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Ted Schrecker Professor of Global Health Policy, Durham University Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University  28 March 2017 THE STATE AND GLOBAL HEALTH: REFLECTIONS FOR A POSTDEMOCRATIC WORLD

T REFLECTIONS FOR A POST DEMOCRATIC WORLD · B. Retreat from liberal democracy: Three ‘realist’ motifs Douglass North and colleagues (North & Wallis, 2009; North et al., 2013)

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Page 1: T REFLECTIONS FOR A POST DEMOCRATIC WORLD · B. Retreat from liberal democracy: Three ‘realist’ motifs Douglass North and colleagues (North & Wallis, 2009; North et al., 2013)

Ted SchreckerProfessor of Global Health Policy, Durham University 

Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University  28 March 2017 

THE STATE AND GLOBAL HEALTH: REFLECTIONS FOR A POST‐DEMOCRATICWORLD

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Three real ‘Grand Challenges’ for global health  

Global reorganisation of production, increasing economic inequality and wealth concentration

Retreat from liberal democratic institutions Global environmental change  

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‘After all, nobody got up one balmy afternoon on the Capitoline Hill sometime in the fifth century and said that the Roman empire was over and the Dark Ages had begun’ (Rieff, 1993)

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http://blog.tagesanzeiger.ch/nevermindthemarkets/index.php/34696/der‐piketty‐schock‐fuer‐die‐usa/

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62‘Over the next 20 years, 500 people will hand over $2.1 triilion to their heirs’  (Hardoon, 2017)

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A. Production and inequality

Reorganisation of production into global supply chains, ‘labour arbitrage’ mean distributional conflicts no longer contained within national borders 

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GLOBALISATION: ‘global supply‐chains connecting cheap workers on one side of the 

world with rich consumers on the other’ (The Economist, 2002)

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Eight months after the plant closure, only one in four of the 485 displaced union workers had found work.  Sixty‐eight had full‐time jobs; the others were in contract or part‐time jobs. Marriages were crumbling, and food bank use was climbing (Grant, 2012) 

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A. Production and inequality

Reorganisation of production into global supply chains, ‘labour arbitrage’ mean distributional conflicts no longer contained within national borders 

Within national borders,  ‘secession of the successful’ (Reich, 1991)

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‘People who have swimming pools don't need state parks. If you buy your books at Borders you don't need libraries. If your kids are in private school, you don't need K‐12. The people here, or at least those who vote, don't see the need for government’ (Arizona voter quoted by Silverstein, 2010)

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A. Production and inequality

Shopping for nationality by ultra‐wealthy individuals, transnational corporations –‘fiscal termites’ (Tanzi, 2001 and later), capital flight 

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‘[M]any countries are already more receptive and accessible to wealth managers, who are acting on behalf of the world’s richest people, than they are to elected representatives from their own governments’ …. [T]he high‐net‐worth individuals of the world are largely ungoverned, and ungovernable. ….What this is doing to the Westphalian host system is similar in some respects to what e‐commerce has done to bricks‐and‐mortar business, destroying it in a race to the bottom’ (Harrington, 2016)  

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‘[L]evying heavier taxes on the rich so as to increase social spending that benefits dispropor-tionately the poor’ is conceptually attractive, but ‘it would not be practical to push this very far, because too many of the Latin rich have the option of placing too many of their assets in Miami’ (Williamson, 2004)

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A. Production and inequality

Shopping for nationality by ultra‐wealthy individuals, transnational corporations –‘fiscal termites’ (Tanzi), capital flight 

Private fortunes and the policy agenda, domestically (e.g. U.S. post‐Citizens’ United; see generally Mayer, 2016) and globally (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies)

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The strange case of the H8:  

‘[A]n informal and unofficial board that runs global health’ (Horton, 2013):WHO, UNICEF, United Nations Fund for Population Alternatives, UNAIDS, Global Fund, GAVI, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, World Bank 

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B. Retreat from liberal democracy 

‘The ultimate measure of a state’s effectiveness is its contribution to the wellbeing and flourishing of the people that it governs. On this there is no real debate’ (Evans, Huber & Stephens, 2015)

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B. Retreat from liberal democracy: Three ‘realist’ motifs

Douglass North and colleagues (North & Wallis, 2009; North et al., 2013) remind us that Weberian monopolies of the use of force within a territory are a relatively recent historical phenomenon, and that in much of the world states are characterized by ongoing contests among elites over access to the means of violence, which is not infrequently used to consolidate elite power domestically 

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B. Retreat from liberal democracy: Three ‘realist’ motifs

States are best understood with reference to ongoing process of exchange between rulers and ruled, with highly unequal distributions of resources (including access to means of violence) meaning that large proportions of the population may be effectively excluded from influence

‘Illiberal democracy’ (Zakaria, 1997) is on the rise! 

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Improvements and declines inFreedom House aggregate score, 2006‐2015

Source: Freedom House

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‘First, there has been a significant and, in fact, accelerating rate of democratic breakdown. Second, the quality or stability of democracy has been declining in a number of large and strategically important emerging‐market countries, which I call “swing states.” Third, authoritarianism has been deepening, including in big and strategically important countries. And fourth, the established democracies, beginning with the United States, increasingly seem to be performing poorly and to lack the will and self‐confidence to promote democracy effectively abroad’ (Diamond, 2015)

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‘[T]here is a class of regimes that in the last decade or so have experienced significant erosion in electoral fairness, political pluralism, and civic space for opposition and dissent, typically as a result of abusive executives intent upon concentrating their personal power and entrenching ruling‐party hegemony’ (Diamond, 2015)  

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B. Retreat from liberal democracy:   Questions for global health 

China: development, air pollution and authoritarianism

The Rwanda conundrum The Bangladesh paradox Financing universal health coverage The global map of poverty

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Beijing, winter

http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013‐09/12/content_30007807.htm

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Is wealthier healthier? The ‘richer‐is‐greener curve’

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Source: TierneyLab (NY Times);http://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/the‐richer‐is‐greener‐curve/

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Will the Kuznets curve hold under conditions of deepening authoritarianism?

http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013‐09/12/content_30007807.htm

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Source: African Union, 2013, 2013

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‘The global elite's favourite strongman’ (Gettleman, 2013

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Chatham House on financing universal health coverage (UHC) in LMICs

Estimated cost of a minimum package of essential health services at US$ 86

Recommended that all countries  commit to government health expenditure of 5% of GDP from domestic revenue sources (as against e.g. 0.7% in Pakistan, 1.2% in India, 1.6% in Cameroon, 2.7% in Ghana), but

Recognised that for many countries this would bring them nowhere close to the $86 figure (Centre on Global Health Security, 2014) 

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Financing UHC in LMICs: Taxation matters 

‘Taking the Indian government as an example, in 2011 it spent $28 per person on health. If India increased tax revenue from 10.4% of GDP to 14.4%, the proportion seen in middle‐income countries, it would generate additional revenue of $44.3 per person—ample to finance Chatham House’s UHC goals’ (Reeves et al., 2015)

*  Actually it wouldn’t, quite: that Chatham House estimate is US$86, and the sum indicated is $72.30, but the analytical point remains clear

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The global map of poverty is changing … but is this grounds for optimism?

‘[I]n the not‐too‐distant future, most of the world’s poor will live in countries that do have the domestic financial scope to end at least extreme poverty …  This will likely pave the way for addressing poverty reduction as primarily a domestic issue rather than primarily an aid and international issue; and thus a (re)framing of poverty as a matter of national distribution and national social contracts and political settlements between elites, middle classes and the poor’ (Sumner, 2012)

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References

African Union (2013). Abuja +12: Shaping the future of health in Africa . Geneva: UNAIDS. Retrieved from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2013/JC2524_Abuja_report_en.pdf.

Binagwaho, A., Farmer, P. E., Nsanzimana, S., Karema, C., Gasana, M., de Dieu Ngirabega, J. et al. (2014). Rwanda 20 years on: investing in life. The Lancet, 384, 371‐375.

Centre on Global Health Security Working Group on Health Financing (2014). Shared Responsibilities for Health: A Coherent Global Framework for Health Financing, Chatham House Report. London: Chatham House. Retrieved from: http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/field/field_document/20140521HealthFinancing.pdf.

Chowdhury, A. M., Bhuiya, A., Chowdhury, M. E., Rasheed, S., Hussain, Z., & Chen, L. C. (2013). The Bangladesh paradox: exceptional health achievement despite economic poverty. The Lancet, 382, 1734‐1745.

Diamond, L. (2015). Facing Up to the Democratic Recession. Journal of Democracy, 26, 141‐155.

Evans, P., Huber, E., & Stephens, J. (2015). The Political Foundations of State Effectiveness, Working Paper No. 2015‐24. Providence: Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2563253_code2106226.pdf?abstractid=2563253&mirid=1.    

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Gettleman, J. (2013, September 8). The Global Elite's Favorite Strongman. New York Times Magazine.

Grant, T. (2012, October 6). For laid‐off Caterpillar employees, the fall continues. [Toronto] Globe and Mail.

Halperin, S. (2013). Re‐Envisioning Global Development: A Horizontal Perspective. London: Routledge.

Harrington, B. (2016). Capital Without Borders: Wealth Managers and the One Percent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Horton, R. (2013). Offline: Challenging America's hegemony in global health. The Lancet, 382, 382.

Mayer, J. (2016). Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right. New York: Doubleday. 

A moving story (2002, December 7). The Economist, 65‐66.

Mudur, G. (2015). Experts question how India will meet promises on public health after cut in budget for 2015‐16. British Medical Journal, 350, h1244.

North, D. C. & Wallis, J. J. (2009). Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

North, D. et al., eds. (2013). In the Shadow of Violence: Politics, Economics and the Problems of Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Reeves, A., Gourtsoyannis, Y., Basu, S., McCoy, D., McKee, M., & Stuckler, D. (2015). Financing universal health coverage: effects of alternative tax structures on public health systems: cross‐national modelling in 89 low‐income and middle‐income countries. The Lancet, 386, 274‐280.

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Reich, R. (1991, January 20). Secession of the Successful. New York Times Magazine,January 20, 16‐17, 42‐45.

Rieff, D. (1993). Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World. London: Phoenix.

Silverstein, K. (2010, July). Tea Party in the Sonora: For the future of G.O.P. governance, look to Arizona. Harper's, 35‐42.

Sumner, A. (2012). From Deprivation to Distribution: Is Global Poverty Becoming A Matter of National Inequality?, Working Paper No. 394. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from: http://www.ids.ac.uk/download.cfm?objectid=4BAE6EB0‐B3B9‐11E1‐AE0B005056AA4739.

Tanzi, V. (2001). Globalization and the Work of Fiscal Termites. Finance & Development, 38,   no. 1.  

Williamson, J. (2004). The Washington Consensus as Policy Prescription for Development, World Bank Practitioners for Development lecture series. Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics. Retrieved from: http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/williamson0204.pdf.

York, G. and Rever, J (2014, May 3). Assassination in Africa: Inside the plots to kill Rwanda's dissidents. [Toronto] Globe and Mail.  

Zakaria, F. (1997). The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. Foreign Affairs, 76, no. 6, 22‐43.

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