-

ùR-Ól-T-§p UôQ-Yo-L-û[-Ùm Eh-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm. £\k-R-Õ GÕ Gu-ßm

Hù]u-ßm UôQ-Yo-Lú[ á\ úYi-Óm.

7. Cq-Yô-ß úUm-Th-PûRj úRok-ùR-ÓdL úYi-Ó-ùU-²p Lt-\ûX U§l-©-Ó-Y-

Rt-Lô] YWu-Ø-û\-L-û[ UôQ-Yo-Ls A±k-§-ÚdL úYi-Óm. AûR T¡oRp

Y¯ Ru-²-P-ª-Úk-Õ Lt-\p úSôd-L-UôL Gu] G§o-Tôod-Ll-T-Ó-¡-\-Õ Gu-TûRd

ÏZk-ûR-Ls EQok-Õ ùLôs-Yôo-Ls. Uh-Ó-Up-Xô-Up R]d-Ïd ¡ûPjR RWm

218

Tœß˛ 4

Ruû] úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Ï-¬-V-ùRu-ßm, Ruû]l ©\-úWô-Ó Jl-×-ûUl-

TÓjRúYô, Ruû] EVoj-§d-Lôh-Ó-Y-Rt-Ï-¬-V-RpX Gu-TûRÙm UôQ-Yu

ÑV-UôLl ×¬k-Õ ùLôs-¡-\ôu.

Cj-úR-Pp-L-°---Úk-Õ ùTôÕ-YôL Sôm EÚ-Yôd-Ïm TÚY U§l-Àh-Ó AÔÏ-

Øû\ Gu-]-YôL CÚd-Ïm? A§p APe-¡V Tp-úY-ß áß-Lû[ Sôm T¬-

úNô§lúTôm.

TÚY U§l-ÀÓ Gq-Yô-ß?

TôLm-þ1 §h-P-ª-Pp

1. Jq-ùYô-Ú AX-Ïj §h-Pj-§-à-ûP-V-Üm Lt-\p úSôd-Le-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-

«p Lt-\p ùNVp-Ø-û\-«u Y -̄VôL UôQ-Yo-L-°-PªÚk-Õ G§o-Tôod-LlTÓm

Lt-\p Nôu-ß-Lû[ Øu-]úW A±V úYi-Óm. CRu êXm Lt-\p Nôu-ß-

L°p TûPl-×-L-Þm ùY°-«-Pp-L-Þm EÚ-Yô-Ïm.

2. Lt-\p Nôu-ß-L°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p Lt-\ûX U§l-©-Óm Øû\-Ls, Ej§-Ls,

LÚ-®-Ls, Ï±l-×-Ls B¡-V-Ytû\ AX-Ïj- §h-Pj-§p Eh-T-Ój§ Lt-\pþ

Lt©jRpþU§l-ÀhÓf ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[ ®Y-¬j-Rp.

3. Cq-Yô-ß ØÝ-ûU-Vô] §h-P-ª-Pp SûP-ùT-ßm úTôÕ Ak-RkRl TôPe-L-s,

LÚj-R-X-Ï, Lt-\p úSôd-Lm úTôu-\-Yt-±u A¥l-T-ûP-«p Lt-\p Aà-T-Ye-

L-°p ªLd áÓ-Rp Ød-¡-Vj-Õ-Ym A°dL -úYi-¥V TÏ-§-Lû[d Li-P±Rp.

(E.m) ùUô¯l TôPj-§p £X Lt-\p ùY°-Â-Ó-L-Þm ùY°-Âh-Ó Y¥-Ye-LÞm

BL-Xôm. Cq-Yô-ß Øu-]úW úSôd-L-Uô-Ld ùLôiP TÏ§Lû[-Ùm TÚY U§l-

Àh-¥p Eh-T-ÓjR úYi-¥-V-Ytû\Ùm Ak-RkR úSWj-§p U§l-©hÓl T§Ü

ùNn-V úYi-Óm.

TôLm þ 2 : SûP-Ø-û\l-T-Ój-Rp

4. AX-¡p §h-P-ªhP GpXô Lt-\p ùNVp-Tô-Ó-L-û[Ùm ùRôPo U§l-ÀhÓf

ùNVp-Ø-û\«p Eh-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm.

5. Ko AX-Ï Ø¥k-R-©u UôQ-Yo-L-°u Lt-\p Nôu-ß-L-°p ªLf £\k-R-ûR UôQ-

Y-àm B£-¬-V-Úm úNok-Õ úRo-ùR-ÓdL úYi-Óm. ©uòhPm Ï±j-Õ ûYdL

úYi-Óm. (TÏ§ 5 Td-Lm þ UôQ-Yu T¬-úNô-§d-Lh-Óm)

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Tœß˛ 4

6. JÚ TÚ-Ym ØÝ-ûU-Vô-ÏmúTôÕ ùYq-úY-ß AX-Ï-L-°-p Es[ Gp-Xô

UiPXe-L-û[-Ùm CÚ-Ø-û\-Vô-Y-Õ úUp Ï±l-©h-P-T-¥ U§l-À-Ó ùNn-Õ

©uòhPjûR GÝ§dùLôÓdL úYi-Óm.

C§p Ak-RkR Ui-P-Xe-Lú[ô-Ó ùRôPo-×-ûPV Lt-\p ùY°-«-Pp-L-s

LôQl-T-Ó-Up-X-Yô? LûX Ui-P-Xj§p (CûN, SP-]m, Lôh-£- Y¥-Ye-Ls.) UôQ-

Yo-L°u Bo-Y-jûRÙm, ®Úl-TjûRÙm A§p Ht-T-Óm Y[of-£-ûV-Ùm U§l-

©-Ó-Y-Rt-Ï CÕ úRûY-Vô-]-Rô-Ïm.

TôLm þ 3 U§l-ÀÓ

6. JÚ TÚY Ø¥-®p ùRôPo U§l-À-Ó êXm úRok-ùR-ÓjR Lt-\p Nôu-ß-Lû[

Ak-RkR Ui-P-Xe-L-[ôL YûLl-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm. AYt-ßs ªL-Üm £\k-R-Õ

GÕùY] B£-¬-V-Úm, ÏZkûR-L-Þm úNok-Õ úRok-ùR-Ód-¡u-\-]o. CRu

êXm ÏZk-ûR«u CÕ-Y-ûW-Ùs[ Lt-\--u NWô-N¬ûV A±YúRô Ï±l-©hP

úSWj-§t-Ïs Lt-\--p Ei-Pô] Y[of-£ûVj ùR¬-®l-TúRô ApX úSôd-

Lm. Cm-U-§l-À-Ó SPd-Ïm úYû[-«p Lt-\p úSôd-Le-Lû[ Jl-©h-Ó Lt-\-

-p ÏZkûR GkRj RWj-§p Es-[-Õ Gu-T-ûRj ùR°-Ü-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rô-Ïm. úRok-

ùR-ÓjR Lt-\p Nôu-±t-Ï LXk-Õ-ûW-Vô-Pp êXm A°jR RW-m AkR Ui-P-

Xj§u TÚY U§l-Àh-¥u ̈ Wk-RW U§l-Àh-Ój RW ̈ o-Q-V-UôL Ht-ßd ùLôs[

úYiÓm.

7. Cq-Yô-ß Jq-ùYô-Ú TôPl-T-Ï-§-«-Ûm ÏZk-ûRL°u RW-̈ o-QV NWô-N¬ ùRôPo

U§l-ÀhûP UôQ-Yo-L-°u Jh-Ó -ùUôjR RW-UôLd LQd-¡-P-Xôm.

8. ùRôPo U§l-Àh¥p UôQ-Yo-L-Þd-Ïd ¡ûPjR Jh-Ó ùUôjR RWm. TÚYj

úRo-®p ¡ûPjR Jh-Ó -ùUôjR RWm B¡-V-Ytû\ UôQ-Y-²u TûPl×j

ùRôÏl-©p ùYq-úY-\ôL AûP-Vô-[l-T-Ój-Õ-Rp (AûY CWi-Óm úNoj-Õ

JúW RW-UôL (Grade) A°d-Ld áPô-Õ)

TôLm þ 4 ©uòhPm A°j-Rp

9. ùRôPo U§l-À-Ó, TÚY U§l-À-Ó úTôu-\-Yt-±u êXm ¡ûPjR R-LYp-L-°u

A¥l-T-ûP-«p Jq-ùYô-Ú TÚ-Yj-§u Cß-§-«-Ûm ÏZkûR-L-Þd-Ïm ùTtú\ôo-

L-Þd-Ïm ©uòhPm A°d-L- úYi-Óm. CkR ©uòhPm êXm

220

Tœß˛ 4

UôQY²u RWj-ûR-úVô, ùTôÕ-Yô] Ï±l-×-L-û[úVô (Su-ß, úUôNm)

ùTôÚ[t\ ®[d-Le-L-û[úVô A°l-T-RpX úSôd-Lm. Uô\ôL

* Jq-ùYô-Ú UôQ-Y-û]l Tt-±V R²l-ThP Et-ß-úSôd-Lp

* Lt-\p úSôd-Le-L-ú[ô-Ó ùRôPo-×-T-Ój§d ÏZkûR Gu] T¥j-Rôu G]j

ùR°YôL ùY°l-T-ÓjÕRp.

* UôQ-Yo-Ls AûPkR Y[of-£-«u T¥-Lû[j ùR°-Ü-TÓjRp.

* UôQ-Yo-L-Þd-Ï Gk-ùRkR ùNVp-L-°p Bo-Ym Gu-TûR A±Rp.

Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ IVe-Ls

NÍ-Lj-ßt-œm ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œm ◊ßV TÙPHt-TÙ-”

G”j’˚Wd-œm Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt-± HWÙ-[m IVe-Ls C⁄d-L-XÙm. œZk-˚R-L∞u

Lt-\˚X ˚UV-UÙLd ˘LÙiP LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ A‡-T-Ye-Ls,

Lt\˚X Ußl-©-”m- ˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p D”-TPf ˘Nn-Rp, T´t-£-Ls B°V˚Y

ÍXm Cq IVe-L-fid-œj æo‹ Ht-T-”m. SÙm C’-Y˚W ·±Vß≠-⁄k-’ Ht-TP

YÙnl-◊s[ IVe-L-̊ [l TÙod-L-XÙm. AYt-±u Æ˚P-L˚[ øe-Ls —V-UÙLd Li”-

©•j-R-©u Ce-œ ̆ LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-˚Y-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

1. NÍ-Lm ˛ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˛ B£-¨-Vo CYo-L-fid-°-˚P˙V Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt-±V

TV-‡s[ L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m SPdL ˙Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ? Cq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-Y-Ru

ÍXm SPd-œm Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-ú R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?

œZk˚R R]-’ Lt-\˚X ˙NÙßj-’, Ußl-©h-” ˙Um-T-”j-ßV ÆT-We

-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fim B£-¨-Vo-L-fim A±V ÿ•-Ÿm.

œZk-˚R-ú R≤-S-To Y[of-£, NÍL EQo‹ Y[of-£, Lt-\p ÿ˚\,

Ts-∞-´p SPd-œm Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ut-flm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls Tt±d

·”RXÙLj ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ,

221

Tœß˛ 4

Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV RW-®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-Ls ÿ˚\-VÙLd L˚P

©•j-’d œZk-̊ R-́ u Lt-\-̊ Xl Tt-±V N -̈VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞l-T-Rt-œ.

˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fim B£-¨-Vo-L-fim ˘RÙPof-£-VÙ-L-‹m, Au-TÙ-L-‹m, TWv

TW Sm-©d-˚L-Ÿ-P-‡m L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ.

2. UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m?

T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl Tt-±V G]-’ A‡-T-Ym

Íu-fl ˘T¨V ©[Ùv-•d ˙LÙl◊Ls (Plastic File). R™r, L¶-Rm, „r-

®˚X´Vp LpÆ Gu-fl SÙu ˘RÙœl-˚Tj ˘RÙPe-°-˙]u. Aj-’-Pu œ±l-˙T-”-

L-fim Ei”. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX-°-‡-˚P-V-‹m Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Aq-Yl-˙TÙ˙R

Ak-RkR TÙPe-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-◊-L-fi-Pu C˚Qj-˙Ru. J⁄-ÿ˚\ œZk-˚R-L-∞Pm

LÙi-©j-’d ˘LÙ”j-˙Ru. ARu-©u AYo-Ls C˚R Aj-’-Pu ˚Yd-Lh”UÙ

Gu-fl ̇ Lh-TÙo-Ls. B]Ùp SÙu EP˙] A˚R A‡-U-ßl-T-ßp-̊ X. Aßp ̊ YdL

˙Yi-”-UÙ-ú RW-UÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl AYo-L∞Pm A±-‹-flj-’˙Yu.

Aq-YÙ-fl UÙt± A˚UjR©u AYt˚\l T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-©p ˙Noj’d

˘LÙs-̇ Yu.

˛ Re-L-Vm BWmTlTs∞ B£-¨-˚V

J⁄ LÙX A[-Æp (A-X-œ/T⁄-Ym/Y⁄-Pm) œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP

Y[of£, ÿu-˙]t-\m B°-V-Yt˚\f £k-R˚] ˘Nn-V-‹m ˘NVp-T-P-‹m ˘Tt\

ß\u CYt-±u NÙufl-Ls T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. SU-’ Ts∞f

„Z-¤d-œ HtTl Tp-̇ Yfl TÙPe-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊-j ̆ RÙœl˚T E⁄-YÙdL ̇ Yi”m.

Aßp AX-œ-Lfid-œ HtTd Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-R-XÙm.

3. T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p (Portfolio) Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y?

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ TÙPj-ß-¤-ÿs[ T˚Pl-◊-j ̆ RÙœl-©p Eh-T-”jR ̇ Yi-•-VYt˚\

B£-¨-Vo ̊ L˙Vh-•-≠-⁄k-’m, B£-¨-V-ü Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙Th-•-≠-⁄k-’m ̇ Rok-

˘R-”e-Ls. ∏˙Z ̆ LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-Yt˚\ Yœl-T˚\f ̆ NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p Lt\p

222

Tœß˛ 4

NÙu-fl-Ls E⁄-YÙ-œm ÆRj-ßp B£-¨-V-ü Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙Th-•p Æ[dL

˙Yi”m. Cj-’-Pu ̆ Tt-̇ \Ùo-L-fi-P-]Ù] L⁄j-’l T -̈UÙt-\j-ßt-œl TVu-T-”jßV

L⁄-Æ-Ls, œ±l-◊-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”UÙ Gu-fl £k-ß-Ÿe-Ls.

T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊-L-∞p (PortFolio) C⁄dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

A. œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls

Ak-RkR Y[-Ë-≠p C˚Y Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-•-⁄l-T-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

B. B£-¨-V-ü Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp-Ls

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p ÿ˚\, Lt-\p ©Wf-N-˚]-Ls, U] Y[of-£, NÍLj

˘RÙPo◊ C˚Y Tt-±V Æ[d-L-UÙ] œ±l-◊.

B£-̈ -Vo Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV ̇ NÙR˚]l Th-•-V-≠u SLp, œ›f

˘NVp-TÙ-”, L[l-T-V-Qm, ˙NÙR-̊ ], ˙So-LÙ-Qp ˙TÙu\ ®Lr-‹-L-∞p B£ -̈Vo

TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-Ls Cßp Eh-T-”m.

C. œZk-˚R-ú —V Ußl-¿-”

œZk-˚R-ú —V Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp, —V ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls.

—V-UÙ-L-‹m œ›-Æ-¤m Li-”-©-•jR Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, ˘TÙ›-’-˙TÙd-œ-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y Tß‹ ˘NnV

˙Yi-”m. (R-™r AXœj ßhPj’Pu R]-’ YÙ£l◊ Bo-Yj-˚Rl Tt±

œZk˚R G›R˙Yi•V UÙß-¨-˚Vl TÙ⁄e-Ls)

œZk-˚R-ú Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ym ˙TÙu-\-˚Y Tt-±V B£-¨--

Vü —⁄d-L-UÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp œ±l-◊-Ls.

D. Th-•-V-pLs, ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls

œZk˚R YÙ£jR ◊j-R-Le-L-∞u Th-•-Vp.

TÙojR ß˚Wl-T-Pm, ˙LhP LÆ-˚R / TÙPp ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±u —⁄d-Lm.

L˚R-Ls, LÆ-˚R-Ls, ◊ßo-Ls, TPe-Ls ˙TÙu-\Yt-±u ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls.

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Tœß˛ 4

(C˚Y G]-’ „r-®-˚X-´-Vp / R™r / L¶-Rd œ±l-˙T-”-L-∞p ÿu-]˙W ˘Nn-’

Y⁄-T-̊ Y).

˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok-’ E⁄-YÙd-°V œZk-˚R-ú Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-

TÙ] Et-fl ˙SÙd-LpLs, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls CYt-±u —⁄d-Lm,

4. T-˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊-L -∞p (Portfolio) Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-VYt-˚\j

˙Rok-̆ R-”l-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl?

C˚R Gq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-V-XÙm? Re-L-Vm Ts-∞-´p ˘NnR ÿ˚\˚V AX-£l

TÙodLXÙm.

Ko AX-œ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fid-°-˚P˙V T˚Pl-◊-j

˘RÙœl-◊-L-∞p Eh-T-”jR ̇ Yi-•-V-Yt±u ÿRp-LhPj ̇ Rok-̆ R-”l◊ SPkß-⁄dL

˙Yi-”m. Aq-Y-X-œ ÿ•kR©u B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚L-fim ˙Nok-’ AYt-±p

£\k-R-Yt˚\j ̇ Rok˘R-”dL ̇ Yi”m. œZk-̊ R-́ u Lt-\p TXu, Y[of-£, £kßd-

L-‹m ̆ NVp-T-P-‹m ̆ Tt\ ß\u ̇ TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ̆ Y∞l-T-”j’m NÙu-fl-L˚[ Cq-

YÙ-fl Li” -©-•d-L-XÙ-Up-X-YÙ? B£-¨-V-ü Ußl-¿h-•u A•l-T˚P-´p Af-NÙu-

fl-L˚[ œZk-̊ R-L-∞u ©uÚh-Pj-ßt-LÙLl Tß‹ ̆ NnV ̇ Yi”m. œZk-̊ Rú

ÿu-≤-˚X-´p C˚R ˘Nn-Y-’ œZk-˚R-ú ˙Uu˚Udœ ER-‹-Up-X-YÙ? Aj-’-

Pu ©uÚh-Pm A∞jR SÙ˚[-Ÿm Aßp œ±l-©P ˙Yi”m.

Cq-YÙ-fl ̇ Rok-̆ R-”j-R-Yt˚\ T˚Pl-◊-j ̆ RÙœl-©p (Port folio) Eh-T”j-RXÙm.

Ut-\-Yt˚\ œZk-˚R-Ls ≈h-•t-œd ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-Xh-”m. CkR ˘NVp-ÿ˚\

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX-°-¤m S˚P˘T-flm˙TÙ’ T˚Pl-◊j ̆ RÙœl◊ Gq-YÙ-±⁄dœm Gufl

£k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

5. T˚Pl◊-j ̆ RÙœl-◊-Ls (Portfolio) ÍXm °˚PjR Ußl-¿h-” ÆY-We-L˚[

—⁄d-L-UÙLl ̆ Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l T -̈UÙt-\m ̆ Nn-Y-’ Gl-T-•?

œZk-˚R-ú T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©t-LÙLj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-R-Yt˚\ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo

TÙolTRt-œ YÙnl-T-∞dL ̇ Yi-”m. ©uÚh-Pj-ßu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p Ts-∞-́ -¤m

≈h-•-¤m ˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V-Yt˚\j æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-ú Lt\p

224

Tœß˛ 4

Y[of-£, ̇ Uu˚U CYt˚\l ̆ Tt-̇ \Ù-̈ u LY-]j-ßt-œd ̆ LÙi-” YW ̇ Yi•V’

™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ-œm. Y˚[-Vu £We-L˚Wl Ts-∞-´p ˘NnR˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-́ -¤m, Jq-̆ YÙ-⁄ AX-°-≠-⁄k-’m ̇ Rok-̆ R-”j-R-Yt±u

ÍXm, Ak-RkRl TÙPj-ßp LPk-’ ̆ Nu\ Ui-P-Xe-L-∞p C⁄k-’ R˚X-£-\kR Lt\p

NÙu-fl-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙm. Aj-’-Pu œZk-˚R-ú Y[of-£˚V U]ßt-

˘LÙi” œZk-˚Rd-œ ELkR RW®o-Q-Vm A∞d-L-XÙm. Ce-œ B£-¨-V⁄m

œZk˚RŸm ˙Nok-’ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m. Ck-®-˚X-´p ˘Tt-˙\Ù-˚W-Ÿm Eh-

T”jß]Ùp AYo-Ls ÍY-⁄d-°˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m Y¤l-T-”m.

225

Tœß˛ 5

Tœß ˛ 5

L⁄j-’l T -̈UÙt-\m ˛ NÍ-Lj-ßp

""TX-Ë-fl RP-˚Y-Ls AYs ˙U˚_-˚Vj ß\k-’m ÍP-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùs Gu-

Tßp C⁄k-’ BWm-©l-T-’ Sp-X-’. ̇ U˚_-́ -≠-⁄k-’ G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ G”d-L˙YÙ,

Cp˚X ˙U˚_d-œs G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ ˚Yd-L˙YÙ ˙S¨h-PÙ-˘XÙØV VÙ⁄m

˙U˚_˚Vj ß\d-L-˙YÙ, ÍP˙YÙ ·PÙ-’ G] SÙu ˘NÙp-≠-´-⁄k-˙Ru.

AR]Ù˙X˙V Ee-Ls ULs Gl-˙TÙ-’m £X-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞˙V G”d-°-\Ùs.

£XYt˚\ Es˙[ ̊ Yd-°-\Ùs. AY-[-’ ̇ SÙh-”l-◊j-R-Lm, ̆ Tu£p, ̆ Th•,

TÙPl-◊j-R-Lm Ut-flm ˙U˚_d-œs ˙Yfl Gu-]-˘Yp-XÙm C⁄d-°\˙RÙ

A˚Y A˚]j-˚R-Ÿm Jufl ̆ Y∞˙V G”d-°-\Ùs; Cp˚X Es˙[ ̊ Yd-

°-\Ùs. ERÙ-W-Qj-ßt-œ G”j-’d ̆ LÙs-̇ YÙ-̇ U. SÙe-Ls G›j-’-L˚[ G›Rl

˙TÙY-RÙ-L Ee-Ls ULs ÿR-≠p ̇ U˚_-˚Vj ß\k’, ̇ SÙh”l ◊j-R-Lj˚R

G”l-TÙs. ©u-]o Al-T-•˙V ˙U˚_-ú ˙Ut-TÙ-Lj˚Rl TPÙ˘W]

Í”YÙs. ©u-]o Ufl-T-•-Ÿm ˙U˚_-˚Vj ß\k’, R˚X˚V Es˙[Æh-”,

˘Tu-£˚X ˘Y∞˙V G”j-’, ˙YL-UÙL ˙U˚_˚V Í• A G›-’-YÙs.''

"˙PÙh˙PÙ ˛ NÙu, _u-]-≠p J⁄ £fl-™-' ´-≠-⁄k-’

226

Tœß˛ 5

˙PÙh-̇ PÙ-NÙ-̊ ]l Tt-± .....

˙PÙh˙PÙNÙ≤u B£-¨˚V

AYs Am-UÙ-Æ-Pm Cq-YÙ-fld

·\d LÙW-Qm Gu]? AYo-L-fid-

°-̊ P˙V E˚W-VÙ-P-‹m LXk-’-̊ W-

VÙ-P-‹m, ÿ•-‹-Ls G”d-L-‹m

˘NnV-̇ Yi-•-V-Ru ̇ R˚Y Gu]?

NÍ-L-m ˛ ≈” ˛ Ts-∞

≈” Utflm —t-fll-◊\f NÍ-Lj-ßu Sm-©d-˚L-Ls Gi-Qe-Ls, TZdL YZd-

Le-Ls ÿR-≠V Ti-TÙh”d ·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m CVt-˚Ld ·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m E⁄-

YÙd-Ll-ThP ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ÿu-]-±-˙YÙ-”-RÙu œZk˚R/ UÙQÆ Ts-∞d-œ Y⁄-

°\Ùs. Cd-L-⁄j-ßu A•l-T-̊ P-́ p ©\ NÍ-Le-L-∞u Sm-©d-̊ L-L-̊ [-Ÿm GiQe-

L-˚[-Ÿm Ru-‡-˚PV GiQe-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙol-T-Rt-œm, T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]

˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm, R]’ Si-To-L-∞u £k-R-]-˚L-˚[-Ÿm A±-‹L˚[-Ÿm ©¨j-R-±-

YRtœUÙ] ßh-P-™hP Lt\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-PuRÙu œZk˚R Ts-∞d-œ Y⁄-

°\Ùs. A±-Æ-Vp-Èo-Y-UÙ] A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R Ts-∞-ú ÿd-°V ˘TÙfll-

TÙ-œm. ARt-LÙL œZk-˚R˚Vj Rœ-ß-Ÿs-[-Y-]Ùd-œ-Y-’m RœkR „r-®-˚X˚V

E⁄-YÙd°d ̆ LÙ”l-T-’m ≈h-•u ̆ TÙfll-TÙ°\’. CRu YÙ -́XÙL, AYu YÙ›m

NÍ-Lm Gßo-˘LÙs-°\ ©Wf-£-˚]-L-∞p D”-T-P-‹m, RÙu ˘Tt\ A±-˚Yl TVu-

T”jß ˙U¤m ˙Uu˚UV˚PV‹m œZk-˚R-VÙp CVp-°-\-’. NÍ-Lj-ßu ˘TÙ’

A±-‹-L˚[l ◊’-˚Ul-T-”j-R-‹m Æ¨-YÙd-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-u\ ˘NVp-TÙh-•p ≈”m

Ts-∞-Ÿm Ju-fl ˙N⁄m „r-®-˚X-VÙLd Lp-Æ˚V SÙm LÙQ˙Yi-”m.

œZk-̊ Rú Lt\¤m ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄m B£¨V⁄m

œZk-̊ Rú Lt-\-̊ X-Ÿm Y[of-£-̊ V-Ÿm ̊ UV-UÙ-Ld ̆ LÙi-”s[ ̆ NVp-TÙ”-

L-∞p AY-W-Yo Te˚Ll ©¨j-R-±k-’ Ju-±-̊ Qk-’ ̆ NVp-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Yj˚R-

Ÿm ß\-˚]-Ÿm J⁄e˙L ˘T\ B£-¨-V-⁄m ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄m ÿVX ˙Yi-”m. Ce-œ

J⁄-Yo Ut-˘\Ù-⁄-Y˚W 'A±-‹-flj-’-Y-RÙL' ®˚]dLj ˙R˚Y-´p-˚X. ≈” Ut-flm

Ts-∞f „r-®-˚X-L˚[ U]-ßp˘LÙi-” œZk˚R Ru Lt-\p, Y[of-£ B°-V-

Ytfld-˙Lt\ ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ßh-P-™-P˚X -Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. A˚R S˚P-ÿ-

˚\l-T”j-’-Y-Rt-œ Ht-\-YÙ-fl B£-¨-V-⁄dœm ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œm C˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-

’l-T¨-UÙt-\m A˚UV ̇ Yi-”-˘Uu-T˙R ̇ SÙd-L-UÙ-œm.

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Tœß˛ 5

L⁄j-’l-T-̈ -UÙt\ Ui-P-Xe-Ls G˚Y?

œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\-˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Gu-˘]u] LÙ¨-Ve-L˚[l Tt±l

˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-”m? GpXÙ Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pe-

L∞¤m J˙W LÙ¨-Ve-Ls œ-±jRÙ LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-”m? LpÆVÙi-•u

˘RÙPdLj-ßp ÿRp Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßp, T⁄Y Ußl-¿-” ˘RÙPo-TÙ]

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p G] Ak-RkRd ·hPeLfid-œ Ht\YÙfl ̇ R˚Y-L-˚[-Ÿm ©Wf-

£-̊ ]-L-̊ [-Ÿm ̆ RÙPok’ ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-•V LÙ -̈Ve-L-̊ [-Ÿm Tt-±d LXk-’-̊ WVÙP

˙Yi-”m. GpXÙd ·h-Pe-L-∞-¤m E˚WVÙP ̇ Yi-•V £X ̆ NnßLs C⁄d-LXÙm.

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙SWj-˚R-Ÿm Nk-Rol-Tj-˚R-Ÿm „r-®-˚X-˚V-Ÿm ˘TÙflj-’j R]-’

Yœl-©t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-Yt˚\ B£-¨-V˙W ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. CYt-±p GpXÙd

·h-Pe-L-∞-¤m E˚WVÙP ̇ Yi-•-V-’m £X œ±l-©hP ̇ SWe-L-∞p LXk-’-̊ WVÙP

˙Yi-•-V-’-UÙ] LÙ¨-Ve-Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. A˚Y ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-]-

˚YVp-X. B£-¨-Vo-, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-CYoL∞u ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT CYt-±-≠-⁄k’

˙Yi•V˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. ◊ßV-]-Yt˚\f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.

1. TÙP Ht-TÙ-”m Lt-\-¤m

BWmT Yœl-◊-L-∞p TÙP Ht-TÙh-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls G˚Y?

œZk˚R Ts-∞d-·-Pe-L-∞p Lt-T˚Y G˚Y.

œZk˚R Lt-T-’ GqYÙfl?

E˚W-VÙ-Pp, LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”, L˚R-Ls, TÙh-”-Ls, SÙP-L-U-V-UÙd-Lp, TÙj-ßW S•l◊

©Wf-N-˚]d-œ æo‹ LÙ‘-Rp

˘Tt\ A±-˚Yl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp

˘NVp ßh-Pm

˘UÙØd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gq-YÙ-fl? (R-™r / Be-°-Xm)

˘UÙØd-Lt-\p ˛ ·flLs

L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt\ ÿ˚\-Ls

Lt-\p ’˚Qd L⁄-Æ-Ls

Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-˚Rl Tt± J⁄

˘Tt˙\Ù-̈ u L⁄j-’

''Gu-‡-˚PV ULs SÙu-LÙm Yœl-

©p Gu] T•d-°-\Ù-̆ [u-fl K-W-[˙Y

SÙu A±k-ß-⁄k-̇ Ru. GlT•l T•l-T-

˘Ru\ Gu‡-̊ PV T˚ZV FL-ÿm,

G]-’ ULs G›-ßV L˚R-L-fim TÙPp-

L-fim AY-fi-̊ PV T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ̇ NL-

¨l-◊m, TÙXo Uu-\j-ßp AY-fi-̊ PV

S•l-˚Tl Tt-±V ≈•˙VÙ LÙh-£-L-

fim, Yœl©-¤s[ GpXÙd œZk-˚R-

Lfim ˙Nok-’ Ei-PÙd-°V Yœl◊d

Li-LÙh-£--Ÿm Yœl◊ ̆ T. B. N ·h-

Pj-ßp ̇ SW-•-VÙLl TÙojR˙TÙ’-RÙu

G]d-œl ◊¨k-R-’ AYs Gl-T-•, Gq-

YÙfl T•d-°-\Ù-̆ [u-fl.''

228

Tœß˛ 5

˘UÙØ Y[of-£d-LÙ] ≈h-”f-„-Z˚X E⁄-YÙdœ-Rp.

≈h-•p Ëp ®˚X-Vm A˚Uj-R-¤m œ”m-Tj-ß-]o A˚]-Y-⁄m YÙ£j-R-¤m.

L¶-Rd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?

L¶Rm ˛ ·flLs

©Wf-N-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ-¤m L¶-R-ÿm

ÿd-°V L⁄j-’ Ui-P-Xe-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-Ls

L¶-Rd Lp-Æ-Ÿm Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm

—t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?

—t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ ˛ ·fl-Ls

ÿd-°V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’ Ui-P-Xe-Ls

Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm —t-flf-„-Zp Lp-Æ-Ÿm

CVt-˚L-Ÿm NÍ-L-ÿm œZk-˚R-Ÿm

L˚Xd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?

L˚Xd-LpÆ ˛ Ui-P-Xe-Ls

C˚N, A˚N-‹, LÙh£ Y•-Ye-Ls

SÙP-Lm

SP-]m

T˚Pl◊d L˚X

TPm Y˚W-Rp, Yi-Qm æh-”-Rp

Æ˚[-VÙh-”d Lp-Æ-Ÿm —LÙ-RÙ-Wd Lp-Æ-Ÿm.

RP-L-[l ̇ TÙh-•-Ls (Athletics)

Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls (Games)

—LÙ-RÙWd L⁄j’-L-fim ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fim

R≤-S-To Án˚UŸm NÍ-Lj Án-˚U-Ÿm

—j-Rm ˛ Ts-∞, ≈”, —t-fll-◊-\m

œZk-˚R-Ls ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm ˙LhP £X

Nk-˙R-Le-Ls...

ÿh˚P Æ¨k-’ ̇ LÙØd-œg-— Y⁄

-˘Uu-\Ùp, ÿh-˚P˚V E˚Pj

-RÙp ̇ LÙØd-œg-̊ Nd LÙQ-Æp

-̊ X˙V! Hu?

˘T¨V PÙe-Lo XÙ¨ Y˚[-‹

-L∞p N¨k-’ ÆZÙ-R-’ Hu?

Ts-∞-L-∞p R™r Lt-©j-RÙp

˙TÙRÙ-RÙ? LQd-œ GRt-œ?

TPm Y˚WkR EPu ®\m

˘LÙ”dL ̇ Yi-”UÙ?

K-Ql Ti-•-̊ L-́ u ̇ TÙ’ ∫≤d

-œm LÙn-L-±d-œm Æ˚X ·”-Y’

Hu?

TÙYd-LÙn T›j-RÙ-¤m LNl-T-’

Hu?

229

Tœß˛ 5

2. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m

G˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-’? Gl-T-• Ußl-©-”-Y-’? Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙ-fl œZk-˚Rú

Lt\≠p RÙd-Lj˚R Ht-T-”j-R-‹m ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-\-’ GuT˚Rd œ±j-’l

˘Tt-̇ \Ù-⁄m B£-̈ -V-⁄m L⁄j-’l T -̈UÙt-\m SPjR ̇ Yi-”m. Lt-\-̇ XÙ-” ̆ RÙPo-

◊-˚PV ©uÚhPÿm AR-]-•l-T-˚P-´p Ts-∞, ≈” C˚Y C˚Qk’ Gu]

˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T˚RŸm æo-UÙ-≤l-T-˙R Ck-Rd ·h-Pj-ßu ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-L-

UÙ-œm. Uh”-UpX, ˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙLd Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV

©uÚhP ÆTWe-Ls ≈h•-≠-⁄k-’m Ts-∞-´-≠-⁄k-’m ˘RÙPok-’

°˚Pj’d˘LÙi˙P C⁄dœm. AYt˚\f ˙NL-¨d-L-‹m Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m

˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ˙Ut-˘LÙs-[-‹m ˘Tt-˙\Ùo Ut-flm B£-¨-Vo-L-[Ùp

CVX˙Yi-”m. ARt-LÙLd Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p ˘TÙ’-YÙ]

GiQe-L-˚[-Ÿm ÷‘d-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.

B]Ùp, EP-]-•-VÙL C˚Y Tt±V J⁄-™jR L⁄j’ E⁄-YÙdL CVXÙ-’.

œZk-˚Rú NÍLf„Zp, A±-‹-®-˚X, EQo-‹, B˙WÙd-°-Vm CYt-±u Y[of-

£˚V Ußl-©Pj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] SP-Y-•d-˚L-L˚[l T•l-T-•-VÙL G”dL ˙Yi-”m.

Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m ˘TÙ’-YÙL YWd-·-•-V˚Y ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].

ÿRp T• Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLd LPk-’ ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’

œZk˚R-L-∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-œYRtœ.

Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-Ls, ÿk-˚RV Yœl-©p SPkR ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”

L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\-´p Ußl-©-”-Y’ Gl-T• Gu\

L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙ-L.

œZk˚R-L-∞u- ̆ Y-∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞-¤s[ R≤j-Ru-̊ UL˚[ Ae-∏-L-̈ d-L‹m

Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-Y-RÙp Ht-T-”m TX˚]d Li-P-±YRtœ.

UÙQ-Y-o T˚Pl◊j ̆ RÙœl◊L˚[ (Portfolio) ̆ Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu Te-°-”-

- YRtœ.

230

Tœß˛ 5

CWi-PÙm UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu Te-œ ˚Yl-T-Ru

T• ÍXm AYo-Ls ReLs œZk-˚R-ú Y[of-£˚V A±k-’˘LÙs

Y-Rt-œ.

NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Ußl-©-

P-‹m AYt˚\d œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-‹m ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ YÙnl

T-∞l-T-Rt-œ.

œ”m-Tf „Z-≠p Li-P-±kR œZk-˚R-L∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[l ̆ Tt-

˙\Ùo-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄-Pu T°ok’˘LÙs-[.

Ru œZk-˚Rú ß\-˚U-L˚[lTt± Si-To-L-fim B£-VoLfim

·fl-Y˚Rl ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˙Lh-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ A∞l-T-Rt-œ.

Íu-\Ùm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚Rú Y[of-£˚V A±-V SPj-ßV C˚Pd-LÙX

T• Ußl-¿h˚Pl Te-œ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.

Ru-‡-˚PV T˚Pl-©u/ ˘Y∞-¬h-”j ß\≤u ˙Uu-˚U œ±j-’

œZk˚R˙V —V-UÙL ÆY-¨l-T-Rt-œ.

˙Rok-˘R-”jR T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙLd Li-LÙh£lT”j-’-Y-Rtœ.

SÙu-LÙm Lp-Æ-VÙi-•p J⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u ™Lf- £-\kR (˘Y-∞l-T-”-R-≠u) R≤j-

T• Ru˚UL˚[ A±k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ.

™Lf £\kR ˘NVp-ß-\u ˘Y∞l-TP ER-ÆV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V Æ[d-

œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞l-T-Rt-œ.

£\kR ˘NVp-ß-\-≤u R≤j-Ru-˚UL˚[ ®˚X-˘T\f ˘Nn-Y-ßu

˙R˚Y-˚Vl Tt±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-œ.

˘Tt˙\Ù⁄Pu L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m ˛ J⁄ UÙß¨

Go-QÙ-œ-[m -UÙYh-Pj-ß¤s[ Y[-Vu-£-We-LWÙ AW-— BWmTl Ts∞´p ·•V

ÿRpYœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßp SPkR ˘NVp-L˚[l TÙod-L-XÙm.

G]-’ „r-®-̊ X-́ -Vp œ±l-̇ Th-•-≠-⁄k-’

09.08.2009 ˛ N≤

UWl-˘TÙk-ß-≠-⁄k-’ UWe-˘LÙjß

T\k-’ ˙TÙY˚Rl TÙoj-˙Ru.

˘Nufl TÙoj-R-̇ TÙ-’ Íufl £±V

ÿh-˚P -Ls. ˘Ys˚[ ®\m.

LÙLjßu ÿh-˚Pl-˙TÙp C[ øX

®\-Up-X.

16.08.2009 ˛ N≤

Ts-∞-́ -≠-⁄k-’ Yk-̇ Ru. AkR UWe-

˘LÙjß ˘TÙk-ß-≠-⁄k-’ T\k-’

˙TÙY˚Rl TÙoj-˙Ru. UWj-ßp

H±l TÙoj-˙Ru. ÿh-˚P-L˚[d

LÙQ-Æp-˚X. Íu-fl £u-]g-£-fl

œg-—-Ls, LiL˚[ Í• "·... ·..

Gu-fl A›-R]. UWe-˘LÙjß

YkRÙp Gu-˚]d ˘LÙj-ß-Æ-”m.

SÙ˚[l- TÙod-L-XÙm.

23.08.2009 ˛ N≤

Cu-fl AkR UWe-˘LÙjß ˙TÙ]-

‹Pu AkR œg-—-L-˚[d LÙQ

UWjßp H±-˙]u. £\-œ ÿ˚[dL

Æp˚X Li ß\d-L-Æp-˚X.

231

Tœß˛ 5

·h-Pj-ßt-œ ÿu◊

UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ̆ RÙœl◊L∞≠⁄k’ Gk-̆ RkR C]e-L˚[l ̆ Tt-̇ \Ù-̈ -Pm

LÙhP ˙Yi”-˘Uufl UÙQ-Y-‡m B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok-’ æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

A˚R E⁄-YÙd-°V „r-®˚X Tt-±V A±˚Yl ˘Tt-̇ \Ù-⁄d-œ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Y’

Gl-T-•-˘Vu-fl œZk˚R-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.

œZk˚R-L-∞u ̆ Yt-±d-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ] Yœl-T˚\f ̆ NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l Tt±d

·h-Pj-ßp G”j-’d ·fl-Y-Rt-œd œZk˚R-L˚[ BVj-Rl-T-”j-’-Rp.

Si-To-L-∞u ˘NVp-ß-\u ˘Yt-±d-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-L-∞p GYt˚\l Te-°P

˙Yi”-˘Uu-fl æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

Lt-\pÿ˚\-´p Ht-ThP UÙt-\j˚Rl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙL

UÙß¨ Yœl-˘T-”dLj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

·h-Pj-ßp G”d-Ll-T-”m æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[j RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ̆ TÙfll˚T NL

B£-¨-˚V-´-P˙UÙ ̆ Tt-˙\Ù-¨-P˙UÙ Jl-T-˚Pj-Rp.

·h-Pj-ßp

A±-ÿ-Lm ˛ Lt-\pÿ˚\-´p Ht-ThP ÿd-°V UÙt-\e-Ls ˛ ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ]

æo‹ ̨ œ› Ußl-¿-” ̨ NL Ußl-¿-” ̨ CYt-±u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ̨ C˚Y œ±j’f

—⁄e-Ld ·±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp SPj-’-Rp.

UÙß¨ Yœl-̊ Tl TÙo-̊ Y-́ -Pp ̨ J˙W L⁄j˚R ̆ Yq-̇ Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p ̆ Y∞l

T-”j-’-Y˚R A±-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿-h” Ej-ß-L˚[l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fi-Rp.

UÙß¨ Yœl-©-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙ-œm T˚Pl-◊-L-̊ [l Tt±l ̆ Tt-̇ \Ùo-L-∞u SpX

L⁄j˚R G›-’-Rp. AYtfls J⁄£X L⁄j’L˚[ ̆ Y∞´hP©u, ̆ Tt-̇ \Ùo

Ls G›-ßV BdLÈoYUÙ] L⁄j-’-L˚[d ·h-Pj-ßp T°ok’ ˘LÙsfi-Rp.

UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ̆ RÙœl©p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ SpX L⁄j-’-L˚[l ̆ Tt-̇ \Ùo-

Ls YÙ£j-Rp.

232

Tœß˛ 5

œZk-̊ R-Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-̆ LÙ-⁄-Yo œ›-YÙ-Ld ·•j RÙe-Ls Et-fl-̇ SÙd-°V SpX

L⁄j-’-L˚[ ̆ Y∞-´-”-Rp.

˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•p Yk-’s[ UÙt-\e-Ls G˚Y-˘Vu-fl ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu

ÆYÙßj-Rp.

˘Tt-̇ \Ùo-Ls ̆ NnV ̇ Yi-•-V-’; ̆ Nn-Vd ·PÙ-R-’ G˚Y Gu-T-’ Tt±l ̆ TÙ’

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙL ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄Rp.

A”j-R -·h-Pj-ßp ÿ•kR A[-Æt-œ SpX L⁄j-’-L˚[d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙLl

˘Tt˙\Ùo-L˚[j RVÙo-T-”j-Rp. A”jR ·h-Pj-ßt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-L˚[l ̆ Tt-̇ \Ù -̈Pm

·fl-Rp.

·h-Pj-ßt-œl ©\-œ

·h-Pj-ßp G”d-Ll-T-”m æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.

Ts∞ Y[d-œ› (SRG) ´p NÙufl-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.

A”jR ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßt-LÙ] RVÙ-˘W-”l-©u ÿu-˙]Ù-•-VÙL ÆYÙ-ßdL

˙Yi•-V˚Y G˚Y G]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.

Ts°f ùNVp-§h-Pm

Sôm CÕ-YûW ®Yô-§jR Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-Rp þ U§l-Àh-Ó ùNVp Jq-ùYôÚ

Ts-°-«-à-ûP-V-Üm U§l-Àh-Ó Øû\-VôL (Assessment System) Uô\ úYi-¥-

Ùs[Õ. A§---ÚkÕ CVp-TôL GÝ-¡u\ ùNVp-Ls Ts° Bi-Ój §h-Pj-§-à-

ûP-V-Üm Ts° LôXi-P-¬-à-ûP-V-Üm Ød-¡V Te-L-°l-TôL úYi-Óm. Cq-Yô-ß

EÚ-Yôd-Ld-á-¥V §h-Pe-L-Þm ùNVp-L-Þm Ts-°-V-[-®p EÚ-Yô-Ïm Tp-úYß

NeL áh-Pe-L-°u Ød-¡V LÚj-Õf ùNVp-L-[ô-L-Üm Uô\ úYi-Óm. SRG, MotherPTA, Class PTA, School PTA Ts° ®¬-Yôd-Ld ÏÝ, SSG úTôu-\-Yt-±u ùNVp-

Lû[ Eh-T-Ój§ ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\-Ûm, Y[of-£-Ùm, Øu-ú]t-\j-ûR-Ùm Eß-

§l-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Lô] LÚj-Õl-T-¬-Uôt\ Yônl-×-L-û[-Ùm ùNVp-L-û[-Ùm §h-P-ªP

úYiÓm. CkR úSôd-¡p U]-§p-ùLôi-Ó Ts-°-Yô-¬-Vô] U§l-Àh-Ój §h-Pm

§h-P-ª-Óm úTôÕ LY-²dL úYi-¥-V-ûY-Ùm A§p Sôm Eß-§l-T-ÓjR úYi-

¥V ùNVp-LÞm GûY?

AÓjR YÏl× ùT. -B. N

áhPj§tLô] ̈ Lrf-£-Ls...

A”jR Yœl◊ ̆ T. B. N ·hPj-ßt-

LÙ] ®Lrf-£-Ls Gu]-YÙL C⁄d-

œm?Ee Lfi˚PV-‹m ˘Tt˙\Ù-⁄-

˚P-V-‹m ˙R˚Y-L˚[j ˘RÙPo-◊

T”jß CkR UÙß-̈ ˚Vl TÙoj’ Ee-

Ls Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N Æt-LÙ]

®Lrf-£-L˚[ E⁄YÙd-œeLs.

T.Y.œ (SRG) ·hPj-ßp C˚Rl-Tt±

E˚W-VÙ”e-Ls.

233

Tœß˛ 5

1. U§l-Àh-Ó AÔ-Ï-Ø-û\-Ùm ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm ùTt-ú\ô-Úd-Ï A±-Ø-Lm ùNn-

Y-Rt-Ïm A§p AYo-L-[ôp £\l-TôLl Te-Ï-ùLôs-Y-Rt-Lô] §\u ùTß-Rt-

Ïm Ts-°-«p ùNnV úYi-¥V ùNVp-Ls.

CkR Aj-§-Vô-Vj-§u BWm-Tj-§p Ï±l-©h-P-Õ úTôp CRû] Sôu-Ï

¨ûX-L-[ôL SPjR úYi-Óm.

2. Jq-ùYô-Ú ¨ûX-«-Ûm ùNnV úYi-¥VYt-û\j ¾o-Uô-²j-Rp, SûP-

Øû\l-T-Ój-Rp, U§l-©-Pp

SRG áh-Pj-§p SûP-ùT-ßm §h-P-ª-P--u A¥l-T-ûP-«p

YÏl× Yô¬-VôLd ÏZk-ûR-L-Þ-ûP-V-Üm ùTt-ú\ô-Ú-ûP-V-Üm áh-Pe-Ls.

Cq-Yô-\ô] áh-Pe-Ls Bi-¥t-Ï Sôu-Ï Øû\-Vô-Y-Õ SûP-ùT\úYiÓm.

áh-Pe-L-°u SûP-Ø-û\, TXu, ùTt-ú\ôo-L-°-P-ª-Úk-Õ ¡ûPjR

©uòhPm, úRûY-Ls Gu-T] SRG áh-Pj-§p U§l-©P úYi-Óm.

ùNVp-TôÓ-L-°p úRûY-Vô] Uôt-\e-L-û[ Ht-T-ÓjR úYi-Óm.

Jq-ùYô-Ú áh-Pj-§-Ûm ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\p Nôu-ß-Lû[d Lôi-T-Rt-

Ïm ®[d-Le-Ls ¡ûPl-T-Rt-Ïm ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\p ùY°-Â-Ó-L-[ô]

(Sô-P-Lm, LûR, L®-ûR, úTf-Ñl-úTôh-¥, Et-Tj-§l ùTôÚh-Ls, Tôh-Ó ØR-

--V-ûY) BWôn-Y-Rt-Lô] ãr-¨-ûX-Ls §h-P-ªP úYi-Óm. Nê-L-Øm,

Ts-°-Ùm Ju-ß úNok-Õ ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\-ûX-Ùm Y[of-£-ûV-Ùm ùLôi-

Pô-Ó-¡u\ Lt-\p ®Zô-YôL Uô\úYi-Óm.

3. ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\p Y[of-£ûVl T§Ü ùNn-Y-Rt-Lô] Y -̄Ø-û\-Ls, úSWm

úTôu-\ûY ¾o-Uô-²j-Rp.

Jq-ùYô-Ú AX-¡-Ûm U§l-©-Ó-Y-Rt-LôL Øu-]úW ¨f-N-«d-Ll-ThP TÏ-§-

Ls, YÏl× PTAþp SPdL úYi-¥-V-Õm GÓj-Õd-á\ úYi-¥-V-Ytû\

B£-¬-Vo Li-P-ûPk-Õ SRGþp ùY°-«P úYi-Óm.

TÚY U§l-©-P--p ÏZk-ûR-«u Lt-\p ¨ûX Gu-]? ùTt-ú\ô-Ú-Pu

LÚjÕl-T-¬-Uôt-\m SPjR úYi-¥-V-ùRq-Yô-ß? Gu-T-ûRl Ts-°-V-[-®p

¾oUô²d-L-Xôm.

234

Tœß˛ 5

4. ÏZk-ûR-L-°u £\kR Lt-\p Nôu-ß-Ls (T-ûPl-×-Ls, Lt-\p ùY°-«-Pp)

úNL-¬j-Õ Ts-°-V-[-®p Li-Lôh£ SPj-Õ-Rp, ÏZk-ûR-L-°u ×j-R-Le-L-[ôd¡

ùY°-«-Ó-Rp.

5. ÏZk-ûR-L-°u Lt-\p, Y[of-£, ®Úl-Te-Ls, úSo-Lô-Qp-Ls úTôu-\-Ytû\

Tt± SPj-§V U§l-Àh-¥u ùRôÏl-ûT-Ùm Nê-Lj-Õ-P-]ô] LÚj-Õl

T¬Uôt\Øm

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CÚdL úYi-Óm.

NêLj R¦d-ûL-«u TÏ-§-VôLd Lp® ùNVp-Ø-û\-Lû[ U§l-©-Ó-YRt-

Lô] Yônl-TôL CÕ AûU-Ùm.

6. Y[ok-Õ-Y-Úm NêL AûP-Vô-[-UôLl TôPj-§h-PjûR Uôt-ß-Y-Rt-Lô]

ùNVpLs.

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- -Úk-Õ ¡ûPd-Ïm ®T-We-L-û[j ùRôÏj-Õ TôPj-§h-Pm, Lt-\p þ Lt-©j-

Rp þ U§l-Àh-Ó AÔÏ-Ø-û\-Ls, TôPl-×j-R-Le-Ls, Lt-\p ÕûQl-ùTô-

Úh-Ls úTôu-\ûY U§l-©-P-Üm RÏkR Uôt-\e-Lû[ Ht-T-Ój-R-Üm ET-

úVô-¡dL úYi-Óm.

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Lû[ CRt-Lô] Yônl-×-L-[ôL Uôt-±-V-ûUdL úYi-Óm.

235

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Lp® NêLf ùNVp-Ø-û\-VôL Uôß-Rp

Lt-\-ûX-Ùm U§l-ÀhûPÙm úUm-T-Ój-Õ-Yt-Lô] ùNVp-Tô-Ó-Ls Y -̄VôLl TôPj-

§h-Pj-§u úSôd-L-Uô] "Lp® Nê-Lf-ùN-Vp-Ø-û\-VôL' Uôt-ß-Y-Rt-Lô] N¬-Vô]

Yônl× SUd-Ï ¡ûPd-¡-\-Õ. Sôm-Yô-Ým Nê-Lj-Õ-Pu CûVkÕ ùRôPokÕ A±-

Yôd-Lm ùNn-V-Üm ARû] ®Uo-N-]éo-Y-UôLl TÏl-TônÜùNnÕ ̈ ûX-Tô-Ó-Lû[

EÚ-Yôd¡Ùm Øu-ú]-ßm Y[of-£f ùNVp-Ø-û\ûV Eß-§l-T-ÓjR úYi-Ó-Uô-

«u Sôm YÚe-Lô-Xj RûX-Ø-û\-«u Lp-®f ùNVp Øû\-L-°p CÕ ©W-§-T--d-

Ï-Uôß LY-]m ùNÛj-R-úYi-Óm.

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236

Tœß˛ 5

Tamil VersionMembersSir. Dominic Savio. J, St. Francis Xavier's HS, Parisakkal, Palakkad

Smt. Jasmine. J, HSST, Govt.Tamil VHSS, Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram

Sir. Jayakumar. T.K, Govt Tamil VHSS & TTI, Chalai, Thiruvananthapuram

Dr. Kumar. S, Panchayat HSST, Vandiperiyar, Idduki

Sir. Manivannan. C, Sanskrit HSLPS Fort, Thiruvananthapuram

Dr. Nainar. M, Reader in Tamil (Rtd.), University College, Thiruvananthapuram

Sir. Robert Xavier. M, Head Master, Attempathy, Palakkad

Dr. Vijayalakshmi. T, Asst. Prof., Dept. of tamil, University college,Thiruvananthapuram

Documents

T•-Ls · Art Education and Social, Health and Physical Education Tamil Medium Uô¨-Xd Lp-®Vô-Wônf£ Ut-ßm T«t£ ¨ß-Y-]m (SCERT), úLW-[m. PADIKAL Evaluation Source Book